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1 LEARNED
SOCIETIES
DICTIONARY OF
AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY
PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF
AMERICAN COUNCIL OF LEARNED SOCIETIES
AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, Cambridge, Massachusetts
AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY, Worcester, Massachusetts
AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY, New Haven, Connecticut
AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY, New York, New York
AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA, New York, New York
SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE AND EXEGESIS, Haverford, Pennsylvania
MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, New York, New York
AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION, Washington, District of Columbia
AMERICAN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION, Evanston, Illinois
AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL ASSOCIATION, Middletown, Connecticut
AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, Chicago, Illinois
AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION, Evanston, Illinois
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, Albany, New York
ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN GEOGRAPHERS, Minneapolis, Minnesota
AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Washington, District of Columbia
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, Washington, District of Columbia
COLLEGE ART ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, New York, New York
HISTORY OF SCIENCE SOCIETY, South Hadley, Massachusetts
LINGUISTIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA, Washington, District of Columbia
MEDIAEVAL ACADEMY OF AMERICA, Cambridge, Massachusetts
POPULATION ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, Washington, District of Columbia
DICTIONARY OF
k
American Biography
Edited by Dumas Malone
10
Jasper - Larkin
Charles Scribner's Sons
NEW YORK
Prompted solely by a desire for public service the New York Times Company and its
President, Mr. Adolph S. Ochs, have made possible the preparation of the manuscript
of the Dictionary of American Biography through a subvention of more than $500,000
and with the understanding that the entire responsibility for the contents of the vol-
umes rests with the American Council of Learned Societies.
Copyright, 1933, by
AMERICAN COUNCIL OF LEARNED SOCIETIES
Printed in the United States of America
1X0^073
J? 51° I
LU.
The Dictionary of American Biography is published under the auspices of the American
Council of Learned Societies and under the direction of a Committee of Management
which consists of J. Franklin Jameson, Chairman, John H. Finley, Dumas Malone,
Frederic L. Paxson, Iphigene Ochs Sulzberger, Carl Van Doren, Charles Warren.
The editorial staff consists of Dumas Malone, Editor; Harris E. Starr, Associate Editor;
George H. Genzmer, Eleanor R. Dobson, Mildred B. Palmer,
Assistant Editors.
The American Council of Learned Societies consists of the following societies:
American Philosophical Society
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
American Antiquarian Society
American Oriental Society
American Philological Association
Archaeological Institute of America
Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis
Modern Language Association of America
American Historical Association
American Economic Association
American Philosophical Association
American Anthropological Association
American Political Science Association
Bibliographical Society of America
American Sociological Society
History of Science Society
Linguistic Society of America
Mediaeval Academy of America
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME X
Charles G. Abbot C. G. A.
Lawrence F. Abbott L. F. A.
Thomas P. Abernethy . . . . T. P. A.
Adeline Adams A. A.
James Truslow Adams . . . . J. T. A.
Robert Greenhalgh Albion . R. G. A.
Carroll S. Alden C. S. A.
William H. Allison W. H. A.
Frank Maloy Anderson . . . F. M. A.
J. Douglas Anderson J. D. A.
John Clark Archer J. C. A — h — r
Percy M. Ashburn P. M. A.
Joseph Cullen Ayer J. C. Ay — r.
Joy Julian Bailey J. J. B.
Frank Collins Baker . . . . F. C. B — r.
Newton D. Baker N. D. B.
Hayes Baker-Crothers . . . H. B-C.
Thomas S. Barclay T. S. B.
Claribel R. Barnett C. R. B.
Harold K. Barrows H. K. B — s.
George A. Barton G. A. B — n.
Ernest Sutherland Bates . . E. S. B.
Howard K. Beale H. K. B — e.
Samuel Flagg Bemis S. F. B.
C. C. Benson C. C. B.
Elbert J. Benton E. J. B.
Percy W. Bidwell P. W. B.
F. C. Billard F. C. B— d.
Edith R. Blanchard E. R. B.
G. Alder Blumer G. A. B — r.
Ernest Ludlow Bogart . . . E. L. B.
Charles K. Bolton C. K. B.
Herbert E. Bolton H. E. B.
Robert W. Bolwell R. W. B.
Earl D. Bond E. D. B.
Archibald L. Bouton . . . . A. L. B.
Sarah G. Bowerman S. G. B.
Jeffrey R. Brackett J. R. B.
Herman Branderis H. B.
Agnes B. Brett A. B. B.
William Bridgwater W. B.
W. E. Britton W. E. B.
Elsie M. S. Bronson E. M. S. B.
J. Thompson Brown J. T. B.
L. Parmly Brown L. P. B.
Oswald E. Brown O. E. B.
C. A. Browne C. A. B.
Solon J. Buck S. J. B.
F. Lauriston Bullard . . . . F. L. B.
Edmund C. Burnett E. C. B.
Isabel M. Calder I. M. C.
Robert G. Caldwell R. G. C.
Arthur E. Case A. E. C.
Charles W. Chadwick . . . . C. W. C.
Charles Lyon Chandler . . . C. L. C.
Dora Mae Clark D. M. C.
R. C. Clark R. C. C— k.
Walter G. Clippinger . . . . W. G. C.
Frederick W. Coburn . . . . F. W. C.
Fannie L. Gwinner Cole . . . F. L. G. C.
John R. Commons J. R. C.
Royal Cortissoz R. C.
Robert C. Cotton R. C. C — n.
E. Merton Coulter E. M. C.
Jesse H. Coursault J. H. C.
Isaac J. Cox I. J. C.
Katharine Elizabeth Crane . K. E. C.
Merle E. Curti M. E. C.
Robert E. Cushman R. E. C.
Stuart Daggett S. D.
George Dahl G. D.
Elmer Davis E. D.
Ned H. Dearborn N. H. D.
Edward S. Delaplaine . . . . E. S. D.
Herman J. Deutsch H. J. D.
Irving Dilliard I. D.
Eleanor Robinette Dobson . E. R. D.
Dorothy Anne Dondore . . . D. A. D.
Margaret Elder Dow . . . . M. E. D.
William Howe Downes . . . W. H. D.
Stella M. Drumm S. M. D.
W. E. Burghardt Du Bois . . W. E. B. D.
Raymond S. Dugan R. S. D.
Andrew G. Du Mez A. G. D-M.
Walter Prichard Eaton . . . W. P. E.
Edwin Francis Edgett . . . . E. F. E.
Joseph D. Eggleston J. D. E.
L. Ethan Ellis L. E. E.
Charles R. Erdman, Jr C. R. E., Jr.
Barton Warren Evermann . . B. W. E.
John O. Evjen J. O. E.
Charles Fairman C. F.
Hallie Farmer H. F.
George Haws Feltus . . . . G. H. F.
Vergilius Ferm V. F.
James Fisher J. F.
Edward A. Fitzpatrick . . . . E. A. F.
Percy Scott Flippin P. S. F.
vii
Contributors to Volume X
Blanton Fortson B. F.
Louis H. Fox L. H. F.
John H. Frederick J. H. F.
John C. French J. C. F.
Robert D. French R. D. F.
J. Nelson Frierson J. N. F.
William L. Frierson W. L. F.
Claude M. Fuess ...... C. M. F.
John F. Fulton J. F. F.
Elmer H. Funk E. H. F.
Philip J. Furlong P. J. F.
Katharine Jeanne Gallagher K. J. G.
Paul N. Garber P. N. G.
Curtis W. Garrison C. W. G.
George Harvey Genzmer . . . G. H. G.
W. J. Ghent W. J. G.
Julius Goebel J. G.
Armistead Churchill Gordon,
[r A. C. G., ii
J*
Jr
Harris P. Gould H. P. G.
Dorothy Grafly D. G.
Gladys Graham G. G.
Evarts B. Greene E. B. G.
Anne King Gregorie A. K. G.
Sidney Gunn S. G.
J. Sam Guy J. S. G.
J. G. deR. Hamilton J. G. deR. H.
William A. Hammond W. A. H.
Elizabeth Deering Hanscom . E. D. H.
Alvin F. Harlow A. F. H.
Rebecca S. Harris R. S. H.
Freeman H. Hart F. H. H.
Mary Bronson Hartt . . . . M. B. H.
Paul L. Haworth P. L. H.
Earl L. W. Heck E. L. W. H.
Atcheson L. Hench A. L. H.
Stephen J. Herben S. J. H.
Frederick C. Hicks F. C. H.
Granville Hicks G. H.
Norman E. Himes N. E. H.
Oliver W. Holmes O. W. H.
Lucius H. Holt L. H. H.
Frank E. Horack F. E. H — k.
Orren C. Hormell O. C. H.
Walter Hough W. H.
Leland Ossian Howard . . . L. O. H.
F. W. Howay F. W. H.
Harry M. Hubbell H. M. H.
Albert Hyma A. H.
Joseph D. Ibbotson J. D. I.
Asher Isaacs A. I.
Olive M. Jack O. M. J.
Theodore H. Jack T. H. J.
Joseph Jackson J.J.
Arthur C. Jacobson A. C. J.
J. Franklin Jameson J. F. J.
Walter Louis Jennings . . . W. L. J — s.
Willis L. Jepson W. L. J — n.
Rufus M. Jones R. M. J.
James R. Joy J. R. J.
Paul Kaufman P. K.
Louise Phelps Kellogg . . . L. P. K.
R. W. Kelsey R. W. K.
W. W. Kemp W. W. K.
William J. Kerby W. J. K.
John Kieran J. K.
Richard R. Kirk R. R. K.
Edward Chase Kirkland . . . E. C. K.
Harry Lyman Koopman . . . H. L. K.
R. S. KUYKENDALL R. S. K.
William Coolidge Lane . . . . W. C. L.
Conrad H. Lanza C. H. L — a.
Kenneth S. Latourette . . . K. S. L.
Hugh T. Lefler H. T. L.
Ernest E. Leisy E. E. L.
William R. Leonard W. R. L.
Charles Lee Lewis C. L. L.
Arnold J. Lien A. J. L.
Harlow Lindley H. L.
Anna Lane Lingelbach . . . . A. L. L.
George W. Littlehales . . . G. W. L.
Charles Sumner Lobingier . . C. S. L.
Francis Taylor Long . . . . F. T. L.
Ella Lonn E. L.
Charles H. Lyttle C. H. L — e.
Alexander McAdie A. M.
Henry N. MacCracken . . . H. N. M.
Arthur S. McDaniel A. S. M.
Philip B. McDonald P. B. M.
Walter M. McFarland . . . W. M. M.
W. J. McGlothlin W. J. M.
Reginald C. McGrane . . . . R. C. M.
Oliver McKee, Jr O. M., Jr.
Andrew C. McLaughlin . . . A. C. McL.
Harley Farnsworth MacNair H. F. M.
W. E. McPheeters W. E. M.
Warren B. Mack W. B. M — k.
James D. Magee J. D. M.
W. C. Mallalieu W. C. M.
Dumas Malone D. M.
Frederick H. Martens . . . . F. H. M.
Albert P. Mathews A. P. M.
David M. Matteson D. M. M.
Francis O. Matthiessen . . . F. O. M.
Bernard Mayo B. M.
Lawrence S. Mayo L. S. M.
Robert Douthat Meade . . . R. D. M.
Robert L. Meriwether . . . R. L. M — r.
George P. Merrill G. P. M.
Frank J. Metcalf F. J. M.
Herman H. B. Meyer . . . . H. H. B. M.
William Snow Miller . . . . W. S. M.
Edwin Mims E. M.
Catherine Palmer Mitchell . C. P. M.
Wilmot B. Mitchell W. B. M — 1.
Carl W. Mitman C. W. M.
Vi Jl
Contributors to Volume X
Frank Monaghan F. M — n.
Fulmer Mood F. M — d.
Robert E. Moody R. E. M.
Albert B. Moore A. B. M.
Hugh A. Moran H. A. M.
Samuel Eliot Morison . . . . S. E. M.
Richard L. Morton R. L. M — n.
William B. Munro W. B. M — o.
H. Edward Nettles H. E. N.
Allan Nevins A. N.
A. R. Newsome A. R. N.
Robert Hastings Nichols . . R. H. N.
Roy F. Nichols R.F.N.
Harold J. Noble H. J. N.
Walter B. Norris W. B. N.
Frank M. O'Brien F. M. O.
John Rathbone Oliver . . . . J. R. O.
Francis R. Packard F. R. P.
Mildred B. Palmer M. B. P.
Edward L. Parsons E. L. P — s.
James W. Patton J. W. P — n.
Charles 0. Paullin C. 0. P.
Frederic Logan Paxson . . . F. L. P.
Cecilia H. Payne C. H. P.
Charles E. Payne C. E. P.
Haywood J. Pearce, Jr. ... H. J. P., Jr.
C. C. Pearson C. C. P.
Edmund L. Pearson E. L. P — n.
James H. Peeling J. H. P.
Dexter Perkins D. P.
Frederick T. Persons . . . . F. T. P.
A. Everett Peterson . . . . A. E. P.
James M. Phalen J. M. P — n.
George Morris Piersol. . . . G. M. P.
David deSola Pool D. deS. P.
Julius W. Pratt J. W. P— t.
Edward Preble E. P.
Leon C. Prince L. C. P.
J. M. Purcell . . J. M. P— 1.
Richard J. Purcell R. J. P.
Albert J. Ramaker A. J. R.
James G. Randall J. G. R.
P. O. Ray P. O. R.
Charles Dudley Rhodes . . . C. D. R.
Leon J. Richardson L. J. R.
Irving B. Richman I. B. R.
Robert E. Riegel R. E. R.
Clarence W. Rife C. W. R.
Doane Robinson D. R.
William A. Robinson W. A. R.
William M. Robinson, Jr. . . W. M. R., Jr.
J. Magnus Rohne J. M. R.
Ernest Rob Root E. R. R.
Winfred Trexler Root . . . W. T. R.
Marvin B. Rosenberry . . . . M. B. R.
Frank Edward Ross F. E. R.
John E. Rothensteiner . . . J. E. R.
Constance Rourke C. R.
. A. M. S.
Verne Lockwood Samson .
. V. L. S.
DURWARD V. SANDIFER . .
. D. V. S.
. W. S. S.
Joseph Schafer
• J. S-r.
Lawrence H. Schmehl . . .
. L. H. S
H. W. SCHOENBERGER . . .
. H. W. »— r.
Eldor Paul Schulze . . .
. E. P. S.
Thorsten Sellin . . . .
. T. S.
Joseph Seronde . . .
. J. S— e.
Harry Shaw, Jr
. H. S., Jr.
William Bristol Shaw . . .
. W. B. S.
Augustus H. Shearer . .
. A. H. S.
. G. E. S.
. F. W. S.
George N. Shuster . . .
. G. N. S.
Kenneth C. M. Sills . . .
. K. C. M. S.
St. George L. Sioussat . .
. St. G. L. S.
Albert William Smith . .
. A. W. S.
David Eugene Smith . . .
. D. E. S.
W. E. Smith
. W. E. S— h.
Herbert Weir Smyth . .
. H. W. S— h.
Albert Sonnichsen . . .
. A. S.
J. Duncan Spaeth ....
. J. D. S.
Charles Worthen Spencer
. C. W. S.
LaVerne Ward Spring . .
. LaV. W. S.
Harris Elwood Starr . .
. H. E. ~
Wendell H. Stephenson .
. W. H. b.
Wayne E. Stevens ....
. W. E. S— b.
John A. Stevenson ....
. J. A. S.
Randall Stewart ....
. R. S.
Lionel Summers
. L. S.
William A. Sumner . . .
. W. A. S.
Frank A. Taylor ....
. F. A. T.
A. Grace Teeter ....
. A. G. T.
David Y. Thomas ....
. D. Y. T.
Milton Halsey Thomas
. M. H. T.
Herbert Thoms
. H. T.
Irving L. Thomson ....
. I. L. T.
Charles J. Turck ....
. C. J. T.
Alonzo H. Tuttle ....
. A. H. T.
John G. Van Deusen . . .
. J. G. V-D.
Harold L. Van Doren . .
. H. L. V-D.
Irene Van Fossen ....
. I. V-F.
Arnold J. F. van Laer . .
. A. J. F. v-L
Henry R. Viets
. H. R. V.
Harold G. Villard ....
. H. G. V.
Michael Z. Vinokouroff .
. M. Z. V.
John D. Wade
. J. D. W.
Frederick C. Waite . . .
. F. C. W.
J. Herbert Waite ....
. . J. H. W.
Frank K. Walter ....
. . F. K. W.
Estelle Frances Ward . .
. . E. F. W.
W. P. Webb
. . W. P. W.
. , F. E. W.
Allan Westcott
. . A. W.
Edward M. Weyer ....
. E. M. W.
. M. J. W.
IX
Contributors to Volume X
Jeanne Elizabeth Wier . . . J. E. W.
Harry Emerson Wildes . . . H. E. W.
Mary Wilhelmlne Williams . M. W. W.
Samuel C. Williams S. C. W.
Walter Williams W. W.
Mildred E. Williamson . . . M. E. W.
Samuel Williston S. W.
James A. Woodburn J. A. W.
Helen Sumner Woodbury . . H. S. W.
Robert S. Woodworth . . . . R. S. W.
Thomas Woody T. W.
William H. Worrell W. H. W.
Helen Wright H. W.
Herbert F. Wright H. F. W.
DICTIONARY OF
AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY
Jasper — Larkin
JASPER, WILLIAM (c. 1750-Oct. 9, 1779),
Revolutionary soldier, was born of humble and
obscure parents. The place of his birth is pre-
sumed to have been in the vicinity of George-
town, S. C„ as he was living there on July 7, 1775,
when he enlisted in a company that was being
recruited by Francis Marion for service in the
2nd South Carolina Infantry commanded by Wil-
liam Moultrie. His character and ability seem
to have impressed his superior officers, for im-
mediately upon his enlistment he was advanced
to the grade of sergeant. In September 1775 he
was assigned to duty with his company at Fort
Johnson, where he remained, with the exception
of a brief interval at Dorchester, S. C, until the
spring of 1776. At the latter date he was trans-
ferred to Fort Sullivan (now Fort Moultrie),
where he assisted in reinforcing and rebuilding
the fortifications. During the bombardment by
the British fleet under Sir Peter Parker, on June
28, 1776, he distinguished himself by recovering
the flag after it had been shot from its staff and,
in the face of a deadly fire, attaching it to a
sponge-staff and remounting it upon the walls
of the fort. For this act of rare bravery he was
presented with a sword by Governor Rutledge
and offered a commission which he declined on
the ground that his lack of education would be
an embarrassment to him as an officer. Moultrie
then gave him a roving commission as a scout,
a service for which his restless and adventurous
character eminently fitted him. Holding this com-
mission successively under Moultrie, Marion,
and Lincoln, he made three trips into the British
lines in Georgia, bringing back important infor-
mation each time, and after the capture of Sa-
vannah by the British rendered valuable services
as a scout in the Black Swamp and the morasses
of the Coosawhatchie and the Tulifinnee. He
accompanied D'Estaing and Lincoln in the as-
sault upon Savannah in 1779 and was killed, on
Oct. 9, while planting the colors of the 2nd South
Carolina Infantry upon the Spring Hill redoubt.
Jasper's career has been made the subject of
so much laudatory and fantastic writing that it
is difficult to arrive at an accurate estimation of
his character. Moultrie's appraisal of him as "a
brave, active, stout, strong, enterprising man,
and a very great partizan" (Moultrie, post, II,
24) would seem to be a just one. As a scout he
was adventurous, trustworthy, and loyal, and "a
perfect Proteus in ability to alter his appear-
ance"; he could wear all disguises with admira-
ble ease and dexterity; and he was equally as
remarkable for his cunning as for his bravery
(Garden, post, p. 91). It is said that he could
neither read nor write, but the gist of a letter of
his, "ill-written and worse spelt," is reproduced
in Francis Bowen's "Life of Benjamin Lincoln"
(p. 316). An impressive monument has been
erected to his memory in Savannah, and one of
the redoubts at Fort Moultrie, supposedly on the
site of his valiant act in rescuing the flag, is
called "Jasper Battery" in his honor.
[Chas. C. Jones, Sergeant William Jasper, An Address
delivered before the Ga. Hist. Soc. (1876) ; Wm. Moul-
trie, Memoirs of the Am. Revolution, so far as it related
to the States of North and South-Carolina, and Georgia
(2 vols., 1802) ; John Drayton, Memoirs of the Am.
Revolution (2 vols., 1821) ; Alexander Garden, Anec-
dotes of the Revolutionary War in Am. (1822) ; Wm.
Gilmore Simms, The Life of Francis Marion (1844) ;
Francis Bowen, "Life of Benj. Lincoln" in Lib. of Am.
Biography, ed. by Jared Sparks (1847); 5\ C. Hist,
and Gencal. Mag., Oct. 1909, p. 229.] J.W. P n.
JASTROW, MARCUS (June 5, 1829-Oct. 13,
1903), rabbi and lexicographer, born in Rogasen,
Posen, was the fifth of the seven children of
Jastrow
Abraham and Yetta (Rolle) Jastrow. His ele-
mentary and secondary education, gained in his
native town and the city of Posen, led on to the
Universities of Berlin and Halle; from the lat-
ter he received the degree of Ph.D. in 1855. Two
years later he was awarded his rabbinical di-
ploma, and in 1858, on May 16, he married
Bertha Wolfsohn. His first position was that of
teacher in a Jewish religious school at Berlin.
In 1858, on the recommendation of the historian
Graetz he became rabbi of the German syna-
gogue in Warsaw, where he devoted himself to
uniting the Polish and the German Jewish ele-
ments. When, in the Russian repression of the
peaceful movement for a measure of Polish home
rule, five civilians fell victims to the troops on
Feb. 27, 1861, Jastrow joined in the great pa-
triotic demonstration made at their funeral, even
though it was on the Sabbath, and 10,000 copies
of the rousing Polish sermon he preached at
the memorial service were secretly distributed
among the Polish patriots. On Nov. 10 of that
year, on the factitious charge of participating in
the funeral procession of the Catholic archbishop,
he was arrested as a patriot leader and held
prisoner in the citadel of Warsaw for over three
months, twenty-three days of which he spent in
solitary confinement. He was released on Feb.
12, 1862, to be banished as a foreigner. Return-
ing to Germany to regain his shattered health,
he became rabbi at Mannheim. In November,
his order of banishment was revoked, and his
Warsaw congregation enthusiastically called him
back. Two months later, active revolution broke
out in Poland and the position of Jastrow, ardent
devotee of Polish patriotism, became untenable.
His passport was taken from him, and he was
compelled to return to Germany. In the rab-
binate in the dull little town of Worms (1864-
66), in the Germany of Bismarck, his political
independence made his position uncomfortable,
and he was glad to respond to a call of the
Rodeph Shalom congregation in Philadelphia.
There his scholarly, conservative Jewish atti-
tude, which had been strongly influenced by Rabbi
Michael Sachs in Berlin, impelled him to con-'
stant and vigorous controversy with that Amer-
ican reform Judaism which, in emphasizing the
modernizing and occidentalizing of Judaism, was
destroying its distinctive historic individuality.
Against this he marshaled the battery of his
learning, powerful personality, and vibrant emo-
tional and intellectual Jewish convictions. To the
end of preserving Judaism by creating an in-
formed Jewish will to survive, he taught reli-
gious philosophy, Jewish history, and Biblical
exegesis in the Maimonides College, which he
Jastrow
helped organize in 1867, promoted the formation
of the Young Men's Hebrew Association ( 1875),
contributed innumerable educational articles to
the Jewish press, made his synagogue a power-
ful center of conservative Judaism, and took an
active part in all Jewish community activities.
From 1876, his health being severely impaired,
he limited his activity to his ministry, and the
painstaking preparation of his monumental Dic-
tionary of the Targnmim, the Talmud Babli and
Ycrushalmi and the Midrashic Literature, orig-
inally issued in parts (1886-1903), and reprint-
ed in 1926. This great work of 1736 crowded
double-columned pages is a concise and lucid dic-
tionary, with references, of a millennium of He-
brew and Jewish Aramaic literature. To com-
pile it, Jastrow was often obliged to establish the
correct reading of his texts. Though he used the
earlier work of Jacob Levy, his dictionary is
highly original, especially in its philology, for he
tried to show the possibility of Semitic deriva-
tions for many words which were usually ex-
plained as borrowed from Persian, Greek, or
other sources. In 1892, his health being broken,
he was made rabbi emeritus of his congregation
and devoted himself altogether to scholarly work.
When, however, at the end of the century, mod-
ern Herzlian Zionism was born, his patriotic
passion, his championship of the cause of the
oppressed, his fearless devotion to what he con-
ceived to be the truth, his strong Jewish his-
toric consciousness and belief in his people and
their religion, led Jastrow, old and physically
broken as he was, fervently to espouse what was
then an unpopular cause. From 1892 to his death
he also did devoted work for the Jewish Publica-
tion Society as chairman of its committee on a
new English translation of the Hebrew Bible,
and edited the department of Talmud for the
Jewish Encyclopedia. His other literary labors,
which have been altogether overshadowed by his
Dictionary, included some political works in
German on Polish conditions ; Kacania Polskie
(1863), a volume of Polish sermons; Vier Jahr-
hunderte aus der Geschichte der Juden (Heidel-
berg, 1865), a revision (with H. Hochheimer)
of Benjamin Szold's prayer book, Abodat Yisrael
( 1871 ) ; and a translation of Szold's Songs, Pray-
ers and Meditations for Divine Services (1885).
He had seven children, one of whom was Morris
Jastrow [q.v.]. Characteristic of his Jewish tra-
ditionalism was his last request to be robed in
a plain white shroud, and buried in an unorna-
mented, wooden coffin, with no words of eulogy
spoken over him.
[Hebrew Leader (N. Y.), Apr. i-July 1, 1870; Jew-
ish Exponent (Pliila), Oct. 16, 1903; Henrietta Szold,
Jastrow
in Jewish Encyc, vol. VII (1904) ; and in Pubs. Am.
Jewish Hist. Soc, vol. XII (1904) ; H. S. Morais, The
Jews of Phila. (1894) ; Who's Who in America, 1903-
05 ; Public Ledger and Phila. Press, Oct. 14, 1903]
D.deS. P.
JASTROW, MORRIS (Aug. 13, 1861-June
22, 1921), Semitic scholar, son of Marcus Jas-
trow [q.v.1 and Bertha Wolfsohn, was born at
Warsaw', Poland. His father, a distinguished
Rabbi and Talmudic scholar, removed to Phila-
delphia, Pa., in 1866, where he became Rabbi of
the Synagogue Rodeph Shalom. Morris grew up
in Philadelphia and was graduated at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania in 1881. After three
years of study in France and Germany he re-
ceived the degree of Ph.D. at the University of
Leipzig in 1884. After his return to America he
occupied the post of lecturer to his father's con-
gregation for a year and then determined to
withdraw from the ministry. In 1892 he was
elected professor of Semitic languages in the
University of Pennsylvania and in 1898, libra-
rian of the University. Both of these positions
he held until his death. In 1893 ne married Helen
Bachman of Philadelphia, a woman of literary
tastes, whose enthusiasm stimulated his schol-
arly work.
Jastrow was one of the most active and influ-
ential of the Orientalists of his time. His first
publication was in the field of Arabic philology,
being the interpretation of two grammatical writ-
ings of Abu Zakarijja, but Assyriology and reli-
gion had for him a far greater fascination than
other fields of Semitic research and he soon be-
gan to publish interpretations of cuneiform in-
scriptions. This type of research he continued
through his life, publishing his results some-
times in book form (as, for example, in his Bab-
ylonian-Assyrian Birth-Omens, Geissen, 1914),
but oftener as articles in one of the journals
devoted to Oriental research. His last work of
this kind was an article translating and annotat-
ing the then recently discovered Assyrian laws,
which appeared in the Journal of the American
Oriental Society in February 1921, four months
before his death. His interest in religion was as
great as his interest in philology and he soon
projected a series of handbooks on different re-
ligions. To this series he himself contributed a
volume, The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria
(1898), which at once took its place as the only
authoritative work on the subject. A German
edition was soon called for, and in making this,
he incorporated the large mass of ever-increas-
ing new material. In the researches incident to
this work, he was led to endeavor to understand
the texts which treated of liver-divination by
reading them with a sheep's liver before him.
As a result his work on the origin and develop-
ment of liver-divination was epoch-making. The
first volume of his Religion Babylonicns und As-
syriens appeared in 1905, the second in 1912.
The work contains altogether nearly 1800 pages.
It was his magnum opus and has so far been the
best book on the subject. Many of the more im-
portant conclusions in this work were put into
a more popular form for English readers in a
volume entitled Aspects of Religious Belief and
Practice in Babylonia and Assyria ( 191 1 ) . His
interest in Assyriology naturally led him to con-
sider the influence of Babylonian and Assyrian
culture upon Israel. For years many articles
from his pen testified to this interest and in 1914
a volume entitled Hebrew and Babylonian Tra-
ditions, the Haskell Lectures of the previous
year, was published, followed later by A Gentle
Cynic, being the Book of Ecclesiastcs (1919);
The Book of Job (1920); and The Song of
Songs, Love Lyrics of Ancient Palestine (1921,
posthumously published). These books reveal a
rare combination of skill in linguistics, in text-
ual and higher criticism, and in fine literary in-
sight.
As secretary of the American Committee on
the History of Religions, Jastrow organized
courses of lectures by eminent scholars, each of
whom produced a monograph on one of the great
religions. He was thus instrumental in calling
into existence an important series of books on
different religions in addition to the series, al-
ready mentioned, of which he was editor. His
interest in the study of religion in the widest
sense had been manifested as early as 1901, when
he contributed to the Contemporary Science Se-
ries, published in London, a volume entitled The
Study of Religion ( 1901 ). Few American schol-
ars have done as much as he to promote interest
in the study of the history of religion. The range
and volume of his literary activity, however, is
indicated by his bibliography, which contains
more than two hundred titles and includes The
War and the Bagdad Railway (1917), and The
War and the Coming Peace ( 1918), and Zionism
and the Future of Palestine (1919).
[The following articles, published in the Jour. Am.
Oriental Soc, Dec. 1921, were reprinted separately in
a volume entitled In Memoriam, Morris Jastrow, Jr.
(1921); Julian Morgenstern, "Morris Jastrow, Jr., as
a Biblical Critic" ; G. A. Barton, "The Contributions
of Morris Jastrow, Jr., to the History of Religion" ;
A. T. Clay, "Prof. Jastrow as an Assyriologist" ; and
A. T. Clay and J. A. Montgomery, "Bibliography of
Morris Jastrow, Jr." See also Jewish Encyc. (1925),
vol. VII ; Public Ledger (Phila.), June 23, 1921 ; N. Y.
Times, June 23, 1921.J G. A. B — n.
JAY, ALLEN (Oct. 11, 1831-May 8, 1910),
Quaker preacher, educational leader, was born
Jay
in Mill Creek, near the southern line ot Miami
County, Ohio, the son of Isaac and Rhoda (Coop-
er) Jay. He came of a long and distinguished
line of colonial Quaker ancestors from Nan-
tucket, North and South Carolina, and Pennsyl-
vania. He was born before his great-great-grand-
father, Paul Macy, died, so that their two lives
spanned the years from 1740 to 19 10. His edu-
cation began in a log schoolhouse in Western
Ohio, and was continued by the training and
discipline of a pioneer Quaker school. To this
was added a short period in an Ohio academy,
one year in Friends Boarding School, Richmond,
Ind., and three months in Antioch College. He
possessed an alert and virile mind, which contin-
ued to develop and to accumulate knowledge for
the whole period of his life. In 1850 he settled
in Marion, Ind., and on Sept. 20, 1854, he mar-
ried Martha Sleeper. They both taught in pio-
neer schools in Indiana. Jay was recorded a min-
ister of the Society of Friends in Greenfield
Meeting, Indiana, in 1864. From that time until
his death he was one of the most widely known
and best loved of all Quaker ministers in Amer-
ica. He traveled extensively on preaching tours,
visiting more than once all sections of the So-
ciety of Friends in America and in Europe.
In 1868 he was made superintendent of the
Baltimore Association, an organization formed
after the Civil War, under the leadership of
Francis T. King of Baltimore, for the educa-
tional and spiritual reconstruction of the Quaker
sections in North Carolina. The Association ex-
pended over $138,000 and did a notable work,
especially along educational lines, for which Jay
showed peculiar gifts. During these years in
North Carolina, from 1868 to 1874, he discov-
ered his two chief interests, educational leader-
ship and public ministry. After spending more
than a year on an important preaching tour in
England, Ireland, Scotland, and on the Continent
of Europe, he became in 1877 treasurer of what
is now Moses Brown School, Providence, R. I.,
and the organizer and director of its religious
life. In 1881 he was called to similar work in
Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. He developed
unusual gifts for soliciting educational funds and
endowments and was responsible not only for
large additions to the financial assets of Earl-
ham College, but as well to those of most of the
Quaker colleges of the Western states and of
Guilford College in North Carolina. He also
brought inspiration and creative leadership to
Quaker education throughout America, and had
an important part in the reawakening of Quak-
erism in America in the seventies and eighties
of the nineteenth century. He was an important
Jay
influence in the extension of Bible schools and
foreign-mission work and was one of the found-
ers of the American Friends Peace Associa-
tion and of the Five Years Meeting. His first
wife died Apr. 27, 1899, and on Nov. 25, 1900,
he married Naomi W. Harrison. His life came
to an end at Richmond, Ind.
[Autobiog. of Allen Jay (1908); Friends Review,
American Friend, and The Friend (London), for the
years 1864 to 1910 ; Minutes of the Baltimore Associa-
tion, 1868—74; Minutes of Quinquennial Conferences,
1887 and 1893 ; Minutes of Five Years Meeting, 1887
to 1912; Quaker Biogs., n.d., vol. Ill; Indianapolis
News, May 9, 1910.] R. M.J.
JAY, Sir JAMES (Oct. 27, 1732-Oct. 12 or 20,
1815), physician, was born in New York City,
the third son of Peter and Mary (Van Cort-
landt) Jay. Chief Justice John Jay \_q.v.~\ was
a younger brother. James received the degree of
M.D. at the University of Edinburgh in 1753,
publishing a dissertation, De Fluore Albo ( 1753 ) ,
which shows greater familiarity with former
writers on the subject than with first-hand in-
formation. Upon his return to New York, he
set up practice as a physician, but his career
there was not happy (Jones, post, II, 223), and
he decided to go to England, consenting (1762)
to make a collection there for the benefit of
King's College. Upon his arrival, he met Rev.
William Smith [q.v.], there on a similar errand
for the College of Philadelphia ; thenceforth they
worked jointly, agreeing to divide the contribu-
tions at the end. Aided by the King, they raised
some £10,000 for each of the colleges (Ibid., II,
224, 475-80). On Mar. 25, 1763, upon his pres-
entation of an address from the Governors of
King's College, Jay was knighted by George III
(W. A. Shaw, The Knights of England, 1905,
II, 292). A premature attempt of the Governors
to secure the funds Jay had collected, instigated
by a jealous London agent, resulted in a law-suit
(subsequently dropped by the college), a breach
between Jay and the Governors, and the failure
of the college to acknowledge him as a benefac-
tor. Jay's explanation was set forth in two Let-
ters (published in 1771 and 1774, post).
During the first years of the Revolution, Jay's
sympathies were apparently with the American
cause. He invented an ink for secret correspond-
ence, which he used in communicating military
information obtained in England. In July 1778,
upon his return to America, he lent the clothier-
general in Boston $20,000 in Continental cur-
rency (Clinton Papers, post, VI, 497-500; VII,
543-47, 562-63). Owing to depreciation, only a
small part of his actual loan was repaid, and in
1813 he addressed to Congress a petition for re-
imbursement, a pamphlet of sixteen pages recit-
Jay
ing his services to the government, upon which
a settlement was made to him (American State
Papers, Claims, 1834, p. 421). He was a mem-
ber of the New York Senate from October 1778
to April 1782, and he joined with John Morin
Scott [q.v.] in securing the passage of the Act
of Attainder of Oct. 22, 1779, confiscating the
property of the leading New York Loyalists
(Jones, II, 524-40). In April 1782 by prear-
rangement he was captured in New Jersey and
brought into the King's lines, where he con-
versed with Governor Robertson and William
Smith [q.v.], the historian, regarding his dread
of the French and his project for reuniting the
colonies with Great Britain. Nothing came of
his plans, for he was suspected as a spy, but he
was released by Sir Guy Carleton and allowed
to go to England (Diary of William Smith, MS.,
at New York Public Library, March-May 1782 ;
Royal Gazette, New York, Apr. 17, 1782). This
episode led to a somewhat general distrust of his
patriotism — his brother John Jay wrote of him,
in September 1782: "If after making so much
bustle in and for America, he has, as it is sur-
mised, improperly made his peace with Britain,
I shall endeavour to forget that my father has
such a son" (Jones, II, 540). The brothers had
little communication with each other after the
Revolution. For some time Sir James continued
to practise in England and on the Continent, but
he spent the last years of his life at Springfield,
N. J. In 1791 his name appeared in the charter
of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and
from 1807 to 181 1 he was a trustee. He died at
Springfield (on Oct. 12, 1815, according to the
New York Evening Post of Nov. 2, 1815; his
gravestone says Oct. 20). The materials avail-
able lead to the judgment that Sir James was a
man of talent, ability, and sincerity, but proud,
vain, at times overbearing, and because of in-
felicities of personality, undeservedly disliked
and misunderstood.
His publications include: An Humble Repre-
sentation . . . in Behalf of the Lately Erected
Colleges of New York and Philadelphia (1762),
with the Rev. William Smith ; A Letter to the
Governors of the College of Nezv York (1771) ;
Reflections and Ohscrz'ations on the Gout ( 1772) ;
A Letter to the Universities of Oxford and Cam-
bridge, &c. (1774); and his petition, To the
Honorable the Senate and House of Representa-
tives in Congress Assembled (1813).
[Thomas Jones, Hist, of N. Y. during the Rev. War
(2 vols., 1879), ed. by E. F. De Lancey ; Public Papers
of George Clinton, vols. VI, VII, VIII (1902-04);
Robert Bolton, Hist, of the County of Westchester (2
vols., 1848) ; A Hist, of Columbia Univ. (1904) ; Her-
bert and Carol Schneider, Samuel Johnson, President
Jay
of King's College (4 vols., 1929) ; manuscript minutes
of the Governors of King's College.] M.H.T.
JAY, JOHN (Dec. 12, 1745-May 17, 1829),
statesman, diplomatist, was the sixth son, in a
family of eight children, of Peter and Mary (Van
Cortlandt) Jay, and was born in New York City.
He was the younger brother of James Jay [q.v.~\.
The families of both his father and mother were
among the most influential in the colony. His
paternal grandfather, Augustus Jay, was a French
Huguenot exile who settled in New York about
1686. His father, Peter Jay, was a rich and rep-
utable colonial merchant. John Jay, never of a
democratic nature or persuasion, grew up under
the most careful family protection. His educa-
tion went on, with private tutors, under the
watchful guidance of his father. Bookish and
pious in temperament, the boy is described in
contemporary family letters as "serious," "grave,"
"sedate." Self-confidence and self-satisfaction,
rather than ambition, were characteristic of his
career. In after life he never once solicited an
appointment to public service — except for a suc-
cessful application for a commission in the New
York militia — though he attained, aside from the
presidency of the United States, the most impor-
tant offices which his country could bestow. Af-
ter graduating from King's College in 1764 he
prepared for the bar in the office of Benjamin
Kissam of New York. Lindley Murray, a fellow
student in the same office, wrote, in his autobi-
ography, of Jay : "He was remarkable for strong
reasoning powers, comprehensive views, inde-
fatigable application, and uncommon firmness of
mind" (Pellew, post, pp. 15-16). These quali-
ties, with a certain lucidity of literary expression
— the styles of Jay and Hamilton were similar
— marked him from the beginning as a man of
unusual intellectual power. His fellow citizens
early sought out his service. As years went on
Jay's self-confidence begat a not disagreeable
vanity, and literary facility sometimes gave way
to pretentious oracular utterance.
Following his admission to the bar in 1768,
Jay lived the pleasant life of a serious, well-
established and well-liked lawyer (he was asso-
ciated for a time with Robert R. Livingston),
prosperously busy, surrounded by friends and
clubmates. His was a town-man's life. It drew
its principal interest from proper social contacts.
There is no indication that he had a liking for
sports or strenuous physical exercise, though he
was fond of animals, and, of necessity, a horse-
back rider. Possessed of a fairly wiry and robust
constitution, he was nevertheless frequently ail-
ing in health throughout his long life. As a
young man he was tall, slender, and graceful,
5
Jay
with highly arched eyebrows, a prominent Gallic
nose, a pleasing mouth, and a long chin ; he had
an honest and a refined face, neither grave nor
light, with a certain spiritual beauty. He mar-
ried, on Apr. 28, 1774, Sarah Van Brugh Liv-
ingston, the youngest daughter of William Liv-
ingston [q.v.], later the revolutionary governor
of New Jersey.
Jay's first public employment was as secre-
tary, in 1773, of a royal commission for settling
the boundary between New Jersey and New York.
The dispute was eventually settled by means of
a mixed arbitration, a device which must have
appealed to Jay's philosophic disposition ; it may
have been the example for the mixed commis-
sions which were later such prominent features
of Jay's Treaty of 1794 with Great Britain, and
were repeated in principle in other American
treaties thereafter. The advent of the American
Revolution put an end forever to Jay's law prac-
tice and started his career of public life. He be-
came a conservative member of the New' York
committee (of fifty-one) of correspondence and
soon was sent as a delegate of his colony to the
first, and later to the second, Continental Con-
gress. As an indefatigable worker in the Con-
gress he reflected the interests of the conserva-
tive colonial merchants who were opposed to in-
dependence because they feared it might be fol-
lowed by an upheaval of mob rule and democracy.
But once the Declaration was adopted, in Jay's
absence attending the New York provincial con-
gress, he threw his life and fortune unreservedly
into the scales, and no man became more jealous
against any imputation of the permanency or
completeness of American independence. Jay's
part in the peace negotiations of 1782 testified
abundantly to his conviction. In the spring of
1776 his energies were absorbed in affairs of the
new state of New York rather than in the sec-
ond Continental Congress. As a member of the
provincial congress, he not only helped to ratify
the Declaration of Independence, but also pro-
vided the guiding hand which drafted the con-
stitution of the state. He served until 1779 as
chief justice of New York, interpreting the con-
stitution which he had drafted. He was also a
colonel in the state militia, but never saw active
service.
Jay resumed his seat in the Continental Con-
gress in December 1778, and on the tenth of that
month was elected president of the Congress, a
position which he continued to hold until elected
minister plenipotentiary to Spain, Sept. 27, 1779.
Jay's career as a diplomatist begins — if we omit
his experience as a member of the secret com-
mittee of the Second Continental Congress, for
Jay
corresponding with foreign powers — with his de-
parture for Spain. He was the most able and
distinguished man whom the Congress could
spare for this important mission to plead for rec-
ognition and assistance at the Court of Madrid,
taking with him, as he did, the prestige of "the
first office on the continent." After a perilous
voyage by way of the West Indies, Jay reached
Cadiz, with his wife, on Jan. 22, 1780. From the
beginning the mission was a hopeless one. Spain
had no intention of recognizing the independence
of the United States, much less of making an
alliance with the insurrectionists, or even of
joining with her ally, France, in a Franco- Amer-
ican combination. Floridablanca Had tied Ver-
gennes to a secret treaty, by the terms of which
France had agreed not to make a peace with
Great Britain except jointly with Spain, and with
Gibraltar secured for Spain. On the other hand,
France had agreed with the United States not to
make peace with Great Britain except jointly
with the United States and on the basis of the
absolute and unlimited independence of that re-
public. Thus was the cause of American inde-
pendence chained to the European rock of Gi-
braltar. With Jay the Spanish ministry would
go no farther than to continue its policy of secret
assistance in munitions and money in order to
keep the American insurrection going ; and Flo-
ridablanca made a "loan" (without taking titles
for payment) of approximately $170,000. This
relieved Jay of the cruel embarrassment caused
by the writing of drafts on him by Congress
under the unwarranted expectation that he would
have meanwhile gotten some money out of Spain.
"His two chief points," Floridablanca wrote,
concerning Jay, to the Spanish ambassador at
Paris, "were : Spain, recognize our independence ;
Spain, give us more money" (Bemis, Pinckney's
Treaty, p. 38).
In the spring of 1782 Jay was summoned to
Paris by Franklin to assume his post as joint
commissioner for negotiating a peace with Great
Britain. Despite "bad roads, fleas, and bugs"
he reached the city, after a pleasant journey
overland, on June 23. The most controversial
question in the study of Jay's diplomatic career
is whether he upset the American diplomatic
apple-cart which had been so cleverly trundled
along by Franklin in his preliminary conversa-
tions with the British peace representatives, be-
fore the arrival of Jay. The latter insisted that
the British representative, Richard Oswald, be
expressly empowered to treat with representa-
tives of the United States of America, not of
the "Colonies," which designation had at first
seemed sufficient to Franklin, and to Vergennes,
Jay
whose good faith Jay suspected. Jay privately
communicated to Shelburne, the British prime
minister, advice to close quickly with the Ameri-
cans, recognizing them as plenipotentiaries of
the United States. His insistence won out in the
end, but delayed the negotiations — in the early
course of which Franklin had craftily been pro-
posing the cession of Canada, without provoking
active opposition — until after the relief of Gi-
braltar had greatly strengthened the British ne-
gotiating position.
It is not possible to say that Lord Shelburne
would have agreed to Franklin's ideas as to the
desirability of ceding Canada, and Shelburne's
instructions make it certain that if articles of
independence should not have been agreed to,
the situation was to remain the same as if the
negotiation had never been opened, namely one
of warfare against a rebellion of colonies. Whether
in that instance the world would have construed
unsuccessful negotiations with plenipotentiaries
of the United States, as a definitive recognition
of American independence is extremely doubt-
ful.
Jay and Adams convinced Franklin that they
should sign the preliminary articles of peace,
as agreed on with Great Britain, without the
privity of the French Minister. In this they cer-
tainly violated their own instructions to nego-
tiate only with the full confidence of the French
ministry. They did not violate the Franco- Amer-
ican treaty of alliance, for the peace was not to
go into effect until preliminaries of peace should
also have been ratified between Great Britain
and France. France could not make peace till
Spain was ready. Undoubtedly the American
preliminaries, together with the relief of Gibral-
tar, opened the way for Vergennes to bring
Spain into line. Articles between Spain and Great
Britain, and between France and Great Britain,
were signed on Jan. 20, 1783, without the ces-
sion of Gibraltar. The preliminaries of peace
thus became complete. Hostilities ceased. Jay
further had participated in the peace negotiations
by suggesting to the British the reconquest of
West Florida before the armistice ; and a secret
article was inserted in the preliminaries provid-
ing that, in case of such reconquest, the southern
boundary of the United States should commence
at the latitude of the Yazoo River, instead of
thirty-one degrees north latitude. Jay's object in
making this suggestion was to keep Spain away
from the east bank of the Mississippi by keeping
Great Britain in West Florida. In the defini-
tive peace treaty of 1783 this was not included,
as Florida had been yielded to Great Britain by
Spain.
Jay
Jay declined the post of minister to Great
Britain after the war, as well as that to France,
in order to return home and resume his law prac-
tice and the delights of private life. When he
arrived in New York, July 24, 1784, he found
that Congress had already drafted him into serv-
ice as secretary of foreign affairs. For the po-
sition, which amounted to that of minister of
foreign affairs of the United States, Jay was the
best qualified man available. He put aside per-
sonal desires and accepted the unremunerative
responsibility which had been thrust upon him.
Jay remained in this office until after the adop-
tion of the Constitution and the organization of
the new government. In fact, as secretary ad
interitn he administered the business of the new
Department of State until Mar. 22, 1790, pend-
ing the arrival of Thomas Jefferson to be sworn
in as secretary. In addition to the negotiation
of treaties of commerce with Prussia and Mo-
rocco, and discussions of the same with Austria,
Denmark, Portugal, and Tuscany, the handling
of the hopeless Barbary corsairs question, and
negotiation of a consular convention with France,
Jay's principal diplomatic problems as secretary
of foreign affairs were connected with Great
Britain and with Spain. The dispute with the
former involved the retention of the Northwest
Posts, in which British garrisons had remained
in defiance of the terms of the treaty of peace.
The British justified their position on the ground
that Congress had not complied with its own
treaty obligations in respect to facilitating the
payment of pre-war debts to English creditors,
and to the proper protection of the Loyalists.
We know now that, on the day before the proc-
lamation of the treaty of peace by George III,
secret orders were sent out from Whitehall not
to evacuate the posts. Without going into the con-
troversy which arose, or the mutual recrimina-
tions, during a time that Great Britain refused
to send a diplomatic representative to the United
States, it may be said that Jay — who naturally
remained ignorant of secret orders which have
only recently been disclosed — was so impressed
by the laxity of Congress in enforcing its own
obligations that he could not make progress "with
Great Britain on this issue ; it continued into the
national period and was not actually settled un-
til Jay's Treaty of 1794.
With Spain the controversy was somewhat
similar. Spanish garrisons continued to occupy
alleged American soil up to the latitude of the
mouth of the Yazoo River, although the bound-
ary of the United States as laid down by the
Anglo-American treaty of peace stipulated the
line of thirty-one degrees between the Missis-
7
Jay
sippi and the Apalachicola. Spain also closed
the navigation of the Mississippi where it flowed
between exclusively Spanish banks. In justice
to the Spanish contention it should be recognized
that Spain's title to the lower east bank of the
Mississippi was at least as good as that of the
United States, and that her right to close the
navigation of the river was not and could not be
estopped by anything in the treaty of peace be-
tween the United States and Great Britain. A
protracted negotiation between Gardoqui, first
Spanish diplomatic representative accredited to
the United States, and Jay, between 1784 and
1789, reached no settlement of the question.
When in Spain, Jay had not believed in acknowl-
edging exclusive Spanish navigation of the Mis-
sissippi, even though, upon instructions received
from Congress, he had made such an offer as a
condition of Spanish recognition of American
independence and the making of a treaty. But
during the period of the Confederation Jay be-
came convinced, as did Washington, that the
only way to come to terms with Spain was to
forbear to use the navigation of the river for a
period of twenty-five years or so, while the
West could fill up with a population of fighting
men. He reached an agreement in principle with
Gardoqui on that basis, coupled with some arti-
cles of alliance by which each guaranteed the
territory of the other power. Congress refused
to ratify the Mississippi articles, and Jay never
revealed the mutual guaranty clauses to Con-
gress once he saw that the main Mississippi
article would not succeed.
Jay's position as secretary of foreign affairs
was weakened in power and effect by the im-
potence of the Union under the Articles of Con-
federation. He became one of the strongest ad-
vocates of a new government under a stronger
constitution. After the adoption of the Constitu-
tion of 1787 he joined with Hamilton and Madi-
son in the writing of the "Federalist" papers.
Illness prevented him from contributing more
than five essays — on the Constitution and for-
eign affairs. When Jefferson arrived to take the
post of secretary of state, Jay had already been
nominated chief justice of the United States.
The first five years were the formative period
of the Supreme Court so far as procedure was
concerned. The most important case decided by
Jay was Chisholm vs. Georgia, which involved
the suability of a state by a citizen of another
state. Jay in his decision pointed out that the
Constitution specifically gave a citizen of one
state the right to sue another state, and that
suability and state sovereignty were incompati-
ble. It was a vigorous exposition of nationalism,
Jay
too vigorous for the day. Georgia lost the case
by default, but before any judgment could be ex-
ecuted, her sister states, alarmed, quickly passed
the Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution.
While chief justice, Jay was frequently consult-
ed by the President on state decisions, and it
was he who wrote (albeit subject to Hamilton's
suggestions) a first draft of the famous neutral-
ity proclamation of 1793. After the proclamation,
actually indited by Edmund Randolph [q.v.],a.nd
before the appropriate legislation by Congress
for the enforcement of neutrality, Jay, in making
a charge to the grand jury at Richmond, May
22, 1793, laid down the principle that the proc-
lamation of the President must implicitly be held
declaratory of existing law, that is, of the law
of nations (Johnston, post, III, 478).
It was while still holding the office of chief
justice that Jay was sent on the celebrated diplo-
matic mission to arrange a peaceful settlement
of existing controversies with Great Britain. The
war crisis, which arose in the spring of 1794,
was caused principally by the British occupation
of the Northwest Posts, and the still pending
question of private debts to British creditors,
together with the spoliations made by British
cruisers on American neutral shipping during
the Anglo-French war. By this time Alexander
Hamilton [#.?'.] had come to be the principal
influence in Washington's administration. Ham-
ilton's new credit system depended on tariff rev-
enues, and nine-tenths of these came from im-
posts on imported British goods. War with Great
Britain, or even suspension of commercial inter-
course for any ^extended period, such as the
Republicans advocated, would have meant, in
Hamilton's words, cutting up credit by the roots ;
the collapse of credit would have brought the
downfall of the new government, and with it the
possible end of American nationality. Jay spent
the summer of 1794 in England coming to an
arrangement with Lord Grenville on terms main-
ly suggested by Hamilton. The resulting treaty
might more appropriately have gone down in
history as Hamilton's than as Jay's Treaty.
Without securing any acknowledgment of the
illegality of British maritime procedure under
which the spoliations had been made, the United
States agreed that all spoliation claims which
should not receive ultimate justice after running
the gamut of British courts of law, should go
to a mixed claims commission for settlement;
similarly all British claims for the collection of
private debts should go to a mixed commission,
and the United States should be answerable for
payment of the awards in sterling money; Brit-
ish troops were to evacuate the Northwest Ter-
s
Jay
ritory ; commissions were to settle boundary con-
troversies on the northeast and the northwest
frontier ; and the free navigation of the Missis-
sippi, with particular trade privileges for British
ships, was guaranteed the citizens and subjects
of each nation. By refusing to enforce in the
face of Great Britain the rules of international
law accepted in the Franco-American treaty of
1778, the United States gave great umbrage to
France ; this led to a serious but not vital con-
troversy with that country, in which there is
something to be said for the French point of
view. Jay's Treaty was the price paid by the
Federalists for the maintenance of peace and
financial stability at a time when both were vi-
tally necessary for the establishment of Ameri-
can nationality under the new Constitution. He
was vilified for his part in the negotiation and
Hamilton was stoned while speaking in defense
of the treaty; but the Senate ratified it, Wash-
ington proclaimed it, and history has justified
it as a sort of necessary evil.
While chief justice, Jay had already been a
candidate of the Federalist party against George
Clinton [q.i'.~\ for the governorship of New
York, in 1792, and had been defeated by the
action of a partisan board of electoral canvassers
which threw out many Federalist ballots on tech-
nicalities. When he returned home from Eng-
land in 1795 he found himself already nominated
and elected governor. There was little choice but
to accept. Jay's two terms, of six years alto-
gether, furnished the state with an upright and
conservative administration. Despite the ordi-
nary petty political disputes in which Jay, as a
Federalist governor, must needs have his share,
no overwhelming political issue arose. In 1800
the victory of the Republicans in the next guber-
natorial election was imminent, and Jay had de-
cided to retire from public life. He declined to
become a candidate for reelection, and refused to
be considered for renomination as chief justice
of the United States. In view of John Marshall's
subsequent career in that office, Jay's reasons for
declining it are interesting if not amusing : he
felt that the Supreme Court lacked "the energy,
weight, and dignity which are essential to its
affording due support to the national Govern-
ment" (Johnston, IV, 285).
The presidential election of 1800 afforded an
opportunity to test the purity of Jay's political
virtue. Believing that the presidency depended
on the vote of New York, where the newly elect-
ed Republican legislature would be sure to choose
Jeffersonian electors, Alexander Hamilton urged
Covernor Jay to call a special session of the
expiring (Federalist) legislature that would
Jay
choose Federalist electors. Jay refused to coun-
tenance this trickery. On Hamilton's letter pro-
posing the plan, he wrote the indorsement : "Pro-
posing a measure for party purposes which I
think it would not become me to adopt." The re-
maining twenty-eight years of Jay's life were
spent in complete retirement, saddened by the
early death of his wife. He settled down at his
800-acre farm at Bedford, Westchester County,.
N. Y. Here he died May 17, 1829. He had two
sons, Peter Augustus Jay and William Jay
[qq.v.]. Only one of his five daughters married
and she had no children that survived.
Jay was a very able man but not a genius.
His principal and invaluable contribution to
American public life flowed from his character
as he steadfastly performed the day's work. He
brought consistent intellectual vigor and moral
tone into every office which he held. He be-
longed to a school of rigid self-disciplinarians
and high-minded men who invested the founda-
tions of American nationality with a peculiar
mantle of righteousness and dignity. He was
second to none of the "Fathers" in the fineness
of his principles, uncompromising moral recti-
tude, uprightness of private life, and firmness,
even fervor, of religious conviction. A communi-
cant of the Episcopal Church, he did not scruple
to unite with his fellow Christians of other de-
nominations. He owned slaves, to emancipate
them ; and as governor of New York he signed
the act for the abolition of slavery in that state.
In retirement Jay took an active interest in
church affairs; he became president in 1818 of
the Westchester Bible Society, and, in 1821, of
the American Bible Society. As a political sage
in retirement at Bedford he left these lines:
"The post, once a week, brings me our news-
papers, which furnish a history of the times. By
this history, as well as by that of former times,
we are taught the vanity of expecting, that from
the perfectability of human nature and the lights
of philosophy the multitude will become virtu-
ous or wise, or their demagogues candid and
honest" (William Jay, post, I, 431).
[The best biography is by a descendant, George Pel-
lew, John Jay (1890), and is based on the Jay family
papers which in their entirety have not been exploited
by any non-family writer. A selected part of these was
published by H. P. Johnston, Correspondence and Pub-
lic Papers of John Jay (4 vols., 1890-93). There is a
group of Jay papers relating to the Treaty of 1794, in
the N. Y. Hist. Soc. The son, William Jay, wrote a
filial biography, The Life of John Jay (2 vols., 1833),
which published for the first time the papers more fully
printed by Johnston. Wm. Whitelock, The Life and
Times of John Jay (1887) is not adequate. Jay as chief
justice is portrayed in Henry Flanders, The Lives and
Times of the Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of
the U. S., vol. I ( 185s). There are two interesting short
sketches: W. W. Spooner, Historic Families of Amer-
ica (1907); and Elbert Hubbard, Little Journeys to
Jay
the Homes of Famous People (1922). S. F. Bemis has
dealt with Jay's diplomacy in The Am. Secretaries of
State and their Diplomacy, vol. I (1927), in Jay's
Treaty; a Study in Commerce and Diplomacy (1923),
and Pinckncy's Treaty; a Study of America's Advan-
tage from Europe's Distress (1926). An account of
Jay's participation in the peace negotiations of 1782,
written by a descendant, John Jay, is in Justin Winsor,
Narrative and Critical Hist, of America, vol. VII
(1888). For the Supreme Court in Jay's time see
Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in U. S. History,
I (1922). See also Memorials of Peter A. Jay, Com-
piled for his Descendants by his Great-grandson, John
Jay (1905, reprinted 1929).] S. F. B.
JAY, JOHN (June 23, 1817-May 5, 1894), law-
yer, author, diplomat, grandson of Chief Jus-
tice John Jay [q.v.], and the only son who grew
to maturity of Judge William Jay \_q.v.~\ and
Hannah Augusta (McVickar) Jay, was born in
New York City. His early years were spent hap-
pily in his grandfather's home at Bedford. Pre-
pared for college at Dr. Muhlenberg's Institute,
Flushing, L. I., he was graduated from Colum-
bia in 1836, studied law, was admitted to the
bar in 1839, and practised in New' York City
for about twenty years. On the death of his
father in 1858 he retired from practice to give
the rest of his life to the care of the ancestral
estate and to public service.
Oppressed or suffering humanity everywhere
had his sympathy. While still a student in Co-
lumbia College he was manager of the New
York Young Men's Anti-Slavery Society. As a
young lawyer he was particularly prominent in
the seven-years struggle (1846-53) to procure
the admission of St. Philip's Church (negro) to
the Protestant Episcopal Convention. He served
as secretary of the Irish Relief Committee dur-
ing the potato famine in 1847. After the enact-
ment in 1850 of the Fugitive-Slave Law he acted
as counsel for many black fugitives. At a mass
meeting in the Broadway Tabernacle, Jan. 30,
1854, he framed the resolutions that were adopt-
ed opposing the repeal of the Missouri Com-
promise. In the following year he was an en-
thusiastic leader in the organization of the new
Republican party in New York State. Though
he was an exponent of peace like his father, nev-
ertheless when the Civil War became a reality,
he declared, in an address to his Mount Kisco
neighbors, July 4, 1861, that "a whipped hound
should be the emblem of the Northern man who
whimpers for a peace that can only be gained
by dishonour" {The Great Conspiracy, 1861, p.
48). He favored enlistment of the blacks in the
Union army, the proclamation of emancipation,
the organization of the Freedmen's Bureau, and
the adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment. On
the other hand, he showed a liberal attitude to-
ward the defeated South in favoring an allot-
Jay
ment in the National Cemetery at Antietam for
fallen Confederate soldiers {Documents of the
Senate of the State of New York, 1868, no. 82).
As minister to Austria, 1869-74, he had the dif-
ficult task of bringing order out of a calumniat-
ing chaos in connection with the United States
Commission to the International Exhibition held
in Vienna in 1873 (see his article, "The Ameri-
can Foreign Service," International Rcviezv,
May-June 1877). After his return he was ap-
pointed chairman of a commission to investigate
the New York Custom House for the Treasury
Department, he was vice-president of the Civil
Service Reform Association of the State of New
York, a member, 1884-87, of the state Civil Serv-
ice Commission, and one of the framers of the
state's first civil-service law. A stout defender
of the public schools, he assailed the Roman
Catholic Church for its attempts "to overthrow
our common school system, to tax the people for
Romish schools where children will be bent like
the twig, moulded in the confessional, educated
as subjects of the Pope, owing to him their chief
allegiance" {Rome, the Bible and the Republic,
1879, P- r3)- In his presidential address before
the American Historical Association (1890), he
maintained that the only sure guarantee of Amer-
ica's continued greatness was that every teacher
in the common schools should be well grounded
in American history. That Jay was well ground-
ed himself is evidenced in all of his writings,
especially in an excellent piece of historical re-
search, The Peace Negotiations of 1782 and 1783,
published by the New York Historical Society in
1884, and under slightly different titles as a chap-
ter in Volume VII of Justin Winsor's Narrative
and Critical History of America (1888) and in
Papers of the American Historical Association,
vol. Ill (1888). In November 1877 he contrib-
uted "Motley's Appeal to History" to the Inter-
national Rci'icw, an article which precipitated a
controversy by its criticism of Grant's adminis-
tration.
Jay was one of the founders of the Union
League Club and its president in 1866 and 1877 ;
he was the first president (1883-94) of the
Huguenot Society of America, one of the found-
ers (1852) of the American Geographical and
Statistical Society, an active member of the New
York Historical Society, the Metropolitan Mu-
seum of Art, and the National Academy of
Design. He married, June 23, 1837, Eleanor
Kingsland Field, of New York City.
[N. Y. Tribune, N. Y. Times, May 6, and (N. Y.)
Evening Post, May 7, 1894; J. T. Scharf, Hist, of
Westchester County (1886), vol. I; W. W. Spooner,
Hist. Families of America (1907); "Slavery and the
War," a collection of twenty-one pamphlets by Jay
IO
Jay
Jay
presented by him to various libraries including the Lib.
of Cong.; Ann. Report Am. Hist. Asso., 1804 (1895) ;
/'/"(-. Huguenot Soc. of America, vol. Ill, pt. I (1896) ;
The Union League Club J 'inner Given to Hon. John
Jay . . . on . . . His Seventieth Birthday (1887).]
A. E. P.
JAY, PETER AUGUSTUS (Jan. 24, 1776-
Feb. 20, 1843), lawyer, was the eldest child of
John Jay and the brother of William Jay [qq.v.~\.
His mother was Sarah Van Brugh Livingston,
daughter of William Livingston \_q.v.~\, later
governor of New Jersey, at whose residence,
"Liberty Hall," Elizabeth Town, Peter was
born and with whom he lived during his child-
hood years. He attended school in his native
town and also at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., and in
1790 entered Columbia College, where his fa-
ther had preceded him, graduating in 1794. The
appointment, in the year of his graduation, of
his father as special envoy to Great Britain, gave
the son an opportunity to visit that country as
the envoy's secretary, to meet such celebrities
as Pitt, Fox, Lord Grenville, and Lord Mans-
field, to watch Erskine in a trial at Old Bailey,
and to see Kemble and Mrs. Siddons at Drury
Lane in The Merchant of Venice. Returning to
New York after his father's negotiation of the
treaty, he studied law with his cousin, Peter Jay
Munro, with whom, upon his admission to the
bar in 1797, he formed a partnership, and he
ultimately built up a large and lucrative practice.
In the autumn of 1802, on account of pulmonary
trouble, he again went abroad, this time to
southern Europe. Happening to be in Paris when
the Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed, he
was entrusted with the transmission not only of
that document but of Napoleon's order to evacu-
ate the territory. On his way back he visited
La Rochelle, the home of his Huguenot ances-
tors, who, he found, were remembered, and in
his diary he deplores the decline of that once
prosperous port. On the voyage across the At-
lantic his ship was stopped several times by
British frigates, but finally, after nearly forty
days, he arrived in New York with the precious
documents. The following winter he visited Ber-
muda and on July 29, 1807, he was married to
Mary Rutherfurd Clarkson, daughter of Gen.
Matthew Clarkson \_q.v.~\ of New York City, and
they had eight children. He was a prominent
member of the Episcopal Church and served it
in various capacities. He defended, unsuccess-
fully, those charged with causing a riot during
the Columbia College Commencement exercises
at Trinity Church in 181 1. From 1812 to 1817
and again in 1823 he was a trustee of the col-
lege. He was a Federalist in his early years and
always remained one at heart; in New York
politics he was anti-Clintonian. He was nomi-
nated for Congress in 18 12 by the "Peace and
Commerce" party, but his election was declared
void and another contest the following year re-
sulted in his defeat by a narrow margin. He
was nevertheless elected to the state Assembly in
1816 as a Federal Republican and supported
legislation for the Erie Canal and the abolition
of slavery in New York. In 1820 he was ap-
pointed by Governor Clinton, though a political
opponent, recorder (criminal court judge) of
New York City, holding the office for a year
only, but receiving a testimonial from the bar.
In 1821 he was a member of the convention
which framed New York's revolutionary con-
stitution. He voted against the final draft, nam-
ing as its chief defects "making the right of
suffrage universal, rendering the Judges of the
Supreme Court dependent, and vesting the pow-
er of appointment, in almost all instances, in the
Legislature" {Memorials, post, p. 150). He was
president of the New York Hospital from 1827
to 1833 and in the latter year served as one of
the commissioners who fixed the boundary be-
tween New York and New Jersey. In 1840 he
became president of the New York State His-
torical Society and was instrumental in estab-
lishing it in a permanent home. Philip Hone
described him as "always wise, always honest,
but sometimes a little prejudiced" {Diary, post,
1,55)-
[Memorials of Peter A. Jay Compiled for His De-
scendants by His Great-grandson John Jay (1905);
The Diary of Philip Hone (2 vols., 1889), ed. by Bay-
ard Tuckerman ; Proc. N. Y. Hist. Soc. for the Year
184s (1844); W. W. Spooner, Historic Families of
America (n.d.) ; N. Y. Tribune, Feb. 2.2, 23, 1843.]
C.S.L.
JAY, WILLIAM (June 16, 1789-Oct. 14,
1858), judge, author, moral reformer, was born
in New York City, the son of John Jay [q.v.~]
and Sarah Van Brugh Livingston, and a brother
of Peter Augustus Jay [q.v.~]. Following a thor-
ough classical training under Thomas Ellison,
rector of St. Peter's Church in Albany, and
preparation for college from Henry Davis, af-
terwards president of Hamilton College, he en-
tered Yale in 1804. After his graduation (1807)
he undertook the study of law in the office of
John B. Henry, Albany, but impaired eyesight
prevented active practice and he turned to agri-
cultural pursuits on his father's 800 acres at
Bedford.
In 1818 he was appointed judge of the court
of Westchester County, and with one short in-
terruption held that office until 1843, when he
was removed through the influence of pro-slav-
ery Democrats. His charges to the jury always
II
commanded attention because of his "full exposi-
tion of the law, without the slightest concession
to the popular current of the day" (New York
Evening Post, Oct. 15, 1858). Active with tongue
and pen in championing the cause of emanci-
pation, he was agitating for the abolition of the
slave trade in the District of Columbia twenty-
two years before congressional action brought it
about. The first number of the Emancipator,
May 1, 1833, had a contribution from Judge Jay.
The same year the New York City Anti-Slavery
Society was established with his support, and
largely through his persuasive arguments a Na-
tional Anti-Slavery Convention in Philadelphia
inaugurated a country-wide campaign that was
based on strictly constitutional grounds. Like
Wilberforce he opposed the plan to colonize the
former slaves in Africa, declaring that those
who favored that plan were not moved by "the
precepts of the Gospel" but by "prejudice against
an unhappy portion of the human family" (An
Inquiry into the Character and Tendency of the
American Colonisation, and American Anti-
Slavery Societies, two editions, 1835). To the
advocates of gradual emancipation he revealed
its dangers, arguing that it must be either "im-
mediate emancipation or continued slavery"
(Ibid.). In other pamphlets he reproved certain
bishops of the Protestant Episcopal Church, of
which he himself was a communicant, for their
use of the Bible to prop up slavery ; and he
vigorously assailed the American Tract Society,
of which he was a life director, for its attempt
to sidestep the slavery issue in the interest of
harmony. A collection of his arguments, Mis-
cellaneous Writings on Slavery, was published
in 1853. He was far in advance of his age in
the advocacy of arbitration to settle international
disputes. His pamphlet of 1842, War and Peace :
the Evils of the First and a Plan for Preserving
the Last, was reprinted as a timely contribution
during the World War peace discussion of 1919.
The American Peace Society continued him as
its president for a decade.
Amid his various humanitarian activities, he
took time to write The Life of John Jay: with
Selections from his Correspondence and Miscel-
laneous Papers (2 vols., 1833) and in 1850 pub-
lished Reply to Remarks of Rev. Moses Stuart
. . . on Hon. John Jay, and an Examination of
his Scriptural Exegesis, Contained in his Re-
cent Pamphlet Entitled "Conscience and the
Constitution" (1850). Other writings are es-
says on the Sabbath as a civil and divine insti-
tution, duelling, temperance, Sunday schools and
their development, and a commentary (unpub-
lished) on the Old and New Testaments. His
Jay
ne
pamphlets in support of Bible Societies (he was
one of the founders of the American Bible So-
ciety in 1816) brought him into acrimonious
controversy with Bishop J. H. Hobart [q.v.~\.
Jay was also a devoted agrarian with an en-
thusiasm for experiments in tillage, drainage,
horticulture, and stock-raising on the Bedford
estate. He married, Sept. 4, 1812, Hannah Au-
gusta McVickar, daughter of a New York mer-
chant. John Jay, 1817-1894 [q.v.'], was their
only surviving son.
[Bayard Tuckerman, William Jay and the Constitu-
tional Movement for the Abolition of Slavery (1893),
containing a list of Jay's writings as an appendix ; F.
B. Dexter, Biog. Sketches Grads. Yale Coll., vol. VI
(1912), also with a list of writings ; G. B. Cheever, The
True Christian Patriot (i860); Frederick Douglass,
Eulogy of the Late Hon. William Jay (1859) ; A. H.
Partridge, "The Memory of the Just" : A Memorial of
the Hon. Wm. Jay (i860) ; newspaper obituaries, par-
ticularly those in (N. Y.) Eve. Post, Oct. 15, and N. Y.
Tribune, Oct. 16, 1858.] A. E. P.
JAYNE, HORACE FORT (Mar. 17, 1859-
July 8, 1913), biologist, was born in Philadel-
phia, the son of David and Hannah (Fort)
Jayne. His father, son of a Baptist minister,
was brought up in Monroe County, Pa., at a
time when educational facilities there were de-
cidedly limited. It is indicative of his ability
that he prepared himself to enter the University
of Pennsylvania and completed the medical course
there about 1825. For some years he practised
medicine in New Jersey. In 183 1 he introduced
the first of the proprietary remedies which bear
his name and which made his fortune. Return-
ing to Philadelphia, he established a wholesale
drug company for the manufacture and sale of
his family medicines and became one of the
richest men in that city.
Horace, the younger of his two sons, shared
many of his father's capabilities. He was a bril-
liant and enthusiastic student and at the age of
twenty received the degree of bachelor of arts
from the University of Pennsylvania. In 1882
he was graduated with highest honors from the
medical school of that institution, receiving the
Henry C. Lea prize for the best thesis ("The
Variations in the Arteries of the Arm") and the
Anomaly Prize. For the next two years he stud-
ied at Leipzig and at Jena where his association
with Dr. Ernst Haeckel stimulated his interest
in the study of biology. Returning to the United
States, he studied for one year (1883-84) at
Johns Hopkins University and was at the same
time an instructor in biology at the University
of Pennsylvania. In 1884 he became professor
of vertebrate morphology there. In addition to
his teaching he served as dean of the college
faculty (1889-94). dean of the faculty of phi-
12
J
eanes
losophy (1890-94), and as secretary of the fac-
ulty of the school of biology (1884-89). During
all the years of his connection with the uni-
versity he gave liberally of his time and per-
sonal means toward furthering its interests. All
the money he received in payment for his ser-
vices he immediately returned. He took an active
part in the founding of the biology school and
gave $50,000 for a building to house it.
In 1894 he became director of The Wistar
Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia,
a research institution organized by the univer-
sity and Gen. Isaac J. Wistar. He remained there
for more than ten years, continuing his investi-
gations in comparative mammalian morphol-
ogy, and serving as professor of zoology, 1896-
1904. Although well grounded in all branches of
biology, his main interest lay in comparative
anatomy. His best-known book is Mammalian
Anatomy — A Preparation for Human and Com-
parative Anatomy (1898). Other publications
are "Descriptions of Some Monstrosities Ob-
served in North American Coleoptera" in Trans-
actions of the American Entomological Society
(vol. VIII, 1880), and "Revision of the Dermes-
tidae of the United States" in Proceedings of
the American Philosophical Society (vol. XX,
1883). In these two papers the author's name
appears as Horace F. Jayne, but he dropped the
"F" in later years.
His private life was unusually happy. He was
married on Oct. 10, 1894, to Caroline Augusta
Furness, a talented daughter of Henry Howard
Furness [q.v.~\, the Shakesperian scholar. Their
home, "Lindenshade," at Wallingford, near Phil-
adelphia, and their theatrical studio, "The Green
Room," in Philadelphia, were the scenes of many
original social events to which invitations were
eagerly sought. His wife's death in 1909 was
a shock from which he never recovered. He
could not regain either his health or his enthu-
siasm for life, and he died suddenly from heart
failure in his fifty-fifth year.
[Autobiog. of Isaac Jones Wistar (1914), vol. II;
Entomological News, Oct. 1913 ; Makers of Philadel-
phia (1894), ed. by Charles Morris; Who's Who in
America, 1912-13; Evening Bulletin (Phila.), Jan. 22,
1907, July 9, 1913.] F. E.W.
JEANES, ANNA T. (Apr. 7, 1822-Sept. 24,
1907), philanthropist, the youngest of the ten
children of Isaac Jeanes, a Philadelphia mer-
chant, and his wife, Anna, was born in the family
homestead, "Fox Chase," then one of the sub-
urbs of Philadelphia. Her mother died when
Anna was four, and she was brought up by an
older sister. Outwardly her life was uneventful.
For nearly fifty years she lived in the house
Jeanes
where she was born. She then moved to 1023
Arch Street, which was her residence until about
two years before her death, when she went to
spend her last days in the Friends' Boarding
Home, Germantown, which she herself had es-
tablished. She was a little, energetic woman,
with a keen sense of humor and a musical laugh,
of retiring disposition, strong-willed, a devoted
member of the liberal branch of the Society of
Friends. She was interested in art, and painted
a little; was a great reader, especially in Ori-
ental literature ; and was a member of the Phila-
delphia Academy of Natural Sciences, the Phila-
delphia Zoological Society, and the Philadelphia
Academy of Fine Arts. She published anony-
mously a collection of poems, Fancy's Flight,
which circulated chiefly among her friends, but
discloses deep religious feeling, and some gift
for poetic expression. She also published The
Sacrificcr and the Non-Sacrificer (1886). In it
she tries to show that the Eastern religions, in-
cluding the Hebrew, contain two opposing points
of view; that of the "Sacrificer," which beholds
Deity as actuated by human passions, a Being
to be appeased by sacrifice; and that of the
"Non-Sacrificer," which conceives of God as the
personification of love, a Being to be communed
with and trusted. Although the founder of the
Christian religion was a prophet of the non-
sacrificing point of view, the other view entered
into Christianity through the doctrine of the
atonement. Her conclusion is that "Faith in the
Goodness of God, and obedience to His law in
the heart, is the natural religion of the soul."
Her independence, resoluteness, and determi-
nation to have her own way at any cost, often
made her seem eccentric. Disturbed by the peo-
ple in the adjoining house, she bought it, and
let it lie idle. The family homestead she per-
mitted to remain vacant for years, because she
could not bear the thought of strangers in the
place endeared to her by memories of her par-
ents. When she built the Friends' Boarding
Home, she spurned the suggestion that she em-
ploy an architect, and planned it herself. Elec-
tricity and magnetism were the hobbies of her
old age, and she spent much time in making ex-
periments.
Three of her brothers were prosperous mer-
chants. She outlived them, and all the accumu-
lated family wealth came to her. Her disposition
of it brought her into nation-wide notice. Long
deeply interested in the colored race, just before
her death she gave $1,000,000 to establish the
Negro Rural School Fund, Anna T. Jeanes
Foundation. Her will disposed of property esti-
mated to be worth $5,000,000, the most of which
13
Jeffers
went to some thirty charitable institutions or
enterprises. A bequest to Swarthmore College
on condition that the institution abandon par-
ticipation in intercollegiate athletic contests, cre-
ated much discussion all over the country, and
was not accepted. She left $20,000 to the trus-
tees of the Fair Hill Burying Ground "to en-
courage the practice of cremation," and directed
that her own body be cremated.
[J. H. Dillard, "Fourteen Years of the Jeanes Fund."
South Atlantic Quart., July 1923 ; Friends' Intelli-
gencer, Eleventh Mo., 9, 1907; Philadelphia Record,
Sept. 25, 1907, and other Philadelphia papers for Sept.
26, 28, and Oct. 1, 1907.] H E S
JEFFERS, WILLIAM NICHOLSON (Oct.
16, 1824-July 2$, 1883), naval officer, was born
at Swedesboro, N. J., son of John Ellis Jeffers,
a lawyer of Massachusetts birth, and Ruth,
daughter of Amos Westcott of New Jersey. His
eagerness for sea service was quickened by his
maternal uncles, who were naval officers, and he
secured a midshipman's appointment, Sept. 25,
1840, and until 1845 served in the United States
and Congress on the Pacific and Brazil stations.
He studied at the Naval Academy from Oct. 10,
1845, to July 11, 1846, graduating fourth in a
class of forty-seven. At this time he published
a book, The Armament of our Ships of War.
In the steamer J'ixcn, during the Mexican War,
he took part in all the important operations
against shore defenses. Again at the Naval Acad-
emy as instructor, 1848-49, he published two
textbooks, Nautical Routine and Stowage; with
Short Rules in Navigation (1849), in collabora-
tion with J. M. Murphy, and A Concise Treatise
on the Theory and Practice of Naval Gunnery
(1850). In 1852-53 and again in 1857 he was
engaged in survey work in Honduras for a pro-
posed "interoceanic railway," and later, 1859-60,
as hydrographer in surveys for a canal route
across the Chiriqui Isthmus. Meantime he was
in the Brazil Squadron, 1853-56, commanding
the Water Witch in a survey expedition up the
Parana and La Plata Rivers. The firing on this
vessel by a Paraguayan battery led to the naval
punitive expedition of 1857. On Jan. 30, 1855,
he had been made lieutenant. In the Civil War
he commanded the steamer Philadclpliia, April
to May 1861, in the Potomac; then served in
the Roanoke on the Atlantic blockade ; and,
commanding the gunboat Underwriter, took an
active part in operations, January to February
1862, in the North Carolina sounds, receiving
commendation for "zeal and intelligence" (Offi-
cial Records, post, 1 ser. VI, 638). His special
studies in ordnance were doubtless partly re-
sponsible for his transfer to the command of the
Monitor, Mar. 13, 1862, just after her engage-
jefferson
ment with the Merrimac. In this vessel he par-
ticipated in the bombardment of Dairy's Bluff,
May 15, and in other operations on the James
River. His report on the Monitor {Official Rec-
ords, 1 ser. VII, 410-13), gave a detailed and
highly valuable study of the defects of her type
and the remedies. Made lieutenant commander
July 16, 1862, he was engaged in ordnance duty
during the remainder of the war, first at Phila-
delphia, and after September 1863, as inspector
and in charge of experiments at the Ordnance
Yard, Washington. Among other activities he
assisted in preparing the powder-ship Louisiana
for explosion, Dec. 24, 1864, off Fort Fisher.
After eight years of routine duties, chiefly in
sea command, he was chief of the bureau of
ordnance, 1873-81. Though criticized for cau-
tion and willingness to await results of foreign
experiments, he took at this time a leading part
in the modernization of naval ordnance, altering
11-inch Dahlgren smooth-bores to 8-inch rifles
and 100-lb. Parrot guns to breech-loaders, and
working out details of breech-loading systems
for all calibers to 12-inch. In addition to books
already mentioned, he edited Inspection and
Proof of Cannon (1864), and Ordnance Instruc-
tions for the United States Navy (4th ed., 1866,
5th ed., 1880), and wrote Nautical Surveying
(1871), and Care and Preservation of Ammuni-
tion (1874). Popular and uniformly courteous,
he had a firm spirit, illustrated by his refusal to
admit the suffering of his last illness. He was
married, Sept. 17, 1850, to Lucie LeGrand Smith,
daughter of Surgeon S. B. Smith of the United
States Army, by whom he had a son who died
at seven, and a daughter. His death occurred
in Washington, and he was buried in the Naval
Cemetery, Annapolis, Md.
[Family sources and a biog. sketch (MS.), by Prof.
Marshall Oliver, U. S. N. ; War of the Rebellion: Of-
ficial Records (Navy) ; L. R. Hamersly, The Records
of Living Officers of the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps
(3rd ed., 1878) ; Naval Encyc. (1881) ; Army and Navy
Jour., July 28, 1883 ; Washington Post, July 24, 1883].
A.W.
JEFFERSON, JOSEPH (i774-Aug.4, 1832),
actor, was born in Plymouth, England. His fa-
ther, Thomas Jefferson, whom Garrick is re-
puted to have placed on the stage, was manager
of the Plymouth Theatre. His mother was a
Miss May, a woman of great beauty and charm,
who died when he was an infant. Joseph was
well trained as a player in his father's company,
but disliking his stepmother and being repub-
lican in sympathy, he came to America in 1795,
engaged by Charles Stuart Powell, manager of
the new Federal Street Theatre in Boston, at
seventeen dollars a week. This engagement fail-
H
Jefferson
Jefferson
ing (the theatre had not prospered), he joined
the company of the John Street Theatre in New
York, appearing there first on Feb. 10, 1796, as
Squire Richard in The Provoked Husband. In
New York he lodged at the house of a Mrs.
Fortune, a Scotch woman, on John Street, and
speedily married her daughter, Euphemia. An-
other daughter, Esther, later married William
Warren, thus allying the two actor families.
Jefferson remained at the John Street, and then
the Park Theatre, till 1803, playing comedy
roles, especially old men, and being greatly es-
teemed by his fellow players and the public. In
1803 he was offered the place of comedian in
the company of the Chestnut Street Theatre,
Philadelphia, and accepted, perhaps because in
New York he was overshadowed by John Hodg-
kinson. For the next twenty-five years, familiar-
ly known as "Old Jefferson" because of his
skill in playing elderly parts, he was a pillar in
the fine company at the Chestnut Street and a
beloved citizen of the town. In Philadelphia he
reared his family of eight children (a ninth died
in infancy). Seven of these children went on
the stage. He brought to the theatre the best
traditions and to private life dignity and kindli-
ness and virtue, so that his influence was doubly
strong in establishing the playhouse in America.
In 1830, after Warren had left the Chestnut
Street management and the theatre had fallen on
hard days, Jefferson was stung by the failure of
a younger public to support his benefit, and left
both theatre and the city. For two years he
wandered to other towns and suffered in quick
succession the loss of two daughters and his son
John, who was acting with him. Then his wife
died. Broken by gout, bereavement, and grief
at his fallen fortunes, Jefferson himself died in
Harrisburg, Pa., in the summer of 1832. He
was said physically to resemble President Jef-
ferson, and the two men had met and attempted
to discover a common ancestry. His acting style
was evidently easy, natural, and free from ex-
cesses, and gained its comic force from the deli-
cacy of his inflections and byplay, and the charm
and rich playful humor of his personality.
[Wm. Winter, Life and Art of Jos. Jefferson (1894) ;
The Autobiog. of Jos. Jefferson (1890) ; Wm. B. Wood,
Personal Recollections of the Stage ( 1855) ; Jos. Cowell,
Thirty Years Passed Among the Players in England
and America (1844) ; Poulson's Am. Daily Advertiser,
Aug. 8, 1832.] W. P. E.
JEFFERSON, JOSEPH (Feb. 20, 1829-Apr.
23. 1905). actor, grandson of Joseph Jefferson
[q.v.~\, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., the son
of Joseph Jefferson and Cornelia Frances Thomas,
a French exile from Santo Domingo who had
married an actor, Thomas Burke, and was a
widow with one son when Jefferson married her
in 1826. Joseph Jefferson, III, therefore had
English, Scotch, and French blood. His father,
though an actor, was more interested in painting.
From Joseph I he inherited a sunny, optimistic
nature, sense of humor, and personal integrity,
but no acting genius. To his son he passed on
the kindly, humorous, happy disposition, the
personal integrity, a love of art, and the acting
genius which he had missed. During young Joe's
early years, the father was acting and scene-
painting in New York and the East, and the
boy made his debut at the age of four in Wash-
ington. "Jim Crow" Rice, a famous early inter-
preter of negro songs and dances, brought little
Joe on in a bag, dumped him out on the stage
blacked and dressed exactly like himself, and the
child gave an imitation of his song and dance.
In 1837 the father moved west with his wife,
two children, and his stepson, Charles Burke.
They went first to Chicago, then a mere village,
and later down the middle border. The family
acted in barns, halls, log houses even, and lived
the hard life of frontier players. This life was
the only schooling young Jefferson ever had.
His father died suddenly, of yellow fever, in
Mobile, Nov. 24, 1842, at the age of thirty-eight.
The family were without funds, and young Joe,
at the age of thirteen, was the man of the fam-
ily, barnstorming the primitive South in roles
beyond his years, and even following the Amer-
ican army into Mexico. He did not get back to
New York till September 1849, when, a sea-
soned trouper of twenty, he came forward at
Chanfrau's Theatre as Hans in Somebody Else.
His half brother, Charles Burke, was also in
the company. Some success in New York in-
spired him to organize a company and take a
tour through the South. Later he played in
Philadelphia and Baltimore, and by 1856 he had
saved enough money for a trip to Europe, to
study the theatre there. In November 1856 he
became a member of Laura Keene's company in
New York and his hard apprenticeship was over.
In this skilled company he made a hit as Dr.
Pangloss in The Heir at Laiv and in October
1858 appeared as Asa Trenchard in Our Ameri-
can Cousin, in which E. A. Sothern appeared as
Lord Dundreary. Both men became famous as
a result of this play. In September 1859 he
joined Dion Boucicault at the Winter Garden,
where he first appeared as Caleb Plummer in
Boucicault's version of The Cricket on the Hearth,
and then as Salem Scudder in The Octoroon.
In February 1861 his wife died, and Jefferson
was much broken in health. He accordingly set
out for Australia, where he remained four years,
iS
Jefferson
acting his successful roles and recovering his
health. In 1865 he went to London and there
carried out a long-cherished dream — to secure
a new version of Rip Fan Winkle in which he
could play. There had been several stage ver-
sions of the story acted in America, the best by
James Henry Hackett and Jefferson's half-broth-
er, Charles Burke. Jefferson induced Boucicault
to make a new version, based on Burke's, he
himself suggesting the famous scene with the
ghosts, in which only Rip speaks. The new play
was acted on Sept. 4, 1865, at the Adelphi Thea-
tre, London, and Jefferson's performance was
immediately recognized as one of those rare and
precious things which come only once in a gen-
eration. He first acted the role in America at
the Olympic, New York, Sept. 3, 1866, and with
the same effect. From that time on, Jefferson
gradually shelved all his other roles with the
exception of Caleb Plummer, Dr. Pangloss, and
one or two more, until 1880, when he made a
new acting version of The Rivals in which he
elevated Bob Acres from a rustic boob to a
quaint and whimsical eccentric. Thereafter he
chiefly alternated Rip and Bob as his repertoire.
This revival of The Rivals was made in Phila-
delphia at the Arch Street Theatre, with Mrs.
Drew as Mrs. Malaprop. From 1866 on, too, his
annual tours of the country became triumphs;
every child in America was taken to see Rip as
a part of its education ; Jefferson's fame and his
fortune grew, and because of his whimsical,
kindly, honest, and sparkling personality as well
as his art, he became one of the best-loved fig-
ures in American life. From 1875 to 1877 he
reappeared with great success in London. In
later years his tours were confined to the autumn
and spring. In summer, after 1889, he lived at
"Crow's Nest" near Grover Cleveland, his friend,
on Buzzards Bay, Mass., and in winter on his
plantation in Louisiana or at his home in Palm
Beach, Fla. He inherited his father's love for
painting, and also for fishing, and spent much
of his leisure indulging these hobbies. In 1893
he succeeded Edwin Booth as president of the
Players' Club, and hence as acknowledged head
of the actors of America. In these later years,
too, he was in much demand as a lecturer, for
in spite of his complete lack of a formal educa-
tion he had formulated the laws of his art and
could express them with apt phrase and illustra-
tion better, perhaps, than almost any other player
since Talma, as may be seen by consulting his
fascinating Autobiography, published serially in
the Century Magazine from November 1889 to
October 1890, and in 1890 reprinted in book
form.
Jefferson
Jefferson's last appearance on the stage was
in Paterson, N. J., May 7, 1904, as Caleb Plum-
mer and Mr. Golightly in Lend Me Five Shil-
lings. He had been on the stage for seventy-
one years ! He became ill the following winter,
at his residence at Palm Beach, and died on
Shakespeare's birthday, in 1905. His grave is
near his Cape Cod home. He was twice mar-
ried : first to Margaret Clements Lockyer, in
1850, who died in 1861, and second, in 1867, to
Sarah Isabel Warren, a distant cousin. She died
in 1894. His first son, Charles Burke Jefferson,
was for many years his manager. His fifth child,
Thomas, became an actor, and two sons by his
second marriage went on the stage, thus making
five generations of the Jefferson family in the
theatre.
Jefferson had proved himself a skilled actor
in over a hundred roles before he became identi-
fied with Rip Van Winkle. He was one of the
leading contributors, through the medium of
comedy, to a more naturalistic art, getting con-
stantly away from hard-and-fast classifications
and presenting rounded, individual characters,
in whom laughter and tears could mingle. Far
more than the tragedians, such as Forrest and
Booth, he was constantly assuming roles drawn
from contemporary life, or roles with local flavor,
and his share was large in preparing the ground
for the modern theatre. As for his Rip, all who
saw it, and then saw the attempts of others,
even of his own son Thomas, to play the part
after his death, can testify to the enormous con-
tribution his personality made to that play, per-
sonality rendered effective by the perfection of
his art. You, like the Dutch children and the
dogs, couldn't help loving this whimsical vaga-
bond. There was something of the woods and
waterfalls about him. There was an eerie poetry
in his scene with the ghosts (a scene technically
suggesting Eugene O'Neill's Emperor Jones).
And in his return, an old man, struggling for
recognition, there was heartbreaking pathos
which slipped with consummate mastery into a
final vagabond mirth again. Jefferson's Rip was
the perfect union of an actor's own personality
with an appealing character — and like all per-
fect things there was heartache in it. In later
years, perhaps the nearest approach to such a
union on our stage, imparting an analogous
warmth of tender emotion, humor, and elfin po-
etry, was Maude Adams' Peter Pan. But, of
course, Jefferson's Rip touched deeper stops.
The play itself has not stood the test of time ;
it seemed old-fashioned even before Jefferson's
death. It will have to be drastically rewritten
before another actor can hope with any success
Ife
Jefferson
to restore it to our American repertoire, where
in some form or other it occupied a place from
1828 to 1904. But during those years, and espe-
cially from 1866 on, as played by Joe Jefferson
(the American public characteristically expressed
their affection by refusing ever to call him Jo-
seph), Rip Van Winkle 'held before us a prac-
tical ideal of dramatic entertainment drawn from
native sources, and humor, pathos, even poetry,
extracted from the common lot. More than can
be reckoned, perhaps, Jefferson's embodiment
of this role was a milestone in the development
of our modern theatre. Both as man and artist,
he richly deserved the honor and the love Amer-
ica gave him.
[The Autobiog. of Jos. Jefferson (1890) ; Wm. Win-
ter, Life and Art of Jos. Jefferson (1894), the authori-
tative source book for the history of the Jefferson fam-
ily of actors; Francis Wilson, Jos. Jefferson (1906);
Eugenie Paul Jefferson, Intimate Recollections of Jos.
Jefferson (1909) ; G. C. D. Odell, Annals of the N. Y.
Stage, vols. II— VII (1927-31) ; N. Y. Times, Apr. 24,
1905] W. P. E.
JEFFERSON, THOMAS (Apr. 2/13, 1743-
July 4, 1826), statesman, diplomat, author, sci-
entist, architect, apostle of freedom and enlight-
enment, was born at "Shadwell" in Goochland
(now Albemarle) County, Va., then on the fringe
of western settlement. Whether or not the first
Jefferson in the colony came from Wales, as the
family tradition held, a Thomas Jefferson was
living in Henrico County in 1677 and married
Mary Branch. Their son Thomas, who married
Mary Field, lived at "Osbornes" in what is now
Chesterfield County, where on Feb. 29, 1707/08
Peter Jefferson was born. The family was not
aristocratic or wealthy and Peter had largely
to shift for himself. Becoming a surveyor, he
removed to Goochland County, where by 1731
he was a magistrate. Four years later he pat-
ented 1000 acres on the south side of the Rivanna
River and shortly thereafter purchased from
William Randolph of "Tuckahoe," for a bowl
of punch, 400 acres more, containing the site
north of the river upon which he erected a plain
frame house. Thither in 1739 he brought his
wife and there Thomas, his third child, was born.
Jane Randolph, who became Peter Jefferson's
wife at nineteen, first-cousin of William of
"Tuckahoe" and the eldest surviving child of
Isham Randolph of "Dungeness" and his wife,
Jane Rogers, connected her husband with per-
haps the most distinguished family in the prov-
ince and assured the social standing of his chil-
dren. Peter Jefferson's career closely followed
that of Joshua Fry [q.v.~\, under whom he served
as deputy surveyor in Albemarle, with whom he
continued the boundary line between Virginia
Jefferson
and North Carolina and made the first accurate
map of Virginia, and whom he succeeded as
burgess and county lieutenant (Harrison, post).
Thomas Jefferson had great respect for his fa-
ther's map and from him doubtless acquired
much of his zest for exploring and drawing and
his liking for untrodden paths. From him he
inherited a vigorous, if less powerful, body, and
perhaps his fondness for mathematical subjects.
Of the ten children of Peter Jefferson, eight sur-
vived his death, Aug. 17, 1757. He left Thomas,
the elder of his two sons, 2750 acres of land and
an established position in the community.
Seven of the first nine years of Jefferson's life
were spent at "Tuckahoe," on the James a few
miles above the present Richmond, whither his
father removed in pursuance of a promise to
William Randolph to act as guardian of the lat-
ter's son. Here he began his education at the
"English school." The red hills of Albemarle
became his permanent home, however, at the age
of nine and held ever thereafter an unrivaled
place in his affections. At this time he began the
study of Latin and Greek under the Rev. William
Douglas, who also introduced him to French.
Of Douglas' abilities Jefferson later expressed
a low opinion. After the death of his father, he
studied with the Rev. James Maury, whom he
later described as "a correct classical scholar."
Whoever may deserve the credit for it, Jefferson
gained an early mastery of the classical tongues
and ever found the literature of Greece and
Rome a "rich source of delight." In March 1760
he entered the College of William and Mary,
from which he was graduated two years later.
Here, at the seat of the provincial government,
he was enabled to view history in the making
and politics in practice (H. B. Adams, The Col-
lege of William and Mary, 1887). His chief in-
tellectual stimulus while a student came from his
association with Dr. William Small, who held
first the chair of mathematics and then ad in-
terim that of philosophy. Small aroused in him
the interest in scientific questions which was
destined to remain active all his life, and intro-
duced him to the "familiar table" of Gov. Fran-
cis Fauquier and to George Wythe \_q.v.~\, most
noted teacher of law 01 his generation in Vir-
ginia, under whose guidance Jefferson prepared
himself for practice.
During these years he appears to have been a
recognized member of the close-knit social group
that the children of the great families of Vir-
ginia constituted. He visited homes, made wag-
ers with girls, gossiped about love affairs, served
at weddings. Tall, loose-jointed, sandy-haired,
and freckled, he was not prepossessing in ap-
T7
Jefferson
Jefferson
pearance, but he was a skilled horseman, played
on the violin, and seems to have been a gay com-
panion. The strain of seriousness in his nature,
however, was soon apparent; it may have been
accentuated by the unhappy outcome of his love
affair with Rebecca Burwell (Chinard, Thomas
Jefferson, pp. 17-18). Before he became a prom-
inent actor on the stage of public life, he had
formulated for himself a stern code of personal
conduct and had disciplined himself to habits of
study as few of his contemporaries ever found
strength to do (Chinard, Literary Bible, p. 12).
Some time after 1764, perhaps, he began to apply
historical tests to the Bible, lost faith in con-
ventional religion, though without questioning
conventional morality, and for inspiration turned
to the great classical writers {Ibid., pp. 34-35).
That he prepared himself with unusual care for
his profession, by the study of legal history as
well as of procedure, is apparent from the note-
book in which he abridged his legal reading
(Chinard, The Commonplace Book of Thomas
Jefferson, 1927). He was admitted to the bar in
1767, and, despite his dislike of court practice,
was quite successful in the law until on the eve
of the Revolution he abandoned it as a profes-
sion. His legal training, however, left a perma-
nent impress upon him. In his most famous state
papers he is the advocate pleading a cause and
buttressing it with precedents.
On Jan. 1, 1772, Jefferson was married to
Martha ( Wayles) Skelton, then in her twenty-
fourth year, the daughter of John Wayles of
Charles City County and his wife, Martha Eppes.
She was the widow of Bathurst Skelton and had
borne him a son, who died in infancy. In the ten
years of their married life she bore Jefferson
six children, only three of whom survived her
and only two of whom, Martha and Mary (or
Maria), attained maturity. She is reputed to
have been beautiful, and certainly her second
husband lavished upon her notable devotion. The
young couple began their married life in the
only part of "Monticello" then finished, the
southeastern "pavilion." Jefferson had moved to
his adored mountain-top after the nearby house
at "Shadwell" burned, together with his cher-
ished library, in 1770, and had begun the build-
ing operations which were to extend over a
generation. The 2750 acres in Albemarle left him
by his father were doubled by 1794 and probably
much earlier. From the estate of his father-in-
law he acquired in behalf of his wife, soon after
his marriage, holdings practically equivalent to
his own. With them, however, went a huge debt
from the effects of which he never entirely es-
caped. Throughout most of his mature life he
I
was the owner of approximately ten thousand
acres of land and from one to two hundred slaves.
Nothing if not methodical, he made periodical
records of everything connected with his planta-
tions— his slaves, his horses and cattle, the trees
planted, the temperature at "Monticello," the
dates at which birds and flowers first appeared.
In 1770 Jefferson was appointed county lieu-
tenant of Albemarle, and in 1773, by the College
of William and Mary, surveyor of the county.
In May 1769 he was elected a member of the
House of Burgesses, as he continued to be until
the House ceased to function in 1775, though he
did not attend in 1772. He says he had been
intimate for almost a decade with Patrick Henry,
and appears to have been sympathetic with the
orator as the representative of the upper coun-
ties against the aristocracy. Never an effective
public speaker, Jefferson did greatest service
in legislative bodies on committees, where his
marked talents as a literary draftsman were em-
ployed. Identified from the outset with the ag-
gressive anti-British group, he was one of those
who drew up the resolves creating the Virginia
Committee of Correspondence and was appoint-
ed a member of the committee of eleven, though
not of the select committee of three. In 1774 he
was one of the champions of the resolution for
a fast day, on the day the Boston Port Act was
to go into effect, which resolution led to the
dissolution of the House. In 1775 he was on the
committee appointed to draw up an address to
Dunmore rejecting Lord North's conciliatory
offer, and says that he drafted the address* adopt-
ed (Ford, post, I, 455-59). Prevented by illness
from attending the Virginia convention of 1774,
after he had drawn up the resolutions of his
county and been appointed a delegate, he sent
a paper, later published as A Summary View of
the Rights of British America (Ford, I, 421-
47), which proved to be his greatest literary con-
tribution to the American Revolution next to the
Declaration of Independence and which reveals,
as perhaps no other document does, his point of
view in that struggle. Though approved by many,
it was not adopted because regarded as too ad-
vanced. Emphasizing the "natural" right of emi-
gration and the right of conquest, exercised by
the first English settlers in America as by the
Saxons in England, he denied all parliamentary
authority over the colonies and claimed that
the only political tie with Great Britain was
supplied by the King, to whom the colonists had
voluntarily submitted. The aids rendered by the
mother country, he felt, had been solely for com-
mercial benefit and were repayable only in trade
privileges. He advocated, not separation, but
8
Jefferson
freedom of trade in articles that the British could
not use, and the relinquishment of all British
claims in regard to taxation. This powerful
pamphlet, distinctly legalistic in tone, reveals no
adequate conception of the value of early English
protection or of the contemporary British im-
perial problem. Throughout his career as a Rev-
olutionary patriot he emphasized "rights as de-
rived from the laws of nature," not a king ; and
here, as elsewhere, he strove for the "revindica-
tion of Saxon liberties" (Chinard, Common-
place Book, p. 57).
Elected by the Virginia convention to serve in
Congress in case Peyton Randolph was required
at home, Jefferson sat in that body during the
summer and autumn of 1775. Though he drew
drafts of several papers, these were too strongly
anti-British in tone to be acceptable while there
was hope of conciliation. He was not present in
Congress from Dec. 28, 1775, to May 14, 1776.
Probably called home by the illness of his mother,
who died Mar. 31, and by the needs of his fam-
ily, he also had duties to perform as county
lieutenant and commander of the militia of Al-
bemarle, to which office he had been appointed
by the Virginia Committee of Safety on Sept.
26 (Chinard, Thomas Jefferson, p. 66; Randall,
post, I, 140-41). Following the famous resolu-
tions introduced into Congress on June 7 by
Richard Henry Lee, Jefferson was elected four
days later, with John Adams, Franklin, Roger
Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston, to draw up
a declaration of independence. The reasons for
the prominence in this connection of one so
young as Jefferson, and especially for his selec-
tion over Lee, have been much disputed (Ran-
dall, I, 144-59). Now only thirty-three years
old, he had been a "silent member" on the floor
of Congress, though outspoken and decisive in
committees. The "reputation of a masterly pen,"
however, stood him in good stead and opened
the door of dangerous but glorious opportunity.
More changes in his draft of the Declaration
were made at the instance of Adams, and par-
ticularly of Franklin, than he later remembered,
and some were made by Congress itself, but this
most famous American political document as a
composition belongs indisputably to Jefferson
(Fitzpatrick, post; Becker, post). The philo-
sophical portion strikingly resembles the first
three sections of George Mason's Declaration of
Rights, itself a notable summary of current rev-
olutionary philosophy. Jefferson probably availed
himself of this, but he improved upon it. The
doctrines are essentially those of John Locke, in
which the more radical of the patriots were
steeped. Jefferson himself did not believe in
Jefferson
absolute human equality, and, though he had no
fears of revolution, he preferred that the "social
compact" be renewed by periodical, peaceful re-
visions. That government should be based on
popular consent and secure the "inalienable"
rights of man, among which he included the
pursuit of happiness rather than property, that
it should be a means to human well-being and
not an end in itself, he steadfastly believed. He
gave here a matchless expression of his faith.
The charges against the King, who is singled
out because all claims of parliamentary author-
ity are implicitly denied, are in general an im-
proved version of those that had already been
drawn up by Jefferson and adopted as the pre-
amble of the Virginia constitution of 1776. Re-
lentless in their reiteration, they constitute a
statement of the specific grievances of the revolt-
ing party, powerfully and persuasively presented
at the bar of public opinion. The Declaration is
notable for both its clarity and subtlety of ex-
pression, and it abounds in the felicities that are
characteristic of Jefferson's unlabored prose
(Becker, post, ch. V). More nearly impassioned
than any other of his important writings, it is
eloquent in its sustained elevation of style and
remains his noblest literary monument.
Desiring to be nearer his family and feeling
that he could be more useful in furthering the
"reformation" of Virginia than in Congress, Jef-
ferson left the latter body in September 1776,
and, entering the House of Delegates on Oct. 7,
served there until his election to the governor-
ship in June 1779. While a member of Congress,
he had submitted to the Virginia convention of
1776 a constitution and preamble, only the lat-
ter of which was adopted. His proposed con-
stitution was in some respects, especially in its
failure to provide for popular participation in
the election of senators, less democratic than the
one adopted ( W. C. Ford, in the Nation, Aug.
7, 1890, pp. 107-09). With the new constitution
and government, which were marked by little
change in law and social organization, he was,
however, profoundly dissatisfied. To him the
Revolution meant more than a redress of griev-
ances. Against the continuance of an established
church, divorced from England, which the con-
servatives favored, he desired the entire sepa-
ration of church and state. He was determined
to rid his "country," as he long called Virginia,
of the artificial aristocracy of wealth and birth,
and to facilitate through education the develop-
ment of a natural aristocracy of talent and vir-
tue and an enlightened electorate. He felt that
the legal code should be adapted to republican
government "with a single eye to reason, & the
T9
Jefferson
good of those for whose government it was
formed." Because of his skill as a legislator,
the definiteness of his carefully formulated pro-
gram, and the almost religious zeal with which
he pressed it, he immediately assumed the lead-
ership of the progressive group which Patrick
Henry had relinquished when he became gov-
ernor and which George Mason willingly con-
ceded to a more aggressive man. He deserves
the chief credit not only for an unparalleled
program but also for legislative achievements
that have rarely been equaled in American his-
tory.
He struck the first blow at the aristocratic
system by procuring the abolition of land-hold-
ing in fee-tail. On Oct. 12, 1776, he moved the
revision of the laws. Elected to the board of
revisors with four others, of whom only Wythe
and Edmund Pendleton served to the end, he
labored two years with scholarly thoroughness
on his share of the revision, including the law
of descent and the criminal law. The report of
the board (June 18, 1778), comprised 126 bills,
the substance of at least 100 of which was ulti-
mately enacted (Lingley, post, p. 188 note ; Ford,
II, 199-239; Hening, XII). Primogeniture was
abolished in 1785. His bill for Establishing Re-
ligious Freedom (Ford, II, 237-39), presented
in 1779 by John Harvie of Albemarle and passed,
with slight modifications in the preamble (Hen-
ing, XII, 84-86), in 1786 when Jefferson was
in France, was regarded by him as one of his
greatest contributions to humanity. In its as-
sertion that the mind is not subject to coercion,
that civil rights have no dependence on re-
ligious opinions, and that the opinions of men
are not the concern of civil government, it is
indeed one of the great American charters of
freedom.
Jefferson's educational bills, which represent-
ed the constructive part of his program, were
unsuccessful. Of his extraordinary Bill for the
More General Diffusion of Knowledge (Ford,
II, 220-29), which summarizes his educational
philosophy, only the part dealing with elemen-
tary schools was acted on, in 1796, and a pro-
vision was inserted that in effect defeated its
purpose. His attempts to amend the constitu-
tion of his old college and to establish a public
library (Ibid., II, 229-37) entirely failed. Dur-
ing his governorship, however, as a visitor of
William and Mary, he effected the abolishment
of the professorships of Hebrew, theology, and
ancient languages and the establishment of pro-
fessorships of anatomy and medicine, law, and
modern languages, the two latter being the first
of their kind in America (C. J. Heatwole, A
Jefferson
History of Education in Virginia, 19 16, pp. 90-
91). Though he did not originate the idea of
removing the capital to Richmond, he framed a
bill for that purpose and the measure which was
passed in 1779 (Hening, X, 85) included his
preamble and provisions for handsome public
buildings such as he had favored. His plans for
his state were never fully carried out, but he
may properly be termed the architect of Virginia
government.
His election to the governorship (June 1, 1779)
in succession to Patrick Henry was the natural
consequence of his preeminence as a legislator
and his unchallenged leadership of the progres-
sive group. The philosophical qualities that made
him so conspicuous as a planner and prophet
were of little avail to him, however, as an execu-
tive. Resourceful in counsel, he was ever hesi-
tant and reluctant in the exercise of authority,
the very necessity of which he deplored. His
position as a war-governor was rendered the
more difficult by the constitutional limitations
upon his authority and the diminution of the
state's resources. In handling the countless de-
tails of his office he was extraordinarily indus-
trious and conscientious (H. R. Mcllwaine, Offi-
cial Letters of the Governors of the State of
Virginia, II, 1928). His chief weaknesses were
his unwillingness, even in time of acute crisis,
to use means of doubtful legality and his char-
acteristic reliance upon the militia (Eckenrode,
post, ch. VIII). He managed sufficiently well
during the first year of his governorship and was
duly reelected, but in the spring of 1781, when
the British seriously invaded Virginia, the state
was at their mercy. Richmond being in British
hands, the legislature was called to meet at Char-
lottesville May 24. Jefferson proceeded to "Mon-
ticello" and last exercised the functions of his
office June 3, interpreting his term to continue
only one year and not until his successor quali-
fied. As he put it, he "resigned" the governor-
ship, recommending that the military and civil
agencies be combined by the election of Gen.
Thomas Nelson, but his act was a virtual ab-
dication. On June 4, Tarleton made a raid on
"Monticello." The supposed governor and the
legislators who were his guests all escaped, Jef-
ferson the last among them. He returned the
next day, but soon removed his family to "Pop-
lar Forest," where late in June he was thrown
from his horse and disabled. Thus did his ad-
ministration come to an unheroic end.
What was left of the Assembly, meeting be-
yond the mountains at Staunton, elected Nelson
and ordered (June 12, 1781) that an investiga-
tion of Jefferson's conduct as governor be made
20
Jefferson
at the next session. Judging from the heads of
charges proposed by his neighbor and subse-
quent supporter, George Nicholas (Randall, I,
354-55 ; Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress),
there was no allegation of personal cowardice,
such as was made later by political enemies.
The conduct of the assemblymen, indeed, had
been marked by even greater prudence. All the
charges had to do with the lack of military
precaution and expedition. After the crisis actu-
ally arose, Jefferson seems to have done every-
thing possible and with as great speed as could
have been expected. Whether or not he had made
such previous preparation for an impending
crisis as he might have is questionable. By
autumn, however, the storm had stilled. On Dec.
12 a committee appointed by the House of Dele-
gates to inquire into his conduct as governor
reported that no information had been offered
them except rumors, which they regarded as
groundless, and on Dec. 19 resolutions of thanks
were finally adopted. Though formally vindi-
cated, Jefferson did not for years recover his
prestige in Virginia. For a time the state gov-
ernment passed into conservative hands, but dur-
ing his long absence in France (1784-89) the
progressives, under the able leadership of Madi-
son, again gained ascendancy, and Jefferson
came to be regarded as the prophet of the new
order, as indeed he was.
Persuaded that public service and private mis-
ery were inseparable, Jefferson retired to his
neglected farms, his cherished books, and his be-
loved family, convinced that nothing could again
separate him from them. He took advantage of
the leisure forced upon him by his fall from his
horse to organize the careful memoranda about
Virginia which he had made over a long period
of years. Arranging these in the order of the
queries submitted in 1781 by Barbe de Marbois,
secretary of the French legation, he somewhat
corrected and enlarged them during the winter
of 1782-83, and at length had them printed in
France in 1784-85. The Notes on the State of
Virginia (Ford, III, 68-295) went through many
editions and laid the foundations of Jefferson's
high contemporary reputation as a universal
scholar and of his present fame as a pioneer
American scientist. Unpretentious in form and
statistical in character, this extraordinarily in-
forming and generally interesting book may still
be consulted with profit about the geography
and productions, the social and political life, of
eighteenth-century Virginia. With ardent pa-
triotism as well as zeal for truth Jefferson
combatted the theories of Buffon and Raynal
in regard to the degeneracy of animal and in-
Jeffers
on
tellectual life in America, and he manifested
great optimism in regard to the future of the
country, but he included "strictures" on slav-
ery and the government of Virginia. In 1783
he drafted another proposed constitution for
his state (Ford, III, 320—33), which was pub-
lished in 1786 and ultimately bound with the
Notes as an appendix.
But for the death of his wife, Sept. 6, 1782,
he might have remained in philosophic retire-
ment. He lavished upon his motherless daugh-
ters extraordinary tenderness and solicitude,
but he was now glad to abandon "Monticello"
and seek relief from personal woe in public ac-
tivity. Appointed peace commissioner to Eu-
rope, Nov. 12, 1782, he was prepared to sail
when, his mission having become unnecessary,
his appointment was withdrawn. In June 1783
he was elected a delegate to Congress and dur-
ing six months' service in that body the fol-
lowing winter he was a member of almost
every important committee and drafted no
fewer than thirty-one state papers (Ford, I,
xxviii-xxx). Some of these were of the first
importance, especially his Notes on the Estab-
lishment of a Money Unit (Ibid., Ill, 446-57),
in which he advocated the adoption of the dol-
lar, to be divided into tenths and hundredths,
and his successive reports on the government
of the western territory (Ibid., Ill, 407-10,
429-32). The report of Mar. 22, 1784, which
has been ranked second in importance only to
the Declaration of Independence among Jef-
ferson's state papers (Ibid., Ill, 430, note),
contained practically all the features of the
epoch-making Ordinance of 1787. If it had
been adopted as Jefferson presented it, slavery
would have been forbidden in all the western
territory after 1800, and the secession of any
part of that region would have been rendered
indisputably illegal. Jefferson had earlier draft-
ed a deed of cession of the northwestern terri-
tory claimed by Virginia, and he drew up a
land ordinance which failed of adoption. Cer-
tainly he was a major architect of American
expansion.
As a member of Congress he drafted a report
on the definitive treaty of peace which was even-
tually adopted (Ford, III, 349-50). He drew
up, on Dec. 20, 1783, a report which was agreed
to as the basis of procedure in the negotiation
of treaties of commerce, and was himself ap-
pointed, May 7, 1784, to assist Franklin and
Adams in this work. Arriving in Paris on
Aug. 6 with his daughter Martha, he was ap-
pointed in 1785 Franklin's successor as minis-
ter to France and remained in that country
21
Jefferson
until October 1789. Rightly regarded in France
as a savant, he carried on the tradition of Frank-
lin, but until the end of his own stay he was
overshadowed by Franklin's immense reputa-
tion. Jefferson's attitude toward his predeces-
sor, whom he regarded as the greatest Ameri-
can, was one of becoming modesty without a
tinge of jealousy. During his ministry he was
likewise overshadowed by Lafayette, who was
regarded as the French symbol of American
ideas and ideals and the protector of Ameri-
can interests. Jefferson took full advantage of
Lafayette's invaluable cooperation and associ-
ated with him on terms of intimacy and affec-
tion, content to be relatively inconspicuous if he
might be useful.
Though he later characterized his official ac-
tivities in France as unimportant, Jefferson
proved a diligent and skilful diplomat. He and
his colleagues succeeded in negotiating, in 1785,
a treaty of commerce with Prussia. Early in
1786 he joined Adams in London, but their ef-
forts to negotiate a treaty were futile. He made
careful note of English domestic gardening and
mechanical appliances, but of their architecture
and manners had no kind word to say. He sup-
ported Thomas Barclay in the negotiation of a
treaty with Morocco in 1787, but was convinced
that the Barbary pirates could be restrained only
by force and worked out a scheme for concerted
action on the part of a league of nations. This
was accepted by Congress, but aroused no en-
thusiasm in Europe. He negotiated with France
a consular convention, signed Nov. 14, 1788,
which was the first of the sort agreed to by the
United States (Woolery, post, ch. IV). Though
he could not hope to make much of a breach in
the wall of commercial exclusiveness, he gained
some relaxation of French duties on American
products, and by his arguments against the to-
bacco monopoly of the Farmers General, which
he attacked as a system, made a definite impres-
sion on Vergennes and his successor, Montmorin
(F. L. Nusbaum, in Political Science Quarterly,
December 1925, pp. 497-516). Jefferson left
Europe with the feeling that the French had
granted all the commercial concessions possible,
that they had few interests in America, and that
they had great sentimental attachment to the
young Republic. He was convinced that the
United States should be friendly to France, both
because of gratitude and because of her value as
a counterpoise against the British, whom he re-
garded as hostile in sentiment and entirely self-
ish in policy. He gained the impression, how-
ever, that Great Britain and Spain would pay
much for American neutrality if they should be-
Jefferson
come involved in European controversy. The
hope that the United States would ultimately
gain great advantages from the troubles of Eu-
rope profoundly affected his subsequent foreign
policy, predisposing him to ways of peace
(Bemis, American Secretaries of State, II, 9-
13).
At a time when there was a flood of senti-
mental French writings about America, Jeffer-
son endeavored to present the American cause
adequately and accurately. These motives in
part caused him to distribute his own Notes on
the State of Virginia, and the Virginia statute
of religious freedom. Appealed to for informa-
tion by many writers, he furnished extensive
materials in particular to his former neighbor,
Philip Mazzei [<?.&.]» whose Recherches His-
toriqucs et Politiqucs sur les £tats-Unis (4 vols.,
1788) was the most accurate work of the period
on America, and to Demeunier, whose article,
"Etats-Unis," in the Encyclopedic Methodique:
Economic Politique et Diplomatique (1786),
greatly embarrassed the American minister by
its inaccuracies and its fulsome praise of him.
To interested friends at home, he wrote about
inventions in dozens of letters ; and for the
younger Madison, Monroe, and others he con-
tinually purchased books. In 1787 he went into
northern Italy to see the machines used there
for cleaning rice, smuggled out samples of rice
seed to South Carolina and Georgia, forwarded
information about the olive tree, and at Nimes
gazed for hours at the Maison Carree, "like a
lover at his mistress." To his native Virginia he
sent a plan for the new state capitol, modeled
on this temple, and thus served to initiate the
classical revival in American architecture. On
another tour in 1788, he made numerous obser-
vations in Germany (H. A. Washington, post,
IX, 373). This keen-eyed, serious-minded, re-
flective traveler purposed that his mission should
prove educative to his fellow citizens as well as
himself and never lost sight of his obligation to
be useful.
Though greatly impressed with French man-
ners, he was strongly opposed to any aping of
them by Americans. He was attracted by the
cuisine and wines and found the French a tem-
perate people, but thought their life lacking in
domestic happiness and on the whole rather fu-
tile. Life for him was empty when not purpose
ful. He thought little of French science, but
was enthusiastic about their arts — architecture,
painting, and, most of all, music, which he val-
ued the more perhaps because a fractured wrist
had ended his days as a violinist. It is doubtful
whether he ever mastered French as a spoken
22
Jefferson
language, but he read it well enough. Distressed
by the inequality of conditions, he came to think
less than ever of royalty, nobility, and priests.
His experiences and observations did not give
him a new philosophy, for, like the French re-
formers, he hac already drunk at the fountain of
liberal English political thought. Many of the
writings of Condorcet (see especially A. O'Con-
nor, Oeuvres de Condorcet, 1847, VIII, 1-13),
might have come from Jefferson's own pen ; he
shared with Du Pont de Nemours the passion-
ate desire to remove economic and intellectual
barriers ; like the early revolutionists, he had
profound faith in the indefinite perfectibility of
mankind and made a veritable religion of en-
lightenment. From his stay in France he gained,
not new doctrines, but an emotional stimulus, re-
turning to America strengthened in his civic
faith.
The course of the Revolution until his depar-
ture Jefferson followed closely and reported in
detail. Though he strove to maintain- strict offi-
cial neutrality, this skilled political architect sug-
gested to Lafayette's aunt, Mme. de Tesse, a de-
sirable course of procedure for the Assembly of
Notables (H. A. Washington, II, 133-34), and
to Lafayette himself he submitted a proposed
charter for France (June 3, 1789, Ford, V, 199-
202). A meeting of the leaders of the Patriot
party, arranged by Lafayette, met at Jefferson's
house in the effort to arrive at a compromise on
the questions of the royal veto and the constitu-
tion of the Assembly (H. A. Washington, III,
1 16-17; Ford, I, 143). Intimate and sympa-
thetic with the moderate reformers, he deplored
the violence of later days but retained the con-
viction that the Revolution had done far more
good than ill ; and, in his ripe old age, he de-
clared that every traveled man would prefer
France as a place of residence to any country
but his own.
Having been granted a leave of absence to
settle his private affairs and to take home his
two daughters, the younger of whom, Mary, had
joined him in Paris in 1787, Jefferson sailed in
October 1789 and arrived at "Monticello" two
days before Christmas, to be welcomed tumultu-
ously by his rejoicing slaves. Soon after he
landed, he received from Washington the offer
of the appointment to the Department of State,
then being temporarily administered by John
Jay [q.v."}. Jefferson's dislike for publicity and
shrinking from censure made him reluctant to
enter the storm of politics, from which in
France he had been relatively aloof, but on pa-
triotic grounds he at length accepted the emi-
nently appropriate appointment. After giving
Jefferson
his daughter Martha in marriage to her cousin,
Thomas Mann Randolph [q.v.], he proceeded to
New York, where, on Mar. 22, 1790, he became
the first secretary of state under the Constitu-
tion.
Though he had kept in close touch with
American developments through extensive cor-
respondence, Jefferson was not fully aware of
the conservative reaction which had taken place
in his own country while he was in the midst
of political ferment in France. He had seen
nothing threatening in the commotions that had
marked the last years of the Confederation, but
thought dangerous liberty distinctly preferable
to quiet slavery and had regarded the govern-
ment, despite its imperfections, as "without
comparison the best existing or that ever did
exist" (Ford, IV, 423-25). None the less, he
had viewed with distinct favor the movement
for strengthening the federal government and
had given the new Constitution his general ap-
proval, objecting chiefly to the absence of a
bill of rights, which was later supplied, and the
perpetual re-eligibility of the president. He had
denied that he was of the party of federalists,
but had stated that he was much farther from
the anti-federalists (Ford, V, 75-78). He can-
not be justly charged with factiousness because
he came to be regarded, before his retirement
from office, as the leader of the group opposed to
the policies of Alexander Hamilton [q.v.]. To
distinguish themselves from their opponents,
whom they termed monarchists, Jefferson and
his sympathizers soon called themselves Repub-
licans. They may have subsequently exagger-
ated their charges for political effect, but he
believed until the end of his life that his early
fears of an American monarchy were warranted
and it would seem that they were at the time
not unnatural and not without foundation ( Ford,
I, 156-57; Dunbar, post). Undoubtedly he was
distressed by the social atmosphere in which he
found himself. He had enjoyed a considerable
social experience in monarchical France, where
theoretical democracy and even republicanism
were fashionable, but in the aristocratic Federal-
ist court, at first in New York and soon in
Philadelphia, he was ever ill at ease.
With Hamilton, nearly fourteen years his
junior, who had already assumed the first place
in the counsels of the government, he strove at
the outset to cooperate. His subsequent state-
ment that he was duped by his colleague in con-
nection with the Assumption Bill is unconvinc-
ing as well as uncomplimentary to his own in-
telligence. His contemporary letters show clear-
ly that he was at the time convinced that some
23
Jefferson
compromise was essential for peace and the
preservation of the Union. When at length bet-
ter provision for Virginia was made in the bill,
and the location of the Federal City on the
banks of the Potomac was agreed to, he gave his
approval to the measure. He did not yet fully
perceive that Hamilton's whole financial policy
was least advantageous to the agrarian groups
in which — for broad social rather than narrow
economic reasons — he himself was most inter-
ested.
The first serious difference of opinion be-
tween the two men was over a question of for-
eign policy. Fully convinced that the British
would not yield the Northwest posts or grant
commercial privileges unless forced to do so, Jef-
ferson favored the employment of commercial
discrimination as a weapon against them. This
policy, advocated in Congress by Madison, was
opposed by Hamilton, who feared the loss of
revenue from British imports. The movement
in Congress for discrimination was strength-
ened by successive able reports of Jefferson on
matters of commercial policy, but thanks to
Hamilton it was blocked in February 1791 and
ultimately abandoned (Bemis, Jay's Treaty, chs.
I-IV). Meanwhile, the Secretary of the Treas-
ury had maintained a surprising intimacy with
George Beckwith, the unofficial British repre-
sentative (1789-91), with whom the Secretary
of State properly refused to have anything to
do.
In February 1791, at the request of his chief,
Jefferson drew up an opinion on the constitu-
tionality of the Bank of the United States (Ford,
V, 284-89) to which Hamilton replied, though
neither paper was published until long after-
ward. Jefferson, who opposed monopolistic
tendencies anyway, argued that the powers as-
sumed by Hamilton's bill were not among those
enumerated in the Constitution as belonging
to the federal government, nor within either of
its general phrases, which he interpreted nar-
rowly and literally. He subsequently declared
that he did not view constitutions with "sancti-
monious reverence," and he favored their pe-
riodical revision, but this critic of the Scrip-
tures here set up the Constitution as a sort of
sacred law. His fears that liberal construction
might result in the unbridled power of the fed-
eral government were undoubtedly heightened
by his growing distrust of Hamilton, and this
perhaps led him to go to extremes in the state-
ment of his own theoretical position. Strict
construction had its uses as a check on the
tyranny of the national majority, but thorough-
going application of Jefferson's arguments
Jefferson
would have rendered the federal government
feeble and inflexible, as he himself in practice
later found. None the less, he had suffered a
second defeat at the hands of Hamilton.
In the spring of 1791 Thomas Paine's Rights
of Man appeared in America, with an extract
from a private note of the Secretary of State as
a preface. Jefferson's statement that he was
glad that something was to be said publicly
against "the political heresies" that had sprung
up was interpreted both as an approval of Paine,
who was anathema to the Anglomen in Amer-
ica, and as a reflection upon John Adams \_q.v.~],
whose expatiations on the faults of democratic
systems, indeed, Jefferson had definitely in mind.
His statement of regret (Ford, V, 353-55) that
he and his old friend had been "thrown on the
public stage as public antagonists," may be ac-
cepted as sincere by others, as it was by Adams.
The incident, however, identified Jefferson with
criticism of the aristocratic tendencies of the
government and in the end was politically ad-
vantageous to him. Fortuitous circumstances
thus served to make a popular figure of one who
abhorred controversy, who preferred to work
behind the scenes, and who lacked the personal
aggressiveness commonly associated with po-
litical leadership.
In May-June 1791 he and Madison made a
trip to New England, during which they doubt-
less gave thought to politics; and, on Oct. 31,
Philip Freneau \_q.v.~\ published in Philadelphia
the first number of the National Gazette, in op-
position to the Gazette of the United States, pub-
lished by John Fenno [q.z>.]. Jefferson, know-
ing Freneau to be an ardent democrat, had given
him the small post of translator in the Depart-
ment of State, as Hamilton had already given
Fenno the more lucrative printing at his dis-
posal and was later to give him personal finan-
cial assistance. With the increasingly bitter
criticism of Hamilton in Congress during the
winter of 1791-92 Jefferson afterward claimed
that he had nothing to do, except that he ex-
pressed hostility in conversation with and let-
ters to his friends. His leadership even at this
time was probably less active than has been com-
monly supposed, but he had undoubtedly be-
come the symbol of anti-Hamiltonianism, and,
though more scrupulous of proprieties than his
colleague, served to inspire forces which he
did not now or ever essay to command.
Hamilton had established with George Ham-
mond, who presented in November 1791 his cre-
dentials as British minister, an intimacy similar
to that which Beckwith had enjoyed. Ham-
mond, forced by Jefferson to admit that he had
24
Jefferson
no power to negotiate a new treaty, unwisely
undertook to debate with the American Secre-
tary the infractions of the treaty of peace. Jef-
ferson's magnificent reply of May 29, 1792
{American State Papers, Foreign Relations,
I, 1832, pp. 201-37), which completely demol-
ished the mediocre case of the Britisher, was
submitted in draft to Hamilton in advance, and,
with the latter's relatively minor criticisms, to
Washington, who heartily approved it. To
Hammond, however, the Secretary of the Treas-
ury lamented the "intemperate violence" of Jef-
ferson, and stated that the reply had not been
read by Washington and did not represent the
position of the government. Thus fortified by
assurances which nullified Jefferson's argu-
ments, the British minister submitted the matter
to his superiors at home, who felt safe in ignor-
ing it (Bemis, Jay's Treaty, ch. V). The full ex-
tent of Hamilton's intrigue has only recently
been disclosed, but Jefferson was undoubtedly
aware that he owed his undeserved defeat to his
colleague.
By the summer of 1792 the hostility of the
two men had become implacable. In the spring
Jefferson had expressed in no uncertain terms
to Washington his opinion that the causes of
public discontent lay in Hamilton's policy, par-
ticularly in the "corruption" that had accom-
panied the financial measures of the latter and
that had extended to the legislature itself (Ford,
I, 176-78). A formal list of the objections Jef-
ferson had cited was submitted by the President
to Hamilton on July 29 and was replied to by the
latter three weeks later. In the meantime, Ham-
ilton, smarting under the barbs of Freneau, had
made an anonymous attack on the democratic
editor and through him upon Jefferson. Wash-
ington's letters to his two secretaries, deploring
the dissensions within the government, elicited
lengthy replies in which each man presented his
case, not only to his chief but also to posterity
(see J. Sparks, The Writings of George Wash-
ington, X, 1836, pp. 240-55, 515-26; The Works
of Alexander Hamilton, 1904, II, 426-72, VII,
303-06; Ford, Writings of Thomas Jefferson,
VI, 101-09, 123-24). Washington did not suc-
ceed in stilling the troubled waters; Hamilton,
indeed, during the autumn of 1792 published in
the Gazette of the United States a series of fero-
cious anonymous attacks on his colleague, with
the definite object of driving him from office.
Jefferson, with greater dignity or greater dis-
cretion, refrained from newspaper controversy,
leaving his defense to his friends. He played a
direct part, however, in drafting the resolutions
of William Branch Giles \_q.v.~\, presented early
Jefferson
in 1793, which were severely critical of Hamil-
ton's conduct of the Treasury (P. L. Ford, in
the Nation, Sept. 5, 1895 ; Writings of Jefferson,
VI, 168-71).
His hostility to Hamilton, apart from his jus-
tifiable resentment at the interference of the lat-
ter in the conduct of his department, was like
that of a religious devotee to an enemy of his
faith. He was convinced that Hamilton's sys-
tem "flowed from principles adverse to liberty,
and was calculated to undermine and demolish
the republic, by creating an influence of his de-
partment over the members of the legislature."
Hamilton's hostility to Jefferson, apart from re-
sentment that his power had been challenged,
was like that of a practical man of affairs who
found specific projects impeded by one whom he
regarded as a quibbling theorist. Washington,
reluctant to admit the existence of parties, valued
both men and wanted both to remain in office,
utilized both, and followed the policies of nei-
ther exclusively. The invaluable service ren-
dered by each in his own field of activity vindi-
cates the judgment of the patient President.
Yielding to the request of his Chief, Jefferson
remained in office until the last day of 1793, dur-
ing a critical period of foreign affairs. Though
the course of the Revolution in France had been
followed with growing concern by the conserva-
tive groups in America, popular opinion was
still rather favorable to the French when war
broke out in Europe (Feb. 1, 1793) and a new
minister, Edmond Charles Genet \_q.v.~\, came to
the United States. Jefferson was determined
that his country should take no action that would
imply opposition to the principles of the French
Revolution, but he fully shared the feeling of
Washington and Hamilton that American neu-
trality was imperative. He successfully urged
the avoidance of the word "neutrality" in Wash-
ington's proclamation, however, in order to of-
fend the French as little as possible and in the
hope of gaining from the British some conces-
sions in the definition of contraband. He also
prevailed upon Washington to receive Genet
without qualification and to postpone consider-
ation of the treaty until the French should de-
mand execution of the guarantee, which he
thought they would not do. He finally yielded
to the opinion of Hamilton that payments on the
debt to France should not be anticipated, but
urged a softening of the refusal. Though he re-
ceived Genet kindly, rejoiced in the popular en-
thusiasm for democracy that the fiery emissary
kindled, and, through letters of introduction,
came dangerously near conniving with the
Frenchman in his projected expeditions against
25
Jefferson
Canada and Louisiana, he strove with diligence
to maintain neutrality and bore with patience
the immense labors that the American position
imposed upon him. When Genet persisted in in-
tolerable practices and criticisms Jefferson lost
patience with him and joined his colleagues in
asking his recall.
Though he protested vigorously against Brit-
ish infringements of American neutral rights
during the war, Jefferson was unable as secre-
tary of state to solve the problem of British re-
lations, and he regarded Jay's Treaty, which
was later negotiated under the influence of Ham-
ilton, as an ignominious surrender of American
claims. The negotiations instituted by him with
Spain were equally unsuccessful during his term
of office, though the American objectives which
he had formulated were attained in the treaty
of 1795. His tangible achievements as secretary
of state were not commensurate with his devoted
labors, but he had fully justified Washington's
confidence in him. If in the heat of the contro-
versy with Hamilton he was at times guilty of
extravagant assertion, he performed an ines-
timable service to the Republic by calling atten-
tion to the dangers of his colleague's policy, by
formulating the chief grounds of opposition to
it, and by inspiring the forces that were to ef-
fect its modification after it had achieved its
most significant results.
Now in his fifty-first year, Jefferson felt that
his second retirement from public life was final.
Soon he gathered all the members of his imme-
diate family under the paternal roof, and he at
length resumed building operations at "Monti-
cello," following revised plans that had grown
out of his architectural observations abroad. By
a system of crop rotation he tried to restore his
lands, he experimented with mechanical devices,
built a grist-mill, set up a nail-factory, and di-
rected his large but relatively unprofitable estab-
lishment with characteristic diligence and atten-
tion to minute details. His renewed and in-
creased enthusiasm for agriculture quite got the
better of his love of study. At no other period
of his mature life did he read so little and write
so rarely. His days on horseback soon restored
his health to the vigor that he feared it had per-
manently lost, and he brought some order into
his tangled finances. During his years as an
office-holder he had largely lived upon his small
salary, yet the profits from his plantations and
even sales of slaves and lands had been insuffi-
cient to rid him of the old Wayles debt, which
in 1795 was increased by a judgment against the
executors as security for the late Richard Ran-
dolph. Like so many of his fellow Virginians,
Jeffer
son
Jefferson was unable to realize upon his assets
and was eaten up by interest to British creditors.
His personal generosity, however, which had
been manifested in Philadelphia by loans to
friends more distressed than he, continued un-
abated.
To Madison, whom he regarded as the logical
Republican candidate for the presidency, he
wrote, Apr. 27, 1795, that the "little spice of am-
bition" he had had in his younger days had
long since evaporated and that the question of
his own candidacy was forever closed (Ford,
VII, 10). He remained, however, the symbol
and the prophet of a political faith and when
the leaders of his party determined to support
him in 1796 did not gainsay them. He would
have been willing to go into the presidency for
a while, he said, in order "to put our vessel on
her republican tack before she should be thrown
too much to leeward of her true principles"
(Jan. 1, 1797, Ford, VII, 98), but he was sur-
prisingly content to run second to Adams, who
was his senior and whom he perhaps regarded
as the only barrier against Hamilton. After it
appeared that Adams had won, and that he was
second by three votes, he even suggested that
some understanding in regard to future elections
be reached with the President-Elect (Randall,
II, 320-28). He proved himself a more realistic
observer and a better political strategist, how-
ever, when he wrote Madison: "Let us cultivate
Pennsylvania & we need not fear the universe"
(Ford, VII, 109).
The vice-presidency provided a salary which
Jefferson undoubtedly needed, enabled him to
spend much time at "Monticello," and afforded
him relative leisure. The chief significance of
his service as presiding officer of the Senate
lies in the fact that out of it emerged his Manual
of Parliamentary Practice (1801), subsequently
published in many editions and translated into
several languages, and even now the basis of
parliamentary usage in the Senate. Despite the
conciliatory spirit that marked his early rela-
tions with Adams, Jefferson played no part in
the conduct of the administration, in which the
hand of Hamilton was soon apparent. Since the
Vice-President belonged to the opposing group,
his complete abstention from politics was not to
be expected. He was characteristically discreet
in public utterance, but his general attitude to-
ward the questions of the day was undoubtedly
well known ; and he was inevitably the target
of the Federalist press, which continued to re-
gard him as the personification of his party.
The publication in the United States in May
1797 of a private letter of his to Philip Maz-
26
Jefferson
zei (Apr. 24, 1796, Ford, VII, 72-78), which
originally appeared in a Florentine paper and
was somewhat altered in form by successive
translations, gave wide currency to his earlier
criticisms of the Federalists. Certain vehement
phrases were interpreted as reflecting upon
Washington and served to alienate the latter
from his former secretary. Jefferson made no
effort to disavow a letter which was in sub-
stance his (Ford, VII, 165), and suffered in
silence while the Federalist press termed him
"libeler," "liar," and "assassin" (Bowers, p.
352), and he was practically ostracized by po-
lite society.
He had approved of Monroe's conduct in
France, which aroused so much hostile Federal-
ist comment, and felt that the bellicose spirit
which swept the country after the publication
of the "X. Y. Z. despatches" was aggravated by
the Hamiltonians, with a view to advancing
their own interests and embroiling the United
States on the side of the British. He himself
was sympathetic with Elbridge Gerry [q.v.~\,
the Republican commissioner who proved more
amenable than his colleagues to French influ-
ence, and suggested that Gerry publish an ac-
count of his experiences. At all times, however,
Jefferson was a patriotic American, and he had
now no enthusiasm for the existing order in
France. He was glad to drop the disastrous
French issue when, at the height of the war
fever, the Federalists provided a better one by
passing the Alien and Sedition Acts. Jefferson
rightly regarded hysterical hostility to aliens,
such as his friends Volney and Joseph Priest-
ley, and attacks upon freedom of speech as a
menace to the ideals he most cherished. Since
the Sedition Law was applied chiefly to Repub-
lican editors, partisan as well as philosophical
motives were conjoined in his opposition.
His most notable contribution to the campaign
of discussion consisted of the Kentucky Resolu-
tions of 1798, which, it appeared years later, he
drafted. The Virginia Resolutions, drawn by
Madison, were similar in tenor. The constitu-
tional doctrines advanced in these famous docu-
ments— that the government of the United States
originated in a compact, that acts of the federal
government unauthorized by the delegated pow-
ers are void, and that a state has the right to
judge of infractions of its powers and to deter-
mine the mode of redress — were in later years
emphasized as their most important feature.
The dominant purpose of the framers, however,
was to attack the offensive laws as an unconsti-
tutional and unwarranted infringement upon in-
dividual freedom, a denial of rights that could
Jefferson
not be alienated. The language of what was in
effect a party platform was in the nature of the
case extravagant, but Jefferson and Madison
had no intention of carrying matters to ex-
tremes, and such indorsement as their party ulti-
mately received was of their protest, not of their
method (F. M. Anderson, in American Histor-
ical Review, October 1899, pp. 45-63, January
1900, pp. 225-52). More important from the
practical point of view than any promulgation
of constitutional theory was the immense stim-
ulus given by Jefferson and the other Republi-
can leaders to the establishment of newspapers
such as their opponents had attacked.
Nominated by a congressional caucus for the
presidency and by no means indifferent to the
outcome as he had been four years earlier, Jef-
ferson owed his success in the election of 1800
as much to Federalist dissensions as to any for-
mal issues that had been raised. To the Repub-
lican victory, his running mate, Aaron Burr
\_q.v.~\, also made no small contribution. By fault
of the electoral machinery, soon to be remedied,
the two Republicans received an identical vote
and the choice of a president was left to the
Federalist House of Representatives. Despite
the personal hostility of many of the Federalists
to Jefferson, the feeling, to which Hamilton
greatly contributed, that he was the safer man
of the two, and a tacit understanding that he
would not revolutionize the government, caused
Congress ultimately to yield to the undoubted
desire of the Republicans and to elect him
(Beard, Economic Origins of Jeffersonian De-
mocracy, pp. 402-14). His own reference to
the "revolution" of 1800 was one of his political
exaggerations, but the elevation to the highest
executive office of one who, almost twenty years
before, had unheroically relinquished the reins
of gubernatorial power undoubtedly marked a
revolution in his own political fortunes. The
popular success of Jefferson, whose diffidence
and lack of spectacular qualities would have con-
stituted in a later day an insuperable handicap,
and whose relative freedom from personal am-
bition makes it impossible to characterize him
as a demagogue, was due in considerable part
to his identification of himself with causes for
which time was fighting, and to his remarkable
sensitiveness to fluctuations in public opinion,
combined with an ability to utilize and to de-
velop agencies of popular appeal. As a practical
politician he worked through other men, whom
he energized and who gave him to an extraor-
dinary degree their devoted cooperation. His
unchallenged leadership was due, not to self-
assertiveness and imperiousness of will, but to
27
Jefferson
Jefferson
the fact that circumstances had made him a
symbolic figure, and that to an acute intelligence
and unceasing industry he joined a dauntless
and contagious faith. The long struggle between
his partisans and the Federalists has been vari-
ously interpreted as one between democracy and
aristocracy, state rights and centralization, agra-
rianism and capitalism. His election, however,
had more immediate significance in marking
the vindication of political opposition, the repu-
diation of a reactionary regime, and the acces-
sion of more representative leaders to power.
Jefferson, the first president inaugurated in
Washington, had himself drawn a plan for the
city, part of which survives in the Mall. As sec-
retary of state, to whom the commissioners of
the District were responsible, he had suggested
the competition for the new federal buildings
and he was considerably responsible for the se-
lection of classical designs. As president he
created for Benjamin H. Latrobe [q.v.~\ the
office of surveyor of public buildings and fully
cooperated in planning for the future develop-
ment of a monumental city. In his day, pomp
and ceremony, to which on principle and for
political reasons he was opposed, would have
been preposterous in the wilderness village. Re-
maining until the last at Conrad's boarding-
house, where his democratic simplicity was al-
most ostentatious, he walked to the nearby Sen-
ate chamber of the incompleted capitol, to re-
ceive the oath of office from his cousin and in-
veterate political foe, Chief Justice John Mar-
shall. Though aware of the last efforts of the
Federalists to renew the Sedition Act and en-
trench themselves in the judiciary, he felt that
after the long "contest of opinion" the danger
of monarchy was now removed, and in his be-
nevolent inaugural (Ford, VII, 1-6) he sought
to woo the more moderate of his opponents by
making acquiescence in the will of the majority
as easy as possible. Though he challenged the
assertion that a republican government could
not be strong, he defined its functions' as essen-
tially negative. It should restrain men from in-
juring one another, he said, but otherwise leave
them to regulate their own concerns. He de-
clared against special privileges and urged en-
couragement, not of industry, but of agriculture
and of commerce "as its handmaid." He reiter-
ated his conviction that the federal government
should chiefly concern itself with foreign af-
fairs, leaving to the states the administration of
local matters. War, he felt, could be avoided by
peaceable coercion through the weapon of com-
merce.
Inaugurated in his fifty-eighth year, he made
his official residence in the boxlike and incom-
pletely plastered Executive Mansion, though he
continued to spend as much time as possible at
"Monticello," where he was still directing build-
ing operations. His beautiful second daughter,
now the wife of her cousin John Wayles Eppes
[q.v.~\, though far less prolific than her sister,
had also by this time made him a grandfather.
She was to sadden her father's life by her un-
timely death in 1804. Generally deprived of ade-
quate feminine supervision while in Washing-
ton, Jefferson lived there in sartorial indiffer-
ence and dispensed generous but informal hos-
pitality, as he was accustomed to do at home, to
the consternation of diplomats jealous of prec-
edence (Ford, VIII, 276-77; Henry Adams,
post, II, ch. XVI ; American Historical Review,
July 1928, pp. 832-35). His manners, after he
had overcome his constitutional diffidence, were
easy though not polished. To hostile observers
his democratic simplicity was a pose, to his
friends the naturalness of one who had achieved
and thought enough to dare to be himself. His
loose gait and habit of lounging, together with
his discursive though highly informing conver-
sation, doubtless contributed to the common but
erroneous impression among his foes that this
most scholarly of politicians was a careless
thinker. "His external appearance," according
to an admirer, "had no pretensions to elegance,
but it was neither coarse nor awkward, and it
must be owned that his greatest personal at-
traction was a countenance beaming with benev-
olence and intelligence" (Margaret Bayard
Smith, First Forty Years of Washington Soci-
ety, 1906, pp. 385-86).
Chief in his harmonious official family were
Madison, the secretary of state, and Gallatin,
who as secretary of the treasury was to carry
out with considerable success his program of
economy. Jefferson found nearly all the minor
offices filled by Federalists and, though anxious
to conciliate his former foes, sympathized with
his own followers in their insistence that the
balance be restored. This could only be done
by removals, for, as he said, vacancies "by death
are few ; by resignation none." He proceeded
to treat as null and void Federalist appointments
which seemed to him of questionable legality,
such as those of the "midnight judges" and
others made by Adams after the latter's defeat
was apparent. Finding his policy a political suc-
cess, he extended it, until by the summer of 1803
the balance was restored and removals ceased.
No non-partisan standard was adopted, how-
ever, and the Republicans came to dominate the
civil service as the Federalists had done. Since
28
Jefferson
Jefferson's appointments involved some recog-
nition of party service, they constituted a tech-
nical introduction of the spoils system. The
standards of the federal service, however, were
not perceptibly lowered, and, except in New
England, the people were generally satisfied
(Fish, post, ch. II).
Though Jefferson, whose voice could hardly
be heard upon a public occasion anyway, aban-
doned the custom of delivering messages in per-
son, he maintained over Congress indirect and
'tactful but efficacious control. The repeal of
the Federalist Judiciary Act of 1801 was dis-
tinctly a measure of the administration. The
severe rebuke administered to him and Madi-
son by Marshall in Marbury vs. Madison (1803)
did not predispose him to concede the right of
the Supreme Court to invalidate an act of Con-
gress. Indeed, in pardoning victims of the Se-
dition Law, he himself pronounced that statute
unconstitutional, as he felt he was called upon
to do (Beveridge, Life of John Marshall, III,
605-06). He throughly approved of the use of
the weapon of impeachment against offensively
partisan judges and deeply regretted its prac-
tical failure, notably in the case of Justice Sam-
uel Chase [?.?'.]. Though the federal judges
learned better to observe the proprieties, Jeffer-
son never receded from his position that the
Federalists, from the battery of the judiciary,
were endeavoring to beat down the works of Re-
publicanism and defeat the will of the people,
as in a sense they were.
Rumors of the retrocession of Louisiana by
Spain to France led Jefferson to write the Amer-
ican minister to France, Robert R. Livingston
[q.v.~\, on Apr. 18, 1802, that the possessor of
New Orleans was the natural enemy of the
United States and that by placing herself there
France assumed an attitude of defiance (Ford,
VIII, 143-47). Following the independent an-
nouncement by the Spanish intendant, Oct. 16,
1802, of the closure of the Mississippi and Fed-
eralist talk in Congress of warlike measures, he
despatched Monroe to France as special minis-
ter. The purchase which Livingston and Mon-
roe made, and for which Jefferson gave them full
credit, was a diplomatic triumph of the first mag-
nitude but it required him to disregard many
scruples and to compromise cherished constitu-
tional principles. In his proper anxiety to pre-
serve the freedom of navigation of the Missis-
sippi, he felt compelled at one time to consider
a rapprochement with Great Britain, his tradi-
tional foe, and ultimately to increase the debt
which he was striving so hard to reduce. He
was confident that the Constitution did not em-
Jefferson
power the federal government to acquire or in-
corporate territory, and that broad construction
would make blank paper of that supreme safe-
guard against tyranny. After the treaty was ne-
gotiated he favored the submission of a consti-
tutional amendment, but yielded to the insistence
of his political friends that no amendment was
necessary and that delay was perilous, doubt-
less consoling himself with the thought that in
Republican hands the Constitution was safe.
The ratification of the treaty, effected in response
to overwhelming public opinion, has been inter-
preted as a death-blow to strict construction (H.
Adams, post, II, 90-91). The Louisiana Pur-
chase marked the lowest, or highest, point of Jef-
ferson's pragmatic statesmanship. He had as-
sured the physical greatness of his country and
the future success of his party, which was sym-
bolized by his own triumphant reelection. West-
ern discontent was stilled and the Federalists
were reduced to sectional impotence. For all of
this his momentary theoretical inconsistency
seemed to his partisans a small price to pay, but
his subsequent silence about the greatest con-
structive accomplishment of his presidency im-
plies that he viewed it with little pride. The
purchase served, however, to facilitate the expe-
dition for which he had already commissioned
Meriwether Lewis [(J.?'.] and prepared elaborate
instructions (Ford, VIII, 192-202). He himself
wrote for the History of the Expedition under
the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark
(1814), the best biography of his former secre-
tary, and no one more than he rejoiced in the
discoveries the explorers made.
Livingston and Monroe had bought a vaguely
defined region which they soon persuaded them-
selves included West Florida as well as Louisi-
ana. Jefferson subsequently embodied similar
views in a pamphlet which determined the atti-
tude of the administration and its supporters (in
Documents Relating to the Purchase & Explo-
ration of Louisiana, 1904; Cox, post, pp. 80-87).
The Mobile Act of Feb. 24, 1804, assumed the
acquisition of West Florida, but Jefferson, find-
ing that the Spanish were not acquiescent as he
had expected, practically annulled its offensive
features by proclamation and soon afterward
sent Monroe on what proved to be a futile mis-
sion to Spain. In his public message to Con-
gress, on Dec. 4, 1805 (Ford, VIII, 384-96), he
adopted an uncharacteristic tone of belligerency,
apparently with the idea of frightening the Span-
ish, then, by revealing to Congress his purpose
to acquire Florida by what John Randolph of
Roanoke \_q.vJ\ regarded as a bribe to France,
confounded his supporters and alienated that
2Q
Jefferson
vitriolic leader, already incensed by the settle-
ment of the Yazoo claims. A proposal went to
Napoleon too late to be of any use and the per-
plexing question of Florida remained unsettled
during Jefferson's administration. His tortuous
and uncandid policy had served only to diminish
his influence in Congress and weaken his hand
against the British (Cox, pp. 660-68).
His policy of peaceable negotiation did not
extend to the Barbary pirates, to whom he ap-
plied more force than had any previous Ameri-
can president. Following the repudiation of his
treaty by the Bey of Tripoli in 1801, Jefferson
dispatched against him a naval force which
blockaded his ports. Subsequently Jefferson also
employed naval force against the Sultan of
Morocco. The treaty at length negotiated with
Tripoli, though it included provisions for the
ransom of American prisoners, granted the
United States the most favorable terms yet given
any nation by that piratical power (Woolery,
post, ch. II).
Long before the trial of Aaron Burr [q.v .] in
1807 on charges of treason, Jefferson had lost
faith in his former associate, but he gave little
heed to the mystifying western expedition of the
adventurer until it was well on its way. On Nov.
2~, 1806, Jefferson issued a proclamation of
warning against an illegal expedition against
Spain, and, after Burr's arrest, publicly express-
ing himself as convinced of the latter's guilt, ex-
erted powerful influence to bring about his con-
viction. Burr's trial in Richmond before John
Marshall [q.v,~\ developed into a political duel
between the Chief Justice and the President.
Burr's counsel, including Luther Martin [_q.v.~\,
raised against Jefferson a cry of persecution
which echoed through the land, and, attacking
the credibility of the chief witness for the prose-
cution, the vulnerable James Wilkinson [q.v.~\,
through him assailed the man who had appoint-
ed him to command the army and had sent him
to protect Louisiana against the Spanish. Mar-
shall was distinctly hostile to Jefferson through-
out the proceedings and, by his definition of
treason, made the conviction of Burr impossible.
Jefferson wished to press the charge of mis-
demeanor, in order to find grounds for the im-
peachment of the Chief Justice, but had to aban-
don his plans because the whole case rested on
Wilkinson. Though Marshall's conduct was by
no means unexceptionable, this famous trial
proved more discomforting to Jefferson than to
the Chief Justice and strengthened the hands of
his political enemies, who not improperly
charged him with an original indifference which
gave way to credulity, and with a measure of
Jefferson
vindictiveness wholly inconsistent with his ex-
pressed convictions in regard to the sacred
rights of the individual.
The difficulties which Jefferson faced during
his second administration as the head of a neu-
tral nation in a time of ruthless general Euro-
pean war, were unescapable and could probably
have been successfully met by no American
statesman. During his first term, though he had
done little to prepare for a possible conflict of
arms, he had managed sufficiently well by em-
ploying ordinary diplomatic methods. Until 1805
the British had in practice granted sufficient con-
cessions to permit large prosperity to the Amer-
ican carrying trade, and in effect they later mod-
ified the Rule of 1756 (1805). The impressment
of seamen, however, remained a grievance,
which the British would do nothing to remove.
Then, in the battle of Orders in Council and
Napoleonic decrees, the neutral American Re-
public, unable to meet both sets of requirements
and threatened with the confiscation of commer-
cial vessels in case either were violated, was
placed in an intolerable position.
Of the possible courses of action open to him,
war never commended itself to Jefferson, who
did not want to take sides with either of the Eu-
ropean rivals, though, after the Leopard fired
on the Chesapeake in June 1807, a declaration
against the British might have been supported
by the American people. In this instance, Jef-
ferson's belligerency vented itself in a proclama-
tion, regarded by his foes as pusillanimous,
denying to British armed vessels the hospitality
of American waters (Ford, IX, 89-99). He had
previously sent William Pinkney [q.z\~\ to Lon-
don to serve with Monroe on a mission extraor-
dinary, and had tried to strengthen the hands
of the negotiators by the Non-Importation Act
of 1806, which was to become effective some
months later. His reliance was on diplomacy,
supplemented by the threat of economic pres-
sure, and when diplomacy failed he fell back on
economic pressure. The only other apparent al-
ternatives were intolerable submission or some
sort of cooperation with the British against Na-
poleon. The Embargo constituted perhaps Jef-
ferson's most original and daring measure of
statesmanship ; it proved to be his greatest prac-
tical failure (Sears, post). Adopted in Decem-
ber 1807, after an inadequate debate and by an
overwhelming vote because of his political dom-
inance and still enormous popularity, the meas-
ure, which Jefferson is thought to have drawn,
combined with the Non-Intercourse Act to bring
about a theoretical suspension of foreign com-
merce for an indefinite period.
3°
Jefferson
The attempts to enforce the Embargo involved
an exercise of arbitrary power by the federal
government and an inevitable and increasing in-
fringement on individual rights which were con-
trary to Jefferson's most cherished ideals. He
opposed war in large part because of the corrup-
tion and repression which were its accompani-
ments, little realizing that his peaceful substi-
tute would be attended with the same evils and
that negative heroism would in the end prove
galling. He counted too heavily on British lib-
eral opinion, which had opposed the Orders in
Council as affecting the United States, and he
did not anticipate the developments in Spain
and the Spanish colonies which did so much to
relieve the pressure on Great Britain. He
claimed, with considerable justification, that the
Embargo was not in effect long enough to at-
tain its objective, and it may well be that under
other circumstances some measure of the sort
might prove an efficacious weapon. But in 1808-
09, employed by a weak power, it served chiefly
to impoverish the sections that supported Jef-
ferson most loyally, to give a new lease on life
to partisan opposition in New England, and to
bring his second executive venture to an inglori-
ous consummation. Forced to yield to a rebel-
lious Congress, on Mar. 1, 1809, he signed the
Non-Intercourse Act, which partially raised the
Embargo, and shortly afterward retired to Albe-
marle, discredited and disillusioned, though un-
convinced that he had erred in policy. He cor-
rectly described himself as a wave-worn mar-
iner approaching the shore, as a prisoner emerg-
ing from the shackles, and declared that Nature
had intended him for the tranquil pursuits of
science, in which he found infinite delight (Me-
morial Edition, XII, 258-60).
During the past eight years this earnest ad-
vocate of the freedom of the press had been sub-
jected to a flood of personal calumny. Long re-
garded in ecclesiastical circles, especially in
New England, as the embodiment of foreign in-
fidelity, he not unnaturally aroused a storm of
indignation, soon after his first inauguration,
by offering to Thomas Paine [q.v.] passage to
America on a sloop-of-war and by expressing
the hope that his "useful labours" would be con-
tinued (Ford, VIII, 18-19). The following year
an indefensible assault was launched by a dis-
gruntled pamphleteer, whose pen Jefferson him-
self had previously subsidized. To the charges
of cowardice, dishonesty, and personal immoral-
ity made in 1802 by James Thomson Callender
[q.v.] in the Richmond Recorder almost every
subsequent story reflecting on Jefferson's pri-
vate life can ultimately be traced. Given nation-
Jefferson
wide currency by the Federalist press, these
were discussed in 1805 in the House of Repre-
sentatives of Massachusetts, where a motion to
dismiss the printers of the House for publishing
in the New-England Palladium (Jan. 18, 1805)
libels on the President failed of adoption. One
only of these charges was admitted by Jefferson
( W. C. Ford, Thomas Jefferson Correspondence,
1916, p. 115). This referred to an instance of
highly improper conduct on his part, while yet
a young man and single, for which he made res-
titution. Of the other allegations of immorality,
it is quite sufficient to say that Jefferson, a model
husband and father, was "more refined than
many women in the delicacy of his private rela-
tions" (Henry Adams, I, 324).
For the wide acceptance, by persons of the
better sort, of the extravagant charges of an un-
scrupulous drunkard, the sensitive President
was disposed to blame his old theological foes,
especially in New England. There his followers
were assaulting the ancient alliance between
church and state, for the final overthrow of
which they deserve considerable credit. It may
well be, as Henry Adams says (History, I, 310),
that Jefferson did not understand the New Eng-
enders, but it is certain that they did not under-
stand him. Though sanguine in temperament,
he was as serious-minded and almost as devoid
of humor as any Puritan ; and had he lived a
generation later he would have been more at
home in liberal religious circles in New England
than anywhere else in America. He loathed
Calvinism, but he objected to Unitarianism only
because it also was another sect. At many times
he paid grateful tribute to Epicurus and Epicte-
tus, but as early as 1803 he began to select from
the Gospels the passages which he believed came
from Jesus. Toward the end of his life this ama-
teur higher critic placed parallel texts, in four
languages, in a "wee-little book," which he en-
titled the "Morals of Jesus" (published in 1904
as House Doc. No. 755, 58 Cong., 2 Sess.). This
proved, he felt, that he was "a real Christian,
that is to say a disciple of the doctrines of Jesus"
(Ford, X, 5-6).
During the remaining seventeen years of his
life, Jefferson ventured only a few miles from
his haven at "Monticello." The Embargo and
its aftermath were ruinous to him, as to so many
Virginia planters, and because of the demands
of incessant hospitality he could not live as sim-
ply as he desired. After the War of 1812, how-
ever, the sale of his library of some 10,000 vol-
umes to the government, for the Library of Con-
gress, served for several years to relieve his
financial burdens ; and his grandson, Thomas
I
Jefferson
Jefferson Randolph [q.v.~\, took over the man-
agement of his lands. Laborious correspondence
occupied a disproportionate amount of his time,
but he enjoyed exchanging ideas with John
Adams (with whom his old friendship was beau-
tifully restored), his friends in France, Thomas
Cooper, and others, and has left in the letters of
these years a mine of treasure. He gave his coun-
sel to his disciples Madison and Monroe, when
they asked it; and some of his expressions on
public policy, as, for example, on the Missouri
Compromise (to John Holmes, Ford, X, 157),
and on the attitude of the United States toward
Europe and the Latin- American republics (Oct.
24, 1823, Ford, X, 277-J9) are notable.
The chief public problem to which he ad-
dressed himself, however, was that of education
in Virginia, which he again called his "coun-
try." He never ceased to advocate a comprehen-
sive state-wide plan of education, such as he had
proposed in 1779. "Enlighten the people gener-
ally," he wrote Du Pont de Nemours in 1816,
"and tyranny and oppressions of both mind and
body will vanish like evil spirits at the dawn of
day" (Memorial Edition, XIV, 491). Popular
education, however, he regarded as more than a
defensive weapon and a guarantor of freedom.
His proposals of 1779 had been marked by a
unique provision whereby youths of great prom-
ise were to be advanced from one grade of in-
struction to another without cost, and he hoped
that these "geniuses . . . raked from the rub-
bish" would serve the state as governors or en-
large the domains of human knowledge. He for-
mulated, as perhaps no other American of his
generation, an educational philosophy for a dem-
ocratic state; and in his last years he declared
himself in favor of a literacy test for citizenship
(Washington Edition, VI, 343; Memorial Edi-
tion, XIV, 491-92).
Having failed in his earlier efforts to trans-
form the College of William and Mary, by 1800
at least Jefferson had hopes of establishing in
the more salubrious upper country a university
on a broad, liberal, and modern plan. Whatever
interest he may have had, during his presidency,
in the creation of a national university contin-
gent upon the amendment of the Constitution
(Honeywell, post, p. 63), after 1809 Virginia
was central in all his thoughts. Indeed, his re-
gret that so many of his "countrymen" went to
be educated among "foreigners" (as at Prince-
ton) or were taught at home by "beggars"
(Northern tutors) was partly due to the fear
that their political principles were being con-
taminated. His representations may have stim-
ulated Gov. John Tyler to send to the Assembly
Jefferson
in 1809 his strong message on education (Bruce,
post, I, 85) which resulted in the establishment,
the following year, of the Literary Fund. Jeffer-
son regarded this as an inadequate provision for
general education but it later made possible the
creation of an institution of higher learning.
By happy chance, Jefferson in 1814 became
associated as a trustee with the unorganized Al-
bemarle Academy. Transformed into Central
College, this became the germ from which the
University of Virginia developed, under his
adroit management at every stage. His letter of
Sept. 7, 1814, to Peter Carr (Cabell, post, pp.
348 ff.), outlining in masterly fashion his views
of a state system, probably inspired the resolu-
tion, adopted by the General Assembly on Feb.
24, 1816, which required a report on a scheme of
public instruction. Shortly thereafter, Jefferson
himself drafted a bill (Honeywell, appendix H),
which contained most of the features of his more
famous proposal of 1779 and included a pro-
vision for a university. This was rejected and
for a time it appeared that, after an appropria-
tion for elementary schools (which Jefferson al-
ways felt should be supported locally), no funds
would be available for a higher institution. At
length, in 18 18, by a compromise, appropriations
were authorized for elementary, but not for in-
termediate, schools and for a university.
Jefferson was appointed a member, and be-
came chairman, of the Rockfish Gap Commis-
sion, empowered to recommend a site. By skil-
ful use of geographical arguments, he gained the
victory for Central College in August 1818. The
report, which he had drafted beforehand, incor-
porated his ideas of what a university should be
and remains one of his greatest educational pa-
pers (Cabell, pp. 432 ff.). After a legislative
battle in which he acted only behind the scenes,
the report was adopted, and in 1819 the Univer-
sity of Virginia was chartered. Though the serv-
ices of Joseph C. Cabell and John H. Cocke
[qq.v.~\ in launching the institution were inval-
uable, Jefferson, who was inevitably appointed
a member of the first board of visitors and elect-
ed rector, remained until his death the dominant
factor in its affairs. He received architectural
suggestions from Benjamin H. Latrobe and to
a lesser extent from William Thornton [qq.v.~\,
but the plan of an academical village was his
own. Many of the specifications were drawn
up by him and the "pavilions," "hotels," dormi-
tories, colonnades, and arcades were constructed
under his immediate supervision. At his death,
only the Rotunda, modeled by him on the Pan-
theon at Rome, was incomplete.
The courses of study followed closely those of
V
Jefferson
Jefferson's suggestions that seemed immediately
practicable and at no later time went far beyond
his anticipations. Upon the organization of the
institution, he left his most characteristic im-
press perhaps in the establishment of independ-
ent, diploma-conferring "schools," capable of
indefinite expansion, in the provision for entire
freedom in the election of courses, in the com-
plete disregard of the conventional grouping of
students into classes, in the arrangement for a
rotating chairmanship of the faculty, without a
president, and in the prohibition of honorary
degrees (Bruce, I, 321-34). Despite his insist-
ence that Republican, rather than Federalist,
principles be taught in the school of law, to a
remarkable extent he freed the institution from
hampering restrictions and made it in spirit a
university. He can hardly be blamed that it
subsequently suffered because of the lack of
contributing colleges, the need of which he clear-
ly envisaged, and that circumstances combined
to make it a more aristocratic institution than he
had anticipated or desired. Though he was disap-
pointed in his full hopes of drawing from Europe
to the faculty "the first characters in science,"
the mission of Francis Walker Gilmer \_q.v.~\
was measurably successful, the new institution
had from the outset a flavor of cosmopolitanism,
and several of the first professors achieved dis-
tinction. The "Old Sachem" lived to see the
university opened and for more than a year in
operation.
During his own lifetime, Jefferson received
not only American but also international recog-
nition as a man, and as a patron, of learning.
Elected president of the American Philosophical
Society on Jan. 6, 1797 {Transactions of the
American Philosophical Society, IV, 1799, pp.
xi-xiii), he remained the head of this notable
organization until 18 15 and actively cooperated
with it in the advancement and dissemination of
knowledge. By introducing to his colleagues, on
Mar. 10, 1797, his megalonyx he fired the "signal
gun of American paleontology" (Ibid., IV, no.
XXX; Science, Apr. 19, 1929, p. 411). To them
he read on May 4, 1798, a description of a mould-
board of least resistance for a plow (Ibid., IV,
no. XXXVII), for which invention he received
in 1805 a gold medal from a French society
(Memoir es de la Societe d 'Agriculture du De-
part ement de Seine et Oise, VII, xlix-lviii). In
due course he became associated with an ex-
traordinary number of important societies in
various countries of Europe, as he had long been
with the chief learned, and almost all the agri-
cultural, societies of America. Much but by no
means all of his recognition was due to his
Jefferson
political prominence. His election, Dec. 26, 1801,
as associe etranger of the Institute of France, if
due to his position at all, was due to his presi-
dency of the American Philosophical Society.
This signal honor, which during his lifetime was
shared by no other man of American birth and
residence, may best be attributed to his reputa-
tion in France as the most conspicuous Ameri-
can intellectual. He himself interpreted it as
"an evidence of the brotherly spirit of Science,
which unites into one family all its votaries of
whatever grade, and however widely dispersed
throughout the different quarters of the globe"
(Chinard, Jefferson et les Ideologues, p. 21).
He corresponded throughout his life with an ex-
traordinary number of scientists and philoso-
phers in other lands, as well as in America, and
sought to make available in his own country the
best of foreign thought and discovery.
Modern scholars have recognized Jefferson as
an American pioneer in numerous branches of
science, notably paleontology, ethnology, geog-
raphy, and botany. Living before the age of
specialization, he was for his day a careful in-
vestigator, no more credulous than his learned
contemporaries, and notable among them for his
effort in all fields to attain scientific exactitude.
In state papers he is commonly the lawyer,
pleading a cause ; in the heat of political contro-
versy he doubtless compromised his intellectual
ideals and certainly indulged in exaggeration ;
but his procedure in arriving at his fundamental
opinions, the habits of his life, and his tempera-
ment were essentially those of a scholar. As
secretary of state, he was in effect the first com-
missioner of patents and the first patent exam-
iner (Wyman, post). He himself invented or
adapted to personal uses numerous ingenious de-
vices, the best known of which is his polygraph.
At home in French, Italian, and Spanish, as
well as Greek and Latin, he wrote An Essay
towards Facilitating Instruction in the Anglo-
Saxon and Modern Dialects of the English Lan-
guage (1851), and during a generation he
amassed an extraordinary collection of Indian
vocabularies, only to have them cast upon the
waters by thieves in 1809. He owned one of the
best private collections of paintings and statuary
in the country, and has been termed "the first
American connoisseur and patron of the arts"
(Kimball, Thomas Jefferson, Architect, p. 86).
Besides the Virginia state capitol, "Monticcllo,"
and the original buildings of the University of
Virginia, he designed wholly or in part nu-
merous Virginia houses, among them his own
"Poplar Forest," "Farmington," "Bremo." "Bar-
boursville," and probably the middle section of
33
Jefferson
"Brandon." Before the advent of professional
architects in America, he began to collect books
on architecture and discovered Palladio, from
whom his careful and extensive observations
abroad never weaned him. Always himself a
Romanist, he did more than any other man to
stimulate the classical revival in America. His
own work, while always ingenious, is academic,
precise, and orderly, but, because of the fortu-
nate necessity of using brick and wood, the new
creation was a blend, with a pleasing domesticity
{Ibid., pp. 82-83). He created a definite school
of builders in Virginia, sought to establish formal
instruction in architecture, stimulated and en-
couraged, among others, Bulfinch and Thorn-
ton, and, except for the fact that he accepted no
pay for his services, was as truly a professional
as they. It is probably no exaggeration to say
that he was "the father of our national archi-
tecture" {Ibid., p. 89).
Few other American statesmen have been such
careful and unremitting students of political
thought and history as was Jefferson, or have
been more concerned with ultimate ends. Yet he
has left no treatise on political philosophy, and
all general statements about his theoretical po-
sition are subject to qualification. It is impossi-
ble to grant eternal validity to the "principles"
adduced by him to support his position in par-
ticular circumstances ; he was always more in-
terested in applications than in speculation, and
he was forced to modify his own philosophy in
practice. But, despite unquestionable inconsist-
encies, the general trend of his policies and his
major aims are unmistakable. A homely aris-
tocrat in manner of life and personal tastes, he
distrusted all rulers and feared the rise of an
industrial proletariat, but, more than any of his
eminent contemporaries, he trusted the common
man, if measurably enlightened and kept in rural
virtue ; though pained and angered when the free
press made him the victim of its license, he was
a passionate advocate of human liberty and laid
supreme stress on the individual ; though he
clearly realized the value of union, he empha-
sized the importance of the states and of local
agencies of government ; an intellectual interna-
tionalist, he gave whole-hearted support to the
policy of political isolation, and anticipated the
development on the North American continent
of a dominant nation, unique in civilization. He
is notable, not for his harmony with the life of
his age, but rather for his being a step or several
steps ahead of it ; no other American more de-
serves to be termed a major prophet, a supreme
pioneer. A philosophical statesman rather than
a political philosopher, he contributed to democ-
Jefferson
racy and liberalism a faith rather than a body of
doctrine. By his works alone he must be ad-
judged one of the greatest of all Americans,
while the influence of his energizing faith cannot
be measured.
Regarded by Hamilton as ambitious and tem-
porizing, by Marshall as untrustworthy, loved
by John Adams despite rivalry and misunder-
standing, honored as a kindly master by a group
of disciples the like of which has assembled
around no other American statesman, Jefferson,
by the very contradictions of his subtle and com-
plex personality, of his bold mind and highly
sensitive nature, has both vexed and fascinated
all that have attempted to interpret him. As
Henry Adams said : "Almost every other Amer-
ican statesman might be described in a paren-
thesis. A few' broad strokes of the brush would
paint the portraits of all the early Presidents
with this exception, . . . but Jefferson could be
painted only touch by touch, with a fine pencil,
and the perfection of the likeness depended upon
the shifting and uncertain flicker of its semi-
transparent shadows" {History, I, 277).
The last years of this most enigmatical and
probably the most versatile of great Americans
were marked by philosophical serenity in the
face of impending financial disaster. Ruined by
the failure in 1819 of his friend Wilson Cary
Nicholas [q.v.~\, whose note for $20,000 he had
indorsed, he tried vainly to find a purchaser for
his lands, and secured legislative permission, in
the last year of his life, to dispose of most of
them by the common method of a lottery. The
public strongly protested against this indignity
to him and some voluntary contributions were
made, so the project was abandoned. Jefferson
died believing that his debts would be paid, for-
tunately not realizing that "Monticello" was soon
to pass from the hands of his heirs forever. A
beloved and revered patriarch in the extensive
family circle, he retained extraordinary intel-
lectual vigor and rode his horse daily until al-
most the end of his ordered and temperate life.
His death occurred, with dramatic appropriate-
ness, on the fiftieth anniversary of the Declara-
tion of Independence, shortly after noon and a
few hours before that of John Adams. His daugh-
ter, Martha Randolph, with ten of her children
and their progeny, and his grandson, Francis
Eppes, survived him. On the simple stone over
his grave in the family burying-ground at "Mon-
ticello" he is described as he wished to be re-
membered, not as the holder of great offices, but
as the author of the Declaration of Independence
and the Virginia statute for religious freedom,
and the father of the University of Virginia.
34
Jefferson
Jeffery
[The Jefferson manuscripts in the Lib. of Cong,
comprise, in addition to other important items, 236
vols, of correspondence (c. 40,000 pieces), partially
calendared in the Calendar of the Correspondence of
Thos. Jefferson (Parts I— II 1 , 1894-1903). The col-
lection in the Mass. Hist. Soc. consists of 67 vols,
(c. 10,000 pieces), and some of his most interesting
personal records, including account books, his Garden
Book, his Farm Book, and the catalogue of his library.
Other papers are in the Mo. Hist. Soc, St. Louis, the
library of the Univ. of Va., and various other deposi-
tories, and some are still in private hands.
P. L. Ford, The Writings of Thos. Jefferson (10
vols., 1892-99) is the most useful edition, but this
should be supplemented by the more extensive Me-
morial Ed. (20 vols., 1903—04), and by the edition of
H. A. Washington (9 vols., 1853-54). Both the "Au-
tobiography" and the preface to "The Anas" were
written in old age and carry less authority than con-
temporary documents. The following are valuable
sources : "The Jefferson Papers," Collections of the
Mass. Hist. Soc. 7 ser., vol. I (1900) ; Thos. Jefferson
Correspondence, Printed from Originals in the Col-
lections of Wm. K. Bixby, with notes by W. C. Ford
(1916); G. Chinard, The Commonplace Book of
Thos. Jefferson (1927), The Literary Bible of Thos.
Jefferson (1928), The Letters of Lafayette and Jef-
ferson (1929), the Correspondence of Jefferson and
Du Pont de Nemours with an Introduction on Jeffer-
son and the Physiocrats (1931) ; D. Malone, Corre-
spondence between Thos. Jefferson and P. S. du Pont
de Nemours, 1798-1817 (1930); P. Wilstach, Corre-
spondence between John Adams and Thos. Jefferson
(1925). Numerous letters to and from Jefferson are
contained in G. Chinard, Volney et L'Amerique (1923),
Jefferson et Les Ideologues (1925), and Trois Amities
Francoises de Jefferson (1927). John P. Foley, The
Jefferson Cyclopedia (1900) is a useful compilation.
Of the older biographies, H. S. Randall, The Life
of Thos. Jefferson (3 vols., 1858), though eulogistic, is
still extremely valuable, as is S. N. Randolph, The
Domestic Life of Thos. Jefferson (1871), which con-
tains many family letters. The most important of the
recent biographies are G. Chinard, Thos. Jefferson:
The Apostle of Americanism (1929) and A. J. Nock,
Jefferson (1926), both of which emphasize the intel-
lectual aspect of his career. More general treatments
are P. L. Ford, Thos. Jefferson (1904) ; D. S. Muzzey,
Thos. Jefferson (191 8). A hostile Federalist work is
Theo. Dwight, The Character of Thos. Jefferson, as
Exhibited in His Own Writings (1839). C. G. Bowers,
Jefferson and Hamilton (1925), is dramatic and fa-
vorable ; F. W. Hirst, Life and Letters of Thos. Jeffer-
son (1926), is eulogistic.
For genealogical materials, the family background, and
his early life, see Tyler's Quart. Hist, and Genealog.
Mag., Jan., Apr., July, Oct. 1925 ; Jan., July 1926 ; Wm.
C. Bruce, John Randolph of Roanoke (1922), I, 9 ft. ;
E. Woods, Albemarle County in Va. (1901) ; Wm. and
Mary Quart. Hist. Mag., Jan. 1921, p. 34, and F. Harri-
son, Ibid., Jan. 1924, p. 15. For his public career and po-
litical position, see Jour, of the House of Burgesses of
Va., 1766-76(3 vols., 1905-06); W. W. Hening, The
Statutes at Large . . . of Va. (13 vols., 1809-23) ; Carl
Becker, The Declaration of Independence (1922) ; J. C.
Fitzpatrick, The Spirit of the Revolution (1924), chs.
I, II ; H. J. Eckenrode, The Rez'olution in Va. (1916) ;
C. R. Lingley, "The Transition in Va. from Colony to
Commonwealth," Columbia Univ. Studies in Hist., Eco-
nomics and Pub. Law, vol. XXXVI, no. 2 (1910) ; B.
Fay, L'Esprit Revolutionnaire en France et aux ktats-
Unis a la Fin du XVIII' Siccle (1925) ; L. B. Dunbar,
A Study of "Monarchical" Tendencies in the U. S.
(1922) ; S. F. Bemis, Jay's Treaty (1923), Pinckney's
Treaty (1926), The Am. Secretaries of State and Their
Diplomacy, II (1927), 3~93 J W. K. Woolery, "The
Relation of Thos. Jefferson to Am. Foreign Policy,
'783-1793," Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies in Hist,
and Pol. Science, vol. XLV, no. 2 (1927); Chas. A.
Beard, Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy
( 1915) ; C. R. Fish, The Civil Service and the Patronage
('90S); A. J. Beveridge, The Life of John Marshall
(4 vols.. 1916) ; I. J. Cox, The W. Fla. Controversy,
1798-1813 (1918) ; L. M. Sears, Jefferson and the
Embargo (1927) ; Henry Adams, Hist, of the U. S. of
Am., vols. I-IV (1889-90); C. E. Merriam, A Hist,
of Am. Pol. Theories (1910), ch. IV; V. L. Parring-
ton, Main Currents in Am. Thought, I (1927), 342-56 ;
E. S. Brown, Wm. Plumer's Memorandum of Procs.
in the U. S. Senate (1923); The Defense of Young
and Mints, Printers to the State . . . (Boston, 1805).
For the Univ. of Va., see N. F. Cabell, Early Hist,
of the Univ. of Va. as Contained in the Letters of
Thos. Jefferson and Jos. C. Cabell (1856) ; P. A. Bruce,
Hist, of the Univ. of Va., vols., I, II (1922); R. J.
Honeywell, The Educational Work of Thos. Jefferson
(193 1 ). For architecture, see Fiske Kimball, "Thos.
Jefferson as Architect : Monticello and Shadwell," Ar-
chitectural Quart, of Harvard Univ., June 19 14, Thos.
Jefferson and the First Monument of the Classical Re-
vival in Am. (1915), Thos. Jefferson, Architect (1916) ;
W. B. Bryan, A Hist, of the Nat. Capital, vol. I (1914).
For his scientific work, see Wm. E. Curtis, The True
Thos. Jc ffcrson ( 1 90 1 ) , ch.XII; Alex. F. Chamberlain,
"Thos. Jefferson's Ethnological Opinions and Activi-
ties," Am. Anthropologist, July-Sept. 1907 ; Geo. T.
Surface, "Thos. Jefferson : a Pioneer Student of Am.
Geography," Bulletin of the Am. Gcog. Soc, Dec. 1909 ;
F. A. Lucas, "Thos. Jefferson — Paleontologist," Nat.
Hist., May-June, 1926; H. F. Osborn, "Thos. Jeffer-
son, The Pioneer of Am. Paleontology," Science, Apr.
19, 1929; Wm. I. Wyman, "Thos. Jefferson and the
Patent System," Jour, of the Patent Office Soc, Sept.
19 1 8. For a personal picture, see D. Malone, "Polly
Jefferson and Her Father," Va. Quart. Rev., Jan. 1931.
Probably better than any portrait is the life mask of
Jefferson, reproduced in C. H. Hart, Browere's Life
Masks of Great Americans (1899).] jy j^
JEFFERY, EDWARD TURNER (Apr. 6,
1843-Sept. 24, 1927), railroad executive, was
born at Liverpool, England, the son of William
S. and Jane (McMillan) Jeffery. With his par-
ents he emigrated to the United States in 1850
and after a brief period of schooling began to
work for the Illinois Central Railroad in 1856.
The next twenty years he spent in the Chicago
shops, where he rose to the rank of assistant
superintendent of machinery. In 1877 he reached
his first important position, that of general su-
perintendent and chief engineer, and in the same
year he married Virginia Osborne Clarke. He
was made general manager of the company in
1885, and although his work was generally rec-
ognized as excellent, he resigned in 1889, prob-
ably as a result of a conflict with Harriman over
certain proposed changes in rates (Railroad Ga-
zette, Sept. 6, 1889). Having no alternate po-
sition available upon his resignation from the
Illinois Central, Jeffery threw himself into work
for the proposed world's fair at Chicago and
made a trip to Europe to view the Paris exposi-
tion of 1889 in order that he might describe it
for the benefit of the people interested in a simi-
lar fair at Chicago. The formal account of his
trip appeared in his pamphlet: Paris Universal
Exposition, 1889 (n.d.). After his return to the
United States he was one of the most active
35
Jeffery
Jeffrey
supporters of the Chicago plans. With DeW. C.
Cregier and T. B. Bryan he appeared before
Congress to ask recognition and support for Chi-
cago as the site of the exposition (see Arguments
Before a Special Committee of the United States
Senate . . . for the Location . . . of the World's
Exposition of 1892 (1890), and in 1891 he was
appointed chairman of the committee on build-
ings and grounds.
Jeffery severed his connection with the Chi-
cago exposition in 1891 to become president and
general manager of the Denver & Rio Grande
Railfoad. He managed the road so well that it
was able to weather the financial difficulties of
the panic of 1893. He made the most significant
decision of his life in the winter of 1900-01,
when George Jay Gould bought control of the
Denver & Rio Grande. Would he accept the
orders of the dictatorial Gould or would he in-
sist upon his own idea of sound railroading?
His decision to support Gould can undoubtedly
be traced to his experiences on the Illinois Cen-
tral. With Gould in control, a new road, the
Western Pacific Railway, was chartered to con-
nect Ogden, the western terminus of the Denver
& Rio Grande, with San Francisco. Jeffery be-
came president of the Western Pacific in 1905
and carried it to completion in 191 1. The new
line was well built but unprofitable. The failure
of the road to pay dividends reacted adversely
on the Denver & Rio Grande, which had ad-
vanced much of the cost of construction and
had guaranteed certain of the Western Pacific
bonds. Both roads were foreclosed and sold in
1915, and the succeeding years found the Denver
& Rio Grande in continual financial difficulties.
Meantime Jeffery had resigned the presidency
of the latter in 1912 to become chairman of the
board of directors, and had taken similar action
in respect to the Western Pacific in 1913. In
1917 he retired from all active railroad manage-
ment. Obviously the Denver & Rio Grande had
been wrecked. An investigation by the Inter-
state Commerce Commission (113 Interstate
Commerce Reports, 75-160) baldly denounced
the officers of the roads but absolved them from
the charge of acting for the benefit of themselves
or of the bankers. The minority stockholders of
the Denver & Rio Grande instituted court pro-
ceedings to gain damages from Gould, Jeffery,
and others (Rogers et al. vs. Gould ct al., 206
A.D., N. Y., 433, and 210 A.D., 15), but re-
ceived an adverse decision of the court in 1926.
Jeffery died the following year in New York
City.
[The main events of Jeffery's career appear in Who's
Who in America, 1926-27 ; the Railway Age Gazette,
Jan. 12, 1917, the Railway Age, Oct. 1, 1927; and the
JV. Y. Times, Sept. 25, 1927. See also: Report of the
President to the Board of Directors of the World's
Columbian Exposition (1898); Ernest Howard, Wall
Street Fifty Years after Eric (1923), written by a mi-
nority stockholder of the Denver & Rio Grande; B. J.
Hendrick, "The Passing of a Great Railroad Dynasty,"
the best of the magazine articles on the Gould fiasco, in
McClure's Mag., Mar. 19 12.] R E R
JEFFREY, JOSEPH ANDREW (Jan. 17,
1836-Aug. 27, 1928), banker, manufacturer, was
born in Clarksville, Clinton County, Ohio. His
father, James Jeffrey, of New England ancestry,
was a native of Monmouth County, N. J., and
as a young man had gone to the Ohio country,
where he established a farm and married An-
geline Robinson, whose father was one of the
first settlers of Warren County. Until he was
seventeen years old Jeffrey remained with his
parents, moving with them to Auglaize County,
Ohio, where, in St. Mary's, he completed his
high-school education. Business seems to have
had a strong attraction for him, and after leaving
school he entered a country store near his home
and served as a clerk for four years. Then fol-
lowed a year of several business experiences
which carried him eventually, in 1858, to Co-
lumbus, Ohio. Here he entered the office of
Rickly & Brother, private bankers, and for eight
years served as bookkeeper, teller, and cashier,
respectively. He forsook these banking activi-
ties, however, in 1866, to become manager of the
firm of Rickly, Howell & Company, wholesale
and retail carpet and furniture dealers of Cin-
cinnati. Three years later he returned to Co-
lumbus and with F. C. Sessions reentered the
banking business, founding what is now known
as the Commercial National Bank. About 1877,,
while walking along one of the business streets
of Columbus, he chanced to notice displayed in
an empty store window a crude model of a ma-
chine invented by Francis M. Lechner, to be
used in coal mines. It was called a cutter bar
and was designed to undercut coal seams. See-
ing great possibilities in the device, Jeffrey pro-
ceeded to organize the Lechner Mining Machine
Company for the purpose of manufacturing the
machine. In 1883 he sold his banking interest,
and acquired the controlling interest in the Lech-
ner Company. From that time on it enjoyed a
healthy and rapid growth. Gradually the plant
was extended and new mining machinery and
mechanical handling equipment were added to
its output, so that at Jeffrey's death it was the
world's largest manufactory of coal-mining ma-
chinery, the plant covering thirty-five acres of
ground. During this period, too, the company
name was changed to the Jeffrey Manufacturing
Company. In 1900 Jeffrey retired as president
but he served as chairman of the board of di-
36
Jeffrey
Jeffries
rectors for the remainder of his life. In addition
to his interest in the Jeffrey Company, he owned
the Ohio Malleable Iron Company of Columbus,
was a director in a number of Columbus banks,
and took an active interest in the city's charita-
ble institutions. On Oct. 2, 1866, he married
Celia C. Harris of Columbus, and at the time of
his death was survived by three sons and two
daughters.
[Jeffrey Service, Sept., Oct. 1928; W. A. Taylor,
Centennial Hist, of Columbus and Franklin County
(1909), vol. II; Franklin County at the Beginning of
the Twentieth Century (1901); A Centennial Biog.
Hist, of the City of Columbus and Franklin County,
Ohio (1901) ; Columbus Evening Dispatch, Aug, 27,
1928; Ohio State Jour., Aug. 28, 1898.] C. W. M.
JEFFREY, ROSA GRIFFITH VERTNER
JOHNSON (1828-Oct. 6, 1894), poet, novel-
ist, was the daughter of John Y. Griffith, himself
a writer of both prose and verse, and well known
for his Indian stories, which received the dis-
tinction of being widely copied in English jour-
nals of his day. She was born in Natchez, Miss.
Her mother, daughter of the Rev. James Aber-
crombie, a Philadelphia clergyman of note, died
when the baby was only nine months old. The
child was immediately adopted by a maternal
aunt, Rosa Vertner, and spent an unusually happy
girlhood, near Port Gibson, Miss., on her aunt's
beautiful country estate "Burlington," which she
affectionately described later in her poem "My
Childhood's Home." By the time she was ten
years old she had shown such talent — "she prat-
tled in rhyme long before she could write" (Julia
Deane Freeman, Women of the South Distin-
guished in Literature, 1861, p. 245) — that the
Vertners decided to move to Kentucky for her
better education. She entered the Episcopal Sem-
inary of Bishop Smith at Lexington, which en-
joyed a considerable reputation in the South,
and was commended as "a polished scholar and
intelligent student of history and literature." At
the age of fifteen she wrote "The Legend of the
Opal" (published in Poems, 1857), and at seven-
teen she*was married to Claude M. Johnson of
Louisiana, a man of wealth, position, and broad
cultural interests, by whom she had six children.
During her married life she was known as a
social leader in Southern cities, including Wash-
ington, D. C. In 1850 she became a contributor
to the Louisville Journal under the pen name of
"Rosa," and here were first printed many of the
poems that were to make her "the first Southern
woman whose literary work attracted attention
throughout the United States" (Frances E. Wil-
lard and Mary E. Livermore, Portraits and Bi-
ographies of Prominent American Women, 1901,
I, 418). Poems appeared in 1857, and its suc-
cess called for a second edition the next year.
After the death of her husband in 1861, Mrs.
Johnson moved with her children to Rochester,
N. Y., where she met and married (1863) Alex-
ander Jeffrey of Edinburgh, Scotland. She re-
mained in Rochester during the period of the
Civil War, afterwards returning to the Vertner
home in Lexington, Ky. Her first novel, Wood-
burn, appeared in 1864, and from then until
1884, when her last work, Marah, was published,
she produced both poetry — Daisy Dare and Baby
Pozver (1871), The Crimson Hand (1881) —
and fiction, and, although they were never pub-
lished, several dramas. She died in Lexington
at the age of sixty-six.
While the poems of "Rosa" are far too ex-
pansive, sentimental, and florid for the taste of
a later day than her own, they have an authentic
spontaneity and exuberance which mark her as
a natural poet. Her inspiration was so appar-
ently exhaustless, and so slightly restrained by
the simple metres which she always used, that
such poems as "Hasheesh Visions" and "Daisy
Dare" ran into an astounding number of stanzas.
Her poetry seems the undisciplined flowering
of an extremely happy and responsive nature.
Beauty, wealth, and charm held at bay the rigors
of life which might have deepened a fine talent
into something much more.
[J. W. Davidson, The Living Writers of the South
(1869) ; M. T. Tardy, Southland Writers (1870), vol.
I; The South in the Building of the Nation (1909),
vol. XI ; Reg. of the Ky. State Hist. Soc, Jan. 191 1 ;
J. W. Townsend, Ky. in Am. Letters 1784-1912 (1913),
vol. I.] G.G.
JEFFRIES, BENJAMIN JOY (Mar. 26,
1833-Nov. 21, 1915), ophthalmic surgeon, was
the son of Dr. John and Anne Geyer (Amory)
Jeffries, and a descendant of David Jeffries who
came to Boston from England in 1677. Ben-
jamin was the last of five generations of Jef-
fries who lived in Boston, attended Harvard
College, and attained prominence in the history
of New England. The second of the line, David
Jeffries, was a stanch patriot, a deacon in the
Old South Church, and treasurer of the town of
Boston, but his son John [q.v.], at the time of
the American Revolution, espoused the cause of
England, made his house the rendezvous of
British officers, and served as surgeon with the
British forces in America. After the war, while
living in London as a refuge for a period, this
same John Jeffries, in 1785, in company with a
Frenchman, Jean Pierre Blanchard, made the
first balloon crossing of the English channel.
The fourth of the line, Benjamin's father, was
an eminent physician of his day. Together with
Dr. Edward Reynolds, in 1824, he founded the
37
Jeffries
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, the third
oldest institution of its kind in North America.
While Benjamin had a cumulative family rep-
utation to sustain, there is no doubt that he
succeeded in impressing his personality upon his
times. Graduating from Harvard College in 1854,
and from Harvard Medical School in 1857, he
went to Vienna to study ophthalmology under
Arlt and Jaeger, and dermatology under Hebra.
In 1859, he returned to Boston to practise these
specialties, and in course of time he limited his
efforts to ophthalmology, in which he acquired
a large practice. For thirty-six years he served
as ophthalmic surgeon at the Eye and Ear In-
firmary, where he justly earned the reputation of
being one of the skilful surgeons of his day. He
was one of the original members of the Ameri-
can Ophthalmological Society, and he gave much
time and energy to keeping the usefulness of
this society at a high level. In 1872, he mar-
ried Marian Shimmin of Boston, by whom he
had two children, a son, who died during his
freshman year at college, and a daughter.
Among his earlier published writings were:
Diseases of the Skin: The Recent Advances in
Their Pathology and Treatment (1871), Boyl-
ston Prize Essay; The Eye in Health and Dis-
ease (1871); Animal and Vegetable Parasites
of the Human Skin and Hair (1872). After
1878, he devoted himself to the subject of color
vision, and about half of his thirty-four scien-
tific papers dealt with this topic. His treatise,
Color Blindness, Its Dangers and Its Detection
(1879, revised edition 1883), was long the stand-
ard authority on this subject, and it led to many
important public measures safeguarding travel
by land and by sea. Jeffries was noted for the
honest and conscientious service that he gave to
each of his patients. While critical of things he
felt to be wrong, yet his fairness won him popu-
larity among the laity and respect from his col-
leagues. Until the last few years of his life,
he continued to see his patients in the same
house where his father lived and practised be-
fore him, a house filled with most interesting
collections from colonial days.
[J. T. L. Jeffries, Jeffries of Mass., 1658-1914
(n.d.) ; Mag. of Am. Hist., Jan. 1885 ; Proc. Bunker
Hill Monument Asso., 1906 (1906); Boston Medic,
and Surgic. Jour., Dec. 9, 1915 ; Trans. Am. Ophthal-
mological Soc, vol. XIV, pt. 2 (19 1 6) ; Who's Who
in America, 1914—15; Harvard Coll., Report of the
Class of 1854 (1894); Harvard Grad. Mag., Mar.
1916; Boston Transcript, Nov. 22, 1915; N. Y. Times,
Nov. 24, 1915.] J.H.W.
JEFFRIES, JOHN (Feb. 5, 1744/45-Sept. 16,
1819), physician, scientist, was born in Boston,
Mass., the son of David and Sarah (Jaffrey)
Jeffries and the great-grandson of an earlier
Jeffries
David Jeffries who emigrated from England to
Boston in 1677. John graduated from Harvard
in 1763, studied medicine under home practition-
ers and in England and Scotland, and received the
degree of M.D. from Marischal College, Aber-
deen, at the age of twenty-five. Returning to Bos-
ton, he practised there until 1771, when he be-
came assistant surgeon on a British naval vessel,
serving in that capacity until 1774. When Boston
was evacuated he withdrew to Halifax in company
with many Loyalists. From 1775 to 1779 he was
a surgeon in British military hospitals ; he then
went to England and was appointed surgeon-
major and as such served with British troops
in the campaign around Savannah and Charles-
ton. Returning to England he practised success-
fully and also became interested in levitation, as
it was then called, or aerostation. He seems to
have been the first to attempt to gather scientific
data of the free air. His observations were
made with care and, since he had sufficient
means, he was able to secure instruments of
high grade. His flights were made with the
French aeronaut Blanchard, who received dis-
tinguished honors, but it was Jeffries who paid
all the bills, accepted the responsibility, and
made the observations. Two ascents, the one
over London, Tuesday, Nov. 30, 1784, and the
other across the English Channel, were made for
scientific purposes. The first took place in the
presence of the Prince of Wales, the Duchess
of Devonshire, and other notables. Jeffries and
Blanchard stepped into the car of the balloon,
rose a few yards, then, descending, affixed oars
with which it was hoped to steer the balloon.
Rising, they bumped against the top of a chim-
ney, knocking off the funnels, but ultimately
cleared all obstacles and in a few moments were
above the city streets crowded with people. Jef-
fries had provided himself with thermometer,
barometer, electrometer, hygrometer, timepiece,
mariner's compass, telescope, several yards of
thin ribbon, a sharp knife, scissors, a small phial
two thirds full of common water, and »ix four-
ounce bottles filled with distilled water, with
glass stoppers and numbered, so that they could
be emptied and afterwards corked at different
elevations. This was done at the suggestion of
Cavendish, who subsequently made a chemical
analysis of the air. Twelve observations of tem-
perature, pressure, and humidity were made.
These constitute the first scientific data for free
air, to a height of 9,309 feet. The values agree
closely with modern determinations.
The second voyage is the one commonly as-
sociated with Jeffries. From Dec. 17, 1784, until
Jan. 6, 1785, stormy weather held the aviators
38
Jeffries
J
at Dover; but on Jan. 7, a clear, fine morning
with frost and light NNW wind, the balloon was
filled and at 1 p. m. the ascent was begun. In
fifteen minutes the balloon had risen about half
a mile and it was necessary to untwist the tubes
to prevent undue expansion of the balloon. At
1 150 the tubes were again twisted, the aviators
being one third of the way over and the balloon
falling. Casting out the sand ballast, they rose
again and at 2 o'clock were nearly half way
across. At 2:15 the balloon started to fall, and
it was necessary to cast away the wings, the
ornaments of the car, and all the apparatus but
the barometer. At 2 130 the balloon was only
about three-fourths distended and was falling.
Biscuits, apples, oars, and finally the moulinet
were thrown out, then the anchors and cords ;
then outer clothes of the occupants. They were
now beneath the plane of the French cliffs, about
five miles from shore, approaching it rapidly.
Suddenly they were carried upward to a greater
height than previously experienced and at 3
o'clock passed over the high ground between
Cape Blanc Nez and Calais. At a little before
4 o'clock, after some interference with tree tops,
the adventurers landed in the forest of Guines,
not far from Ardres. They were received with
much enthusiasm and were conveyed to Calais,
where they were later entertained by the mayor
and other dignitaries. Blanchard was given the
freedom of the city, and apologies were made to
Jeffries because similar honors could not be paid
to him without leave from the Court. On Jan.
1 1, 1785, they reached Paris, and two days af-
terwards Jeffries was complimented by the King,
and on Jan. 15 he dined with Franklin at Passy.
The days in Paris were a continuous round of
receptions, dinners, and theatre parties. He met
Commander John Paul Jones at Franklin's din-
ner table and each complimented the other for
bravery. Returning to Dover, he was given the
freedom of the city and made a Baron of the
Cinque Ports, and on Mar. 5, was back in Lon-
don.
Returning to Boston about 1790, Jeffries es-
tablished a large and profitable practice. He
was married, first, about 1770, to Sarah Rhoads,
by whom he had three children, and, second,
Sept. 8, 1787, at London, to Hannah Hunt, by
whom he had eleven children. Benjamin Joy
Jeffries [q.v.~\ was a grandson.
[B. J. Jeffries, in Mag. of Am. Hist., Jan. 1885 ; New-
Eng. Jour, of Medicine and Surgery, Jan. 1820, pp.
63-72; Medic. Dissertations . . . of the Mass. Medic.
Soc, III (1822), 415-17; "Brief Memoirs and Notices
ot Prince's Subscribers," New-Eng. Hist, and Geneal.
Reg., Jan. 1861 ; C. H. Tumor, Astra Castra: Experi-
ments and Adventures in the Atmosphere (London,
■865) ; John Jeffries, A Narrative of the Two Aerial
emison
Voyages of Dr. Jeffries with Mons. Blanchard ; with
Meteorological Observations and Remarks (London,
1786) ; A Report of the Record Commissioners of the
City of Boston containing Boston Births from A. D.
1700 to A. D. 1800 (1894), p. 253; The Writings of
Benj. Franklin (1905-07), ed. by A. H. Smyth, see in-
dex in vol. X ; T. F. Harrington, The Harvard Medic.
School (1905), I, 41-44; J. T. L. Jeffries, Jeffries of
Mass. 1658-1914 (n.d.) ; E. A. Jones, The Loyalists
of Mass. (1930) ; Columbian Centinel (Boston), Sept.
22, 1819; information from family records.] j^ y[
JEMISON,MARY(i743-Sept. 19, 1833), "the
White Woman of the Genesee," captured and
adopted in girlhood by Indians, with whom she
thereafter lived, was born at sea while her par-
ents, Thomas and Jane (Erwin) Jemison, were
on their way from Belfast to Philadelphia. On
Apr. 5, 1758, at their farm near the junction of
Sharps Run and Conewago Creek, Pennsylvania,
Mary, her parents, three of the other children,
and some neighbors were captured by a party of
Shawnee Indians and French soldiers. Most of
the captives were killed, but Mary's life was
spared. She was taken to Fort Duquesne, and
given to two Seneca women who adopted her
as a sister in the place of a brother killed in
battle, naming her Dehgeivanus. For five years
she lived in the Ohio country, and in the third
year of her captivity was married to a Delaware
warrior named Sheninjee, by whom she had
two children. Late in 1762 she accompanied
three Indian brothers to the tribal home at Little
Beard's town on the Genesee River near the
present Geneseo, N. Y. When at the close of the
French and Indian War a bounty was offered
for the return of prisoners, a chief of the tribe
wished to take Mary to the English at Fort
Niagara, but her Indian family refused to give
her up, and she, having developed a deep affec-
tion for them, was not unwilling to stay. Some
four years later, Sheninjee having died, she be-
came the wife of an old chief, Hiokatoo, by
whom she had six children. During the Revo-
lution her home was frequently the stopping
place of Walter Butler and Joseph Brant [qq.vJ].
At its close she was offered her freedom by her
Indian brother, but preferred to remain with the
tribe. In 1797 she was granted a tract of her
own choice on the Gardeau Flats along the
Genesee, near Castile, N. Y., where she had
lived since the destruction of Little Beard's town
by Sullivan's army in 1779. Her husband, Hio-
katoo, died in 1811, at the age of 103; in that
year and the year following two of her sons
were killed in a drunken rage by the third, who
was himself similarly killed a few years later.
In 1817 she was naturalized and her land-title
confirmed by act of the New York legislature.
At this time she was leasing the greater part of
her land to white settlers and living with a mar-
39
Jenckes
ried daughter, though continuing to plant, hoe,
and harvest her own corn. One of the most
extensive landholders in her section of the state,
noted for her kindness and generosity, she was
a figure of great interest to the settlers. In 1823,
James Everett Seaver, M.D., was commissioned
at the instance of a group of citizens, to inter-
view her and write the story of her life. The
resulting book, A Narrative of the Life of Mrs.
Mary Jemison (Canandaigua, N. Y., 1824),
went through twenty-two editions in the next
hundred years, and her story became a tradition
in Western New York. In 1831, the Senecas
having sold their Genesee lands, she moved to
the Buffalo Creek Reservation. In the last months
of her life she professed the Christian religion,
and she was buried near the Seneca Mission
Church. Her remains were moved in 1874 to
the estate of William Pryor Letchworth, now
Letchworth Park, near her old home on the
Genesee. There, in 1910, a bronze statue by H.
K. Bush-Brown was erected to her memory.
According to her biographer, she spoke Eng-
lish distinctly, "with a little of the Irish em-
phasis," though she had completely lost the art
of reading. "Spirits and tobacco I have never
used," she said to Dr. Seaver, "and I have never
attended an Indian frolic." For her husband,
Hiokatoo, she had such veneration that she
would not speak of his notoriously cruel ex-
ploits, but sent Dr. Seaver to her cousin, George
Jemison, for an account of his career. She ad-
hered to the Indian customs and manner of
dress until her death.
[J. E. Seaver, A Narrative of the Life of Mary Jemi-
son (22nd ed., revised by C. D. Vail, 1925), with notes
correcting errors in earlier editions ; E. W. Vander-
hoof, Hist. Sketches of Western N. Y. (1907); Red
Man (Carlisle, Pa.), Sept. 1913 ; Twelfth Ann. Report,
Am. Scenic and Hist. Preservation Soc. (1907) and
Sixteenth . . . (1911) ; Rochester Hist. Soc. Pub. Fund
Ser., vol. Ill (1924)] E.R.D.
JENCKES, JOSEPH [See Jenks, Joseph,
1 602- 1 683].
JENCKES, JOSEPH (1632-Jan. 4, 1717),
founder of Pawtucket, pioneer iron manufac-
turer of Rhode Island, was born in England,
probably in the neighborhood of Hammersmith
where his father, Joseph Jenks [q.vJ], was a
skilled ironworker. The elder Jenks was induced
to emigrate to America to undertake the devel-
opment of the iron ore which had been discov-
ered near Lynn, Mass., and a few years later,
probably about 1650, his son followed and was
associated with his father in the iron works
there. He met and married Esther, the daughter
of William Ballard, a none too Puritanical lady,
evidently, as it is recorded that in 1652 she was
Jenckes
brought before the Quarterly Court "for wear-
ing silver lace." Another paragraph in the old
records reveals something of Joseph's democratic
temper. He was brought before the Court in
1660 for treasonable utterances. King Charles
II had just come to the throne and Jenckes was
heard to declare with heat that "if he hade the
King heir, he wold cutte of his head and make
a football of it."
The date of Joseph Jenckes's move to Rhode
Island may not be stated with certainty. Bog
iron had been discovered in the colony and this
probably led him to move to the new locality.
It is known that he purchased land on the Paw-
tuxet River in 1669 "for the employ of his
saw-mill." Two years later, in 1671, he bought
sixty acres near Pawtucket Falls. Here he set
up a sawmill and a forge. He was prosperous
in his work and others came to settle in the dis-
trict, thus developing the community known as
Pawtucket. In 1675, when King Philip and his
Indians opened warfare on the colonists, the
settlement at Pawtucket was at once in danger,
and most of the inhabitants sought refuge in the
larger and better protected town of Providence.
Joseph Jenckes's home and forge were in the
path of destruction and were burned in 1676.
When Philip's efforts to dislodge the English
from his lands failed, Jenckes and other colonists
returned to rebuild their ruined homes. Jenckes
took active part in the affairs of the colony. In
1679 he was a deputy to the General Assembly,
and with the exception of a few years he was
Assistant from 1680 to 1698. He was the father
of six daughters and four sons. All of the latter
were men who held places of respect and dis-
tinction in Rhode Island, his namesake, Joseph
\_q.v.~\, serving as governor for five years. Both
Jenckes and his wife died in 1717.
[See Alonzo Lewis, The Hist, of Lynn (1829) ;
Massena Goodrich, Hist. Sketch of the Town of Paw-
tucket (1876) ; J. O. Austin, The Geneal. Diet, of R. I.
(1887); and the New-Eng. Hist, and Geneal. Reg.,
July 1855. Joseph Jenckes is known to have spelled his
name as it is given here.] E R B
JENCKES, JOSEPH (1656-June 15, 1740),
governor of Rhode Island, was the son of Jo-
seph Jenckes (1632-1717) and the grandson of
Joseph Jenks [qq.v.]. His father, founder of
what is now' the city of Pawtucket in Rhode
Island, married Esther, the daughter of William
Ballard of Lynn, Mass. Joseph, the eldest of
their ten children, was born and grew to man-
hood in Pawtucket. He adopted the profession
of land-surveying, his ability soon making him
a distinguished man in the colony. For several
years (1691, 1698, 1700-08) he was a deputy
to the General Assembly, acting for two years of
40
Jenckes
that time as speaker (1698-99, 1707-08). Later
(1708-12), he held the more responsible post of
assistant. In 1715 he was elected deputy gov-
ernor and continued as such for twelve years.
His competence as a surveyor proved of great
value to his fellow colonists. In 1710 he was
empowered to treat with Colonel Dudley on the
matter of the Massachusetts boundaries, and on
the strength of his success in this affair, he was
in 1720 appointed to act, together with the col-
ony's agent in England, to settle the much more
difficult question of the Connecticut boundaries.
His efforts in London were entirely satisfactory
to his constituents, but the boundary disagree-
ment dragged on for years.
On the death of Governor Cranston, who had
held office for thirty successive terms, Joseph
Jenckes was chosen in 1727 to succeed him. He
continued as governor for five years, announcing
in 1 73 1 that he would refuse reelection. He
would scarcely have obtained it in any case. The
finances of Rhode Island had become involved
by the introduction of paper money, and when
a bill to emit sixty thousand pounds additional
currency was passed by the General Assembly,
the Governor noted his dissent on the document.
This veto was declared ineffectual by the paper-
money party which overruled his action. After
hot dispute both the Governor and the General
Assembly appealed to the home government. The
latter's reply, which found that within limits
neither the governor nor the Crown could change
such an act of the Assembly, confirmed Jenckes's
opponents and ended his political career. Dur-
ing his life Jenckes had given much attention to
military as well as political affairs and pro-
gressed through the various ranks from lieu-
tenant to colonel. From 1707 to 171 1 he acted
as Major of the Main Land. He was twice
married. His first wife was Martha Brown, a
grand-daughter of Chad Brown, the associate of
Roger Williams. She died leaving nine children.
In 1727 he married a widow, Alice (Smith)
Dexter, who died childless in 1736. Jenckes was
a man of extraordinary size and strength. Seven
feet two inches tall and splendidly proportioned,
he was an imposing figure in any gathering.
[S. G. Arnold, Hist, of the State of R. I., vol. II
(i860) ; J. O. Austin, Geneal. Diet, of R. I. (1887) ;
E. R. Potter and S. S. Rider, Some Account of the
Bills of Credit . . . of R. I. (1880) ; Records of the Col-
ony of R. I., vols. Ill and IV (1858-59).] e. R. B.
JENCKES, THOMAS ALLEN (Nov. 2,
1818-Nov. 4, 1875), jurist and legislator, born
in Cumberland, R. I., was the son of Thomas B.
and Abigail W. (Allen) Jenckes, and a de-
scendant of Joseph Jenks [q.v.~\. He was edu-
Jenckes
cated at Brown University, from which institu-
tion he graduated with distinction at the age of
twenty. For one year thereafter he served as
a tutor at Brown, meanwhile pursuing the study
of law. He was admitted to practice in 1840,
and having formed a partnership with Edward
H. Hazard of Providence, he rose rapidly in his
profession. In due course he gave special at-
tention to patent law', a field in which he proved
to be peculiarly qualified by his mechanical apti-
tudes, and was retained as counsel in much of
the important patent litigation of his time, in-
cluding the suits which arose out of the Sickles
and Corliss patents relating to the steam-engine
and the more famous Day and Goodyear rubber
controversies. At an early age he disclosed a
flair for politics ; he served as one of the secre-
taries in the "Landholders Convention" of 1841
and in the Rhode Island constitutional conven-
tion of 1842. In the same year, 1842, he was
appointed secretary of the governor's council
and subsequently did service in both houses of
the state legislature. This service led to his elec-
tion as a member of the national House of Rep-
resentatives in 1862, and he took his seat at
the opening of the Thirty-eighth Congress. He
was three times reelected to represent the first
Rhode Island congressional district.
During his four terms Jenckes served on two
important committees — patents and judiciary.
His services in connection with the revision and
improvement of the laws relating to patents and
copyrights were of great and enduring value.
He was actively associated with civil-service re-
form in its earliest stages and indeed he has a
fair claim to be ranked as the first American
legislator to grasp the significance of this re-
form. In 1865 he introduced a bill for the
selection of public employees by competitive ex-
aminations, a measure which he had framed
after a study of the English practice and after
an elaborate correspondence with Sir Charles
Trevelyan and Sir Stafford Northcote, both of
whom had played an important part in the Eng-
lish movement for civil-service reform. This bill
was defeated, but Jenckes persisted and in 1866
obtained the appointment of a joint committee
to study the subject of retrenchment in gov-
ernmental expenditures. This committee appoint-
ed a sub-committee on civil service, with Jenckes
at its head, and a bill based on its recommenda-
tions was presented to the House in 1868; but
this too was defeated, although by a narrow
margin.
Meanwhile, however, President Grant had
been persuaded to take an interest in the move-
ment. In his second annual message the Presi-
41
J en ekes
dent expressed himself in favor of a law which
would govern "the manner of making all ap-
pointments." This executive approval led Con-
gress in 1871 to attach a rider to the appro-
priation bill giving the president authority "to
prescribe such rules and regulations for the ad-
mission of persons into the civil service of the
United States as will best promote the efficiency
thereof" (The Statutes at Large, XVI, 1871,
514). This rider also authorized the appoint-
ment of a civil-service commission and made an
appropriation therefor. But the victory for civil-
service reform was not yet won, for Congress
presently declined to continue the appropriation
for the commission's work.
Jenckes was also closely identified with the
movement for a national bankruptcy law and
was successful in securing the enactment of
such a measure after several years of effort. He
initiated competitive examinations for admission
to West Point. When the impeachment of Pres-
ident Andrew Johnson was voted by the House,
his name was proposed as one of the managers
to prosecute the impeachment proceedings before
the Senate, and he came within a few votes of
being chosen. By reason of his independence,
integrity, and sound judgment, he became one
of the outstanding members of the Fortieth and
Forty-first congresses, becoming widely recog-
nized as one of the best lawyers in the House.
Consequently, when it was decided to under-
take an investigation of the Credit Mobilier
charges against various members of Congress,
Jenckes, who was now no longer a member of
the House, was selected as one of the counsel
to assist in the prosecution of the inquiry. Much
was expected of him in this capacity, by reason
of his legal talents and high reputation; but
ill health prevented him from assuming a leading
part in the proceedings. He died on Nov. 4,
1875. To his contemporaries he was a somewhat
austere figure, aloof and objective, but with in-
tellectual power and legal acumen that com-
manded the highest respect everywhere. He was
always in earnest and rarely lost his temper or
self-control. In spite of a large law' practice
which made heavy demands upon his time he
gave much of his energy to the public service
for more than thirty years and by his great
capacity for work was able to make his mark
in both fields. He married in 1842 Mary J.
Fuller of Attleboro, Mass. They had seven chil-
dren.
[For biographical information see In M emoriam :
Thos. Allen Jenckes, Born Nov. 2, 1818 — Died Nov. 4,
1875 (n.d.) ; G. E. Jenks, Geneal. of the Jcnks Family
of Newport, N. H. (n.d.) ; Biog. Dir. Am. Cong.
(1928); the Providence Jour., Nov. 5, Dec. 13, 1875,
Jenifer
Jan. 5, June 21, 1876. References to his work in the
cause of civil-service reform may be found in C. R.
Fish, The Civil Service and the Patronage (1905) and
in the various biographies of the period.]
W.B.M— o.
JENIFER, DANIEL OF ST. THOMAS
(1723-Nov. 16, 1790), pre-Revolutionary leader
and statesman of the early national period, was
born in Charles County, Md. His father, Dr.
Daniel Jenifer, was of English ancestry, and his
mother, the daughter of Samuel and Elizabeth
Hanson and the sister of John Hanson \_q.v.],
was a direct descendant of a Swedish Colonel
Hanson who died with Gustavus Adolphus on
the battlefield of Liitzen. John, the son of Colo-
nel Hanson, emigrated from Sweden to America
in 1642. His great-grandson, Daniel of St.
Thomas Jenifer, the origin of whose distinctive
name is unknown, was possessed of unusual
wealth for the time and made his home on his
large estate, known as "Stepney," in Charles
County. Besides serving as agent and receiver-
general for the last two lord proprietors of
Maryland, he held many offices of public trust.
In his young manhood he was justice of the
peace of his home county, and, later, of the
western circuit of the province. In 1760 he was
placed upon the commission for the settlement
of the boundary dispute with Pennsylvania and
Delaware. In 1766 he was made a member of
the provincial court, and from 1773 until the
opening of the Revolution he sat upon the gov-
ernor's council. Though at first inclined to be
conciliatory and desirous of peace with Eng-
land, he at length took a stand for independence
and in 1775 was chosen president of the Mary-
land Council of Safety and showed great activity
in securing aid for the Revolutionary cause.
When the state government was set up in 1777
he was made president of the Senate. The fol-
lowing year he was elected to the Continental
Congress, of which he was a member until
1782, serving on various committees, including
the admiralty board and the committee to con-
sider the cession of western lands. Nationalistic
in bent, he favored a permanent union of the
states, opposed the emission of paper money,
and desired that Congress be given the power to
tax. Beginning in 1782 he was for some years
intendant of the Maryland revenues and finan-
cial agent of the state. He was likewise one of
the commissioners from Maryland who, in 1785,
met, first at Alexandria and then at Mount Ver-
non, to settle with Virginia the question of navi-
gation of the parts of Chesapeake Bay and the
Potomac shared by the two states. Two years
later he was sent as a delegate from Maryland
to the Federal convention in Philadelphia, but
42
Jenkins
he played only a very minor part in framing the
new constitution. The most important stand he
took was for a three years' term for members of
the House of Representatives, for he felt that
too frequent elections would cause popular in-
difference to civic duties and would make men
of prominence unwilling to assume office. He
favored the completed constitution and signed it,
and when Luther Martin declared that he would
be hanged if the people of Maryland would ap-
prove the document, Jenifer humorously advised
him to remain in Philadelphia lest he hang in
his home state. Jenifer never married but lived
in jolly bachelorhood at "Stepney," for many
years exchanging visits with George Washing-
ton, who appears to have been rather attached
to him. Indeed, he was a general favorite, for,
according to a contemporary, he was always in
a good humor and never failed to be pleasing
company. His death took place at Annapolis.
Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer had a brother
Daniel. The latter had two sons, Daniel of St.
Thomas and Daniel.
[Sources include: J. T. Scharf, Hist, of Md. (1879) ;
G. A. Hanson, Old Kent (1876) ; E. S. Delaplaine, The
Life of Thos. Johnson (1927); The Records of the
Federal Convention of 1787 (3 vols., 191 1), ed. by Max
Farrand ; Archives of Md., especially vol. Ill (1895) ;
The Diaries of Geo. Washington (1925), ed. by J. C.
Fitzpatrick ; Maryland Gazette (Annapolis), Nov. 18,
1790; Calvert papers in the lib. of the Md. Hist. Soc. ;
Jenifer papers, "Letter Book of the Intendant of Rev-
enue for Md.," and papers of the Continental Congress
in the Manuscripts' Div., Lib. of Cong.] M.W.W.
JENKINS, ALBERT GALLATIN (Nov. 10,
1830-May 21, 1864), congressman and Confed-
erate soldier, was probably of the same ancient
Welsh family as Micah Jenkins \_q.v.~\. His fa-
ther, Capt. William Jenkins, operated a line of
sailing vessels from the James River to South
America ; his mother, Janetta McNutt, was of
Highland Scotch extraction. In 1825 Captain
Jenkins moved to Cabell County, Va. (now W.
Va.), where he acquired an estate of 4,441
acres, extending "seven miles along the river
front and as far back into the hills as they would
pay taxes" (Huntington Herald-Advertizer,
post). On this property, in 1830, was born his
second son, Albert Gallatin. Here near the Ohio,
Captain Jenkins built in 1835 his stately man-
sion, "Green Bottom," whence Albert Gallatin
Jenkins, "Congressman and country gentleman,"
went forth to battle, "never to return — alive,
except for one brief furlough" (Huntington
Herald-Advertizer, post). The old home, much
damaged through the vicissitudes of time, still
stands as "Cabell County's one great monument"
to the ante-bellum days. Jenkins was graduated
from Jefferson College, Canonsburg, Pa., in
Jenkins
1848, and from Harvard Law' School in 1850,
After practising law at Charleston, Va., and
farming, he was chosen a delegate to the Na-
tional Democratic Convention at Cincinnati,
1856, and served in the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-
sixth congresses, 1857-61. In 1858 he was mar-
ried to Virginia, daughter of J. B. Bowlin of
St. Louis, Mo.
Though Jenkins was a slaveholder and South-
ern Democrat, he had a bitter mental struggle
before he decided to bear arms against the
Union. Resigning his seat in Congress in April
1 86 1, he went to western Virginia and was
elected captain of a cavalry company. Like many
of the new officers, he had received no military
training; so he proceeded to master "Hardee's"
military manual. In June Jenkins attracted notice
by raiding Point Pleasant, Va., and capturing
some prominent Unionists. But in August, "ap-
parently incautiously advancing into an ambush"
(Lee to H. A. Wise, Officio! Records, post, 1
ser., vol. V, p. 824), his men were badly routed,
despite his brave effort to rally them. This de-
feat, however, was probably due as much to the
incompetence of his commander, Floyd, as to
Jenkins' inexperience, and seems to have little
affected his reputation. As lieutenant-colonel
and, later, colonel of the 8th Virginia, he con-
tinued his demoralizing raids through the moun-
tain counties, winning enduring fame as a leader
of independent cavalry.
Early in 1862 he was elected a representative
to the first Confederate Congress but was soon
sent back to western Virginia with a brigadier-
general's commission. In late August and Sep-
tember he led his brigade on his most famous
raid, a daring five-hundred-mile ride through
western Virginia and into Ohio, where he was
the only Confederate general, except Morgan,
to unfurl the Stars and Bars. He captured 300
prisoners, destroyed the official records in many
counties, 5,000 stand of arms, and many stores,
yet all the while pursued "a policy of such clem-
ency as won us many friends" (Loring's official
report, Official Records, 1 ser., vol. XII, pt. II,
p. 756). In 1863 his brigade was chosen to
lead the advance guard into Pennsylvania. They
captured Chambersburg and reconnoitered to
Harrisburg before being ordered to Gettysburg.
At Gettysburg Jenkins was severely wounded.
Returning to his mountain command in the fall
of 1863, on May 9, 1864, he was opposed to
Crook's superior force at Cloyd's Mountain, Va.
While he, with drawn sword, was trying to
prevent the retreat of a Virginia regiment, they
fled. Left behind, he was wounded and captured.
A Federal surgeon amputated his arm at the
43
Jenkins
Jenkins
shoulder, but he was unable to withstand the
shock and died on May 21.
[See extensive papers and memoranda in possession
of Roy Bird Cook, Charleston, W. Va. ; Confed. Mil.
Hist. (1899), vol. II; Hcrald-Advertizcr (Huntington,
W. Va.), Aug. 25, 1929: Huntington Herald, June 22,
1900 ; War of the Rebellion, Official Records (Army).]
R.D.M.
JENKINS, CHARLES JONES (Jan. 6, 1805-
June 14, 1883), jurist, governor of Georgia,
was born in the Beaufort district, S. C, the only
child of Charles Jones Jenkins, who was the
ordinary of Beaufort district and had previously
served as clerk of the court of common pleas.
About 1816 the family moved to Jefferson Coun-
ty, Ga. Young Jenkins was an earnest student
and received the best educational advantages. He
attended the famous school of Moses Waddell,
whom he followed to Athens, Ga., when Wad-
dell became president of Franklin College, com-
pleted his preparation there, and entered Frank-
lin College. In February 1822 he took his
dismissal in order to enter Union College at
Schenectady, N. Y., where he graduated in 1824.
He read law' with J. MacPherson Berrien [^.z/.]
and was admitted to the bar in April 1826.
Beginning practice in Sandersville he was im-
mediately successful. In 1829 he moved to Au-
gusta, where, in 1832, he joined the prosperous
firm of Augustus B. Longstreet [q.v.~\ and Wil-
liam M. Mann. In 1830 he went to the lower
house of the legislature from Richmond County
and in 183 1 was elected attorney general of the
state. This office he soon resigned to seek reelec-
tion to the legislature, but was twice defeated
before his successful candidacy of 1836. With
the exception of the term of 1842, he served
continuously in the house from 1836 until his
resignation in 1850, and during this time was
speaker of the house for four terms. He was an
ardent Union Whig and, in the state constitu-
tional convention of 1850, wrote and champ-
pioned the resolutions endorsing the compro-
mise measures of 1850, commonly known as the
"Georgia platform." The historian Fielder, a
contemporary, called him the "Madison" of this
convention (Fielder, post, p. J2). In September
1850 Fillmore offered him a position in the
cabinet, but he declined. (Toombs to Fillmore,
in Phillips, post, p. 212). In 1852 the Georgia
Whigs bolted the Scott presidential ticket and
voted for Webster, who had died in October, and
Jenkins (Avery, post, p. 25). A few days after
the election Jenkins pronounced to the Whigs of
Augusta a Eulogy on the Life and Services of
Henry Clay (1853). In 1853 he was the candi-
date of the Whig or "Union" party for governor
but was defeated. Although he deprecated the
drift toward secession he was removed from ac-
tive politics by his appointment to the Georgia
supreme court, on which he served during the
entire war.
He declined the presidency of the constitu-
tional convention of 1865, charged with restor-
ing Georgia to the Union, but, as chairman of
the committee on business, he directed the diffi-
cult work of readjustment. In November 1865
he was accorded the unique honor of a unani-
mous election as governor. In his inaugural ad-
dress he declared entire acceptance of the results
of the war and pleaded for reconciliation. Within
two years he virtually restored the credit of the
state. He opposed ratification of the Fourteenth
Amendment. When the reconstruction acts of
1867 were passed he sought an injunction in the
Supreme Court restraining Secretary Stanton
from executing them, but the court declined to
interfere. Because he refused to sign a warrant
on the state treasury for the payment of the
expenses of the reconstruction convention, he
was removed by General Meade on Jan. 13, 1868.
Jenkins, on leaving the state, sequestered the
executive documents, state moneys, and the ex-
ecutive seal, which were not restored until the
Democratic governor James M. Smith took of-
fice in 1872. In appreciation the state legislature
presented Jenkins with a gold facsimile of the
executive seal inscribed, "In Arduis Fidelis."
After some months in Canada and eighteen
months' residence abroad, he had returned to
Georgia late in 1870. He retired to his home at
Summerville, near Augusta, and only returned
to public life for brief service as president of
the constitutional convention of 1877. Avery,
the Georgia historian, writing in 1881, said that
"no man in the state has enjoyed a larger meas-
ure of respect than Mr. Jenkins." (Avery, post,
p. 20.)
He was married twice: first, to a sister of
Seaborn Jones of Burke County, Ga., and, after
she died, to a daughter of Judge Barnes of
Philadelphia.
[C. C. Jones, The Life and Services of Ex-Gov. C. J.
Jenkins (1884) ; W. J. Northen, Men of Mark in Ga.,
vol. Ill (1910) ; I. W. Avery, The Hist, of the State
of Ga. (copr. 1881) ; Herbert Fielder, A Sketch of the
Life and Times and Speeches of Joseph E. Brown
(1883); "The Correspondence of Robert Toombs,
Alexander H. Stephens and Howell Cobb" edited by
U. B. Phillips in Ann. Rept. of the Am. Hist. Asso.
for the year 1911, vol. II (1913) ; Atlanta Constitution,
June 16, 1883.] H.J. P., Jr.
JENKINS, EDWARD HOPKINS (May 31,
1850-Nov. 6, 1931), agricultural chemist, was
born in Falmouth, Mass., the son of John and
Chloe (Thompson) Jenkins. He studied at Phil-
lips Academy, Andover, and entered Yale Uni-
44
Jenkins
versity, from which he received the degree of
A.B. in 1872. After carrying on graduate work
there until 1875 he went to Germany, where he
studied at the University of Leipzig (1875-76),
and later at the Forest School, Tharandt, Sax-
ony. Returning to Yale, he received from that
institution in 1879 the degree of Ph.D.
In the meantime, 1877, he became chemist of
the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion at New Haven, with which he remained
connected throughout his long career. In 1884
he was made vice-director, in 1900, director, and
in 1923 director emeritus. During his admin-
istration there were established departments of
entomology, forestry, and genetics, and the to-
bacco substation at Windsor. In addition to his
other duties, he served as director of the Storrs
Agricultural Experiment Station from 1912 un-
til his retirement from active service in 1923.
He was chairman of the state sewage commis-
sion, 1897-1903, president of the Association of
Agricultural Colleges and Experimental Sta-
tions in 1913, and was chiefly responsible for the
organization of the Association of Official Seed
Analysts, of which he was the first president.
He was also a charter member of the Associa-
tion of Official Agricultural Chemists, one of
its early presidents, and a member of its first
committee on food standards, appointed in 1897.
He was president of the Connecticut Forestry
Association, and was connected with many local,
state, and national organizations. Of the reports
of the state sewage commission he was editor,
or joint editor. As director of the Experiment
Station he planned and conducted studies which
added materially to knowledge on various sub-
jects, and he was author, or co-author, of nu-
merous papers, many of them published in the
reports of the Connecticut Agricultural Experi-
ment Station. They deal particularly with the
chemical composition of fertilizers, feeding stuffs,
foods and drugs, plant nutrition, and the culti-
vation of tobacco. In this last-named industry
he was especially interested, and results of ex-
periments in growing and curing tobacco were
published by him in Station reports from 1893
to 1904. He was the first to introduce into the
Northern states the practice of growing tobacco
under cloth for cigar wrapper purposes. A mem-
ber of the board of editors of the first edition
of the Century Dictionary, he prepared the defi-
nitions of chemical terms; he was the author of
the section on agriculture in N. G. Osborn's
History of Connecticut in Monographic Form
(1925) ; and was a contributor to the Dictionary
of American Biography.
His scrupulous integrity made him economical
Jenkins
and circumspect in the use of public funds ; he
was sympathetic and helpful in his relation to
his colleagues, but never impinged upon their
freedom ; his modesty, kindliness, invariable good
humor, and fine feeling made him a delightful
companion. His tastes were inclusive and his
gifts varied ; he contributed sketches anonymous-
ly to periodicals, and wrote verses and humorous
skits, which were known only to his friends. On
June 18, 1885, he was married to Elizabeth
Elliot Foote of Guilford, Conn. He died sud-
denly at his home in New Haven.
[Am. Men. of Sci. (4th ed., 1927) ; Rus (4th ed.,
1930) ; Yale Alumni Weekly, Nov. 13, 20, 1931 ; Sci-
ence, Nov. 27, 1 93 1 ; Forty-Ninth Report of the Conn.
Agric. Experiment Station . . . for the Year 1925 ; rec-
ords of Class of 1872, Yale; Cat. of the Officers and
Grads. of Yale Univ., 1701-1924 ; Who's Who in Amer-
ica, 1930-31-] W. E. B.
JENKINS, HOWARD MALCOLM (Mar.
30, 1842-Oct. 11, 1902), editor, historical writer,
son of Algernon Sydney and Anna Maria
(Thomas) Jenkins, was born at Gwynedd, Mont-
gomery County, Pa., where the first American
ancestor of his father's family had been among
the early Welsh settlers. His father served as
a justice of the peace for nearly forty years. He
was educated at the Friends' School of Gwynedd
and at the Gwynedd Boarding School. For one
winter after leaving the latter he taught school,
but his interest in public affairs, together with
marked literary ability, drew him toward jour-
nalism as a profession. With Wilmer Atkinson
[q.v.], whose sister Mary Anna he married three
years later, he bought the Norristown Repub-
lican in 1862, which was soon merged with the
Herald and Free Press. Jenkins served as editor
until 1866. Meanwhile he entered the emerg-
ency service of the Pennsylvania militia, called
out in 1862 and 1863 when Lee invaded Penn-
sylvania. In 1866 he moved to Wilmington and
founded with Atkinson the first daily paper in
Delaware, the Wilmington Daily Commercial.
It was during this period that he enjoyed the
friendship of Bayard Taylor. After the sale of
the Daily Commercial in 1877 he became an
editorial contributor to the West Chester Village
Record, the Philadelphia Times, and other news-
papers, and for nearly ten years was editor of
the Philadelphia American. His work during
this period shows wide knowledge of state and
national politics as well as of foreign affairs,
discriminating appreciation of cultural move-
ments, and humane interest in social betterment.
For five years (1891-96) he was associated with
Charles Heber Clark in the management of the
Manufacturer. Meanwhile he had become in-
terested in the possibilities of a publication that
45
Jenkins
might be influential in unifying and directing
the efforts of the Society of Friends. Accord-
ingly he purchased the Friends' Journal in 1884,
which the following year was merged with an
older paper, the Friends' Intelligencer. He served
as editor-in-chief until his death in 1902 and in
this capacity became a distinguished and much-
loved leader of the Society of Friends.
His work in the field of Pennsylvania local
history was extensive. In addition to writing
numerous pamphlets and magazine articles, he
edhedHistorical Collections Relating to Gwyncdd
(1884), a useful collection of source material,
and had nearly completed the editing of the
three-volume history, Pennsylvania: Colonial
and Federal (posthumously published, 1903) at
the time of his death. He also compiled The
Family of William Pcnn (1899) and Genealog-
ical Sketch of the Descendants of Samuel Spen-
cer of Pennsylvania (completed by A. H. Jen-
kins and posthumously published, 1904), and
contributed Volume I to J. R. Young's Memorial
History of the City of Philadelphia (1895),
though his name does not appear on the title-
page. He also had many interests in educational
and philanthropic fields and especially enjoyed
his service on the board of managers of Swarth-
more College, from which institution four of his
children graduated. Insisting upon the need of
special training he said, "Each of us, if we are
to earn our own way, must bring to market
something of real service to society." He con-
tributed to his generation a leadership in the
movements to secure justice for the negro, the
Indian, and the prisoner ; to bring about lasting
peace ; and to promote constructive plans for
the betterment of mankind.
[Memoirs of Jenkins by two of his sons, T. A. Jen-
kins and A. H. Jenkins, were published respectively in
the Friends' Intelligencer, Dec. 27, 1902, and in the
Gcncal. Sketch of Samuel Spencer of Pa. (1904), pre-
viously mentioned. See also : Who's Who in America,
1901-02; and the Public Ledger (Phila.), Oct. 12, 13,
1902.] A.L.L.
JENKINS, JAMES GRAHAM (July 18, 1834-
Aug. 6, 1921), lawyer, judge, was born at Sara-
toga Springs, N. Y., the son of Edgar Jen-
kins, a merchant, and Mary Elizabeth (Wal-
worth) Jenkins. His mother's father was Reuben
Hyde Walworth [q.v.~\, a justice of the supreme
court of New York and a distinguished chan-
cellor of that state. James was educated in the
private schools of his native city and commenced
the study of law in the offices of Ellis, Burrill
& Davison, New York City. Upon his admis-
sion to the bar he immediately commenced the
practice of his profession and two years later
(1857) removed to Milwaukee. He was mar-
Jenkins
ried in 1870 to Alice Mary Miller, daughter of
Andrew Gilbraith Miller, then United States
district judge for the eastern district of Wis-
consin. During the time Jenkins was engaged
in practice he was successively the law partner
of Jason Downer, later a justice of the Supreme
Court, Edward G. Ryan, later chief justice of
the supreme court of Wisconsin, Senator Mat-
thew Hale Carpenter, Theodore B. Elliott, and
Gen. Frederick C. Winkler. It would be diffi-
cult to select from the roll of Wisconsin lawyers
a more distinguished group. At the time of his
appointment to be United States district judge
for the eastern district of Wisconsin (July 2,
1888), he was generally recognized as the leader
of the bar. When Walter Q. Gresham resigned
the office of United States circuit judge for the
seventh judicial circuit to become a member of
President Cleveland's cabinet ( March 1893) Jen-
kins was appointed to succeed him and continued
to serve in that capacity until his retirement to
private life in 1905.
Jenkins' name is associated with two impor-
tant cases : Pillsbury vs. Pillsbury Washburn
Company, Ltd. (24 U. S. Appeal Reports), and
Farmers Loan & Trust Company vs. Northern
Pacific Railway Company (60 Fed., 803). The
first case, which involved matters generally clas-
sified under unfair competition or unfair trade,
remains a landmark in the history of American
jurisprudence. The principles there laid down,
amplified and extended, have so far governed
the law of that subject. The second case, gen-
erally known as the Northern Pacific receiver-
ship, involved Jenkins in a controversy with
Congress. John C. Spooner, counsel for the re-
ceiver, filed a petition in the court over which
Jenkins presided. Upon the petition the court
issued the famous injunctional or strike order
which enjoined the employees then in the service
of the receiver from combining and conspiring
to quit the services of the receiver with the
object and intent of crippling the property in
their custody. This order became the subject of
investigation by a subcommittee of the House
of Representatives. The committee attempted to
summon Jenkins before it. He declined to com-
ply on the ground that the committee was not
authorized to inquire into any matters affecting
his personal or official integrity. The case was
later appealed to the Supreme Court of the
United States and there, with very slight modi-
fication, the decree was affirmed.
After his retirement from the bench, Jenkins
was for seven years (1908-15) dean of the law
school of Marquette University, Milwaukee.
Throughout his life he was an influential leader
46
Jenkins
of the Democratic party and was its candidate
for governor in 1879. In 1881 he received the
vote of his party in the legislature of Wisconsin
for United States senator. While his party in
the state was in a hopeless minority, his interest
in it never waned. He was active in its councils
and gave much of his time and energy to its
support upon the stump. He was of medium
height, commanding presence, and distinguished
bearing, and he enjoyed to an unusual degree
a deserved popularity with the people of his
state. He died in Milwaukee, Wis.
["In Memoriam, Jas. Graham Jenkins," 175 Wis.
Reports, Hi ; A Memorial of Jas. Graham Jenkins Pre-
pared on Behalf of Alice Mary Jenkins (1922) ; P. M.
Reed, Bench and Bar of Wis. (1882) ; John R. Berry-
man, Hist, of the Bench and Bar of Wis. (1898), vol.
II ; the Milwaukee Jour., Aug. 7, 1921.] M. B. R.
JENKINS, JOHN (Feb. 15, 1728-November
1785), pioneer, surveyor, the son of John and
Lydia (Allen) Jenkins, was probably born in
East Greenwich, Conn. He was married, in
February 1751, to Lydia Gardner of New Lon-
don. In 1753 the Susquehanna Company of Con-
necticut was formed to settle the territory in
Pennsylvania claimed by the colony of Con-
necticut by the grant in its original charter, but
disputed by the proprietaries of Pennsylvania.
Jenkins, who had explored the Wyoming Val-
ley that year, was its leading spirit and chief
commissioner. He went to Albany, N. Y., dur-
ing the congress of the colonies in 1754 and
with his fellow commissioners obtained from the
chiefs of the Six Nations a deed to the disputed
lands on the Susquehanna River including Wy-
oming and the country westward to the Alle-
ghanies. For this they paid the chieftains £2,-
000. The following year Jenkins was sent to
survey the Wyoming Valley but found the sav-
ages engaged in strife with the settlers. The set-
tlement of the country by the Susquehanna Com-
pany was accordingly postponed.
In 1762, believing the time propitious for the
colonization of Wyoming, Jenkins headed a band
of settlers who were purchasers from the Sus-
quehanna Company. They arrived in the sum-
mer of that year, but on Oct. 15, 1763, were
driven out by the Indians who massacred some
of the party. In 1768 a meeting of the company
was held at Hartford, Conn., with Jenkins pre-
siding, which resolved that the forty proprietors
of the five proposed townships should proceed
to Wyoming and commence the settlement, and
that 200 more should follow in the next spring.
The plan was carried out in January 1769,
when Jenkins, accompanied by his son John
[q.v.~\, started for the Susquehanna and began
the settlement of the town of Kingston. He held
Jenk
ins
all the lands from the township line to Kingston
and Exeter, at the head of the Wyoming Valley.
At Pittson Ferry Bridge, he and others con-
structed the stronghold, known as Jenkins' Fort.
He was a member of the Connecticut Assembly
from Westmoreland County in 1774, 1775, and
1777. On July 1, 1778, the day before the Wyo-
ming "massacre," he was driven out of his land
and fled to Orange County, N. Y., where he
died. After his retirement from Wyoming Val-
ley, his son took his place as leader of the
Connecticut settlers.
[See Isaac A. Chapman, A Sketch of the Hist, of
Wyoming (1830) ; Chas. Miner, Hist, of Wyoming, in
a Series of Letters from Chas. Miner, to his Son Wm.
Penn Miner, Esq. (1845); Geo. Peck, Wyoming : Its
Hist., Stirring Incidents, and Romantic Adventures
(1858) ; Hist, of Luzerne, Lackawanna, and Wyoming
Counties, Pa. (1880) ; H. C. Bradsby, Hist, of Luzerne
County, Pa. (1893) ; Gcneal. and Family Hist, of the
Wyoming and Lackawanna Valleys, Pa. (1906), ed.
by H. E. Hayden, Alfred Hand, and J. W. Jordan;
and Pa. Archives, 2 ser., vol. XVIII (1893). Accord-
ing to Peck, ante, Jenkins was born in Wales and came
to America about 1735.] T T
JENKINS, JOHN (Nov. 27, 1751 o.s.-Mar.
19, 1827), soldier, pioneer, surveyor, the eldest
son of John Jenkins [<7.£\] and Lydia Gardner,
was born at Gardner's Lake, in New London,
Conn. As a youth he accompanied his father to
the Wyoming Valley, Pa., with the band of
settlers who, by attempting to establish the
claims of Connecticut to that region, kept alive
the strife which has been called the Pennamite
War. He was, in turn, farmer, surveyor, con-
veyancer, school teacher, merchant, and iron-
monger. For many years he was the agent of
the Susquehanna Company of Connecticut, which
his father had been instrumental in forming, and
also commanded the Forty Fort, the stronghold
of the settlers. He took an active interest in the
Revolution from the beginning. In 1777 he was
taken prisoner by Indians and Tories and was
carried first to Niagara, subsequently to Mon-
treal, and finally to Albany. While his captors
were planning to hold a Grand Council to de-
cide what disposition to make of him, he es-
caped and after great suffering and fatigue,
reached his home in Wyoming in June 1778.
Almost immediately after his return he joined
Captain Spalding's company as lieutenant and
was with Colonel Hartley at Tioga Point in Sep-
tember 1778, participating in the battle of Indian
Hill, near Wyalusing. He is said to have been
called into conference with Washington, and to
have assisted him in planning General Sullivan's
punitive expedition against the Indians who
committed the massacre at Wyoming (1778).
He served with Sullivan throughout the cam-
paign, receiving the formal thanks of that com-
47
Jenkins
mander for his services as guide and tor his
gallant conduct in the battle of Newtown, Aug.
29> l779- With his company he joined Wash-
ington's army on the Hudson in the spring of
1781 and was in the battle of King's Bridge,
July 3, 1 78 1. He accompanied the army to York-
town, being present at the surrender of Corn-
wallis. Shortly afterward he resigned his com-
mand and returned to his home, where as the
leader of the Connecticut settlers he actively de-
fended his family and friends against the Indians
and the "Pennamites."
In 1783 Jenkins appeared before the Supreme
Executive Council of Pennsylvania to press the
claims of the Susquehanna Company of Con-
necticut. Three years later he defended himself
before the same body against charges of Penn-
sylvania settlers in the Wyoming Valley that he
had acted tyrannically and had threatened bodily
harm to those who opposed him. In the same
year, 1786, he laid out the towns of Athens and
Tioga Point, in Bradford County, and in 1787,
having established himself in Exeter, he was
elected sheriff of Luzerne County after it had
been organized. He owned a plot of land six
miles square in the disputed territory, within
the townships of Blakely, Carbondale, and Green-
field, but refused it under Pennsylvania title
and consequently suffered great loss. He con-
tinued his fight against the state, even going to
Congress, but finally he concluded to relinquish
his claims. Jenkins married Bethiah Harris, of
Colchester, Conn., June 23, 1778. Such was his
popularity in his community that although he
was a Democrat, and the county generally was
Federalist, he was several times elected to pub-
lic office. He died at his home in Exeter.
[H. C. Bradsby, Hist, of Bradford County, Pa.
(1891), and Hist, of Luzerne County, Pa. (1893);
Hist, of Luzerne, Lackawanna, and Wyoming Coun-
ties, Pa. (1880); George Peck, Wyoming : Its Hist.,
Stirring Incidents and Romantic Adventures (1858) ;
Geneal. and Family Hist, of the Wyoming and Lack-
awanna Valleys, Pa. (1906), ed. by H. E. Hayden, Al-
fred Hand, and J. W. Jordan ; Pa. Archives, 2 ser.,
vol. XVIII (1893) ; Isaac A. Chapman, A Sketch of
the Hist, of Wyoming (1830) ; Chas. Miner, Hist, of
Wyoming, in a Series of Letters from Chas. Miner to
his Son Wm. Penn Miner, Esq. (1845).] j j
JENKINS, JOHN STIL WELL (Feb. 15,
1818-Sept. 20, 1852), lawyer, newspaper editor,
author, was probably the son of Ira Jenkins, an
Albany merchant and banker, who about 1830
removed to central New' York and in 1836 was
elected second president of the village of Clyde
in Wayne County, and Rebecca (Van Heusen)
Jenkins. John Stilwell Jenkins was born in Al-
bany. He entered Hamilton College at Clinton,
N. Y., as a member of the sophomore class in
Jenkins
1835 but left college at the end of the year to
take up the study of law. He was admitted to
the bar and seems to have begun to practice at
Jordan in Onondaga County but soon removed
to Weedsport and subsequently to Auburn and
Sennett in Cayuga County. He married the
grand-daughter of Gen. John Fellows of the
Revolutionary army in 1843. Becoming inter-
ested in newspaper work, he established and ed-
ited the Cayuga Tocsin, a Democratic news-
paper which opposed the further extension of
slavery. In 1847 the paper was merged with the
Cayuga Patriot under the name of the Cayuga
New Era, to.the editorial pages of which Jen-
kins also contributed. His novelette, "Alice
Howard," appeared in a Philadelphia periodical
in 1846. He was a prolific writer or rather com-
piler of books, doubtless stimulated by the ap-
pearance of several publishing houses in Auburn
in the decade of the forties. The New Clerk's
Assistant (1846), a volume of practical legal
forms, passed through many editions and sold to
the number of 30,000 copies. His History of
Political Parties in the State of New York
(1846) is an abridgment and popularization of
the two-volume work on the same subject pub-
lished four years before by Jabez D. Hammond,
to whom he dedicated the volume. Lives of the
Governors of the State of New York (1851) is
a similar work on the history and politics of
the empire state. The History of the War be-
tween the United States and Mexico, from the
Commencement of Hostilities to the Ratification
of the Treaty of Peace (1848), purporting to be
the first account of the struggle between the two
republics, was based upon the official reports
of the officers of the army and sold to the num-
ber of 35,000 copies. United States Exploring
Expedition (1851), intended to be the first of a
series of works on exploration, is a condensa-
tion of Charles Wilkes's Narrative of the United
States Exploring Expedition, 1838-42 (5 vols.,
1845), ar>d William Francis Lynch's Narrative
of the United States' Expedition to the River
Jordan and the Dead Sea (1849). The Life of
Silas Wright, Late Governor of the State of
New York (1847), The Life of General Andrew
Jackson (1847), James Knox Polk, and a His-
tory of His Administration (1850), and The
Life of John Caldwell Calhoun ( 1850), are eulo-
gistic accounts of the leaders of the Democratic
party of his day, written too soon after the
decease of the subjects to have permanent value.
The Lives of Patriots and Heroes Distinguished
in the Battles for American Freedom (1847),
The Generals of the Last War with Great Brit-
ain (1849), and The Heroines of History (1851),
48
Jenkins
are biographical works so general in character
as to be without value. At the time of his death,
Jenkins was engaged upon a "Pictorial History
of New York," and a work on "The Practice in
Justices' Courts," neither of which was com-
pleted. He died at the home of his father in
Syracuse after a surgical operation at the age
of thirty-four. He was survived by his wife
and four children.
[Cat. of the Corporation, Officers, and Students, of
Hamilton Coll., Clinton, 1835-36; C. E. Fitch, ed., En-
cyc. of Biog. of N. Y., vol. II ( 1916) ; Elliot G. Storke,
Hist, of Cayuga County, N. Y. (1879), and "Hist, of
the Press of Cayuga County, from 1798 to 1877," in
Cayuga County (N. Y.) Hist. Soc. Colls., vol. VII
(1889) ; Syracuse Standard, Sept. 22, 1852; Syracuse
Jour., Sept. 23, 1852.] I.M. C.
JENKINS, MICAH (Dec. 1, 1835-May 6,
1864), Confederate soldier, was born on Edisto
Island, S. C. The Jenkinses belonged to an an-
cient Welsh family, claiming descent from the
last Prince Llewellyn. Joseph Jenkins, the first
of Micah's South Carolina ancestors, landed
about 1670; in 1791 one of his descendants
bought "Brick House" Plantation of Edisto Isl-
and, which is still in possession of the family.
Micah was the third son of Capt. John Jenkins,
Edisto "planter and baron," and Elizabeth Clark.
>He entered the South Carolina Military Acad-
emy in 1851, and was graduated, when nineteen,
at the head of his class. The next year, 1855,
he helped to establish the King's Mountain Mili-
tary School, at Yorkville, S. C, which continued
in successful operation until the outbreak of the
Civil War. To the cause of secession Jenkins
gave himself with intense enthusiasm. He as-
sisted in organizing and was elected colonel of
the 5th South Carolina Regiment, which was
among the first regiments to enter the Confed-
erate service, and at Manassas was posted on
the right and fought conspicuously. The next
year "Jenkins' Palmetto Sharpshooters," a new
regiment of picked men which he had organized,
quickly attracted notice in the battles around
Richmond. At Seven Pines, Jenkins acted as
commander of a brigade, including the "Sharp-
shooters." Gen. D. H. Hill, in giving an ac-
count of the operations, reported that Jenkins'
brigade, because of the latter's skilful handling
of it, "rendered more service than any two en-
gaged" (Thomas, post, p. 26). After Frayser's
Farm, in which the "Sharpshooters" lost all but
125 men, he was promoted brigadier-general,
July 22, 1862; and after Second Manassas, where
Jenkins was severely wounded, General Lee, rid-
ing up to him, said, "I hope yet to see you one
of my lieutenant-generals" (Thomas, post, p.
26).
Jenkins
In 1864 Jenkins, being ordered to East Ten-
nessee, commanded Hood's division at Chicka-
mauga. From Chattanooga he accompanied
Longstreet in his campaign against Knoxville.
Returning to Virginia, he was in time to com-
mand his old brigade in the second day of the
Wilderness. As he rode into battle by the side
of Longstreet, he exclaimed, "I am happy ; I
have felt despair of the cause for some months,
but am relieved, and feel assured that we will
put the enemy back across the Rapidan before
night" (Longstreet, post, p. 563). Before he
had finished speaking he was mortally wounded
by mistaken fire of the Confederates, being shot
near the same spot and in the same way as was
Stonewall Jackson. Wade Hampton described
Jenkins as the "finest soldier I ever saw"
(Thomas, post, p. 26). A surviving war-time
portrait shows him with dark moustache and
eyes, and handsome, resolute face. Married in
1856 to Caroline, daughter of Gen. D. F. Jami-
son, later president of the South Carolina seces-
sion convention, he was survived by four sons,
including Maj. Micah Jenkins, cited for bravery
at San Juan Hill, and Major-Gen. John M.
Jenkins, U. S. A.
[J. P. Thomas, Career and Character of Gen. Micah
Jenkins, C. S. A. (1903), and The Hist, of the S. C.
Mil. Acad. (1893); War of the Rebellion, Official
Records (Army) ; Confed. Mil. Hist. (1899), V, 404-
06 ; Jas. Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox
(1896); 5". C. Hist, and Geneal. Mag., Oct. 1919 ;
Charleston Mercury, May 9, 12, 1864; information as
to certain facts from Jenkins' son, Gen. John M. Jen-
kins, Washington, D. C] R. D. M.
JENKINS, NATHANIEL (June 7, 1812-
May 20, 1872), inventor, manufacturer, was
born in Boston, Mass., the son of Nathaniel and
Mary (Wheeler) Jenkins. He was educated in
the city public schools and then became a copper-
smith's apprentice. After completing his full
term and working for several years for different
masters, he organized in 1837 his own copper-
smith's business in Boston under the firm name
of Rice, Jenkins & Company. For the succeed-
ing seventeen years he carried on this business
acquiring a large control in 1853 and changing
the firm name to Jenkins & Company. The fol-
lowing year, however, he disposed of his in-
terest in this company and established himself in
Boston as a silversmith and clock-maker and
carried on the business successfully for ten years.
In the meantime, around i860, he undertook
some experimental work in an attempt to find a
suitable packing material which would with-
stand the destructive effect of hot water and
steam in faucets and valves. After a very com-
plete and thorough search extending over four
years he eliminated all materials except rubber
49
Jenkins
compounds, and in 1864 he gave up silversmith -
ing and opened a place of business at 52 Sud-
bury Street, Boston, to engage in the invention
and production of water faucets fitted with re-
newable packings of rubber. For two years he
labored diligently and was then rewarded on
May 8, 1866, with a United States patent, No.
54,554, for a rubber compound packing which
would stand hot water and steam as well (House
Executive Document 109, 39 Cong., 2 Sess., II,
708). At about the same time he invented a
steam valve and as this seemed to possess greater
possibilities, he concentrated his efforts on the
production of this device and the packing com-
pound for steam and hot-water joints. He also
continued with his inventive work and obtained
several additional patents for improvements on
these products in 1866 and 1867. Finally on
Oct. 6, 1868, he was granted patent No. 82,844
(House Executive Document 52, 40 Cong., 3
Sess., II, 506) for the type of steam globe valve
now known throughout the world as the Jen-
kins valve. As Jenkins designed it, an India-
rubber compounded packing was employed for
sealing the joint of the valve. The valve parts
were arranged in such a way that should the
packing weaken or be destroyed, the metallic
portions of the joint would come into contact and
effect a tight union. Jenkins took his son Charles
into partnership with him in 1868. Four years
later he died, and immediately thereafter, to
continue the business, his two sons Charles and
Alfred B. Jenkins formed a partnership under
the firm name of Jenkins Brothers. About forty
years later the business of Jenkins Brothers was
incorporated under the laws of the state of New
Jersey, Alfred B. Jenkins serving as president
until his death. Nathaniel Jenkins married Mary
W. Tucker of Roxbury, Mass., on Oct. 4, 1835,
and at the time of his death was survived by
three sons and a daughter.
[Boston Daily Jour., May 20, 1872; Boston Daily
Advertiser, May 21, 1872; Patent Office records; cor-
respondence with the firm of Jenkins Brothers.]
C.W.M
JENKINS, THORNTON ALEXANDER
(Dec. 11, 1811-Aug. 9, 1893), naval officer, was
born in Orange County, Va. There he prepared
for college but was forced to work as a merchant
clerk for two or three years until, upon warm
testimonials from friends, including Mrs. Dolly
Madison, he was appointed midshipman, Nov. 1,
1828. After service in the West Indies against
pirates, 1828-33, he took his examination for
lieutenant, 1834, standing first among eighty-
two candidates, though he was not promoted
until 1839. He was on coast survey duty, 1834-
Jenkins
42; in the Brazil and Mediterranean squadrons,
1842-45 ; and in 1845-46 went abroad with an-
other officer to study European lighthouse sys-
tems, the results of which were published in a
comprehensive report (1846). Later he was sec-
retary of the first temporary lighthouse board,
1850-52, framed the law of 1852 for the admin-
istration of the lighthouse service, and was sec-
retary of the permanent board, 1852-58, 1861-62.
Meanwhile he had served during the Mexican
War as executive in the Germantown, heading
her landing parties at Tuxpan and Tabasco, and
in command of the hospital ship Relief and the
supply station at Salmadena Island. He had
charge of Gulf Stream observations for the Coast
Survey, 1848-52, and commanded the Preble in
the Paraguayan Expedition, 1858-59, and later
in the West Indies, where in 1861 he assisted
in saving for the Union the forts at Key West
and the Dry Tortugas. In the Civil War he
commanded the Wachusett in the James River,
June-September, 1862, taking part in the ac-
tions at Coggin's Point and City Point. He was
promoted captain in July, and in November,
commanding the Oneida, joined the blockade
below Mobile, where he was senior officer, Nov.
12-Dec. 28. In February 1863, he became Far-
ragut's flag captain on the Mississippi, com-"
manding the Hartford at the passing of Port
Hudson and Grand Gulf, Mar. 14-19. Subse-
quently, transferred to the Richmond, he com-
manded the forces below Port Hudson, and was
senior naval officer at its surrender, July 8. The
day before, on board the Monongahela, he re-
ceived a slight wound in the hip while passing
the batteries at College Point. After taking the
Richmond to New York for refitting, he was
again on the Mobile blockade, December 1863-
February 1865, acting during the greater part
of this period as senior officer, and in the Rich-
mond commanding the 2nd division at the battle
of Mobile Bay. Farragut in his report (August
12) of the battle speaks in warmest terms of
Jenkins* "ability and most untiring zeal," while
one of his subordinates in this campaign, Lieu-
tenant Perkins (C. S. Alden, George Hamilton
Perkins, U. S. N.; His Life and Letters, 1914,
p. 202), describes him as "one of the kindest
and best of men." After duty on the James
River until the close of the war, he was chief of
the Bureau of Navigation, August 1865-April
1869. Secretary Welles remarked upon his ap-
pointment that he was "one of the most faithful,
industrious, laborious, and best informed of-
ficers in the service" (Diary of Gideon Welles,
191 1, III, 569). He was made rear admiral on
July 13, 1870, and commanded the Asiatic Squad-
50
Jenks
ron from May 1872, until his retirement, Dec.
11, 1873. Before and during his service as bu-
reau chief he was author of a number of gov-
ernment publications in his special field of navi-
gation, notably a Code of Flotilla and Boat
Squadron Signals for the United States Navy
(1861) ; Instructions for Hydrographic Survey-
ors (1868) ; The Ride of the Road at Sea and
in Inland Waters (1869) ; The Barometer, Ther-
mometer, Hygrometer, and Atmospheric Ap-
pearances at Sea and on Land as Aids in Fore-
telling Weather (1869) ; and Ships' Compasses
(1869). After his retirement he made his home
in Washington. He was married first to a Miss
Powers, and second to a daughter of Paymaster
Thornton of the navy. By his second marriage
he had three daughters and two sons.
[War of the Rebellion: Official Records (Navy);
L. R. Hamersly, The Records of Living Officers of the
U. S. Navy and Marine Corps (4th ed., 1890) ; L. G.
Tyler, Encyc. of Va. Biog. (1915), vol. Ill ; Army and
Navy Jour., Aug. 12, 1893 ; Washington Post, Aug. 10,
1893] A.W.
JENKS, GEORGE CHARLES (Apr. 13,
1850-Sept. 12, 1929), writer of dime novels,
journalist, was born in London, England, son
of George Stilwell and Eliza (Miller) Jenks.
After serving an apprenticeship with a London
printer, he came to America in 1872 and worked
at printing for ten years. He was a writer on
the Pittsburgh Press for six years ; then moved
to New York in 1895, where he became corre-
spondent of the Pittsburgh Dispatch and Ga-
zette-Times, and an author of fiction and motion
pictures. He wrote dramatic criticism, engaged
in private theatricals, and in the occasional di-
rectorship of small theatres. Books signed with
his own name include an Official History of the
Johnstown Flood (1889) with Frank Connelly,
and a few novels in conventional form : The
Climax (1909), from the play by Edward
Locke; The Deserters (1911), with Anna A.
Chapin; and Stop Thief! (1913), with Carlyle
Moore. He also gave lectures on the work of
the writers of fiction. Paradoxically, he owes
his fame to work done under pseudonyms. His
career as a writer of dime novels and "nickel
weeklies" began as early as 1886, when he was
writing, under his own name, for the pioneer
firm in this branch of fiction: Beadle & Adams.
Years later, in an article, "Dime Novel Makers"
{Bookman, New York, October 1904), he gave
a good-humored description of his fellow dime-
novelists of the early period, not, however, ad-
mitting his own share in this work.
Writing for the firm of Street & Smith, Jenks
was one of the group of authors who related
the preposterous but highly popular adventures
Jenks
of Nick Carter. This detective was the creation
of John Russell Coryell, Frederic V. R. Dey,
Eugene T. Sawyer, Jenks, and others. From
October 1896 to June 1911 Jenks (with others)
wrote a weekly novelette about a character called
Diamond Dick. Priority is always doubtful in
these stories, but Samuel S. Hall had used this
name as early as 1882. Despite the similarity
in name to E. L. Wheeler's Deadwood Dick,
the new tales were successful. Years after the
dime novels had vanished, the names of only
five or six out of their thousands of characters
remained in the minds of readers, and Jenks's
youthful hero was one of the survivors. Dia-
mond Dick, Jr., The Boys' Best Weekly, sold
at five cents a copy, with a colored picture show-
ing Dick befriending the innocent or baffling
the wicked. He had a broad-brimmed hat ; long,
golden curls; fancy jacket; broad sash; white
breeches and high, black boots — a costume never
worn by anybody outside a Wild West show.
There was a Western flavor in his adventures,
indicated by the titles : Diamond Dick's Sack of
Sand; or, Turning the Tables on the Mining
Wolves, and The Shade of Diamond Dick; or,
The Ghost of the Mine. The stories were signed
W. B. Lawson, a pseudonym also attached to
many of the Jesse James stories.
Jenks was married thrice : in 1878 to Sarah
Jane Lambert, who died in 1895; in 1897 to
Elizabeth J. Aylward, who died in 1897; and
in 1899 to Katharine Baird, who survived him.
He had a cheerful, kindly temperament which
not only made him well liked by his associ-
ates, but enabled him to keep his poise in the
midst of literary over-production. His physical
strength — he grew to be very large — was such
that, at a moment's notice, he could attack his
type-writer with a tremendous vigor, and finish
a fifteen-thousand-word story in two sittings.
He saw the amusing side of the manufacture of
five-cent thrillers, but had the necessary ability
to take his own work seriously. He found gen-
uine excitement in the exploits of his hero.
While he might get only one hundred dollars
for a novel of 80,000 words, his industry helped
him achieve what seemed to him, as contrasted
with his boyhood, a great success ; frequently to
visit Europe with his family; and finally to
retire to a country home at Owasco, N. Y.
Nevertheless, his facility in writing led to a
deterioration, even from the standards of the
dime novel.
[Who's Who in America, 1928-29; N. Y. Times,
Sept. 14, 1929; information as to certain facts from
surviving members of his family, and from his pub-
lisher.] E.L. P — n.
51
Jenks
JENKS, JEREMIAH WHIPPLE (Sept. 2,
1856-Aug. 24, 1929), economist, teacher, was
the son of Benjamin Lane and Amanda (Mes-
ser) Jenks and was descended on his father's
side from Joseph Jenks [g.v.]. After attending
the public schools of St. Clair, Mich., his birth-
place, he entered the University of Michigan,
graduating in 1878. He chose a legal career
and while teaching Greek, Latin, and German at
Mount Morris College, Mount Morris, 111., he
carried on studies which resulted in his being
admitted to the Michigan bar in 1881. But then
the new field of political economy attracted him
so strongly that in 1883 he gave up his profes-
sorship and went to Germany for graduate work.
He received the degree of Ph.D. at Halle in
1885, publishing in the same year his thesis,
Henry C. Carey als Nationalokonom. Upon his
return to the United States he taught political
science and English literature (1886-89) at
Knox College and for two years was professor of
economics and social science at Indiana Uni-
versity (1889-91). The appointment as profes-
sor of political economy at Cornell which he
received in 1891, at the age of thirty-five, gave
him wider scope and it soon became evident that
the practical application of economic theories to
the solution of current political problems ab-
sorbed more of his interest than did research in
pure theory. It was not until 1899, however,
that he got his first opportunity to make a first-
hand study of an economic question. The "trust
problem" was then under wide consideration.
When the United States Industrial Commission
was established, Jenks was chosen as its adviser
on industrial combinations. He prepared a
study, Industrial Combinations and Prices (vol.
I of the commission's reports), and also a vol-
ume on Industrial Combinations in Europe (vol.
XVIII). The Trust Problem (1900) was based
largely on data brought out in the course of the
commission's work.
This was the beginning of Jenks's excursions
into the field of practical economics. He was the
first American economist of academic training
and connections to devote a large part of his
life to service on government boards and com-
missions. After the Spanish-American War, the
War Department, having on its hands the ad-
ministration of the Philippine Islands, sent Jenks
to the Orient to study currencies, taxation, and
police systems. His observations were published
in Certain Economic Questions in the English
and Dutch Colonies in the Orient (Washington,
1902). In 1903 he served the Mexican gov-
ernment as an expert on currency reform, and
in 1904 he made his second trip to the Orient
Jenks
as the representative of the Commission on In-
ternational Exchange which had been created at
the request of the Chinese and Mexican govern-
ments. In the latter position he won the friend-
ship of many prominent Chinese and acquired
a permanent interest in Oriental affairs. Later
he became a member of the American Asiatic
Association and of the China Society of Amer-
ica.
In 1907 Congress by the establishment of the
Immigration Commission provided for an exten-
sive economic and social survey and Jenks was
one of the three members of the commission
selected by President Roosevelt to cooperate
with six members of Congress. He plunged into
his new task with characteristic energy and
thoroughness. It was owing largely to his ex-
perience and advice that the commission re-
jected hearings as a method of collecting evi-
dence and relied instead upon field studies by its
own experts. Jenks was particularly interested
in the white slave trade and the facts which his
investigations revealed were used as a basis for
federal legislation. He was able to shape to a
considerable extent the commission's general rec-
ommendations. Later in collaboration with W.
Jett Lauck he published a useful college text-
book, The Immigration Problem (1911), based
on the voluminous reports of the commission.
After a service of over twenty years at Cornell
University, Jenks resigned in 191 2 to accept an
appointment as professor of government at New
York University. A second series of foreign
missions began in 19 18. The year previous he
had been named as one of the three members of
the High Commission for Nicaragua, to act as
its umpire. In this capacity he made a number
of visits to Nicaragua and in 1925 assisted in
the revision of its banking laws. Meanwhile the
new German Republic had availed itself of
his services as one of a group of experts in a
survey of economic conditions preliminary to
plans for currency stabilization. His activity as
a traveler and investigator continued until the
end of his life; in 1928 at the age of seventy-
two he revisited China to familiarize himself at
first hand with the progress made under the
nationalist regime. He was a voluminous writer.
Besides the works on trusts and on immigration
and the official reports cited above, he was the
author of Principles of Politics (1909), a series
of lectures delivered at Columbia University,
and of numerous books dealing with educational,
religious, and business subjects. His writings
on economic questions show that he was chiefly
interested in the collation of significant facts and
their exposition rather than with the formula-
52
Jenks
tion of principles or with the criticism of exist-
ing economic theories. In his discussion of eco-
nomic problems he took a conservative attitude.
Averse to partisanship, he often softened the
force of his conclusions by qualifying phrases.
He was gifted with a charming personality, was
sincerely interested in people, and had many
loyal friends, particularly among the young men
with whom he came into contact in his university
work. He was married, on Aug. 28, 1884, to
Georgia Bixler of Bedford Springs, Pa. He
died in New York City.
{Who's Who in America, 1928-29; Am. Econ. Rev.,
Dec. 1929; Univ. of Mich. Cat. of Grads. . . . 1837-
1921 (1923) ; the Mich. Alumnus, Oct. 5, 1929 ; G. E.
Jenks, Geneal. of the Jenks Family of Newport, N. H.
(1888) ; Cornell Alumni News, June 19, 1912; N. Y.
Times, Aug. 25, 1929.] P. W. B.
JENKS, JOSEPH (1602-March 1683 n.s.), in-
ventor, the descendant of an old Welsh family,
was probably born in Colnbrook, England,
though accounts vary in regard to the place of
his birth. He was by trade an iron-worker and
was employed at Hammersmith when, in 1642,
Robert Bridges of Lynn, Mass., succeeded in
forming a company in England to finance the
first iron works to be established in America.
Bog iron had been found in considerable quanti-
ties at Saugus, near Lynn, and the colonists
were eager to make use of it. As a skilled worker
Jenks was induced to come to America to assist
in the development of the new enterprise. He
was a man of unusual inventive ability, and not
content with casting the much-needed utensils
and tools required by the settlers, he was soon
occupied with new and original projects. In
1646 he petitioned the Court "for liberty to
make experience of his abillityes and Inventions
for the making of engines for mills, to goe with
water . . . and mills for the making of sithes
. . . with a new Invented Sawemill" (Lewis,
post, p. 92). His reputation as a metal worker
spread in the colony, and when, in 1652, a mint
was set up in Boston, he was chosen to cut the
dies for the first coins. His daughter-in-law
is said to have provided the design of a pine
tree which gave to the new piece of money its
popular name. In 1654 the Boston selectmen
arranged to have Jenks make "an Ingine to
carry water in case of fire" (Ibid., p. 100), said
to be the first fire-engine in America. Mean-
while the iron works sold to Jenks the right to
build a forge of his own for the manufacture of
scythes. It was here in 1655 that he produced
a scythe of a distinctly new type, "for the more
speedy cutting of grasse." This was an im-
provement on the old English model, and its
adequacy is suggested by the fact that there has
Jenks
been little change in the shape or size of scythes
since that time.
In 1667 Jenks was petitioning for aid "to
commence a wire factory." He was not suc-
cessful in obtaining financial support in this ven-
ture, however, The iron works had not proved
in the long run a remunerative project. There
were plenty of people who needed its wares, but
few with ready money to pay for them. Litiga-
tion caused by the flooding of adjoining prop-
erty arose, and there is a tradition that the
settlers became apprehensive lest a scarcity of
wood might result from the amount of charcoal
consumed. In any case, the works, after con-
tinuing with some difficulty, suspended opera-
tions about 1688. Jenks was a widower when he
came to America. He had left in England a
son [see Jenckes, Joseph, 1632-17 17] who later
joined his father, learned the parental trade,
and established himself in Rhode Island where
he became the founder of the city of Pawtucket.
After coming to Lynn the elder Jenks married
a certain Elizabeth, whose family name is un-
known. They had four children, two sons and
two daughters. He died at Saugus at the age of
eighty-one.
[See Alonzo Lewis, The Hist, of Lynn (1829) ; Robt.
Grieve, An Illustrated Hist, of Pawtucket, Central
Falls, and Vicinity (1897); Massena Goodrich, Hist.
Sketch of the Town of Pawtucket (1876) ; G. E. Jenks,
Geneal. of the Jenks Family of Newport, N. H. (1888) ;
Ncw-Eng. Hist, and Geneal. Reg., July 1855. Although
the family name is variously spelled, it seems likely that
the most authentic spellings for Joseph Jenks and his
descendants are those given here.] jr r g
JENKS, TUDOR STORRS (May 7, 1857-
Feb. 11, 1922), author, was born in Brooklyn,
N. Y., the son of Grenville Tudor and Persis
Sophia (Smith) Jenks, and a direct descendant
of Joseph Jenks [<jw.]. He was graduated from
the Polytechnic Institute, Brooklyn (1874), from
Yale (1878), and received the degree of LL.B.
from Columbia (1880). He then studied art for
a year in Paris but returned to New York to
practise law, 1881-87. He married, Oct. 5, 1882,
Mary Donnison Ford of Brooklyn. Being in-
terested in literature as well as in law he be-
gan the writing of juvenile books, of which
he produced a large number : The Century
World's Fair Book for Boys and Girls (1893) ;
Captain John Smith (1904); In the Days of
Chaucer (1904) ; The Book of Famous Sieges
(1909); Chemistry for Young People (1909).
With all his versatility in subject matter,
Tudor Jenks rarely wrote a dull book. His facts
are generally accurate and he had a happy
method of presenting them to young people. His
aim was to teach history, literature, and popular
science, and with them patriotism. In 1887 Jenks
53
Jenks
Jenks
became associate editor of the St. Nicholas and
remained on its staff until 1902, when he re-
sumed the practice of law. At the time of his
death he was a member of the firm of Jenks &
Rogers. He was a witty conversationalist and had
a mind full of odd bits of knowledge. In Bronx-
ville, N. Y., where he lived after 1897, his neigh-
bors had the habit of calling him on the tele-
phone for information and advice. His chief
recreation was drawing and painting — the walls
of his home were decorated with his landscapes
— and he left many scrapbooks of sketches. He
had pronounced educational theories. He sent
none of his three daughters to school, educating
them privately, although he believed in college
for boys. One who knew him well says of his
appearance that he had "a look of great serenity
and kindliness, as though he looked at life
squarely without sentimentality and found it
good."
[Who's Who in America, 1921-22; Quarter-Centen-
ary Record of the Class of 1878, Yale Univ. (1905) ;
obituary in the N. Y. Evening Post, Feb. 13, 1922 ; in-
formation as to certain facts from Jenks's daughter,
Mrs. Edgerton Hazard, N. Y. City.] S. G. B.
JENKS, WILLIAM (Nov. 25, 1778-Nov. 13,
1866), Congregational clergyman, was a son of
Capt. Samuel and Mary (Haynes) Jenks and a
direct descendant of Joseph Jenks [q.v.], a ma-
chinist who came from Hammersmith, England,
about 1643. William was born in Newton, Mass.,
but after the death of his mother when he was
four years old, the family moved to Boston,
where he grew up. He was educated at Dr. Sam-
uel Cheney's school, the Boston Latin School,
and Harvard College where he graduated in
1797. As private tutor and teacher in various
schools he fitted twenty-five boys for Harvard,
studied theology, and officiated for eight years
as reader in Christ Church, Cambridge (1797-
1805). On Dec. 26, 1805, he was ordained at
the First Church, Bath, Me., where he remained
as pastor for about thirteen years. During this
period he was also an army chaplain in the War
of 1812 and secretary of the board of trustees
and later professor of Oriental languages and
English literature in Bowdoin College (1812-
16). In 1818 he returned to Boston, opened a
private school, and became a pioneer in reli-
gious work among seamen. His chapel on Cen-
tral Wharf was the progenitor of several other
institutions for sailors and out of another found-
ed by him at the West End, grew the City Mis-
sionary Society and the Shawmut Church. He
was also instrumental in founding the Salem
Street and Green Street churches and was pas-
tor of the latter from 1826 to 1845.
During his Green Street pastorate Jenks is-
sued his Comprehensive Commentary on the Holy
Bible (6 vols., 1835-38), a work of great impor-
tance in its day. It had an immediate sale of
20,000 copies and passed through several edi-
tions. He was one of the earliest members of
the American Antiquarian Society, of which
he was a corresponding secretary from 1812 to
1816, a member of the council for eleven years,
of the committee on publication for fourteen
years, and senior vice-president for the last thir-
teen years of his life. In 1813 he read before
the society the first address to be printed, and
on its fiftieth anniversary he delivered another
entitled "American Archaeology." He was elect-
ed to the Massachusetts Historical Society, Aug.
27, 1821, was its librarian from 1823 to 1832,
and a member of its publication committee in
1825 and in 1852. The idea of the American
Oriental Society originated with him (Proceed-
ings of the American Oriental Society, post,
p. xiv), and he was one of its vice-presidents
from its inception in 1842. He was a member
of the New-England Historic Genealogical So-
ciety and from 1853 to 1858 was chairman of its
publishing committee. To the publications of all
of these societies he was a prolific contributor.
In addition he was the author of many historical
and literary articles and pamphlets among which
was his pseudonymous Memoir of the Northern
Kingdom (1808), an anti-Jeffersonian tract of
considerable felicity. His knowledge was ex-
tensive and varied, but his biblical and oriental
scholarship was outstanding. His private li-
brary was considered one of the best in New
England.
He was a champion of popular education and
a friend of the Indian and the negro. A stanch
adherent of the New England theology and in
his views of church government a strong Con-
gregationalism yet he was tolerant toward other
faiths and an upholder of the right of private
judgment. Oil portraits of Jenks may be seen
in the rooms of the New-England Historic Gen-
ealogical Society and the Congregational Li-
brary of Boston. He was diminutive in stature,
but courtly and dignified in bearing, with a cer-
tain slight formality which was softened by his
constant kindliness of spirit. For many years
he went about armed with a huge ear trumpet,
the badge of his only infirmity. On Oct. 22,
1797, he married Betsey, daughter of Ezekiel
and Sarah (Wood) Russell, who died Sept. 14,
1850. Of their sixteen children, seven sons and
six daughters survived them.
[New-Eng. Hist, and Geneal. Reg., July 1874; Me-
morial Biogs. of the New-Eng. Hist. Geneal. Soc, vol.
54
Jenney
VI (1905;; Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc, 1866-67, 1867-
69; Proc. Am. Antiquarian Soc, Nov. 15, 1866; Proc.
Am. Oriental Soc, May 22, 1867 ; Boston Transcript ,
Nov. 16, 1866.] FTP
JENNEY, WILLIAM LE BARON (Sept.
25, 1832-June 15, 1907), architect, inventor,
was born at Fairhaven, Mass., the son of Wil-
liam P. and Elizabeth Le Baron (Gibbs) Jen-
ney. He was educated at Phillips Academy, An-
dover, Mass., the Lawrence Scientific School,
and the Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures
in Paris, where he studied art and architecture
and graduated with high honors in 1856. Re-
turning to the United States, he became an en-
gineer for the Tehuantepec Railroad Company
of New Orleans on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec,
but after a year went again to France and spent
eighteen months in additional study in architec-
ture. At the outbreak of the Civil War he re-
turned to the United States and enlisted in the
Federal army. Shortly after his enlistment, on
Aug. 19, 1861, he was appointed captain addi-
tional aide de camp and assigned to engineering
duty on the staff of General Grant. He served
with Grant from Cairo to Corinth and then, at
General Sherman's request, was transferred to
his command and put in charge of the engineer-
ing work at Memphis, Tenn. Subsequently he
became chief engineer of the XV Army Corps
and continued to serve on the staff of General
Sherman until he resigned on May 19, 1866,
with the rank of major. After doing some mis-
cellaneous engineering work in western Penn-
sylvania, he went to Chicago in 1868 and estab-
lished himself as an engineer and architect.
Among his first architectural works were a large
church and several large office buildings. In the
latter he introduced a change over existing de-
signs in that he provided for attractive entrances,
light and commodious hallways, and no dark of-
fice rooms. About 1883 he was appointed archi-
tect for the Home Insurance Company of New
York to design an office building, to be built in
Chicago, which was to be fire-resistant and to
have the maximum number of well-lighted small
offices. For this building (erected 1884) he de-
vised a skeleton construction in which each story
— walls, partition and floors — was carried inde-
pendently on columns. This proved to be "the
first high building to utilize as the basic princi-
ple of its design the method known as skeleton
construction," and as such was "the true father
of the skyscraper" (The Octagon, January 1932,
p. 20). The columns for the building were of
cast-iron and in it were used for the first time a
few Bessemer steel beams. In appreciation of
the service he had rendered the industry in this
Jennings
pioneer application of structural steel, the Bes-
semer Steamship Company of New York later
named one of its vessels for him (Brickbuilder,
February 1897). Jenney also devised many of
the appointments that are now common to good
office buildings, such as tile office vaults, rapid
metal elevators, and a system of plumbing of a
most approved type. In 1891 he took William
B. Mundie into partnership. Following the com-
pletion of the Home Insurance Building, his
services were in constant demand. He designed
and built in Chicago the Siegel Cooper & Com-
pany department store, the Y. M. C. A. Build-
ing, the Chicago National Bank Building, the
Horticulture Building at the World's Columbian
Exposition, and the New York Life Building.
The last work in which he was actively inter-
ested was the erection of the Illinois memorial
on the battlefield of Vicksburg. His poor health
prevented his completing this undertaking how-
ever, and he retired in 1905 to Los Angeles, Cal.,
where he died. Shortly before his retirement
the firm had become Jenney, Mundie & Jensen.
He was the author of numerous magazine arti-
cles, and in 1869 published Principles and Prac-
tice of Architecture. On May 8, 1867, he mar-
ried Elizabeth H. Cobb of Cleveland, Ohio, who
with two sons survived him.
[Am. Architect and Building News, July 6, 1907 ;
Arch. Record, Aug. 1907 ; Who's Who in America,
1906-07 ; T. E. Tallmadge, The Story of Architecture
in America (1927) ; Inter Ocean (Chicago), June 16,
1907 ; War of the Rebellion: Official Records (Army) ;
Memorials of Deceased Companions of the Commander y
of the State of III., Mil. Order of the Loyal Legion of
the U. S., vol. II (1912) ; obituary in Brickbuilder ,
June 1907, repr. in Am. Inst. Arch. Quart. Bull., July
1907 ; reports of two committees of architects appoint-
ed to investigate the construction of the Home Insur-
ance Bldg., summarized in The Octagon, Jan. 1932.]
C.W.M.
JENNINGS, HENNEN [See Jennings, James
Hennen, 1854-1920].
JENNINGS, JAMES HENNEN (May 6,
1854-Mar. 5, 1920), mining engineer, son of
James Rody and Katharine Sharpe (Hennen)
Jennings, was born in Hawesville, Ky., whither
his father had come from New Orleans to de-
velop the coal resources. Although christened
James Hennen, he dropped the former name
early in life. Across the Ohio River in Indiana
lived another coal-mining family of which Ham-
ilton Smith [q.v.~\ was a member, and he in-
spired Jennings to become an engineer. After
several years at school in England, Jennings
entered Harvard and was graduated in 1877 from
the Lawrence Scientific School. His first posi-
tion was at the North Bloomfield hydraulic gold
mine in California, where Smith was consulting
55
Jennings
engineer and H. C. Perkins was manager. Next,
Jennings was assistant to Ross E. Browne, sur-
veyor at the New Almaden quicksilver mines.
For a time "the blue-eyed Kentucky giant" was
again with Perkins and then, with the backing
of Perkins and Smith, he developed a small
gravel-gold mine in Sierra County, gaining a
substantial profit. He then became superinten-
dent of the New Almaden, and having met Mary
Lucretia Coleman, daughter of one of the own-
ers of the Idaho mine at Grass Valley, married
her on Oct. 7, 1886. In the next year, on the
recommendation of Smith, he was made man-
ager of the El Callao gold mine in Venezuela,
succeeding Perkins there, and after two years
he was appointed, again on the recommendation
of Smith, to be consulting engineer to H. Eck-
stein & Company at Johannesburg, South Af-
rica. Perkins joined him three years later as
manager of the Rand Mines, an affiliated group.
The famous Rand gold district was then in its
early development, and American engineers ac-
customed to large-scale production on a sys-
tematic basis were brought in, despite the jeal-
ousy of British engineers. Recognizing the ne-
cessity of increasing the extraction from the
low-grade ores, Jennings summoned Charles
Butters from California to design and operate
a chlorination plant at the Robinson mine. He
soon perceived that this process would not solve
the problem, however, and recognizing the im-
portance of the work of MacArthur, Forrest,
and Alfred James in developing the cyanide
process for recovering gold, he entered into an
agreement with them to erect a plant, which
treated the tailings of the Robinson mine. It was
the general adoption of this process that made
the Rand a profitable gold-producing district.
Jennings had the faculty of gathering about
him able assistants and with their aid contrib-
uted materially to enlarged operations at depth,
to hand-picking of the ore, and to the introduc-
tion of electrical appliances. Having an ana-
lytical mind, he took broad views of problems,
attaining his ends more by tact and quiet moder-
ation than by brilliance. Economical consolida-
tions of the operating companies were effected,
and in 1898 Jennings went to the London office
of Wernher, Beit & Company as consulting en-
gineer.
After the Boer War, he returned to Africa in
1902, for a year, to assist in the work of reor-
ganization, with which his younger brother, Sid-
ney, was also associated in an engineering ca-
pacity. As chairman of a committee of fifteen,
he reported to Joseph Chamberlain on the con-
'ition and future of the mines; he also assisted
Jennings
prominently in the establishment of the South
Africa School of Mines and of the South Africa
Association of Engineers. Upon his return to
England he was chosen president of the Institu-
tion of Mining and Metallurgy, and was award-
ed the gold medal of the Institution, unusual
honors for an American. In London he served
on a committee for the reorganization of the
Royal College of Science. Leaving Wernher,
Beit & Company in 1905, he returned to the
United States and established a home in Wash-
ington. In association with Professor Nathaniel
S. Shaler [q.7\~\ he contributed to the develop-
ment of the Conrey Placer Mining Company,
which was one of the assets of the Gordon Mc-
Kay bequest to the scientific departments of Har-
vard University. His valued cooperation was
given generously to government departments
and public service, especially to the United
States Bureau of Mines during the war. His
contributions to scientific literature were chiefly
concerned with gold — the methods of mining it
and its power as a balance wheel in regulating
prices. Among them were "The History and
Development of Gold Dredging in Montana"
(Bulletin 121, Department of the Interior, Bu-
reau of Mines, 1916, and The Gold Industry and
Gold Standard (1918). In 1918 he was chair-
man of a committee appointed by the Secretary
of the Interior to study the gold situation ; its re-
port was published as Bulletin 144, Department
of the Interior, Bureau of Mines (1919). Be-
sides his wife, a son and a daughter survived
him.
[T. A. Rickard, Interviews with Mining Engineers
(1922); W. R. Ingalls in Mining and Metallurgy
(N.Y.).May 1920; Trans. Am. Inst. Mining and Metal-
lurgical Engineers, vol. LXVI (1922); Engineering
and Mining Jour., Mar. 13, 27, May 1, 1920 ; Mining
Congress Jour. (Washington, D. C), Apr. 1920; Who's
Who in America, 1920-21 ; Evening Star (Washing-
ton, D. C), Mar. 6, 1920.] P. B.M.
JENNINGS, JOHN (c. 1738-Jan. 14, 1802),
public official, Revolutionary soldier, and a
prominent figure in the Pennamite War in Penn-
sylvania, is believed to have been a native of
Philadelphia and to have been the son of Solo-
mon Jennings. In 1761 he was elected sheriff
of Northampton County (Pennsylvania Ar-
chives, 2 ser. IX, 1896, pp. 318-19) and was sev-
eral times returned to the office, the last time
in 1778. In 1766, with Captain Long and Major
Smallman he journeyed from Fort Pitt to Fort
Chartres, in the Illinois country, thence down
the Mississippi River to New Orleans. As sher-
iff of Northampton County Jennings was called
upon to eject the Connecticut settlers from the
lands in the Wyoming Valley which they had
56
Jennings
purchased from the Susquehanna Company of
Connecticut and thus he became prominent in
the Pennamite War. After the few Connecticut
settlers fled from the territory in 1763, owing
to the Indian attacks, two proprietary manors
were laid out at Wyoming, and these, in 1768,
were leased for seven years to three principal
settlers — Charles Stewart, Amos Ogden, and
John Jennings, In the following January, forty
members of the Connecticut company started
for the disputed territory. Both contestants
erected forts, and Jennings, with only a posse,
was expected to turn out the intruders, so he
resorted to stratagem. Inviting three leaders
of the Yankee party into his block house for
a conference, he arrested them, having previ-
ously sent to the capital for processes in blank.
The captured leaders were taken to Easton and
for a time the civil power had triumphed. Sub-
sequently, however, two of the Yankee leaders
reentered the settlement and began to burn the
houses and to carry away goods and cattle. Once
more Jennings dispersed the intruders.
On Jan. 1, 1783, Jennings was listed as a pri-
vate in the 3rd Regiment of the Continental
Line, and in the following February he was elect-
ed quartermaster of the 1st Company, 2nd Battal-
ion, of the Northampton County militia. Short-
ly after this he settled in Philadelphia, where
he became secretary (or clerk) of the Mutual
Assurance Company, one of the early fire insur-
ance companies in America. In 1791 he was
clerk to the commissioners of bankrupts and
"register of sweeps" in Philadelphia and in 1794
he was made deputy United States marshal for
the district of Pennsylvania. In 1796 he was
elected an alderman in Philadelphia and in the
same year he was appointed associate justice
of the mayor's court. The latter office he held
until his death in 1802.
[J. T. Scharf and Thompson Westcott, Hist, of
Phila. (1884), III, 2115; T. F. Gordon, The Hist, of
Pa. (1829); F. Ellis. Hist, of Northampton County,
Pa. (1877); Chas. Miner, Hist, of Wyoming (1845),
pp. 106-15 ; Pa. Archives, 1 ser., vol. IV (1853), 5 ser.,
vol. VIII (1906), 6 ser., vol. XI (1907) ; Minutes of
the Provincial Council of Pa., vol. IX (1852) ; Phila.
Gazette and Daily Advertiser, Jan. 16, 1802; manu-
script journal of John Jennings in the library of the
Hist. Soc. of Pa.] 11
JENNINGS, JONATHAN (1784-July 26,
1834), first governor of Indiana, the son of
Jacob Jennings and Mary (Kennedy) Jennings,
was born either in Hunterdon County, N. J., or
in Rockbridge County, Va. His father had
served as a surgeon in the Revolution and con-
tinued to practise medicine after he became an
itinerant Presbyterian minister. While Jonathan
was a small boy the family moved to Fayette
Jennings
County, Pa., where he received his elementary
schooling. Later he attended a grammar school
at Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa. In
1806 he decided to migrate to the Northwest
Territory. Embarking at Pittsburgh he went
down the Ohio to Jeffersonville. Shortly after
his arrival he was admitted to the bar and began
practising law. Dissatisfied with this location,
a year later, he proceeded to Vincennes, where
he found employment as clerk in the territorial
land office under Nathaniel Ewing. In 1809 he
left Knox County to take up his residence in
Clark County. In that year he became a candi-
date for territorial representative to Congress
on the platform of "no slavery in Indiana" and
won the close election held on May 22. In 181 1
he married Ann Gilmore Hay, the daughter of
John Hay of Clark County, who accompanied
her husband on horseback through fifteen hun-
dred miles of wilderness to Washington. In 181 1
and again in 1813 he was reelected territorial
delegate. After the passage of the enabling act
on Apr. 19, 1816, a constitutional convention
met at Corydon, elected him as president, and
drafted Indiana's first constitution within the
short time of nineteen days. On Aug. 5 he was
elected governor against Thomas Posey. In
1818, along with Lewis Cass and Benjamin
Parke, he negotiated the St. Marys treaties of
cession with the Potawatomi, the Wea, the Mi-
ami, and the Delaware. His enemies contended
that the Governor had vacated his office as chief
executive of the state when he served as com-
missioner for those treaties, but the state legis-
lature refused to institute impeachment pro-
ceedings against him. In 18 19 he was reelected
but, in 1822, resigned in order to run for repre-
sentative to Congress from the second congres-
sional district. He was successful and continued
to hold the same office until 1830, when he was
defeated. Having lost his first wife in March
1826 he had married, on Oct. 19, 1827, Clarissa
Barbee of Paducah, Ky., with whom he retired
to his farm near Charlestown after 1830. In
1832, he again served as commissioner, with
Marks Crume and John W. Davis, to conclude
land cessions from several bands of the Potawa-
tomi. In his last years he became involved in
financial difficulties and was only saved from
actual want by the generosity of loyal friends.
He died on his farm and was buried in a country
cemetery in Charlestown, Ind.
["Governors Messages and Letters. Messages and
Papers of Jonathan Jennings, Ratliff Boon, Wm. Hen-
dricks," edited by Logan Esarey (1924), Ind. Hist.
Colls. ; John Tipton Letters in the Indiana State Li-
brary at Indianapolis ; Letters of Jonathan Jennings in
the W. H. English Coll. of The Lib. of the Univ. of
57
Jerome
Chicago; L. V. Rule, Forerunners of Lincoln (1927) ;
J. H. B. Nowland, Sketches of Prominent Citizens
(1877) ; W. W. Woollen, Biog. and Hist. Sketches of
Early Ind. (1883) ; J. H. Jennings, A Gencal. Hist, of
the Jennings Families in England and America, vol.
II (1899) ; M. C. Morrison, Ann Gilmore Hay (1925) ;
Logan Esarey, A Hist, of Ind., 2nd ed., vol. I (1918) ;
J. P. Dunn, Indiana; a Redemption from Slavery
(1888) ; J. B. Dillon, A Hist, of Ind. (1859) ; W. M.
Cockrum, Pioneer Hist, of Ind. (1907) ; Charles Ket-
tleborough, "Constitution Making in Ind.," vol. I
(1916), Ind. Hist. Colls.] T.T.B.
JEROME, CHAUNCEYQune 10, 1793-Apr.
20, 1868), clock-maker, inventor, was born in
Canaan, Litchfield County, Conn., the son of
Lyman and Sallie (Noble) Jerome. His father
was a blacksmith and wrought-iron maker, in
very poor circumstances, and Jerome's early life
was an extremely hard one. After obtaining
some education in the district school during three
winters, at the age of nine he was taken into his
father's shop and taught to make nails. When
he was eleven years old his father died, and be-
cause his mother was unable to support him he
was compelled to leave home and work for the
neighboring farmers. After four years of such
employment he went to live with a house carpen-
ter in Plymouth, Conn., to learn that trade, and
while so engaged he obtained permission to
work for himself during the dull winter months,
making dials for grandfather clocks. He soon
became skilled in this work but his progress was
interrupted by the War of 1812, in which he
served with a company of Plymouth militia-
men on guard duty at New London and New
Haven. Shortly after peace was declared he
married, in February 181 5, Salome Smith,
daughter of Capt. Theophilus Smith of Plym-
outh, and with his bride moved to Farmington,
Conn., where for about a year and a half he
engaged in his trade of carpentry.
In the winter of 1816 he obtained employment
with Eli Terry, who was making his patent
shelf clocks in his factory at Plymouth, and the
following spring he bought some clock parts,
mahogany, and veneers, and in a small shop
started a clock-making business of his own.
For five years he led a rather hand-to-mouth
existence, peddling his clocks from farmhouse
to farmhouse, and in 1822 he moved to Bristol,
Conn., where he built a small shop for making
clock cases only. He had considerable difficulty
disposing of these and was without the neces-
sary means to purchase movements to place in
them, but in the fall of 1824 he succeeded in
forming a clock company with his brother No-
ble, and Elijah Darrow. About six months later
he devised the so-called "bronze looking-glass
clock," which became extremely popular and
Jerome
resulted in starting him on the road to financial
success. Business increased rapidly from 1827
to 1837, during which time more clocks were
made by Jerome's company than by any of its
competitors. Because of the opposition of the
South to Yankee clocks, he started a clock as-
sembling plant in Richmond, Va., in 1835, to
which he shipped cases and clock movements
made at his factory in Bristol. In 1836 he es-
tablished a similar plant in Hamburg, S. C. The
breakdown of all business in the great panic of
1837 materially affected his business, but this
shrinkage was somewhat offset by his timely in-
vention of a one-day brass clock movement,
which could be made and sold more cheaply than
the one-day wood clock. He began its manufac-
ture in 1838 and by 1841 the company had made
clear profits of $35,000. In 1842 he purchased
a defunct carriage factory in New Haven, Conn.,
and fitted it up for making clock cases, retaining
at Bristol his plant for the manufacture of
movements. Three years later, however, after
a fire had partially destroyed his Bristol factory,
he carried on the entire business in New Haven.
During the succeeding five years it grew to large
proportions. The clocks were so good and so
much in demand that many small manufacturers
used Jerome's clock labels for their own poor
clocks, and to protect himself he was drawn into
a number of lawsuits. In 1850 he was induced
to form a joint stock company with the Bene-
dict & Burnham Company of Waterbury, and
the new firm was called the Jerome Manufactur-
ing Company. This change proved to be the be-
ginning of Jerome's downfall. The business was
very profitable for a year or two but misplaced
confidences brought about the complete failure
of the company in 1855 and left Jerome a veri-
table pauper. To the entrance of P. T. Barnum
[q.v.~\ into the concern Jerome attributed this
disaster (see Jerome's History, post, pp. 106-
16). At the age of sixty-two he was compelled
to start all over again at the bench. He moved
to Waterbury and worked one year for the
Benedict & Burnham Company. He was then
induced by an unscrupulous individual to take
up clock making in another Connecticut town,
but two years later he returned to New Haven
and spent the remaining ten years of his life in
obscurity, dying in very straitened circum-
stances. In i860 he published a History of the
American Clock Business for the Past Sixty
Years and a Life of Chauncey Jerome Written
by Himself. He was survived by three children.
[In addition to the book mentioned above see W. I.
Milham, Time & Timekeepers (1923) ; E. E. Atwater,
Hist, of the City of New Haven (1887), p. 577 ; G. H.
58
Jervis
Baillie, Watchmakers and Clockmakers of the World
(London, 1929) ; U. S. Nat. Museum records.]
C.W.M.
JERVIS, JOHN BLOOMFIELD (Dec. 14.
1795-Jan. 12, 1885), engineer, was born at
Huntington, N. Y., the son of Phoebe Bloom-
field and Timothy Jervis (or Jarvis). When
John was three the family removed to Rome,
N. Y., where he grew up, attending the common
school and working with the timber crews of
his father's lumbering business. He served as
an expert axeman on the survey for the Erie
Canal, of which Benjamin Wright was chief
engineer, and then as rodman. His promotion
was rapid. In 1819 he was made a resident en-
gineer in charge of construction of seventeen
miles of the middle section of the canal. In 1823
he was made superintendent of fifty miles of
completed canal with the responsibility of main-
taining the flow of traffic in this section. In 1825
he became principal assistant on the projected
Delaware & Hudson canal and railway system
of which Wright was now the first chief engi-
neer. Jervis with John B. Mills made an exam-
ination of the surveyed route and recommended
the construction that was finally adopted for
the canal. The system was built to convey an-
thracite coal from the Lackawaxen Valley in
Pennsylvania to the Hudson River for cheap
transport to the New York market and as con-
structed consisted of a canal from Rondout on
the Hudson to Honesdale, Pa. (108 miles), and
a railway from Honesdale to the mines at Car-
bondale, Pa. (16 miles).
On the resignation of Wright in 1827, Jervis
became chief engineer at a salary of $4,000 a
year. Since the engineering of the canal was
then practically completed, he was directed to
devote his attention to the location and plan-
ning of the railway. At this time there was no
railway worthy of the name in America and
practically nothing was known of the primitive
developments in England. Jervis' report is most
interesting in that the total absence of precedent
forced him to present a complete argument for
and against every method that he proposed to
employ. He compared the efficiency of single-
and double-rail tracks, discussed the relative
costs of locomotive and horse power, compared
stationary engines with locomotives, and rec-
ommended the use of inclined planes and sta-
tionary engines for the steep ascents, and loco-
motive engines on the level middle section of the
route. Very few essential details escaped his con-
sideration, and to govern the speed of cars de-
scending the planes he invented a successful con-
trivance of rotating sails that he geared to the
Jervis
cable sheaves to slow them down. In addition
to building the road he trained the operating
personnel (which included Horatio Allen) and
drew up the specifications for all equipment in-
cluding the "Stourbridge Lion," the first loco-
motive to run in America.
Jervis left the Delaware & Hudson Company
in May 1830 to become chief engineer of the
Mohawk & Hudson Railway. He located a line
for this company that permitted the use of lo-
comotives over the whole route and dispensed
with the inclined planes. His observation of the
severe action of the heavy four-wheel locomotive
"John Bull" led him to devise a better method
of suspension of locomotive weight. In 1832 the
West Point Foundry Company built the "Ex-
periment" according to Jervis' plans, employing
his most important invention, the swiveling,
four wheel, "bogie" truck to support the forward
end of the locomotive. J. Snowden Bell, railroad
historian, in his foreword to the Development
of the Locomotive (1925) describes the swivel
truck which Jervis used on the "Experiment" as
the first and the most radical and universally ap-
proved advance in locomotive design. The "Ex-
periment" was also one of the first locomotives
to have six wheels and was in its day the fastest
locomotive in the world, capable of speeds of
sixty and eighty miles an hour. Upon the com-
pletion of the Mohawk & Hudson Railway and
of the Schenectady & Saratoga (of which he
was also chief engineer), Jervis became chief
engineer of the Chenango (New York) Canal,
April 1833. This was the first canal in the coun-
try to employ artificial reservoirs to supply wa-
ter to the upper levels, and in this connection
Jervis did considerable original work to deter-
mine the percentage of total rainfall that could
be depended upon to replenish this supply of
water. His determination of forty per cent, of
the total was higher than the constant used for
similar works in Europe and was used success-
fully in the design of this canal. Some of Jervis'
constants for the computation of rainfall and run-
off were given in standard engineering hand-
books as late as 1900.
While he was with the Chenango Canal, Jer-
vis was consulted regarding the enlargement of
the Erie Canal and in 1836 he became the chief
engineer of the eastern division of the Erie
Canal enlargement. The canal board increased
the width of the locks to eighteen feet over Jer-
vis' objection and in September 1836 he resigned
to accept the position of chief engineer on the
Croton (N. Y. ) Aqueduct. In this position he
directed the completion of the dam, the Ossining
Bridge, the Harlem River Bridge, and the dis-
59
Jesse
tributing reservoir. In 1846 he was employed
by the city of Boston, Mass., to investigate (with
Walter Johnson of Philadelphia) the possible
sources of a water supply for the city. The
Cochituate River was recommended and work
on this project was begun in 1846 with Jervis as
consulting engineer. He held this position until
the completion of the work in 1848. Meanwhile,
in 1847, he became chief engineer for the pro-
posed Hudson River Railroad and directed its
construction to Poughkeepsie. He remained with
the company until 1850 when he spent four
months in Europe. He was next engaged on the
construction of the Michigan Southern & North-
ern Indiana Railroad of which he was chief en-
gineer until 1858. During this time he also
built the Chicago & Rock Island Railway. In
1861 he became general superintendent of the
Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway,
then in the hands of trustees for the bondholders.
He resigned in 1864 but remained with the com-
pany as consulting engineer until 1866 when he
retired to his home at Rome, N. Y., where he
lived until his death. Jervis was married, in
1834, to Cynthia Brayton of Western, N. Y.
She died in 1839 and he was later married to
Elizabeth R. Coates. His home and personal li-
brary at Rome became the Jervis Library by his
bequest. Port Jervis, N. Y., is named for him
and in 1927 the Delaware & Hudson named their
finest locomotive (No. 1401) the "John B. Jer-
vis" in his honor. Jervis was the author of De-
scription of the Croton Aqueduct (1842) ; Re-
port on the Hudson River Railroad (1846);
Letters Addressed to the Friends of Freedom
and the Union (1856); Railway Property: A
Treatise on the Construction and Management
of Railways (1861) ; and The Question of La-
bour and Capital (1877).
[Proc. Am. Soc. of Civil Engineers, vol. XI (1885) ;
A Century of Progress : Hist, of the Delaware and
Hudson Company, 1823-1923 (1925) ; G. A. Jarvis
and others, The Jarvis Family (1879) ; Science, Mar.
27, 1885; Railroad Gazette, Jan. 23, 1885; Van Nos-
trand's Engineering Mag., Feb. 1885 ; Engineering
News, Jan. 17, Nov. 28, 1885 ; N. Y. Tribune, Jan. 14,
I885-] F.A.T.
JESSE, RICHARD HENRY (Mar. i, 1853-
Jan. 22, 1921), educator, was born on the Ball
Farm, the birthplace of Washington's mother, in
Lancaster County, Va. His parents, William T.
and Mary (Claybrook) Jesse, were descendants
of early Virginia families. After preparatory
study in an academy founded by his father in
Lancaster County, and also in Hanover Acad-
emy, he entered the University of Virginia, com-
pleting his work in this institution in 1875. The
next year he taught French and mathematics in
Jesse
Hanover Academy, and from 1876 to 1878 he
served as principal of an endowed high school,
Washington Academy, at Princess Anne, Md.
He then accepted the deanship of the academic
department of the University of Louisiana, gave
up his intention of studying law, and began a
notable educational career. Largely as a result
of his foresight and energy, the property given
by Paul Tulane to promote higher education in
New Orleans was used in 1884 to further a uni-
versity for the state, the University of Louisiana
becoming the Tulane University of Louisiana.
He, served as professor of Latin here from 1884
to 1891, when he became president of the Uni-
versity of Missouri.
During the seventeen years of his presidency,
he labored with courageous singleness of pur-
pose to make the institution serve the practical
needs of the state. He stood firmly against the
interference of partisan politics and sectarian re-
ligion in university affairs. Faculty members
were chosen with a view only to their worth in
teaching and research. The college (now school)
of education, established in his administration,
was a pioneer in its field, and the school of jour-
nalism, advocated by President Jesse and estab-
lished shortly after his administration, was the
first in America. His interests extended to the
secondary schools. Evidence of his influence is
found in his successful efforts to abolish the uni-
versity preparatory school and to foster accred-
ited secondary schools, and in his membership
on the well-known Committee of Ten of the
National Education Association, which made a
large contribution to secondary school curricula.
Various positions of honor and influence held by
him were: chairmanship of the Section for
Higher Education of the National Education
Association (1898) ; presidency of the Missouri
State Teachers Association (1899) ; presidency
of the Southern Association of Colleges and
Secondary Schools ( 1903, 1905) ; and presidency
of the National Association of State Universities
(1905-06).
Strenuous work broke down his health. In
accordance with the advice of his physicians, he
resigned as president in December 1907, at the
age of fifty-four, and retired from his adminis-
trative duties six months later. He lived the
remainder of his days close to the campus, occa-
sionally contributed articles to periodicals, and
was a source of inspiration to his associates. On
July 13, 1882, he married Addie Henry Polk of
Princess Anne, Md. ; they were parents of three
sons and three daughters. An open-communion
Baptist, he was deeply religious and a firm be-
liever in Providence. In political belief, he was
Jessup
a Jeffersonian democrat. A key to his success
may be found in his own words : "When the
cause is thoroughly good, and commends itself
to my sober judgment, I do not know how to
give up, and no man ought to learn how."
[Official Retirement of President Richard Henry
Jesse (1908), containing an account of the growth of
the University of Missouri during his administration ;
H. L. Conard, Encyc. of the Hist, of Mo., vol. Ill
(1001); W. F. Switzler, Hist, of the Univ. of Mo.
(MS.), in archives of the university; Who's Who in
America, 1920-21 ; Am. Law Rev., May, June 191 1 ;
Mo. Alumnus, Dec. 1913, Apr. 1914; Educ. Rev., June
191 1 ; Univ. of Mo. Exercises at the Inauguration of
Albert Ross Hill, LL.D. (1909) ; N. Y. Times, Jan. 24,
J92i-] J.H.C.
JESSUP, HENRY HARRIS (Apr. 19, 1832-
Apr. 28, 1910), missionary, the son of Hon.
William and Amanda (Harris) Jessup, was born
at Montrose, Pa. He was a descendant of John
Jessup who emigrated from England and was
living in Hartford, Conn., as early as February
1637. Later he was one of the original settlers
of Southampton, L. I. William Jessup was a
prominent lawyer, an apostle of temperance, and
an active member of the Presbyterian Church.
Henry's early education was obtained in the
local schools. At the age of fourteen he enrolled
in Cortland Academy, Homer, N. Y., and after
one year there he entered Yale College. He re-
ceived the degree of B.A. in 1851 and spent the
following year as a teacher in Montrose. Enter-
ing Union Theological Seminary, New York, he
graduated in 1855. While in college his atten-
tion had been directed to foreign missions, espe-
cially through the visit of Rev. David T. Stod-
dard [q.v.~\, of Persia, and in the summer of 1852
he decided to become a missionary. In March
1853, he formally volunteered for this service,
and on Nov. 1, 1855, he was ordained at Montrose
to the ministry of the Presbyterian Church, his
father making an address on the occasion. The
next month he sailed from Boston for Syria,
under appointment of the American Board. He
arrived in Beirut Feb. 7, 1856, by way of
Smyrna, and proceeded shortly thereafter to the
city of Tripoli to begin active service. He re-
mained there until i860, devoting himself par-
ticularly to the acquisition and use of the Arabic
language, in which he became remarkably ex-
pert. In 1857-58 he made a visit to America
where he married, Oct. 7, 1857, Caroline, daugh-
ter of Dr. Wynans Bush of Branchport, N. Y.
He arrived again in Tripoli, with his wife, on
Apr. 27, 1858.
In i860, during the Druse wars, the Jessups
removed to Beirut. Mrs. Jessup was taken ill
in 1864, and a sea voyage was prescribed for her.
Accordingly, he set sail on June 30, with her
Jesup
and two of their three small children. She failed
rapidly, however, and died at Alexandria, Egypt,
where she was buried. Mr. Jessup went on with
the two children to America and returned to
Beirut in January of the next year. On Oct. 1,
1868, he was married at Hartford, Conn., to
Harriet Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. David
Stuart Dodge. Five children were born of this
marriage. The second Mrs. Jessup died in April
1882. In 1870 the Syrian mission work was
transferred by the American Board to the Pres-
byterian Board, and Jessup served the latter
thereafter. He was for thirty years acting pastor
of the Syrian Church of Beirut and superin-
tendent of its school ; secretary of the Asfuriyeh
Hospital for the Insane from its foundation;
was for some time missionary editor of the
Arabic journal El-Neshrah; and was one of the
founders, in 1866, of the Syrian Protestant Col-
lege (now the American University of Beirut).
Save for seven visits to America, four of which
were regular furloughs, he gave himself wholly
to his life-work in Syria. He declined in 1857
a professorship in Union Seminary; in 1870, a
secretaryship of the Presbyterian Board ; and in
1883, the post of United States minister to
Persia. During his furlough in 1879 he served
as moderator of the Presbyterian Assembly at
Saratoga, N. Y. On July 23, 1884, he married
Theodosia Davenport Lockwood, daughter of
the Rev. Peter Lockwood of Binghamton, N. Y.
Jessup was the author of The Women of the
Arabs (copr. 1873), Syrian Home Life (1874),
The Mohammedan Missionary Problem (1879),
The Greek Church and Protestant Missions
(1891), The Setting of the Crescent and the
Rising of the Cross (1898), and Fifty-three
Years in Syria (2 vols., 1910). He died and
was buried in Beirut.
[Biog. material in Jessup's Fifty-three Years in
Syria ; H. G. Jesup, Edward Jessup of West Farms,
Westchester County, N. Y ., and His Descendants
(1887) ; "Obit. Record of Yale Grads.," Bull, of Yale
Univ., July 19 10 ; alumni records of Yale Univ. ; Mis-
sionary Rev. of the World, July, Aug. 1910 ; Assembly
Herald, June 19 10 ; A Memorial of Theodosia Daven-
port Jessup (Am. Mission Press, Beirut, Syria, 1908) ;
records of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyt.
Ch-1 J.C.A— h— r.
JESUP, MORRIS KETCHUM (June 21,
1830-Jan. 22, 1908), capitalist, philanthropist,
was born at Westport, Conn., the fourth son of
Charles and Abigail (Sherwood) Jesup, and a
descendant of Edward Jessup who emigrated
from England and settled in Stamford, Conn.,
some time before 1649. Charles Jesup was a
graduate of Yale (1814), a merchant of New
York and Westport, and was much interested
in Sunday schools and the work of the American
jesup
Tract Society. The conventional nineteenth-cen-
tury Connecticut pattern of Morris's boyhood
was interrupted by the financial panic of 1837,
almost coincident with his father's early death,
and by his mother's brave efforts, with slender
resources, to hold the family together until the
children could become self-supporting. Removal
to New York City was the first step in the
family's new program, and for the boy Morris
this was a most important change. He attended
several private schools in the city, but at the age
of twelve he entered the office of the Rogers
Locomotive Works. Here he gained experience
that was helpful when in 1854, with a partner,
he started a small business handling railroad
supplies on commission, under the firm name of
Clark & Jesup. This developed into the house
of M. K. Jesup, with which for ten years John
Stewart Kennedy [q.v.~\ was associated. Among
the railroads with which Jesup had business
relations at this period (1857-67) were the Chi-
cago & Alton, the Southern, and the Atlantic
Coast Line. The next twenty years of his active
business career were devoted to banking and in
that calling his fortune was made. For eight
years, 1899-1907, he was president of the Cham-
ber of Commerce of the State of New York.
For the general public, the significant part of
Jesup's life opened in 1884 with his retirement
from business. At that time he began to develop
interests, and to formulate plans for their pro-
motion, in which many groups were to share.
His abilities were now wholly at the service of
the community, although he held no public of-
fice. The American Museum of Natural History
(to which he gave $1,000,000 in his lifetime and
an equal sum by his will) seems to have been
continually in his thoughts. He was one of the
incorporators in 1868, became a trustee the fol-
lowing year, and president in 1881. His great
desire was to make the Museum an instrument
of popular education and a center of research.
At first, because of his Puritan up-bringing, an
advocate of Sunday closing, he came to see the
wrong involved in excluding any part of the
public from the museum's privileges on any day
of the week and when the doors were thrown
open on Sunday no one rejoiced more than he
in the museum's enhanced usefulness. He sup-
ported the Carl Lumholtz expedition, 1890-97,
to study the Indians of Northern Mexico, and
the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, beginning
in 1897, to study migrations between Asia and
North America. As president of the Peary Arc-
tic Club he did much to make the discovery of
the North Pole possible, although he died before
Peary had achieved his quest. He early came to
jesup
the aid of the forest preservation movement in
New York State which resulted in the Adiron-
dack Preserve. He was also an enthusiastic sup-
porter of the Audubon Society, of which he was
president from 1897 to 1908.
Among educational institutions which he aid-
ed, he was identified especially with the Syrian
Protestant College at Beirut and with Union
Theological Seminary in New York. To the
former he gave the Maria De Witt Jesup Hos-
pital Foundation. He stoutly upheld the Sem-
inary in the controversies with the Presbyterian
Church over the Briggs and McGiffert heresy
cases. He made large contributions also to Hamp-
ton and Tuskegee, as well as to Yale, Harvard,
Williams, and Princeton. He was treasurer of
the John F. Slater Fund for the Education of
Freedmen (1883-1908), and was a member of
the General Education Board. He was early in-
terested in the Five Points House of Industry
and in the railroad work of the Young Men's
Christian Association. His support was given
to Anthony Comstock in his fight against in-
decent publications and he stanchly defended
that crusader when other friends had appar-
ently deserted the cause. In all religious efforts
in New York for many years he was counted a
leader. On Apr. 26, 1854, he married Maria
Van Antwerp De Witt, daughter of the Rev.
Thomas De Witt.
[H. G. Jesup, Edward Jessup of West Farms, West-
chester County, N. Y. and His Descendants (1887) ;
1 E. C. Birge, Westport, Conn. (1926), pp. 8—12; Wm.
A. Brown, Morris Ketchum Jesup, a Character Sketch
(1910) ; Tribute of the Chamber of Commerce of the
State of N. Y. to the Memory of Morris K. Jesup
(1908) ; Resolutions in Appreciation of Morris Ketch-
um Jesup by the Trustees of the Am. Museum of Nat.
Hist. . . . (1908) ; H. F. Osborn, The Am. Museum of
Natural Hist.: Its Origin, Its Hist. (1911), pp. 27-35 '•
N. Y. Times and Sun (N. Y.), Jan. 23, 1908; Nation,
Jan. 23, 1908; Outlook, Feb. 1, 1908; Science, Feb. 7,
I9o8.] W.B. S.
JESUP, THOMAS SIDNEY (Dec. 16, 1788-
June 10, i860), soldier, was born in Berkeley
County, Va. (now W. Va.), the son of James
Edward and Ann (O'Neill) Jesup, and a de-
scendant of Edward Jessup who emigrated from
England and was in Stamford, Conn., as early as
1649. Thomas was commissioned from Ohio as
a second lieutenant in the 7th Infantry on May
3, 1808, and as a first lieutenant, Dec. 1, 1809.
During the War of 1812 he served as brigade-
major and adjutant-general on the staff of Gen.
William Hull [g.7'.]. He was promoted captain,
Jan. 20, 1813, and major, 19th Infantry, on Apr.
6, 1813. For distinguished and meritorious serv-
ice in the battle of Chippewa, he was brevetted
lieutenant-colonel on July 5, 1814, and for gal-
lant conduct and distinguished skill in the battle
Jesup
of Niagara (Lundy's Lane), where he was se-
verely wounded, he was brevetted colonel on
July 25, 1814. In December of that year he was
sent to Connecticut, ostensibly to recruit, but
really to watch the Hartford Convention. Con-
vinced that a resolution to secede could not be
passed, he was able to dispel President Madi-
son's fears (Jesup, post, p. 152). He was pro-
moted lieutenant-colonel on Apr. 30, 1817, and
served as such until Mar. 27, of the following
year, when he was appointed adjutant-general
of the army with the rank of colonel. On May
8, 1818, while serving at Brownsville, Tex., he
was appointed quartermaster-general with the
rank of brigadier-general by President Monroe.
Soon after taking office, on July 17, 1818, he
defined the principal objects of the quartermas-
ter's department to be : "to insure an ample and
efficient system of supply, to give the utmost
facility and effect to the movements and opera-
tions of the Army, and to enforce a strict ac-
countability on the part of all officers and agents
charged with monies and supplies" (Roden-
bough, post, p. 51). A better conception of the
duties of the department has never been put into
so few words. On May 8, 1828, he was com-
missioned major-general. He acted as a second
to Henry Clay in the latter's bloodless duel with
John Randolph of Roanoke on Apr. 8, 1826.
On May 19, 1836, by direction of President
Jackson, he was assigned to the command of the
United States troops and the troops of Georgia
and Alabama then operating against the Indians
in the Creek country, and on Dec. 8, 1836, he
succeeded Brigadier-General Richard Keith Call
in command of the army in Florida. He was
wounded in the face during a fight with the
Seminole Indians at Jupiter Inlet on Jan. 24,
1838. Relieved by Gen. Zachary Taylor in May
1838, he resumed his duties as quartermaster-
general at Washington. Soon after his return,
some senators questioned his conduct of the
Seminole War with a view to provoking an
inquiry. Senator Thomas H. Benton of Mis-
souri, then chairman of the Senate committee on
military affairs, ably championed Jesup and
showed what he had accomplished in the face
of great obstacles, to the satisfaction of the Sen-
ate and the country. Under the able direction
of Jesup, the quartermaster department was or-
ganized upon a sound military and business basis.
He put into effect practical directions, regula-
tions, and blank forms for all the varied opera-
tions of his department. These were embodied in
the elaborate edition of the Army Regulations
issued in 1821, and many have not been changed
in their essential characteristics since that time.
Jeter
During the Mexican War, he displayed char-
acteristic qualities. He purchased and provided
ships, boats, wagons, and animals in large num-
bers for the forces in the field, and went to the
theatre of operations himself to renovate the
supply system. When no funds were available
for the purchase of tents and he could not wait
for duck, he supplied ordinary muslin for what
little shelter it might afford the expeditionary
forces in Mexico. Officers of the quartermas-
ter's department have always venerated him. His
long service, forty-two years, as quartermaster-
general has never been equaled by the head of
any other department or corps in the army. Fort
Jesup, La., established in 1822 and abandoned in
1846, and Camp Jesup, near Atlanta, Ga., an
inactive quartermaster depot, were named in his
honor. A lake in Orange County, Fla., also bears
his name. He married Ann Heron Croghan of
Louisville, Ky., daughter of Major William and
Lucy (Clark) Croghan, the latter a sister of
George Rogers Clark and William Clark [qq.v.~\.
He died in Washington, D.C. and was succeeded
as quartermaster-general by Lieutenant-Colonel
Joseph E. Johnston [q.v.~\. On Dec. 26, 19 12,
his remains were placed in the Arlington Na-
tional Cemetery.
[J. F. Rodenbough, The Army of the U. S. (1896) ;
T. H. Benton, Thirty Years' View (2 vols., 1854-56) ;
F. B. Heitman, Hist. Reg. and Diet, of the U. S. Army
(1903) ; J- H. Smith, The War with Mexico (2 vols.,
1919) ; L. D. Ingersoll, Hist, of the War Dept. of the
[/. S. (1879) I H. G. Jesup, Edward Jessup . . . and
His Descendants (1887); records and documents in
library of the Quartermaster-General's Office, Wash-
ington; Evening Star (Washington), June 11, i860.]
R. C. C— n.
JETER, JEREMIAH BELL (July 18, 1802-
Feb. 18, 1880), Baptist clergyman, editor, was
born in Bedford County, Va., the son of Pleas-
ant and Jane Eke (Hatcher) Jeter. The father,
of Huguenot ancestry, was a rolling stone and
thriftless dreamer, and the mother, a daughter
of Rev. Jeremiah Hatcher, was forced to bear
the brunt of the hardships of a growing family,
which came to number three sons, Jeremiah be-
ing the oldest, and four daughters. His school-
ing was limited to rural or small village schools ;
his Recollections give interesting revelations of
his youthful crudity and naivete. Beginning to
preach 'at nineteen, he was ordained in May 1824
and spent some time in evangelistic preaching.
His first long settlement was with the Morattico
Church, Lancaster County, Va. Early in this
pastorate he lost his first wife, Margaret P.
Waddy, whom he had married on Oct. 5, 1826.
In December 1828, he married Sarah Ann Gas-
kins, who lived until Oct. 29, 1847.
Jeter's reputation as minister and preacher
63
Jewell
was made and maintained through two long
pastorates in Richmond, Va., separated by a
short service (1849-52) at the Second Baptist
Church, St. Louis. His first Richmond pastor-
ate, at the First Baptist Church (1836-49), was
one of marked influence. Probably its most sig-
nificant accomplishment was the separation of its
fourteen hundred negro members and their or-
ganization into the First African Church. There
was strong opposition to the project and legal
difficulties arose, but Jeter carried it through
with such good judgment that the moral victory
of his success strengthened his position as a
leader in church and community. In 1844, he at-
tended the Baptist Triennial Convention at Phil-
adelphia. He was a leader in the separation of
the Southern element and in the organization,
May 1845, of the Southern Baptist Convention.
During his pastorate at Grace Street, Richmond
(1852-70), he immediately regained his earlier
influence in that city. In the troublous years of
the Civil War, he was devoted to the Confeder-
ate cause. He became chief proprietor and editor
of the Religious Herald in 1865, and for the last
decade of his life devoted himself primarily to
his editorial task. Although dogmatic in his opin-
ions, he lifted many of the Southern Baptists out
of provincialism to a vision of the broader inter-
ests of the Christian religion. No paper was
more prophetic of the religious South as it was
actually to develop during the quarter century
following Jeter's own lifetime. He wrote sev-
eral memoirs and a few rather mediocre theo-
logical works ; but his Campbellism Examined
(1855) is an interpretation always to be taken
into account for any adequate understanding of
the relations between the Baptists and the Camp-
bellite movement.
He was married a third time, June 1849, t0
Charlotte E. Wharton, who was his wife during
the St. Louis and the first half of the Grace
Street pastorates. She died on Aug. 19, 1861,
and on May 5, 1863, he married Mrs. Mary C.
Dabbs, who survived him. With her, in 1872-
73, he spent some time traveling in Europe, his
specific object being to investigate, for the For-
eign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist
Convention, conditions in the Baptist mission
at Rome.
[Wm. E. Hatcher, The Life of J. B. Jeter (1887),
embodies many excerpts from Jeter's own Recollec-
tions of a Long Life (1891), which was first published
in the Religious Herald ; see also G. B. Taylor, Va.
Bapt. Ministers, 3 ser. (1912) ; The State (Richmond),
Feb. 18, 1880.] W. H.A.
JEWELL, HARVEY (May 26, 1820-Dec. 8,
1881), lawyer, was born in Winchester, N. H.,
the eldest of the ten children of Pliny and Emily
Jewell
(Alexander) Jewell, and a descendant of Thom-
as Jewell of England who was given a grant of
land near Quincy, Mass., in 1639. His father,
grandfather, and great-grandfather were all tan-
ners, and he and three brothers were associated
with their father in this trade. His father and
mother, in addition to rearing and educating a
large family, were prominent in all useful activi-
ties of their locality, his father being one of the
leading men of Winchester, town moderator,
and Whig member of the state legislature. He
was also interested in genealogy and compiled
The Jewell Register, Containing a List of the
Descendants of Thomas Jewell (i860). Mar-
shall Jewell [q.v.], Harvey's brother, became
governor of Connecticut, United States minis-
ter to Russia, and postmaster-general under
President Grant.
Harvey Jewell attended school at Keene
Academy, N. H., graduated from Dartmouth in
1844, was then appointed usher in the Mayhew
School in Boston, and while there studied law
with Lyman Mason. He was admitted to the
bar of Suffolk County in 1847 ar)d became a part-
ner of David A. Simmons, in Boston. After the
death of Simmons in 1863, he was associated
with Walbridge A. Field until the latter was
made chief justice of the Massachusetts supreme
court; with William Gaston until he became
governor of Massachusetts ; and with E. O.
Shepard for the remainder of his life. He was
influential in the Whig and Republican parties
in Massachusetts, justice of the peace in Boston
for many years after 1850, a member of the Bos-
ton Municipal Council in 1851 and 1852, and
representative in the Massachusetts legislature,
1861-62, 1866-71, being a member of many im-
portant House committees, especially the judi-
ciary, of which he was chairman. He was also
speaker of the House from 1868 to 1871, which
position he filled with marked ability.
In the state Republican convention of 1871,
Jewell was a candidate for governor, the other
candidates being William B. Washburn and
Gen. Benjamin F. Butler. In order to defeat
Butler he withdrew from the candidacy and
threw his support to Washburn. His associa-
tion legally, for almost thirty years, with com-
mercial affairs in Boston, had given him prac-
tical knowledge of maritime law, and this expe-
rience, together with good judgment and attrac-
tive and dignified personality, made his appoint-
ment by President Grant to the Court of Com-
missioners of Alabama Claims eminently fitting.
His service with the court extended from Feb.
26, 1875, until Dec. 29, 1876, when the court
was adjourned, and during this time he lived
64
Jewell
in Washington, D. C. His opinions delivered
for the court are characterized by concise sim-
plicity and exceptional clearness of thought. Af-
ter the adjournment of the court, he returned to
Boston and resumed the practice of law, remain-
ing actively connected with many positions of
trust until his death. On Dec. 26, 1849, he mar-
ried Susan Bradley, of Concord, N. H., and they
had three daughters.
[Mass. Reg., 1850—69; Mass. Manual for the Gen.
Court, 1 86 1 -7 1 ; Biog. Encyc. of Mass. of the Nine-
teenth Century, vol. II (1883); W. T. Davis, Bench
and Bar of the Commonwealth of Mass. (1895), vol. I ;
G. T. Chapman, Sketches of the Alumni of Dartmouth
Coll. (1867); Report of the Secretary of State, with
Accompanying Papers, Relating to the Court of Com-
missioners of Alabama Claims (1877) ; J. B. Moore,
Hist, and Digest of the Internat. Arbitrations to Which
the U. S. has been a Party (1898), vol. V; the Granite
Monthly, Jan. 1883 ; Boston Transcript, Dec. 8, g,
1881.] O.M.J.
JEWELL, MARSHALL (Oct. 20, 1825-Feb.
10, 1883), manufacturer, governor of Connecti-
cut, postmaster-general, son of Pliny and Emily
(Alexander) Jewell, was born in Winchester,
N. H. Harvey Jewell [q.v.~\ was his elder broth-
er. Brought up in his father's tanyard, obtain-
ing a limited education at the town's common
schools, Marshall worked as a day-laborer until
at the age of eighteen he went to Woburn, Mass.,
to learn the currier's trade. In 1847, the tan-
ning business being dull, he learned telegraphy
and worked at it in Boston, Rochester, N. Y.,
and Akron, Ohio, showing such ability that he
was placed in charge of the construction of the
Louisville and New Orleans telegraph line.
Here he formed the political opinions that drew
him into the ranks of the Republican party on
its organization. Returning north in 1849 he
was for a time superintendent of the telegraph
line between Boston and New York. His fa-
ther's leather-belting business, established in
Hartford, Conn., in 1845, had grown so rapidly
that on Jan. 1, 1850, he became a partner. The
business soon became one of the foremost in the
state with a trade extending through the United
States and Europe. In its interest he traveled
widely in the United States from 1852 to 1857,
and in Europe in 1859, i860, 1865, 1866, and
1867. His purchases of leather on the eve of the
Civil War placed the firm in a commanding po-
sition. While always active in his father's firm,
he was interested in other enterprises such as
the Phoenix Fire Insurance Company, the Trav-
eler's Insurance Company, the Hartford Bank,
the New York and New England Railroad, the
Weed Sewing Machine Company, and Landers,
Frary & Clark. He was part owner of the Hart-
ford Evening Post, president of the Jewell Pin
Company, and president of the Southern New
Jewett
England Telephone Company. In addition he
owned large tanneries in the West, and after
i860 was a special partner in the dry-goods
firm of Charles Root & Company of Detroit.
Jewell first entered politics in 1867 when as
a candidate for the Connecticut state Senate he
was defeated. After a vigorous campaign in
1868 he was defeated for the governorship by
James E. English [q.v.]. Elected in 1869, 1871,
and 1872, he was a straightforward and busi-
nesslike governor, winning many friends by his
shrewdness and unfailing good-humor. On his
retirement from state office, President Grant ap-
pointed him minister to St. Petersburg in Decem-
ber 1873. While in Russia he investigated the
process of producing Russia leather, learning
methods which proved of value to the American
leather industry. A trade-mark convention which
he negotiated helped to make American inven-
tions more secure against fraudulent practices
in Russia. Appointed postmaster-general in
December 1874, he investigated the European
postal systems before entering upon his duties.
During his administration of the office he ini-
tiated the fast mail service between New York
and Chicago (Harper's Weekly, Oct. 9, 1875).
His good business sense led him to attack the
system of fraudulent contracts and straw bids,
and to distribute offices in the interests of effi-
ciency. A disgusted place-broker remarked pro-
fanely, "Why, ... he ran the post-office as
though it was a factory" (Nation, New York,
July 20, 1876). During the prosecution of the
Whiskey Ring cases he stood squarely by Sec-
retary Benjamin H. Bristow. Partisan politi-
cians, fearful for the results of the approaching
election, influenced Grant to request his resig-
nation in July 1876. As chairman of the Repub-
lican National Committee, an office which he held
at the time of his death, he was an effective sup-
porter of Garfield in the campaign of 1880 (T.
C. Smith, The Life and Letters of James Abram
Garfield, 1925, II, ch. 26). Jewell was married,
Oct. 6, 1852, to Esther E. Dickinson of New-
burgh, N. Y., who with two daughters survived
him.
[Biog. Encyc. of Conn, and R. I. of the Nineteenth
Cent. (1881); F. C. Norton, The Govs, of Conn.
(1905) ! J- H- Trumbull, The Memorial Hist, of Hart-
ford County, Conn., 1633-1884 (1886), vol. I; Proc.
in Joint Convention of the Court of Common Council
. . . of Hartford on the Death of the Hon. Marshall
Jewell, Feb. 12, 1883 (n.d.) ; Pliny Jewell and Joel
Jewell, The Jewell Reg. (i860) ; W. R. Cutter, Geneal.
and Family Hist, of the State of Conn. (191 1), vol. I ;
Harper's Weekly, Apr. 4, 1868 ; Hartford Daily Cour-
ant, Feb. 12, 1883.] R. E. M.
JEWETT, CHARLES COFFIN (Aug. 12,
1816-Jan. 9, 1868), bibliographer and librarian.
65
Jewet
brother of John Punchard Jewett \_q.vJ], was
born in Lebanon, Me., where his father, the Rev.
Paul Jewett, was settled as a Congregational
minister. His mother was Eleanor Masury
Punchard of Salem. Prepared for college in
Salem, he enrolled first at Dartmouth but trans-
ferred to Brown University, where he gradu-
ated in 1835. After two years of teaching he en-
tered Andover Theological Seminary and grad-
uated in 1840, with the intention of becoming a
missionary. After another year of teaching,
however, he was appointed librarian at Brown,
and subsequently elected professor of modern
languages and literature. In 1843-45 he visited
Europe, studying, inspecting libraries, and pur-
chasing books for the University Library at
John Carter Brown's expense. On his return
he devoted himself to teaching until March 1848,
when he resigned to become assistant secretary
and librarian under Joseph Henry \_q.v.] in the
recently founded Smithsonian Institution. His
Notices of Public Libraries in the United States
of America, published by the Institution in 1851,
was the first extended collection of facts and
statistics on American libraries.
His plans for building up at the Institution a
comprehensive bibliographical collection includ-
ed the compilation of a union catalogue of Amer-
ican libraries by clipping and mounting titles
from printed catalogues, and the development
of an original method of preparing stereotype
plates of individual book titles which by succes-
sive new combinations might be used for print-
ing catalogues of various different libraries, joint
catalogues of two or more libraries, and even a
union catalogue of all the libraries in the coun-
try {Proceedings of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science, vol. IV, 1851 ;
Smithsonian Report for 1850, pp. 32-41 and 80-
83, separately printed as A Plan for Stereo-
typing Catalogues by Separate Titles, 1851 ;
Jewett's fuller paper, On the Construction of
Catalogues of Libraries . . . with Rules and
Examples, 1852, 2nd ed., 1853). In 1853 the
New York Conference of Librarians, over which
he presided, discussed the new plan with enthu-
siasm and recommended that the Smithsonian
Institution publish at stated intervals joint cata-
logues of all libraries that would cooperate (Nor-
ton's Literary and Educational Register, 1854,
pp. 49-94; S. S. Green, The Public Library
Movement in the United States, 1913, pp. 1-10),
but the time was not yet ripe, and mechanical in-
vention was not yet sufficiently advanced, for
such an undertaking.
Jewett's original bibliographical projects had
been warmly approved by Henry, but when he
Jewett
insisted that the Smithsonian should become pri-
marily a great reference library instead of an in-
strument of scientific investigation, he came into
sharp conflict with the Secretary and the Re-
gents, and Henry at length summarily removed
him, July 10, 1854 (Smithsonian Report for
1854, p. 21). Leaving Washington, he was soon
occupied in the congenial task of selecting and
purchasing books for the newly established Pub-
lic Library at Boston. He was appointed super-
intendent in 1858 and thenceforward to the end
of his life directed the policy and further growth
of the library. He inaugurated the practice, then
unusual, of permitting easy access to the books
with the fewest possible restrictions and intro-
duced many new and simplified methods, such as
the use of separate slips instead of a bound vol-
ume for recording loans. The catalogues pre-
pared under his direction marked a distinct ad-
vance in library practice and met with praise
from experts both at home and abroad ( W. W.
Greenough in Sixteenth Annual Report of the
Boston Public Library, 1868, pp. 77-80). His
publications, in addition to those already men-
tioned, include : Close of the Late Rebellion in
Rhode Island (1842), an account of personal
experiences in the Dorr War, published anony-
mously; Catalogue of the Library of Brown Uni-
versity (1843); ar>d Facts and Considerations
Relative to Duties on Books (1846). His Plan
for Stereotyping Catalogues was translated into
Italian and printed in Florence in 1888. Jewett
was married, Apr. 5, 1848, to Rebecca Green
Haskins. He died from apoplexy at his home in
Braintree.
[Jewett's annual reports, 1847-53, in the Ann. Report
of the Smithsonian Inst., and his annual reports as li-
brarian of the Boston Pub. Lib. ; R. A. Guild, in Ann.
Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian
Inst., 1867 (1868), pp. 128-30, In Memoriam: Charles
Coffin Jcivctt (1868), repr. from Providence Evening
Press, Jan. 10, 1868, memorial sketch in Library Jour-
nal, Nov. 1887, and Hist. Sketch of the Library of
Brown Univ. (1861); H. G. Wadlin, The Public Li-
brary of Boston; a History (1911); C. A. Cutter, in
Pub. Libraries in the U. S. A. (U. S. Bur. of Educ,
1876), pt. 1, p. 538 ; F. C. Jewett, Hist, and Geneal. of
the Jcwetts of America (1908), vol. I; Boston Tran-
script, Jan. 9, 1868; Boston Morning Journal, Jan. 10,
1868.] W.C.L.
JEWETT, CLARENCE FREDERICK
(Sept. I, 1852-May 3, 1909), projector of his-
torical works, was born at Claremont, N. H.,
the son of Frederick and Josephine (Forehand)
Jewett. He went to school with George H. and
Oscar Walker and later sold their atlases in
Boston. In time he associated himself with
Henry W. Burgett under the firm name of C. F.
Jewett & Company. Both men were visionaries
who could, it was said, sell anything "not too
66
Jewett
light to go by mail or too heavy to go by freight."
Their first venture was the Standard History of
Essex County, Mass. (1878), edited by Dr.
Henry Wheatland. This was followed by The
History of Worcester County, Mass. (2 vols.,
1879). Their next work (much improved in ap-
pearance) was The Memorial History of Bos-
ton, four quarto volumes, edited by Justin Win-
sor, and issued in 1880-81. Jewett, claiming that
the idea came from him and not from his firm,
sold his rights to James R. Osgood & Company,
and his action was sustained by the court. The
Memorial History eventually went to Ticknor &
Company and later to Frederick E. Belcher. A
handsome two- volume work, The History of the
American Episcopal Church, 1587-1883, by
Bishop W. S. Perry, followed in 1885. All these
productions bore Jewett's name as publisher or
"projector" upon the title-page. Jewett then
fostered the Narrative and Critical History of
America, a monumental work of the best schol-
arship, in eight volumes (1886-89). He obtained
letters of commendation from all but one of the
justices of the Supreme Court in Washington,
considered at the time a great feat of enterprise.
At the same period he started The Memorial
History of Hartford County, Conn. (2 vols.,
1886).
These were high pressure years ; the books
which he planned were well written and pro-
fusely illustrated. His associates, the Osgoods,
were allied with a firm engaged in making plates
for book illustrations. This accounts for the
many pictures in all of Jewett's works, but to
him is due credit for the historical value of the
pictures selected for reproduction.
Meanwhile Jewett had married Mary Robin-
son, an intelligent and versatile woman, and
they settled in Brookline, a suburb of Boston.
He next undertook an autobiography of Benja-
min F. Butler, whose sensational administration
of New Orleans during the Civil War, and
whose career as a politician, made the publish-
ing venture attractive. The contract, signed
Sept. 15, 1889, called for two printed pages of
matter daily. Butler sent in sixty-three pages
and soon asked for their return for revision.
He then finished the book, broke his contract
with Jewett, and sold the manuscript known as
Butler's Book to another firm. Jewett applied
to the court to have the publication stopped.
There were eminent lawyers on both sides. The
case was dismissed without prejudice Oct. II,
1892, Judge Holmes stating that in his opinion
the breach of contract had been proved, but that
certain rights of the defendants deserved con-
sideration.
Jewett
Jewett, at the end of his resources, left for
South America. On the voyage he became the
hero of a shipwreck, but, having booked his
passage under the name of "Mr. Cabot of Bos-
ton," he could not accept public recognition.
Upon his return to the United States, he went
into land development schemes in Oregon
(1895) but was soon in difficulties and disap-
peared for a time from public view. He settled
in New York City about 1899 and became treas-
urer of the Cherry Hill Gold Mining Company.
He died at his home in New York on May 3,
1909. His portrait represents an abnormally
sensitive, refined man, with a highly developed
brain. His eyes suggest fanatical zeal, but evi-
dence of a strong character is lacking.
[No printed record of Jewett's career has been found.
For Butler's Book see Equity and Probate Records of
Suffolk County, Mass., Case No. 3,592 (Equity) ; for
Oregon lands see "Clippings and Cases" in Identifica-
tion Dept., Boston Police Headquarters ; for Cherry
Hill Gold Mining Company, see N. Y . Tribune, Jan.
17, 1902, p. 6, col. 1 ; for publishing companies see
Osgood-Ticknor papers in the Boston Athenaeum. A
photograph of Jewett is in the Greenough Collection at
the Athenaeum.] C. K. B
JEWETT, DAVID (June 17, 1772-July 26,
1842), commander in the Brazilian navy, was
born in the north parish of New London, Conn.,
the son of Patience Bulkley and David Hibbard
Jewett, who served as a surgeon for the Ameri-
can army in the Revolution. He was the de-
scendant of Joseph Jewett who emigrated from
Yorkshire, England, in 1638 and settled in Row-
ley, Mass. During a voyage to Spain, on which
he accompanied a relative, young David acquired
the inclination for a sea-faring life that never left
him. He returned home to study navigation and
to serve his country in its early struggles. In
the naval war against France, with his twenty-
four gun command, the Trumbull, he captured
and sent home a number of prizes. He served as
commander in the United States navy from Apr.
6, 1799, to June 3, 1801, when he was discharged
under the peace establishment act. In June 1815
he entered the service of the United Provinces
of the Rio de la Plata (now the Argentine Re-
public) in command of the four-hundred-ton
bark, Invencible, with which he captured several
Spanish vessels. After returning to Buenos
Aires from his successful cruise in the Inven-
cihle, he sailed for Port Soledad in the Falkland
Islands (then called the Isles Malouines) in
command of the Hcroina, an armed vessel be-
longing to the United Provinces. Barely escap-
ing shipwreck he landed there in October 1820,
took possession of the islands in the name of the
United Provinces, and set up the claim for legal
title that was used in the later international dis-
67
Jewett
Jewett
putes over ownership. He spent some months
on the islands and returned to Buenos Aires in
1821. In the following year he left the employ
of the United Provinces with the thanks of the
government for his services. In 1822 he became
a captain in the navy of Brazil, which had been
declared an independent empire a month before.
After a turn of duty before Montevideo he took
a prominent and active part under Lord Coch-
rane in driving the Portuguese fleet out of
Bahia, Brazil. He was promoted to be chief of
division in the Brazilian navy on Oct. 12, 1823,
and succeeded the English admiral, John Tay-
lor, who had served in the Brazilian navy for
some time, in command of the naval forces that
crushed, at Pernambuco, the organization called
the Confederation of the Equator. Unlike his
Connecticut countryman, Charles W. Wooster,
who was then serving in the Chilean navy, Jew-
ett seems always to have been on friendly terms
with Lord Cochrane. He continued the rest of
his life in the Brazilian naval service and made
numerous prolonged visits to the United States
in behalf of the Brazilian government. In 1827,
on one of these trips, he married Mrs. Eliza Mc-
Tiers, the daughter of Augustine H. Lawrence,
an alderman of New York City. He contracted
for and superintended the building of certain
ships of war, and contributed a large share to
the upbuilding of the strength and tradition of
the Brazilian navy.
[Archives of the Brazilian Ministry of Marine ; A. J.
Carranza, Campanas Navalcs de la Republica Argen-
tina, vol. Ill (1916), pp. 169-85; T. M. da Silva,
Apontamentos para a Historia da Marinha de Guerra
Brasileira, vol. II (1882), pp. 78, 220, 334-57, 398; C.
L. Chandler, Inter-American Acquaintances (191 5) ;
F. C. Jewett, Hist, and Geneal. of the Jewetts of Amer-
ica (1908), vol. I.] C. L. C.
JEWETT, HUGH JUDGE (July 1, 1817-
Mar. 6, 1898), railroad president, was born at
"Lansdowne," Harford County, Md., where he
received his early education. He was the son of
John and Susannah (Judge) Jewett and was de-
scended from Joseph Jewett who emigrated to
America in 1638 and settled in Rowley, Mass.
He studied at Hopewell Academy, Chester
County, Pa., and was admitted to the bar at Elk-
ton, Md., in 1838. Later he removed to Ohio
where he practised law in St. Clairsville for sev-
eral years. In 1848 he moved to Zanesville,
where he soon achieved a reputation for ability
to handle cases involving financial questions.
He was elected president of the Muskingum
County branch of the state bank in 1852 and
later became identified with other banking inter-
ests in Zanesville. An earnest Democrat, he be-
gan to take part in politics. In 1853 he was elect-
ed to the Ohio state Senate, but he resigned in
1855 to accept an appointment as United States
district attorney for the southern district of
Ohio. The following year he was a delegate to
the National Democratic Convention. After
several unsuccessful candidacies for public of-
fice he served one term in the state House of
Representatives, 1868-69, and briefly, 1873-74,
as representative to Congress. He was mentioned
as a possible presidential candidate of the Dem-
ocratic party in 1880.
Meanwhile he was developing a special knowl-
edge of railroad affairs. In 1855 he was elected
a director of the Central Ohio Railroad Com-
pany, becoming vice-president and general man-
ager in 1856 and president in 1857. The panic
of the year 1857 struck the railroad and Jewett
was appointed receiver. In 1869 he was elected
to the presidency of the Little Miami and Co-
lumbus & Xenia Railroads. The following year
he was made vice-president of the Pittsburgh,
Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway, later leased by
the Pennsylvania Railroad, and shortly afterward
he became president of the Cincinnati & Mus-
kingum Valley Railroad. In 1874 he was elected
president of the Erie Railway Company at $40,-
000 a year, the largest salary paid to a railroad
president up to that time. In return he agreed
to devote his whole time to the road for a period
of ten years. The Erie was then in a thoroughly
discredited and embarrassed financial position.
It was owned almost entirely by English inves-
tors but was managed by an American board
which distributed as dividends money which
should have gone into improvements. The panic
of 1873 and the rate war of 1874 forced the road
into bankruptcy and Jewett was made receiver.
In 1878 it was sold under foreclosure for $6,000,-
000 to a reconstruction company and was reor-
ganized as the New York, Lake Erie & Western
Railroad Company. Jewett was made president
of the new board and succeeded in extricating
the corporation from the worst of its embarrass-
ments and obtained its release from the jurisdic-
tion of the courts. The road had been crippled,
however, "by the serious railroad strike of 1877
and by rate wars, so that it was not possible to
make it profitable. Jewett moreover followed
the policy of putting the earnings back into the
property rather than distributing them as divi-
dends. During the ten years of his presidency
he replaced the iron with steel rails, changed the
gauge from six feet to standard, completed the
double track from New York to Buffalo, im-
proved the terminals, and extended the system
in order to effect needed connections with the
West. This policy did not please the stockhold-
68
Jewett
ers and in 1884, upon the expiration of his ten-
years' contract, he was succeeded by John King.
He then retired to his family homestead in
Maryland, where he lived for the rest of his life,
though he usually spent the winters in New York
City. He died Mar. 6, 1898, at Augusta, Ga.,
and was survived by his wife and six children.
He married twice, his first wife being Sarah
Jane Ellis, by whom he had four children, and
his second wife, Mrs. Sarah Elizabeth Kelly
(nee Guthrie) by whom he had three children.
[E. H. Mott, Between the Ocean and the Lakes: The
Story of Erie (1899) ; Mag. of Western Hist., Nov.
1888 ; H. V. Poor, Manual of the Ralroads of the U. S.,
1869-70- — 1885 ; F. C. Jewett, Hist, and Geneal. of the
Jewetts of America (1908), vol. I; Biog. Dir. Am.
Cong. (1928) ; Augusta (Ga.) Chronicle, Mar. 7, 1898.]
E.L.B.
JEWETT, JOHN PUNCHARD (Aug. 16,
1814-May 14, 1884), publisher, descended from
Joseph Jewett of Bradford, Yorkshire, who came
to Massachusetts in 1638 and settled at Rowley,
was born at Lebanon, Me., the eldest son of the
Rev. Paul Jewett and Eleanor M. Punchard.
He was a brother of Charles Coffin Jewett
[?.f.]. As a boy he worked in a bindery and
bookstore at Salem, Mass. In 1847, when for
some years he had been proprietor of a book and
music store of his own, he moved his business
to Boston and enlarged it to include publishing.
His first offerings consisted of a series of school
texts and graded readers.
Jewett supported the cause of abolition, and
when he read the installments of Harriet Beech-
er Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, then appearing
as a serial in an abolitionist paper, the National
Era, he made overtures to the author with a
view to publishing the story in book form. On
Mar. 13, 1852, an agreement was signed where-
by Mrs. Stowe was to receive a royalty of ten
per cent. Soon the unexampled sales began;
the book was issued in two volumes on Mar. 20.
"Ten thousand copies were sold in a few days."
Mrs. Stowe afterwards wrote, "and over three
hundred thousand within a year, and eight pow-
er-presses, running day and night, were barely
able to keep pace with the demand for it"
(Fields, post, p. 149). Jewett's profits may be
estimated from the fact that as early as July
1852 Mrs. Stowe's royalties already amounted
to $10,000. Jewett lost no time in pushing the
book ; he visited Washington, where in the ap-
proving company of Seward and Sumner, he
brought it to the attention of many national lead-
ers; he made plans for a translation into Ger-
man ; and he promptly issued Mrs. Stowe's Key
to Uncle Tom's Cabin. His career was at its
height about 1855, a* which time he had a home
Jewett
office in Boston and a branch in Cleveland, Ohio.
In that year the firm issued a catalogue of pub-
lications which listed, among other things, tracts
on temperance and abolition, theological works
by Professor Leonard Woods of Andover and
by Lyman Beecher, a history of California, an
encyclopedia of music, Maria S. Cummins' pop-
ular Lamplighter, and the augmented edition of
Margaret Fuller's Woman in the Nineteenth
Century, as well as one work against Roman
Catholicism and one against the Rochester brand
of Spiritualism.
The panic of 1857 weakened him ; he pub-
lished a few titles in the years preceding the
outbreak of the Civil War, but the book trade
was depressed, and he decided to give up both
publishing and bookselling. After a visit to
England in the late fifties he established a
watch factory in Roxbury which he operated
for several years. On Feb. 15, i860, occurred
the death of his first wife, Harriette Cobb, whom
he had married in 1837, and on June 20, 1861, he
married Helen Crane, who was to survive him.
Attempting to establish himself in one business
after another, he was in turn a purveyor of "Peru-
vian Syrup," an agent for a safety match com-
pany, and a negotiator of patents. In 1866 he
left Boston for New York City, where he even-
tually relinquished his work in patents to return
to bookselling in a quiet way. Though he came
again to cherish the ambition of publishing, in
this revived role he cut no figure of consequence.
A writer in the Orange Chronicle, of Orange,
N. J., noting his death which occurred there,
justly observed that he was best known as "the
man who published Uncle Tom's Cabin."
[J. C. Derby, Fifty Years among Authors, Books
and Publishers (1884) ; Annie Fields, Life and Letters
of Harriet Beecher Stowe (1897); F. C. Jewett,
Hist, and Geneal. of the Jewetts of America (2 vols.,
1908) ; C. E. Stowe, The Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe
(1889) ; S. M. Worcester, A Tribute to the Memory of
John Punchard (1857) ; catalogues of John P. Jewett
& Company, 1848 and 1855 ; City Directories for Sa-
lem, Boston, and New York ; Orange Chronicle, May
16,1884.] p jvi — J
JEWETT, MILO PARKER (Apr. 27, 1808-
June 9, 1882), educational pioneer, was born
at St. Johnsbury, Vt, the son of Calvin and Sally
(Parker) Jewett and a descendant of Joseph
Jewe,tt who emigrated to America in 1638. His
father, a physician, sent him to the Academy at
Bradford, Vt, and to Dartmouth College (B.A.,
1828). The year following his graduation he
was principal of Holmes Academy at Plymouth,
N. H., and read law at the same time in the office
of Josiah Quincy at Rumney. He then entered
Andover Theological Seminary, spending his
vacations in lecturing on the value of a common
69
Jewett
school system, believed to have been the first
popular lectures of the sort. His fellow-student,
J. O. Taylor, carried the movement to New York
State. His increased interest in education led
him on graduation from Andover in 1833 to ac-
cept a professorship at Marietta Collegiate Insti-
tute (later Marietta College) in Ohio. In the
fall of the same year, on Sept. 17, 1833, ne was
married to Jane Augusta Russell of Plymouth,
N. H. His early leaning toward promotion of
educational ideas is shown in his campaign for
funds for colleges among the Congregational
Churches of New England at this time. Shortly
after his appointment to Marietta, he served
upon a committee of three professors to urge
upon the state legislature the establishment of a
common school system for Ohio. They were
successful and an appropriation was made to
send Professor Calvin E. Stowe to Europe to
investigate the Prussian school system. Stowe's
report then led to Horace Mann's mission. Jew-
ett soon became a Baptist and, in 1838, resigned
from Marietta College and established Judson
Female Institute at Marion, Ala., which was one
of the most successful schools in the South. In
1855 he returned to the North. In 1856 he pur-
chased the Cottage Hill Seminary at Pough-
keepsie, N. Y., which Matthew Vassar sold to
him upon the death of his niece, Miss Lydia
Booth, the former head. Vassar's interest in
this school for girls and his ambition to emulate
his supposed relative, Thomas Guy of London,
in making some famous benefaction, was skil-
fully used by Jewett to realize his dream of a
standard college for women. In his emphasis
upon adequate apparatus and equipment, his
proposals for Vassar were original. The cur-
riculum which he devised and which never went
into effect at Vassar seems to have been bor-
rowed from the Southern practice dating back to
Thomas Jefferson of a series of schools or study
groups on a broad elective basis without texts
or examinations. At Jewett's plea Vassar re-
voked his previous will in favor of a hospital
and decided to equip and endow the Vassar Fe-
male College in his lifetime. For five years Jew-
ett sustained Vassar's interest in the idea and
in January 1861 the charter of Vassar College
was granted and Jewett became the first presi-
dent. Jewett's claim for Vassar that "there is
not an endowed college for women in the
world" is somewhat disingenuous, for he was
fully aware of the Southern colleges, and Elmira
College had been successfully running for sev-
eral years and Jewett had investigated its cur-
riculum. It is true that Vassar's venture was
on a scale hitherto unknown. In 1862, Jewett at
Jewett
the request of the Vassar College trustees visit-
ed Europe and spent eight months studying uni-
versity organization. His report on return add-
ed little of value to the study of the higher edu-
cation of women, for there was none in Europe
at the time.
The erection of the Main Building at Vassar
College proceeded slowly through the years of
the Civil War and Jewett's patience and Vas-
sar's health wore out during the long strain.
The contractor's bankruptcy and other worries
incident to the slow completion of the design
tempted Jewett to write an indiscreet letter re-
ferring to his benefactor as childish and, on the
disclosure of the letter, he resigned. His be-
havior then and later was in every other way
exemplary. In 1867 he removed to Milwaukee
and speedily became one of the most valued citi-
zens of the state in educational service. He was
commissioner of public schools, chairman of the
board of visitors of the state university, chair-
man of the Milwaukee board of health, and trus-
tee of Milwaukee Female College, later Mil-
waukee-Downer College. He also acted in de-
nominational affairs and was president of the
State Temperance Society. He was at first a
Whig, later a Republican. At Vassar College,
Jewett Hall perpetuates his name. In tempera-
ment, he was the typical American pioneer : en-
ergetic, quick, lively, and benevolent. He was
not a scholar, and his writings are highly rhe-
torical, but he undoubtedly deserves a place
among early promoters of educational ideas in
America.
[Memorial of Milo Parker Jewett, LL.D. (p.p. Mil-
waukee 1882) ; J. M. Taylor, Before Vassar Opened
(1914) ; J. M. Taylor and E. H. Haight, Vassar
(1915) ; manuscript memoir and letters in the Vassar
Coll. Lib.] H.N.M.
JEWETT, SARAH ORNE (Sept. 3, 1849-
June 24, 1909), author, was a native of South
Berwick, a village on the southern border of
Maine. Her family was of old New England
stock and on her father's side she was descended
from Maximilian Jewett who emigrated from
Yorkshire, England, in 1638, and in 1639 was
one of the founders of Rowley, Mass. Her
grandfather Jewett, the son of a New Hamp-
shire landowner, having run away to sea as a
boy, had settled in Portsmouth after the War of
1812 and become a ship-builder and wealthy mer-
chant in the West Indian trade. Later he moved
his family twelve miles up the Piscataqua River
to the inland port of Berwick, where he bought
the principal house in the village, a fine example
of American architecture just prior to the Revo-
lution. Sarah Jewett was born in this house,
and made it her home throughout her life. Her
7n
jewett
father, Theodore Herman Jewett, took up the
study of medicine following his graduation from
Bowdoin and became the most distinguished
doctor in the region. After his marriage to Car-
oline Frances Perry, a descendant of the Gil-
mans of Exeter with a touch of French blood in
her veins, he settled to a wide country practice
in all the neighboring fishing villages and up-
land farms. Through him, Sarah, the second of
his three daughters, gained her first knowledge
of the life she was later to recreate in her books.
She was a delicate child, and, as she expressed it,
subject to instant drooping whenever she was
shut up in school. Consequently her education
did not come so much from her somewhat irreg-
ular attendance at the Berwick Academy as
from the well-stored shelves in the library at
home, and from endless talks with her father as
she rode with him on the trips through the coun-
tryside to see his patients. Although she did not
realize it, she was being taught by his wise kind-
liness to observe every detail of her surround-
ings.
While she was still a child, she began to write
down things she was thinking about, putting
them into rhymes at first, for prose seemed more
difficult. Somewhat later she began to write
stories and sent the best of them off to the Riv-
erside, a children's magazine of the day, ihyly
using a pseudonym, Alice C. Eliot, and pledging
her older sister to complete secrecy. "The Ship-
wrecked Buttons" was accepted at once, and
the very next month her first more elaborate
story, "Mr. Bruce," was taken by the Atlantic
Monthly when she was still only nineteen. It
appeared in the issue of December 1869. Grad-
ually what had started as a kind of game grew
to occupy more and more of her attention. By
the time the Atlantic had accepted a second
story four years after the first, she had already
instinctively found exactly the line she wished
to follow. As a girl of fourteen her eyes had
been opened to a keener perception of her vil-
lage world by Harriet Beecher Stowe's account,
in The Pearl of Or/s Island, of life along the
Maine coast ; and now she determined to record
what she had learned of similar decaying ship-
less harbors and lonely farms. She immediately
became aware of the magnitude of her father's
influence, of how he had pointed things out to
her, and had made her notice every sight and
sound. At the very outset of her career she pos-
sessed an almost complete knowledge of her en-
vironment.
When a whole series of sketches about a vil-
lage that she called Deephaven had appeared in
the Atlantic over a period of two or three years,
Jewett
W. D. Howells, who was then editor, urged her
to collect them. Under ihe title Deephaven
(1877), the book enjoyed a distinct success and
established her at the age of twenty-eight among
the leading writers of New England. Notwith-
standing the fact that the greater part of her life
was passed in the country, she was at no time
isolated or apart. As a girl she had made long
visits with friends in New York and Philadel-
phia, and one summer she had gone as far west
as Wisconsin. Following her first arrival in the
Atlantic her relationship with Howells was of
the most cordial friendliness, and through him
she came to know the whole Boston circle. She
was particularly devoted to Lowell and Whit-
tier, and later to Thomas Bailey Aldrich. She
also felt herself greatly indebted to the kind sug-
gestions of Horace Scudder, the editor of the
Riverside, and to old Professor Parsons, the
Swedenborgian.
In 1878, the year after Deephaven, she en-
countered her first deep sorrow in the death of
her father, whom she always considered the best
and wisest man she had ever known. It was for-
tunate that her close intimacy with Annie Fields,
the wife of the publisher, should have developed
about this time. After Mr. Fields' death in 1881,
the two women were constantly together, and
were gradually absorbed into a union that lasted
as long as their lives. Sarah Jewett had become
a gracious and charming woman, with a quiet
beauty in her slender figure and dark eyes and
hair, but she seems never to have considered
marriage except perhaps as a hindrance to the
fulfilment of her dreams. However, her gener-
ous emotional nature demanded an outlet, which
■ she found in her devotion to Annie Fields. This
new relationship brought her an increasingly
wide horizon both in Boston, and in several
trips abroad where she formed valued contacts
with Tennyson and Arnold, Du Maurier and
Henry James. But she always returned to Ber-
wick for long periods of work, and a steady suc-
cession of her books came from the press, sev-
eral further volumes of sketches of country life,
two or three novels, collections of children's
stories, and a compact history of the Normans.
At no point, however, did she allow herself to
become hurried or careless, and she took pride
in the fact that she "nibbled all round her stories
like a mouse." Indeed, the discipline of her talent
is possibly the most impressive quality in Miss
Jewett's achievement. She might complain that
she felt the lack of never having had any train-
ing in the logical ordering of her thoughts, or
protest that she had never studied in her life, but
she was in possession of a very broad culture.
71
jswett
She had read almost everything in the great lit-
erature of the past, » and what was important
for the development of her art, she was saturated
not only with Jane Austen and Thackeray, but
with Tolstoy and Flaubert as well. She kept two
sentences from the Frenchman pinned on her
desk as a constant challenge to perfection. She
was fully aware that enduring literature is the
product of a ripening personality, and she de-
fined the reason for the gradual increase of her
own power when she wrote : "The thing that
teases the mind over and over for years, and at
last gets itself put down rightly on paper —
whether little or great, it belongs to Literature"
(Preface to The Best Stories, post, p. ix). That
process describes the difference between Deep-
haven and The Country of the Pointed Firs
(1896). In both books Sarah Jewett was trying
to catch the same essence, but the intervening
twenty years had allowed her material time to
mature in her imagination, and the result was
no longer observation of life, but life itself.
She was at the top of her bent in this latter
book. Her reputation had quietly grown until
it was by no means confined to New England,
and her stories appeared in the Century and
Harper's almost as often as in the Atlantic. In
1901 she received the first Litt.D. that Bowdoin
ever conferred upon a woman. Shortly after
this she was thrown from her carriage and suf-
fered a concussion of the spine. Although she
had always had a passion for being outdoors,
and an eagerness for riding and fishing, she had
never been of very robust health and was unable
to recover fully from this shock. She gained in-
tervals of possession of herself, but she could
not undertake the prolonged strain of writing
during the last eight years of her life. However,
her achievement was secure. She had given per-
manence to a disappearing order of New Eng-
land, the remote provincial life which had lin-
gered a few years after the dissolution of the
West Indian trade before being engulfed by the
new civilization of smoke and steam. Sarah
Jewett had valued the separateness, the reserve,
the sharp humor of those isolated fishermen and
farmers as well as sympathizing with their drab
loneliness ; and because she possessed a style
almost French in its clarity and precision, she
wrote, in The Country of the Pointed Firs, what
is destined to remain as a minor classic.
[F. O. Matthiessen, Sarah Orne Jewett (1929), con-
tains a complete list of Miss Jewett 's books. An auto-
biographical account of her childhood appeared in the
Youth's Companion, Jan. 7, 1892. Mrs. Fields pub-
lished Letters of Sarah Orne Jewett (1911). M. A.
DeW. Howe, Memories of a Hostess (1922), contains
a chapter on the relationship of Miss Jewett with Mrs.
Fields. A brief appreciation of her work was written
jewett
by Willa Cather as a preface to The Best Stories of
Sarah Orne Jewett (1935). Other sources include:
Edward Garnett, Friday Nights (1922), pp. 189-198;
F. C. Jewett, Hist, and Gencal. of the Jcwetts of Amer-
ica (2 vols., 1908) ; N. Y. Times and the Boston Tran-
script, June 25, 1909.] F.O.M.
JEWETT, WILLIAM (Jan. 14, 1792-Mar.
24, 1874), painter, was born in East Haddam,
Conn., one of the nine children of Nathan Hib-
bard and Mary (Griffin) Jewett. As a boy he
worked on the farm of his grandfather. At six-
teen he undertook the job of preparing paints for
carriages for a coachmaker in New London.
This early apprenticeship probably determined
his future career, for while grinding paints for
designs on coaches, he aspired to apply his
knowledge of color mixing to some higher pur-
pose than mere decoration. The second deter-
mining influence in his artistic life was his ac-
quaintance with Samuel L. Waldo, the portrait
painter. When young Jewett realized that
Waldo was an artist, and not a poor artisan like
himself, he offered to become his assistant.
Thereupon a struggle ensued between the young
apprentice and the master coachmaker who re-
fused to release Jewett. Upon Waldo's depar-
ture for New York, nevertheless, Jewett fol-
lowed, after signing a note with interest as in-
demnity for the loss of his services.
After three years of study and paint mixing,
he began to assist Waldo in painting. In those
days imported casts from antique sculptures
were kept in the custom-house near Bowling
Green, and there Jewett spent considerable time
in drawing from casts. From the beginning
Waldo took the young man into his home where
he remained for eighteen years. Jewett per-
formed routine studio work, and then he began
to paint from nature. The two artists made
journeys to the picturesque banks of the Hud-
son River and painted landscapes. After seven
years Jewett was able to pay his debt to the ex-
acting coachmaker, and within ten years he be-
came Waldo's partner in the business of paint-
ing portraits. The two men worked jointly on
the same portraits, and it is said that only ex-
perienced critics could distinguish the work of
the one artist from that of the other. Isham
(post, p. 141) says of their work that it was "so
quiet and unaggressive that when its really con-
siderable technical merit is revealed on close
examination it comes as a surprise." That they
must have been appreciated is evident from the
number of commissions which they received.
The New York Historical Society owns the
portrait of Asher B. Durand (1796-1886),
which was painted in 1825 and is credited to
Jewett, and the portrait of John Pintard (1759-
72
Jewett
1844), the founder of the Society, which was
painted by Waldo and Jewett in 1832. The
Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York pos-
sesses their portraits of Edward Kellogg, Mrs.
Edward Kellogg, the Rev. Gardiner Spring, and
Gen. Matthew Clarkson. Jewett was elected an
associate of the National Academy of Design in
1847. He made his home in New York City
until 1842, when he moved to Bergen Hill, N. J.
He died in Jersey City.
[See Wm. Dunlap, Hist, of the Rise and Progress of
the Arts of Design in the U. S. (1834) ; F. C. Jewett,
Hist, and Geneal. of the Jewetts of America (2 vols.,
1908) ; Samuel Isham, The Hist, of Am. Painting (ed.
1927) ; H. T. Tuckerman, Book of the Artists (1867) ;
F. F. Sherman, "Samuel L. Waldo and Wm. Jewett,
Portrait Painters," Art in America, Feb. 1930; H. C.
Nelson, "The Jewetts: William and William S.," In-
ternat. Studio, Jan. 1926. The date of Jewett's birth,
given in the sketch, was taken from the Jewett geneal-
ogy. The date of death was taken from the death cer-
tificate.] A. B.B.
JEWETT, WILLIAM CORNELL (Feb. 19,
1823-Oct. 27, 1893), publicist, peace advocate,
was born in New York City, the son of Joseph
and Matilda Cornell Jewett and a descendant of
Maximilian Jewett, a native of Yorkshire, Eng-
land, who emigrated to America in 1638 and in
1639 was one of the founders of Rowley, Mass.
His early career is obscure, but it had a west-
ward direction. In 1848 he was married in St.
Louis to Almira Guion, who died within a few
years. Meanwhile he had moved to San Fran-
cisco. Later he went to Colorado. His exact
connection with the territory is disputed. He
regarded himself as a public benefactor, but his
opponents asserted that he was a holder of
worthless claims and a procurer of money under
false pretences. There remain only two definite
records for these years : that of his marriage to
Esther Garrison and his application for admis-
sion to a peace convention in 1861 as a delegate
from Pike's Peak. The Civil War years found
him in possession of funds and a will for peace.
He was convinced that it could be obtained
through European intervention. Consequently
he made several visits to the continent, harried
European potentates and premiers with his per-
sonal, telegraphic, and epistolary communica-
tions, and published in many pamphlets a nar-
rative of his adventures. He had particular
faith in "the mediation fidelity" of Napoleon III,
"temporal and all powerful," and a particular
bitterness for Abraham Lincoln, "a serpent
tempter" and an obstacle to peace. His activities
might have been dangerous if he had not been so
obviously "an irresponsible . . . adventurer" (H.
J. Raymond, Life and Public Services of Abra-
ham Lincoln, 1865, p. 571). From time to time
Jocelyn
"Colorado Jewett" sailed to the North Ameri-
can continent to further his designs. Usually he
preferred Canada, for there he could escape the
arrest which he dreaded. Finally in January
1864 he issued from New York an appeal "to
the American People and Church Universal"
and began interviewing old and new acquaint-
ances who, he hoped, were opposed to a continu-
ance of the war.
By the summer he had fallen into the hands of
George N. Sanders \_q.v.~\, a foot-loose Con-
federate, who was voluntarily acting as a go-
between for some of the Confederate commis-
sioners who had been dispatched by Jefferson
Davis to incite discontent and trouble in the
Northern states. Sanders and Jewett, utilizing
the latter's acquaintance with Horace Greeley,
finally arranged a meeting between the editor
of the New York Tribune and James P. Hol-
combe, one of the Confederate commissioners.
John Hay was also present at the meeting, which
took place at Niagara Falls on July 20. Both
Greeley and Holcombe were somewhat unwill-
ingly manipulated into this conference. At a
critical time for Northern politics, it gave pub-
licity to the pacificism of Greeley and to Lin-
coln's statement of peace terms in "To Whom
It May Concern," which, by insisting upon re-
union and abandonment of slavery as the fun-
damental terms of settlement, alienated some of
the president's conservative supporters. By Sep-
tember, however, Jewett considered peace dead
(Buffalo Courier, Sept. 24, 1864). His second
wife having died, Jewett was married in 1867 to
Charlotte Berna. The final years of his life were
spent largely in Europe. He died at Geneva in
1893.
[E. C. Kirkland, The Peacemakers of 1864 (1927) ;
F. C. Jewett, Hist, and Geneal. of the Jewetts of Amer-
ica (2 vols., 1908) ; F. H. Severance, "The Peace Con-
ference at Niagara Falls in 1864," Buffalo Hist. Soc.
Pubs., vol. XVIII (1914); W. R. Thayer, Life and
Letters of John Hay (1915), I, 179 ff . ; J. G. Nicolay
and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A Hist. (1890), IX,
185 ff. ; N. Y. Daily Tribune, World (N. Y.), July 29,
l864-] E.C.K.
JOCELYN, NATHANIEL (Jan. 31, 1796-
Jan. 13, 1881), painter and engraver, was born
in New Haven, Conn., the son of Simeon and
Lucina (Smith) Jocelyn. His father was a
watchmaker, and Nathaniel, brought up to suc-
ceed to the business, received only an elementary
education. At the age of fifteen, with his brother
and a friend, he undertook a course of study in
drawing, entirely without instruction. In 1817,
after three years as apprentice to an engraver,
he became a partner in a new enterprise, the
Hartford Graphic & Bank Note Engraving
Company; and later, with M. I. Danforth, he
73
Jocelyn
founded the National Bank Note Engraving
Company. His share in the labor of the com-
pany, which was confined to the lettering, hard-
ly afforded sufficient outlet for his talents, and
at the age of twenty-five he began painting por-
traits, at first in Savannah, Ga., and later in
New Haven. He had an unusual talent for se-
curing a likeness, his brush-work was vigorous
and his modeling strong and graceful, and there
was an increasing demand for his work. He was
thirty when several of his portraits, hung at the
first exhibition of the National Academy, won
favorable comment. In 1829 he went abroad, re-
sided for a few weeks in London, and traveled
in France and Italy with Samuel F. B. Morse
[g.z'.J. Upon his return, he established himself
in a studio in New Haven and divided his time
between business and his art.
For many years he was head of the art de-
partment of the American Bank Note Company,
resigning in 1865. Investments in real estate
and enthusiastic attempts to develop new sec-
tions of the city occupied his energy and drew
him for a time out of his studio ; but during the
years of depression that followed the panic of
1837, he was in serious financial difficulties, and
the burden he was carrying made it necessary
for him to earn money with his brush. In 1844
he received the gold palette for the best portrait
exhibited in Connecticut. In 1849, after a fire
had destroyed his studio, he removed to New
York ; but he was soon back in New Haven, and
most of his painting was done there. He taught
many pupils, including Thomas Rossiter and
William Oliver Stone \_qq.v.~\. August Street,
who provided the original building of the Yale
School of the Fine Arts, frequently stated that
his gift was made largely as a result of Jocelyn's
suggestions. The artist had his studio in Street
Hall during the last fifteen years of his life, and
some of his best work is now on exhibition in
the gallery of the school. His celebrated por-
trait of Cinque, leader of the Amistad Africans,
hangs in the building of the New Haven Colony
Historical Society, where there is also a por-
trait of Jocelyn painted by Harry Thompson.
Jocelyn was a member of the Connecticut
Academy of Arts and an honorary member of
the National Academy of Design. He declined
an election to honorary membership in the Phil-
adelphia Art Union because the society had of-
fended his anti-slavery sentiments. He was al-
ways an ardent abolitionist. As early as 1831,
he had made himself conspicuous at a town meet-
ing by supporting a measure to establish a high
school for negroes in New Haven. He was a
wide reader and preserved a variety of interests
Jogues
down to the time of his death. In his old age,
he left upon all who saw him the same impression
of remarkable vitality that he had given in his
prime — "a very handsome, lithe, graceful figure,
with a brilliant complexion and mild blue eyes"
(Journal and Courier, Jan. 17, 1881). His wife,
Sarah Atwater Plant, daughter of Samuel Plant
of New Haven, died seven months before his
death.
[H. W. French, Art and Artists in Conn. (1879) ;
Samuel Isham, The Hist, of Am. Painting (1905);
E. L. Morse, Samuel F. B. Morse : His Letters and
Jours. (1914); William Dunlap, A Hist, of the Rise
and Progress of the Arts of Design in the U. S. (1834,
19 1 8) ; D. M. Stauffer, Am. Engravers upon Copper
and Steel (1907) ; S. E. Baldwin, "The Captives of the
Amistad," New Haven Colony Hist. Soc. Papers, vol.
IV (1888) ; N. Y. Tribune, Jan. 18, 1881 ; N. Y. Jour,
of Commerce, Jan. 17, 1881 ; New Haven Daily Morn-
ing Jour, and Courier, Jan. 15, 17, 1881 ; Commemo-
rative Biog. Record of New Haven County (1902).]
R.D.F.
JOGUES, ISAAC (Jan. 10, 1607-Oct. 18,
1646), missionary and martyr of New France,
was a native of Orleans. He was of noble blood
and lost his father while an infant, becoming
the sole care of a pious mother, Franqoise (de
Saint-Mesmin) Jogues. He entered a Jesuit
school at the age of ten ; seven years later he be-
came a Jesuit novice under the charge of Father
Louis Lalemant, who had relatives in Canada.
Jogues performed his novitiate both at Rouen
and at Paris; in 1636 he was ordained to the
priesthood and celebrated his first mass at his
native city. He had already determined to en-
ter the mission field, and sailed from Dieppe for
Canada, where he arrived July 2, 1636.
The Jesuits had recently begun the mission
for the Huron Indians on the far shores of
Georgian Bay, south of Lake Huron. Thither
young Jogues was sent within six weeks after
his landing. The journey by canoe, over rapids
and rocks, along wilderness coasts was so pain-
ful that the new missionary fell ill soon after
reaching Huronia. Upon recovering he devoted
himself to learning the Huron language and to
building a new mission establishment on the
River Wye, named Ste. Marie. In September
1 641 Jogues with Raymbault accompanied a
band of strange Indians northward for three
hundred miles to the strait they named the Sault
de Ste. Marie ; here they instructed 2,000 sav-
ages and heard of Sioux Indians living beyond
Lake Superior. Raymbault having fallen ill,
Jogues obtained permission in 1642 to accom-
pany him to the colony. On their return they
were set upon by hostile Iroquois, and Jogues
and his two donnes, Rene Goupil [q.z'.~\ and
Guillaume Couture, were captured. The mis-
sionary might have escaped but gave himself
74
Jogues
up in order to succor his companions. The Mo-
hawk-Iroquois party carried the captives to cen-
tral New York, on the way inflicting upon them
horrible tortures, mutilating their hands, and
loading them with burdens. Goupil was soon
slain, Jogues was reserved for a more lingering
martyrdom. For a year he was a slave in the
Indian villages, using every opportunity to in-
struct his captors and to baptize all dying sav-
ages. Once, at great risk, he warned the gov-
ernor of Canada of a projected attack. He was
finally rescued by the Dutch at Fort Orange,
taken to New Amsterdam (now New York
City) and entertained by the Dutch dominie,
Johannes Megapolensis \_q.v.~\, in his house on
the site of the present Cunard building.
Jogues reached Brittany on Christmas Day,
1643, and the Jesuit College at Rennes on Jan.
5, 1644. He was received with great joy, hav-
ing been given up as lost. The queen regent
granted him an audience and the pope permit-
ted him to serve mass with his mutilated hands,
saying, "Indignant esset Christi martyrem,
Christi non bibere sanguinem." The same season
the missionary returned to his labors in Canada.
Two years later the governor sent him on an
embassy to the Iroquois, during which he visited
the scenes of his former torture. As an ambas-
sador he was safe ; upon his return to Canada,
however, he asked and obtained leave to under-
take a mission to the Mohawks. When he ar-
rived at their village of Ossernenon, now Auries-
ville, N. Y., he was killed by the stroke of a
tomahawk. In 1925 Pope Pius XI issued arti-
cles of beatification for Jogues and seven other
missioners who were martyred in Canada.
Jogues's character may be best given in the
words of this document : "The Servant of God
was by nature meek and timid, but by constant
self-humiliation and the continuous practice of
prayer he so strengthened his spirit that when
commanded by his superiors he was ready to
undertake most difficult things, and in facing
dangers and torments he gave a truly marvelous
example of Christian fortitude" {Scott, post,
PP- 235-36).
[R. G. Thwaites, The Jesuit Relations and Allied
Documents (73 vols., 1 896-1 901) are the chief source
for his life and writings. Jogues wrote a description
of New Netherland called Novum Belgium, translations
of which appear in E. B. O'Callaghan, Doc. Hist, of
the State of N. Y '., vol. IV ( 1851), and in J. F. Jameson,
Narratives of New Netherland, 160Q-1664 (1909);
see also T. J. Campbell, Isaac Jogues, S. J., Discoverer
of Lake George (1911) ; J. J. Wynne, The Jesuit Mar-
tyrs of North America (1925); M. J. Scott, Isaac
Jogues, Missioner and Martyr (1927) ; Felix Martin,
Le R. P. Isaac Jogues (1873), tr. by J. G. Shea as The
Life of Father Isaac Jogues (1885); J. G. Shea, in
Colls, of the N. Y. Hist. Soc, 2d series, vol. Ill
<l837)-l L.P.K.
Joh
ns
JOHNS, JOHN (July 10, 1796-Apr. 4, 1876),
fourth bishop of the Protestant Episcopal
Church in Virginia and president of the Col-
lege of William and Mary, was born in New
Castle, Del., son of Chief Justice Kensey Johns
[q.v.~\ and Ann Van Dyke, daughter of Nich-
olas Van Dyke [q.v.~\, and brother of the
younger Kensey Johns [q.v.~\. It was said by
a friend of Bishop Johns that his mother, by
her example and guidance, "saved her family
from falling into those dreadful social sins of
sabbath visiting, card-playing, drinking, and
theatrical amusements, which surrounded the
Bishop in his early youth" (Addresses, post, p.
163). Another friend stated that "in his youth
he was full of fun and frolic, bright in intellect
and genial in disposition, passionately fond of
hunting and a fine shot" (Ibid., p. 164). He
led his classes at the College of New Jersey.
According to Dr. Charles Hodge, a classmate,
"Johns was always first — first everywhere, first
in everything (Ibid., p. 164). After graduating
in 1815, he remained at Princeton two years,
studying theology.
He was ordained in 1819 and during the
twenty-three years of his ministry he served
only two churches — at Fredericktown (now
Frederick), Md. (1819-28) and Christ Church,
Baltimore (1828-42). He was unusually suc-
cessful as a preacher and as a pastor, became
leader of the "low church" party in the diocese,
and, on at least two occasions, narrowly missed
election as bishop of Maryland. When Bishop
William Meade [q.v.] of Virginia requested
the appointment of an assistant bishop, the
Convention chose Johns. He was consecrated
in Monumental Church, Richmond, Oct. 13,
1842. Richmond was his home for several
years, but the greater part of his time was oc-
cupied in visitations throughout the diocese,
which reached from the Ohio River to Hamp-
ton Roads. He worked diligently and well, and
in perfect harmony with Bishop Meade. In
1849, with the consent of the church Conven-
tion, without pay Johns became president of the
College of William and Mary, still continuing
as assistant bishop. When he resigned the pres-
idency in 1854, after a happy and successful
administration, the number of students had
more than doubled and new life had been
breathed into the ancient institution.
He now built a home near Alexandria, where
he lived during the remainder of his life, with
the exception of the four years of the Civil
War when he and his family were refugees.
When Bishop Meade died on Mar. 14, 1862,
Johns succeeded him and often ministered to
75
Johns
the armies in the field and to Federal prisoners.
In 1865 he returned to Alexandria. Here he
taught two hours a week as professor of homi-
letics and pastoral theology in the Theological
Seminary. When past seventy, he continued
his visitations throughout Virginia and West
Virginia. He had few equals as a public speak-
er, and possessed "a bright intellect, an emo-
tional nature, natural earnestness, a melodious
voice, and facility and felicity of speech"
(Packard, post, p. 197). His sermons were
carefully prepared, but were delivered without
notes. Only a very few were published. These,
together with his Memoir of the Life of the
Right Rev. William Meade, D.D. (1867), are
his only published works. He was married,
first, in 1820, to Juliana Johnson of Frederick-
town; second, to Jane Schaaf (or Scharf), and
third, to a Mrs. Southgate. He died at mid-
night, Apr. 4, 1876, in his eightieth year.
[E. L. Goodwin, The Colonial Ch. in Va. (1927);
Joseph Packard, Recollections of a Long Life (1902),
ed. by T. J. Packard; C. I. Gibson, in Addresses and
Hist. Papers before the Centennial Council of the
Protestant Episcopal Ch. in the Diocese of Va. (1885);
T. G. Dashiel, A Digest of the Proc. of the Convention
and Councils of the Diocese of Va. (1883) ; Evening
Star (Washington), Apr. 6, 7, 1876; Richmond En-
quirer, Apr. 7, 1876; The Churchman, Apr. 15, 1876.]
R. L. M— n.
JOHNS, KENSEY (June 14, 1759-Dec. 20,
1848), Delaware jurist, was the son of Kensey
and Susannah (Galloway) Johns of West River,
Anne Arundel County, Md. He studied law, first
with the noted Judge Samuel Chase [q.v.], and
then moved to Delaware and completed his stud-
ies under George Read \_q.v.~\. Unusually suc-
cessful in his practice, he soon accumulated a
large estate, and in 1784, married Ann, the
daughter of Governor Nicholas Van Dyke [5.^.].
Their sons Kensey Johns and John Johns [qq.v.~\
had distinguished careers. His first appearance
in public life was as delegate from New Castle
County to the constitutional convention of 1792,
where he took a leading part in debate with such
eminent men as John Dickinson, Richard Bas-
sett, and Nicholas Ridgeley [qq.v.]. Upon the
resignation of George Read from the United
States Senate in 1794, Johns was appointed by
Governor Joshua Clayton to fill the vacancy.
Doubt was expressed as to the legality of this
proceeding, however, since a session of the leg-
islature had intervened between the occurrence
of the vacancy and the appointment, so Johns
never claimed the seat. By this time he had at-
tained great success at the bar, but, probably
upon the solicitation of Chief Justice Read, he
relinquished his practice to accept the appoint-
ment of associate judge on the supreme court.
Johns
Upon Read's death Johns succeeded him as chief
justice, Jan. 3, 1799. In this capacity he served
over thirty years.
He was an important transition figure in the
judicial history of Delaware. The revolution
from colony to state was still in process, and
many questions, arising from the change of in-
stitutions and government, were unsettled. The
statutes, which were collected, revised, and pub-
lished by George Read in 1794, needed new con-
structions. As an associate of those men who
had framed the constitution of 1776, and as an
active member of the state convention of 1792,
Johns had become thoroughly acquainted with
the unwritten decisions upon the questions of
law which arose during this period. He could
therefore develop the law by interpretations
based on the judgments of the state's founders.
In April 1830 he was appointed chancellor, as
successor to Nicholas Ridgeley. While chief
justice he had acted as president of the court of
errors and appeals in all chancery cases, which
service had given him peculiar qualifications
for his later position. Upon the adoption of the
new constitution in 1832, he retired on account
of his advanced age, and was succeeded by his
son, Kensey Johns. The remaining years of his
life were uneventful. His services have been
summarized as follows : "Chief Justice Johns
possessed a discriminating mind ; and being
thoroughly educated in the principles of his pro-
fession, he was generally able to lay hold of and
accurately decide the important questions aris-
ing in a cause. His judgment was cautious, and
his convictions, resulting always from a most
careful examination, were so fixed as to be sel-
dom shaken" (Report of Cases, post, 491).
[G. B. Rodney, in Report of Cases . . . in the Court
of Chancery, of the State of Del., I (1876), 490 ; H. C.
Conrad, Hist, of the State of Del. (1908), vol. Ill ; J.
T. Scharf, Hist, of Del. (1888), vol. I ; Del. State Jour-
nal, Dec. 22, 1848; Del. Republican (Wilmington),
Mar. 30, 1857.] C.W.G.
JOHNS, KENSEY (Dec. 10, 1791-Mar. 28,
1857), Delaware jurist, congressman, brother of
John Johns [g.t'.J, was by birth and environment
predestined for an eminent position in the judi-
cial history of his state. Son of Chief Justice,
afterwards Chancellor, Kensey Johns [q.v.~\, and
grandson, through his mother, Ann, of Governor
Nicholas Van Dyke [q.v.~\, he inherited high tra-
ditions of public service. He was born in New
Castle, Del., and graduated from the College of
New Jersey in the class of 1810 with James G.
Birney, George M. Dallas, and others who later
attained prominence. After studying law with
his maternal uncle, Nicholas Van Dyke \_q.v.~\,
he completed a course in the law school at Litch-
76
Johnsen
field, Conn., and was admitted to the Delaware
bar in 1813. Shortly after, he was married to
Maria McCallmont. While yet a young man he
attained high standing as a sound and able law-
yer. He possessed an analytical mind which en-
abled him to grasp the essentials in a case and
refer every question to some basic legal princi-
ple. Fifteen years of law practice had established
him securely as one of the leaders in the profes-
sion when he decided to enter public life. On
Oct. 2, 1827, he was chosen to fill the unexpired
term of Congressman Louis McLane [g.?'.], who
had been elected to the Senate, and at the expira-
tion of the Twentieth Congress, Johns was elect-
ed for the following term. At its close, Dec. 3,
183 1, he retired from national politics. Of his
several speeches in Congress the one in favor of
the tariff of 1828 was the most important. His
chief argument was the sad plight of the manu-
facturers, and he handled the subject in a prac-
tical rather than a logical or statesmanlike man-
ner (Register of Debates, 20 Cong., 1 Sess., p.
1940). After retiring from Congress he resumed
the practice of law. In 183 1 the constitutional
convention reorganized the judiciary system.
Although the chancery remained unchanged, his
father, grown old in service, took this oppor-
tunity to resign ; and the governor, at the sug-
gestion of the bar, appointed the son chancellor,
Jan. 18, 1832.
In this office, Johns carried out the ideals of
legal study acquired in his youth. The process
of grasping the leading principle in a case was
carried a step further to a clearer enunciation,
where needed, of those rules of equity hith-
erto imperfectly understood in Delaware law.
Keen discrimination in selecting authorities and
weighing principles, and thorough learning and
research were his chief attributes. Though some
of his decisions are now regarded as aberrant,
his judgments were generally correct ; and in
most of the appeals from his decrees, his deci-
sions were affirmed by the court of errors and
appeals. After twenty-five years of active service,
he died very suddenly at the close of a term in
Sussex.
[Gen. Cat. of Princeton Unw., 1746-1906 (1908);
Biog. Dir. Am. Cong. (1928) ; G. B. Rodney, in Reports
of Cases . . . in Court of Chancery, of the State of Del.,
I (1876), 493; H. C. Conrad, Hist, of the State of
Del. (1908), vol. HI;. J. T. Scharf, Hist, of Del.
(1888), vol. I; certain information from Rev. Kensey
Johns Hammond, through the courtesy of H. C. Conrad,
Es(l-] C.W.G.
JOHNSEN, ERIK KRISTIAN (Sept. 20,
1863-Jan. 21, 1923), Lutheran theologian, son
of Erik Johnsen, a builder and contractor, and
Else Kristine (Finkelsen) Johnsen, was born
Johnsen
near Stavanger, Norway. From the Stavanger
Latin school he went to the university of Chris-
tiania (Oslo), and after graduation in theology
(1887) spent three years tutoring in Oslo. At
this time he learned his favorite avocation,
wood-carving. In 1892 he married Amunda
Sorensen, a deaconess, and emigrated to Amer-
ica. He became professor of theology in Red
Wing Seminary, supported by the Hauge's Syn-
od at Red Wing, Minn., but owing to a theolog-
ical controversy between two of his colleagues,
resigned in 1897, was ordained, and became
pastor of three congregations in and near Hud-
son, Wis., transferring his membership to the
United Norwegian Lutheran Church. In 1900
he accepted the professorship of Old Testament
exegesis in the seminary of his denomination at
St. Paul. After the merging (19 17) of his
church with several other bodies in the Norwe-
gian Lutheran Church of America, he continued
as professor in the institution, now Luther
Theological Seminary, until his death.
Johnsen was an excellent teacher, possessing
sympathy, kindliness, and humor, and an amus-
ing but wholesome directness of speech. From
time to time he taught, in addition to Old Testa-
ment, the Pauline Epistles, homiletics, even dog-
matics. Though he conversed in fluent English,
he preferred to use his mother tongue in public ;
he spoke and wrote a beautiful Norwegian. For
more than twenty years he was chief literary
consultant of the Augsburg Publishing House,
Minneapolis. His book reviews, numbered by
the hundreds, were always fresh and discrimi-
nating. Every year he edited Folke Kalcnder
and Julcbog for bam. He also edited Hoymcs
cfterladte skrifter (1904); two collections of
sermons, Fredstankcr (1901) and Kors og
Krone (1909) ; and Vor Her res Jesu Kristi
Lidclscs historie (1909) ; and contributed to the
periodicals Ungdommens Ven and Lutheraneren.
His first notable theological contribution in the
United States, En kort udrcdning (1895), an
effort to shed light on the theological controversy
at Red Wing, brought him ingratitude. His next
contributions, written in popular style, were
Paidus (1902), published in English as Paul of
Tarsus (1919) ; and Lykke i livet (1911), in
collaboration with his colleague, Dr. M. O.
Bockman. In 1915 he toured Europe, and subse-
quently published Paa Reise gjennem England,
Norge, Danmark, Tyskland, Schweiz og Italien
(1918), which is filled with interesting obser-
vations and racy comments. In 1917 he was chief
editor of Fire hundredaarig Luthcrdom, a col-
lection of twenty essays, by several authors of
Norwegian antecedents, to which he contributed
77
Johnson
two clear and cogent essays: "Introduction," a
survey of the Church until the Reformation, and
"The Church in Norway 1814-1917." His least
original work was / Kirke (1913), on ecclesias-
tical practices from the standpoint of liturgy. In
it there breathes a spirit of Romanticism other-
wise foreign to the author. His ablest work,
Brevet til Hebrderne (1922), which was also
his last, included an original translation in Nor-
wegian of the Epistle to the Hebrews, accom-
panied by a searching commentary, calling at-
tention to the difference between Paul's meth-
od of treating the atonement and that of the un-
known author of the epistle. Both had, he de-
clares, the same religion: "Religion is primarily
not a system of doctrines or ethical precepts ; it
is life." His Guds Rike i det Gamlc Testamente
was published posthumously (1923) by N. N.
Ronning.
Johnsen was for years a member of a commit-
tee negotiating with other church bodies for or-
ganic union. He favored mergings, but at heart
cared little for the hair-splitting doctrinal for-
mulations which were offered as bases for a
merger. Deploring the poverty of the average
American seminary library and the difficulties
under which a theologian therefore had to labor,
he did much to improve the condition. In his
last year, while traveling on the Pacific Coast,
he received an injury which left him with an
affection of the heart ; but he was about his la-
bors as usual until his sudden death, in St. Paul,
Jan. 21, 1923. His first wife had died in 1912,
and in 1915 he had married Helen Nilsen, who,
with three children of his first marriage, sur-
vived him.
[O. M. Norlie, Norsk lutherske prcstcr i Amcrika
(1914); Who's Who in America, 1922—23; Rasmus
Malmin, O. M. Norlie, O. A. Tingelstad, Who's Who
among Pastors in All the Norwegian Lutheran Synods
of America, 1843-1927 (1928); P. Botten-Hansen,
Norske Studcntcr dcr har Absolveret Examen Artium
ved Christiania Univcrsitet (1893-95) ; St. Paul Pio-
neer Press, Jan. 22, 1923.] J.O.E.
JOHNSON [See also Johnston].
JOHNSON, ALEXANDER BRYAN (May
29, 1786-Sept. 9, 1867), banker, writer, was born
in Gosport, England. His schooling was unsys-
tematic and ended when he was fourteen. Bryan
Johnson, his father, emigrated to the United
States in 1797, and in 1801 the family joined him
in Utica, N. Y., where he was operating a store.
The son worked in the store until he was twenty-
one, when the elder Johnson retired from busi-
ness. Alexander Johnson tried running a glass
factory, spent two years in New York where he
studied finance in general, then returned to
Johnson
Lltica in 1812. There he interested himself in
banking. Imitating Aaron Burr, who had se-
cured from a hostile legislature a charter for a
water company under which he conducted a
banking business, Johnson secured a charter for
an insurance company, incorporated in 1816 as
the Utica Insurance Company, with the same
intent. When the organization engaged in bank-
ing activities they were attacked through the
courts and were obliged to drop that part of their
business. Johnson retained his interest in bank-
ing and in 1819 was made president of the Utica
branch of the Ontario Bank of Canandaigua. He
also studied law and was admitted to the bar in
1822, but he never engaged in legal practice. He
remained with the Ontario Bank until its char-
ter expired in 1855. He helped to organize its
successor and then retired from active business.
Johnson found time during his activities as a
banker to write on a variety of subjects. The
Philosophy of Human Knowledge, or A Treatise
on Language (1828), Religion in Its Relation
to the Present Life (1841), The Meaning of
Words (1854), and Deep Sea Soundings and
Explorations of the Bottom; or, the Ultimate
Analysis of Human Knowledge (1861), reveal
the philosophical bent of his mind. His writings
on financial subjects include An Inquiry into the
Nature of Value and of Capital (1813), A Treat-
ise on Banking (1850), The Advanced Value of
Gold (1862), and Our Monetary Conditions
(n.d.). His reflections on American government
and politics appear in A Guide to the Right
Understanding of Our American Union (1857)
and The Union as It Was and the Constitution
as It Is (1862). In the former he argued that
the federal constitution should be strictly con-
strued ; that slavery should be left to the states ;
that Texas should be annexed ; that the second
Bank of the United States should not be re-
chartered ; that private enterprise is more effi-
cient than government enterprise; that prohibi-
tion is not the best way to deal with the liquor
traffic; and that savings banks are better than
life insurance. Johnson was married in 1814 to
Abigail Louisa Adams, a grand-daughter of
President John Adams. His second wife was
Lydia Masters of Madison County and the third,
Mary Livingston of Columbia County. Alexan-
der Smith Johnson [q.v.] was a son by the first
marriage.
[There is a manuscript autobiography of Johnson
in the possession of the family. Other sources include :
M. M. Bagg, The Pioneers of Utica (1877) and Memo-
rial Hist, of Utica (1892) ; F. A. Virkus, The Abridged
Compendium of Am. Geneal., vol. I (1925) ; and Obit-
uary Notices of Alexander Bryan Johnson (Utica,
1868).] J.D.M.
78
Johnson
JOHNSON, ALEXANDER SMITH (July
30, 1817-Jan. 26, 1878), New York jurist, was
born in Utica, N. Y. His father, Alexander B.
Johnson [<?.?'.], one of the most influential citi-
zens of that place, was the son of Bryan Johnson,
who was prominent there when Utica was Old
Fort Schuyler ; his mother, Abigail Louisa
Adams, was the daughter of the second son of
President John Adams [q.v.~\. Young Alexan-
der was graduated from Yale College in 1835
and was admitted to the bar when he was twen-
ty-one years old. He began practice in Utica
but soon removed to New York City, where he
had a comparatively short career as a lawyer.
In 185 1, at an earlier age than any other per-
son upon whom the honor had been conferred, he
was elected to the court of appeals for the full
term of eight years. He was chief judge in 1858
and 1859. His decisions were simple and pre-
cise expressions of a mind quick in the apprecia-
tion of facts and equipped with a varied and ex-
tensive knowledge of the law, and were absolute-
ly impartial. In Wynehamer vs. People ( 13 N. Y.,
378, at p. 406) appears his opinion on the con-
stitutionality of a statute to prevent intemper-
ance, delivered in 1856, in which he held such a
statute constitutional. At the expiration of his
term the fortunes of politics retired him to pri-
vate life and he returned to Utica to practise
law. In July 1864, confirmed January 1865,
President Lincoln appointed him a commis-
sioner under the treaty of July 1, 1863, with
Great Britain, for the settlement of the claims
of the Hudson's Bay and Puget's Sound agri-
cultural companies. For three or four years
these duties occupied his attention. In January
1873 he was appointed a member of the commis-
sion on appeals and in December of that year, to
the court of appeals, which appointment expired
Dec. 31, 1874. An interesting opinion of this
period was in People ex rel. the Pacific Mail
Steamship Co. vs. Commissioners of Taxes, etc.,
N. Y. (58 TV. Y., 243), discussing the situs of
sea-going vessels. He was appointed on a com-
mission to revise the statutes of New York, but
resigned when he was called to the federal bench
in October 1875, from which time until his death
he served as circuit judge of the Second Judicial
Circuit. He died in Nassau, Bahama Islands, as
a result of the strain of his judicial duties.
For some time he served as a regent of the
University of the State of New York, and, ac-
cording to the testimony of Judge E. C. Bene-
dict, rendered invaluable service in building up
the state library and the state cabinet of natural
history. All his life he was a student of scientific
subjects and an enthusiastic microscopist. His
Johnson
private life was quiet and unostentatious ; he was
fond both of hunting and fishing. He was mod-
est and unassuming in manner, free from vanity
or self-assertion, and his integrity and ability
brought him general esteem, evidenced by the
fact that during the period when he was not on
the bench he was frequently sought as arbitrator
in private disputes. In November 1852 he was
married to Catherine Maria Crysler, by whom
he had four children.
[F. A. Virkus, The Abridged Compendium of Am.
Gencal., vol. I (1925) ; Obit. Record Grads. Yale Coll.,
1878; "Proceedings of the Members of the Bar of the
City of New York on the Death of the Hon. Alexander
S. Johnson, Circuit Judge of the Second Circuit," 14
Blatchford's Circuit Court Reports, N. Y. (1879);
Irving Browne, "The New York Court of Appeals,"
Green Bag, July 1890.] A. S. M.
JOHNSON, ALLEN (Jan. 29, 1870-Jan. 18,
1931), teacher and writer of history, biographer,
editor of this Dictionary, was the son of Moses
Allen Johnson and Elmira Shattuck, and was
born in Lowell, Mass., where his father was
"agent" (manager) of the Lowell Felting Mills.
His father, who died in 1874, was a native of
Lynn, descended from Richard Johnson who
came to Massachusetts in 1630. His mother was
a lady of refinement and cultivation, studious —
even of New Testament Greek — and of gentle
and lovable character. Allen was the valedic-
torian of his high school class at Lowell in 1888,
and one of the founders of a small society which
read historical books, debated questions arising
from them, and studied parliamentary law. A
boyhood spent in a manufacturing city doubtless
helped to give him an appreciation of industrial
life, and he himself was persuaded that his boy-
ish experience as an amateur printer was useful
to him as an editor. From 1888 to 1892 he was
a student in Amherst College, and was graduated
as Bachelor of Arts in the latter year, rating
high in scholarship and winning a prize in de-
bate. His classmates uniformly depict him as a
quiet, studious youth, not robust, in every way
a gentleman ; his favorite studies were history,
political science, and literature; his recreation
was tennis.
After graduation, Johnson was for two years,
1892-94, instructor in history and English in
the Lawrenceville School, N. J. The next year
he held a graduate fellowship at Amherst, read-
ing philosophy and history and assisting in the
teaching of the latter. Then for two years, 1895-
97, he studied history in Europe, three semes-
ters at Leipzig under Lamprecht and Marcks,
and one at the Ecole Libre des Sciences Poli-
tiques in Paris. Spending the next academic
year in Columbia University, he received ir
79
Johnson
1899 its degree of doctor of philosophy, publish-
ing a dissertation on The Intendant as a Political
Agent under Louis XIV (1899). From 1898 to
1905 he was professor of history in Iowa (now
Grinnell) College, at Grinnell, Iowa, eminently
successful in teaching. The effects of his trans-
plantation from New England to the Middle
West, which were permanent, were to be imme-
diately seen in his Stephen A. Douglas: A Study
in American Politics (1908), a well-written
book, obviously the work of a cultivated mind.
The book was by intention more distinctly a
contribution to Western and national political
history than a product of biographical enthu-
siasm for one of the uncultivated, hard-fighting
politicians of the forties and fifties. By the time
of its publication Johnson was at Bowdoin Col-
lege, where he served as professor of history and
political science from 1905 to 1910. There he
taught with vigor and skill, improving upon the
commonplaces of historical instruction by intro-
ducing the maturer students to the critical study
of sources and to philosophical consideration of
the bases of historical statements. An especially
fruitful innovation was his practice of dividing
the more advanced classes into groups of four or
five for intensive and personal conference, a
practice costly to the teacher but in which the
sagacious President Hyde discerned great prom-
ise (Report of the President of Bowdoin College
for the Academic Year, 1909-10; Nation, Feb.
3, 1910). Never deficient in public spirit, John-
son while at Bowdoin prepared for the Ameri-
can Historical Association (Annual Report . . .
for the Year 1908) a detailed report on the ar-
chives of the state of Maine.
In 1910 he was called to a professorship of
American history in Yale University, where he
remained till 1926. There his teaching, always
marked by exceptional clearness, breadth of
view, and sympathetic interest in adjoining sub-
jects, was at its best with graduate students.
Fruits of his teaching were his Readings in
American Constitutional History (1912), later
supplemented by Readings in Recent American
Constitutional History, 1876-1926 (1927), in
which William A. Robinson collaborated ; and,
following a course in historical method given
during his last years at Yale, The Historian and
Historical Evidence (1926). The last-named
book is a series of suggestive essays, not a com-
plete and well-rounded treatise upon its subject,
and would seem slight if put into comparison
with the thorough-going work of the revered but
heavy-handed Bernheim. But the intention was
to provide a book of advice and suggestion which
the not-too-patient American student would ac-
Johnson
tually read, and it was so attractively written as
to achieve that purpose. Another merit was its
appreciation, natural to Johnson, of the value
and use in historical thinking of modern philo-
sophical studies, and especially of the recent ac-
quisitions of experimental psychology . An ear-
lier fruit of the Yale period was the second of
the four volumes of the Riverside History of the
United States, entitled Union and Democracy
(1915), an orderly, systematic, and well-bal-
anced narrative of the period from 1783 to 1829.
But the principal work of this laborious scholar
in these years, outside of his teaching, was his
editing of the attractive series of fifty small vol-
umes entitled The Chronicles of America (1918-
21). The purpose with which Johnson under-
took this formidable task was to provide the in-
telligent general reader with a history of the
United States composed of volumes each having
a certain unity, readable, yet conforming to high
standards of scholarship. His own volume, Jef-
ferson and his Colleagues (1921), delightful to
the general reader yet satisfactory to the scholar,
shows how he meant this difficult reconcilement
to be achieved in the series. By unstinted labor
on his own part, great editorial skill, and un-
sparing rigor in dealing with contributions, he
kept the series well to the level which he had set.
Soon after its completion, he spent the academic
year 1924-25 in a journey around the world,
varied by lecturing in educational institutions
in Japan and China.
Along with his high reputation for scholar-
ship in American history and his recognized
ability as a writer, it was his editorial success
with the Chronicles of America, and the vigor
with which he kept them to his high standards,
that caused the committee of management, in the
spring of 1925, to invite him to become the editor
of the Dictionary of American Biography. After
thirty years of teaching, Johnson removed to
Washington and at the beginning of February
1926 began the work which, from that day to
the day of his death, was to engross all his re-
markable powers. This is not the place in which
to estimate the success of his labors upon this
Dictionary, but it is permissible to dwell upon
the breadth of view with which he took all sorts
of men and women and all parts of the country
into equal consideration, the pains he took to
obtain the best advice as to persons to be in-
cluded and writers to be engaged, his extraor-
dinary ability as an organizer and capacity for
administrative detail, his firm resistance to all
pressure toward favoritism, ancestor-worship,
and bias, the special measures he adopted to en-
sure accuracy, and the constant application of
8<
Johnson
his keen critical judgment, ripe experience, and
fine literary taste to the scrutiny of manuscripts.
His rigor was disconcerting to some contribu-
tors, but it was salutary to the Dictionary, and
his correspondence abounded in appreciation,
sympathy, and helpfulness.
The death of Allen Johnson, struck by an au-
tomobile at evening in the streets of Washing-
ton, was as sudden as it was premature ; but his
sense of the pressure of his arduous editorial
task upon a constitution never robust had caused
the appointment of Dumas Malone as his col-
league, a year and a half before ; and this provi-
sion, the extraordinarily methodical care with
which he kept his papers, and the forethought
with which he had extended preparations into
the later letters of the alphabet, made it possible
for the work to go on without any interrup-
tion. Six volumes came out under his care, the
sixth soon after his death ; but, with every ap-
preciation of the work of his successors, the
whole series will in a sense be his monument.
The articles which he himself wrote were those
on Henry Adams, Francis Asbury, Jonathan
Boucher, John Brown, George Claghorn, Myles
Cooper, Stephen A. Douglas, Mary Baker Eddy,
and Warren Felt Evans — a list which of itself
shows the catholicity of his interests, though it
was a cause of deep regret to him that his ad-
ministrative tasks prevented him from writing
more. He was married on June 20, 1900, at Ger-
mantown, Pa., to Helen K. Ross, daughter of
Henry A. and Mary Ross. From the shock of
her death in 1921 he never fully recovered. They
had one son, Allen S. Johnson.
[Recollections of relatives, schoolmates, and college
classmates ; annual catalogues of the colleges men-
tioned; H. P. Gallinger, "The Career of Allen John-
son," in Amherst Graduates' Quart., Aug. 193 1 ; edi-
torials in N. Y. Times, Jan. 20, 1931, N. Y. Herald
Tribune, Jan. 21, 1931 ; personal knowledge.]
J.F.J.
JOHNSON, ANDREW (Dec. 29, 1808-July
31, 1875), seventeenth president of the United
States, was born in Raleigh, N. C., the younger
son of Jacob Johnson and Mary (or Polly) Mc-
Donough. Jacob Johnson, a bank porter and
sexton in Raleigh, "an honest man, loved and re-
spected by all who knew him" (Winston, post,
p. 7), died in 181 1, leaving his two sons in a con-
dition of poverty not relieved by the second mar-
riage of their mother. Apprenticed to a tailor
and at one time advertised as a runaway, An-
drew Johnson in 1826 moved, together with his
mother and his stepfather, to Tennessee where,
after some wandering, he finally settled at
Greeneville. He married, May 17, 1827, Eliza
McCardle, the daughter of a Scotch shoemaker,
8
Johnson
who assisted him in the improvement of his read-
ing and writing, and whose gentle temper and
unfailing courage were of deep importance to
her husband throughout their long life together.
They had five children, Martha, Charles, Mary,
Robert, and Andrew. Even before he left North
Carolina, Johnson, who was denied formal
schooling, had begun to educate himself with
the aid of The American Speaker, which con-
tained specimens of the oratory of Pitt and Fox
(Savage, post, p. 23). His eagerness to acquire
knowledge and to argue was stimulated by indi-
viduals of greater culture who took an interest
in the young tailor and by contacts with Greene-
ville College and Tusculum Academy which
were near-by. Although he was not a student of
either institution he did take part in their de-
bates. In the course of time, by his thrift in the
management of the tailor-shop which he estab-
lished in Greeneville, he accumulated a small
estate. Of medium size and height, dark-com-
plexioned, with black eyes and hair, Johnson,
as he progressed in his career, maintained a
scrupulous neatness of appearance and, in or-
dinary conversation, a courtesy of manner.
Powerful as a speaker, in his early years he was
often crude both in his thought and in his dic-
tion. Like many other public men, he had to meet
the charge of religious infidelity. He professed
sympathy with the tenets of Christianity, but
was not associated with any church.
His political career began with his election as
alderman of his little town. This was brought
about, one of his early biographers has said, by
reason of his championing the cause of the work-
ing men of Greeneville against the aristocratic
element of the town (Savage, p. 19). He was
twice reelected alderman and was then chosen
mayor. In 1835 he was elected to the legisla-
ture of Tennessee from the district composed of
Greene and Washington Counties. Defeated in
1837, he was reelected in 1839. In 1840 he was
a candidate as elector-at-large on the Democratic
ticket, canvassing for Van Buren; and the next
year he was elected to the state Senate. In 1843
Johnson was elected to the Twenty-eighth Con-
gress as a representative of the first district of
Tennessee. He served continuously in the House
of Representatives for ten years. Then, gerry-
mandered out of his district by a Whig legisla-
ture, he ran for the governorship and was success-
ful. He was reelected governor in 1855. Two
years later he was able to command election by
the legislature to the United States Senate.
Although he attracted the favorable notice of
men as different in their views as James K.
Polk and John Quincy Adams, Johnson had
I
Johnson
climbed these many steps in the political ladder
with little of the support that others had received
from older or more prominent men : it was rather
by his own demonstration of his political capacity
than through any outside help that he made his
ascent. In 1835, when he entered the legislature,
the debates of that body, upon which lay the obli-
gation to enact laws for carrying into effect the
provisions of the new Tennessee constitution
of 1834, were particularly educative for a new
and untrained representative. After some hesi-
tation and uncertainty, Johnson identified him-
self with the regular Jacksonian Democratic
party. Throughout his early career he nearly al-
ways voted in strict regularity upon party ques-
tions, but he quarrelled with so many of the
Democratic leaders (Winston, p. 50) that it is
not strange that he lacked friends. To an ear-
nest support of Democracy he added a point of
view that was his own — a violent antipathy to
any superiority claimed by right of birth or
wealth. In this he was influenced, possibly, by
baseless gossip which questioned whether Jacob
Johnson was really his father. Perhaps he
caught something from the various "working-
men's parties" of the day. At any rate, as the
self-constituted friend of the working class, he
again and again attacked those who seemed to
speak or act in disparagement of the laboring
man.
There soon came to be a general acceptance
of the belief that his ideas were radical. East
Tennessee, in which lay Johnson's home, was
rather adapted for small farms than for exten-
sive agriculture, and, in comparison with the
other parts of the state, had few negro slaves.
Hence Johnson advocated a change, within the
state, to the "white basis" of representation, in-
stead of the established count of five slaves as
three whites. He supported the formation of
East Tennessee, with perhaps those parts of the
neighboring states where slavery was weak, into
a new state. Yet he claimed to be orthodox on
the subject of slavery, violently attacked John
Quincy Adams, and reprehended the Abolition-
ists on all occasions. He suggested that the
executive patronage should be apportioned by
states, and urged amendments to the Constitu-
tion which should provide for the election in-
stead of the appointment of federal judges, the
election of senators by popular vote, and the abo-
lition of the electoral college in the choosing of
the president. He opposed governmental sup-
port of the Smithsonian Institution, and in gen-
eral advocated retrenchment and economy, him-
self practising with extraordinary care the prin-
ciples that he preached.
Johnson
Of all the measures that came before Congress
during this period, Johnson identified himself
as the special advocate of one, the so-called
"homestead" law, which looked to the granting
of land, in limited quantity, to actual settlers,
without price or at a nominal price (St. George
L. Sioussat, in Mississippi Valley Historical Re-
view, December 1918, pp. 253-87). In Tennes-
see, it should be noted, the United States had
only a residuary title to the public lands and in
the course of time parted with that ; and there
was, therefore, no opportunity for the operation,
upon lands within the state, of a federal home-
stead law. Johnson managed skilfully to com-
bine the promotion of a policy dear to the fron-
tier states with an appeal to the interest of the
laboring classes in the East. By the time that he
retired from Congress in 1853 he had seen a
homestead bill pass the House of Representa-
tives, and had received a few votes as a presiden-
tial nominee at a session of the Industrial Con-
gress, a body which expressed the radical ideas
of the "land reformers" of the East (New York
Daily Tribune, June 9, 1851 ).
His election as governor of Tennessee in 1853
clearly evinced his popularity outside his own
district. During his first term he secured legis-
lation providing for the levying of a tax in sup-
port of education, the first of the sort in the
state, caused the establishment of a state board
of agriculture and a state library, and, at the
same time, he stood for sound finance. His re-
election in 1855 over the candidate of the Ameri-
can or Know-Nothing party marked a triumph
over the forces of religious and political intoler-
ance.
He was not in Congress at the time of the
passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, but that
legislation he accepted ; and in the campaign of
1856 he supported, as usual, the regular nomi-
nees, though Buchanan, whom he thought the
weakest of the Democratic candidates, was his
"last choice" (to A. O. P. Nicholson, June 27,
1856, New York Historical Society). In the Sen-
ate, he voted for Jefferson Davis's resolutions of
Feb. 2, i860, which declared against the power
of either Congress or a territorial legislature to
annul the right of citizens to take slaves into
the common territory, and asserted it to be the
duty of the federal government to afford to such
property the needed protection (Congressional
Globe, 36 Cong., 1 Sess., p. 658). His chief in-
terest, however, was in the homestead bill and
he resented the veto by President Buchanan of
the partial measure passed by the Thirty-sixth
Congress.
To the national convention of the Democratic
82
Johnson
party which met in Charleston in April i860, the
Tennessee delegation, in accordance with the
prior action of the state convention held at Nash-
ville, presented the name of Johnson as a candi-
date for the presidential nomination. Although
he had expressed bitter dislike of Douglas, there
is evidence that Johnson would have been con-
tent to go upon the ticket of i860 as candidate
for vice-president with Douglas if the party had
remained united (to Robert Johnson, Apr. 12,
i860, Johnson Manuscripts, Huntington Li-
brary) ; but after the schism of that year he sup-
ported, without enthusiasm, the candidacy of
Breckinridge and Lane. His attitude was that
of compromise, and on Dec. 13, i860, with this
end in view, he proposed amendments to the fed-
eral Constitution similar to those put forward
by Crittenden.
On Dec. 18, i860, however, at the very time
when the secession convention of South Caro-
lina was meeting in Charleston, addressing the
Senate, he declared himself for the Union ; and
when the other Southern senators withdrew, he
alone remained. The importance of Johnson's
action was at once observed. The North wel-
comed a powerful ally and saw in him another
Andrew Jackson devoted to the preservation of
the Union. To the Southern extremists his
course was that of a traitor. This speech John-
son followed up with others on Feb. 5 and Mar.
2, 186 1, which, by reason of his vehement de-
nunciation of his Southern critics and his sturdy
insistence that the Union must be preserved,
thrilled the North (Winston, pp. 173, 186, New
York Times, Mar. 4, 1861). In the Congress
which met in special session in July, Johnson in-
troduced, July 24, an important resolution, which
passed the Senate. By this the purposes of the
war were declared to be, not conquest or subju-
gation, or interference with the rights or estab-
lished institutions of the Southern states, but
the defence and maintenance of the supremacy
of the Constitution and the Union. This he
supported in a powerful speech {Congressional
Globe, 2,7 Cong., 1 Sess., pp. 243, 288-97). Dur-
ing the winter of 1861-62 he devoted much of
his time to the work of the joint committee on
the conduct of the war.
In March 1862, while still a senator, Johnson
was appointed by President Lincoln military
governor of Tennessee, with instructions to re-
establish the authority of the Federal govern-
ment in the state. During the adjournment of
Congress in the spring of 1861, Johnson had
spoken in behalf of the Union in East Tennessee
but his efforts did not avail to save the state.
It was the irony of fate that East Tennessee,
Johnson
strongly Unionist in sympathy, was overrun by
the Confederates and placed under martial law.
Both Johnson and William G. Brownlow [q.v.],
who for years had been his Whig rival and bit-
ter enemy, but whom the course of affairs was
now forcing into cooperation with him, begged
for military succor from the North ; and their
plea received Lincoln's warm-hearted support,
the approval of General McClellan, and prom-
ises from General Buell. Yet East Tennessee
remained under Confederate control until the
summer of 1863. By Feb. 25, 1862, after the
overwhelming success of Grant at Fort Henry
and Fort Donelson, the flight of the Confederate
state government to Memphis, and the complete
overthrow of organized Confederate armies in
the western part of the state, Buell, with the
United States forces, was in Nashville. These
facts explain why it was in the secessionist west-
ern part of the state, and not as had been hoped
in Unionist East Tennessee, that Johnson, as
military governor, began his attempt at the res-
toration of his state.
In the midst of a community which hated and
despised him, forced by the nature of things to
exercise arbitrary power that was dependent ab-
solutely upon military force, Johnson faced yet
other difficulties. The political purpose of his
mission was at times entirely subordinated to
those strategic principles which the higher mili-
tary commanders on the ground felt should gov-
ern at the time, and Johnson was constantly at
odds with the military authorities (Hall, post,
pp. 50-87). There were successive waves of
alarm lest the Confederates should repossess
themselves of the capital and the state. Through-
out these crises Johnson exhibited great intre-
pidity. At length, after the defeat of the Con-
federate armies, he found it possible to bring
about, partly with the aid of the East Tennes-
seans, a restoration of civil government in the
state. Tennessee was thus a sort of laboratory
experiment for the reconstruction of the Union :
Johnson's regime antedated Lincoln's emanci-
pation proclamations of Sept. 22, 1862, and Jan.
1, 1863, in the latter of which Tennessee was
not included, and also the President's plan of re-
construction set forth in the proclamation of
Dec. 8, 1863. By January 1865, Johnson had
the satisfaction of reporting to Lincoln the pass-
ing, by a constitutional convention that was, in-
deed, very irregular in its composition, of amend-
ments that would bring about the abolition of
slavery in the state. These were later ratified by
popular vote. This restoration by state action
foreshadowed the later policy of Johnson as
president.
83
Johnson
While Johnson was still engaged in his cour-
ageous efforts in Tennessee, Lincoln was renom-
inated by the National Union Convention ; and
the same considerations which led that body to
drop the party name Republican made Johnson
a valuable asset as nominee for vice-president.
His nomination was a recognition of the serv-
ices of the militant Unionists of the South and
helped to relieve the party of the purely sectional
character which had at first attached to the Re-
publicans. The strain of the campaign, super-
imposed upon that which he had long borne as
the administrator of his state, exhausted John-
son. His health was impaired, and only Lin-
coln's urgent request hurried him to Washing-
ton in time for the inaugural ceremonies. The
result was most unfortunate, for Johnson, when
he took the oath of office, was under the influ-
ence of liquor (Oberholtzer, post, I, 4; Beale,
post, pp. 12-17). No doubt the faux pas was due
to illness and exhaustion, but it gave malice
something to feed upon. On the morning of Apr.
15, 1865, the day after Lincoln's assassination,
Johnson, who had paid a brief visit to Lincoln's
bedside (Winston, p. 268), was officially in-
formed by the cabinet of his accession to the
presidency. In a simple ceremony, in which
Johnson bore himself with dignity, the oath of
office was administered by Chief Justice Chase.
Later in the day Johnson announced that he
would retain the cabinet as then constituted and
would continue Lincoln's policies.
The assassination, coming as it did in such
close sequence to the collapse of the Confed-
eracy, produced in the North, in addition to the
universal grief, a vindictive rage upon which it
is impossible to look back without regret. Al-
though no enemy now threatened, the surviving
conspirators against Lincoln were tried by mili-
tary commission, and four of them were hanged.
The execution of Mrs. Surratt later gave rise
to a violent controversy, in which Johnson main-
tained that he had been prevented from seeing
the recommendation of mercy made by the court
(Winston, pp. 283-91). Jefferson Davis and
other eminent Southerners were charged with
complicity in the murder of Lincoln, and im-
prisoned. Later Davis was indicted, not for any
part in the plot but for treason ; after two years
he was released on bond. At first Johnson was
as bitter as any. "Treason," he is reported to
have said, "must be made infamous, and traitors
must be impoverished" (G. W. Julian, Political
Recollections, p. 257). The South viewed his ac-
cession with apprehension : the North approved.
Johnson, however, soon freed himself from hys-
teria.
Johnson
Among the first steps to bring back a return
to the conditions of peace was the disbandment
of as much as possible of the Federal army. In
a series of proclamations, executive orders, and
general orders, the external blockade was re-
scinded, and the trade of the Southern states was
reopened. The most pressing problem, however,
was the reestablishment of government in the
states that had seceded. Johnson did not have
to invent a plan, for the work had already been
started by Lincoln in the amnesty proclamation
of Dec. 8, 1863. He had promised to recognize
in any of the states, other than Virginia, such
a government as should be established by per-
sons, not less in number than one-tenth of the
votes cast in the presidential election of i860,
who should take an oath of loyalty and who
should be qualified voters under the state law.
Against Lincoln's plan Congress had advanced
the Wade-Davis bill of July 1864, to which Lin-
coln had given a "pocket veto," though he had
accepted the scheme as possibly constituting an
alternative plan. Lincoln had proceeded to pro-
mote the restoration of loyal governments in
Louisiana and Arkansas ; while Johnson himself
had had in hand the reconstruction of Tennes-
see. In the Pierpont government, effective prin-
cipally for the tearing of West Virginia from
the Old Dominion, there was a tenuous basis for
a government in Virginia. The executive order
of May 9, 1865, which recognized Francis H.
Pierpont as governor of Virginia, was the
first important pronouncement of the new ad-
ministration. Lincoln had dismissed the idea,
which for a moment was in his mind, that the
old Confederate state governments might be
used; and Sherman's similar concession in his
convention with Joseph E. Johnston had been
promptly repudiated in the first days of the new
President.
On May 29 Johnson set forth in two docu-
ments his continuation of Lincoln's plan. The
first was a general proclamation of amnesty
which, in contrast with Lincoln's simple para-
graph, now listed fourteen classes of persons
who must make special applications for pardon.
Of these excepted classes, one included all per-
sons the estimated value of whose taxable prop-
erty was over $20,000. This was not so much
reminiscent of Johnson's steady hostility to the
aristocrats as an expression of his belief that the
well-to-do had led the humbler classes of the
South into secession. The second of the procla-
mations of May 29 had in view the establishment
of a loyal government in North Carolina, and
was followed by similar proclamations for the
other states. In none of these was there any de-
84
Johnson
mand of a necessary proportion of loyal voters,
such as Lincoln's one-tenth ; in none was there
any requirement of specific action by the con-
ventions or legislatures to be established in the
states. There was, however, a clear statement
that it was the function of the state to determine
who should vote and who should hold office.
During the summer and autumn of 1865, un-
der the supervision of Johnson's provisional gov-
ernors, elections were held for state conventions ;
upon the adoption of the new constitutions state
governments were organized through the work
of legislatures ; and under stimulation from the
President the ordinances of secession were re-
pealed, slavery was abolished, the Thirteenth
Amendment was ratified by all the Southern
states but Mississippi, and the Confederate state
debts were repudiated. Unfortunately the new
governments failed to adopt Johnson's sugges-
tion that the suffrage be extended to a few high-
ly qualified negroes ; and the police regulations
intended to preserve order among the emanci-
pated negroes were interpreted in the North as
revealing an intention to restore slavery in fact.
The organization of bodies of militia in the
South was also viewed with suspicion and the
reappearance in public life of many who had
been active secessionists was bitterly resented.
On the other hand, the Southerners disliked
the presence of negro troops and complained of
the interference of the Freedmen's Bureau. The
North received the most conflicting reports as to
what was going on in the South.
One must fairly conclude that, by the time
the Thirty-ninth Congress met (Dec. 4, 1865),
Johnson had accomplished much. The Presi-
dent's message, which was written by George
Bancroft but expressed very definitely the ideas
of Johnson himself ( W. A. Dunning, in Ameri-
can Historical Review, April 1906, pp. 574 ff . ;
C. R. Fish, Ibid., July 1906, pp. 951-52), was
dignified and conciliatory in tone and won fa-
vorable comment on both sides of the Atlantic.
The states and the Constitution, the President
said, were mutually indispensable. The true the-
ory was that all pretended acts of secession were,
from the beginning, null and void. The states
had been in a condition where their vitality was
impaired, but not extinguished ; their functions
were suspended but not destroyed. The states
should be invited to participate in the high of-
fice of amending the Constitution, and a ratifica-
tion of the Thirteenth Amendment had been ex-
acted as a pledge of perpetual loyalty and peace.
It was for the Senate and the House each to
judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications
of its own members. As to the extension of suf-
Johnson
frage to the negro, he said that was a power be-
longing exclusively to the states.
Although Congress was not openly aggres-
sive, those who were to be its leaders had al-
ready resolved to block Johnson's plan. At the
first meeting of the House the clerk passed over
the names of the representatives of the new gov-
ernments in the Southern states and the Senate
likewise kept the Southerners waiting, despite
the fact that Horace Maynard, one of the ex-
cluded representatives, had been a member of
Congress from Tennessee until 1863 and the fur-
ther fact that the President himself was a citizen
of that state. Thaddeus Stevens \_q.v.~\ of Penn-
sylvania, the author of the theory that the South-
ern states must come in as new states or re-
main conquered provinces, and one of the chief
proponents of a policy of confiscation, moved
and secured the establishment, with himself as
chairman, of the famous joint-committee of fif-
teen, which as the "Central Directory" (Diary
of Gideon Welles, II, 494) of the Radicals was
to play a leading role throughout the period of
reconstruction. The actions of Stevens, Sumner,
Wade, and the other Radicals indeed merit the
word "conspiracy" which Gideon Welles at-
tached to them at the time (Ibid., Ill, 314), and
which the defenders of Johnson have continued
to employ; and it is easy to sense the dramatic
element in the conflict of strong and fearless
men such as Johnson and his foes ; but their
struggle, which seems at first sight to have been
so largely personal, is seen with more mature
vision to have been the expression of mighty
conflicting forces. The Civil War had brought
about an enormous expansion of the executive,
as distinct from the legislative, power, which al-
ready had aroused the resentment of Congress.
When the war came to a close and the conquered
South had to be restored, the situation was fur-
ther complicated and confused by the sentimental
appeal which the condition of the freedmen made
to the spirit of altruism, and, unfortunately, by
the human passion of revenge. Over and above
all these factors reigned a more practical con-
sideration. The result of emancipation, the Re-
publican leaders clearly saw, would be to in-
crease the representation of the white South in
Congress, while the tendency of the return of
peace would be to restore to leadership the same
element that had dominated Southern politics
in former years. That Lincoln, had he lived,
would have been given free rein by Congress
and by the emancipationists is most improbable.
What actually happened in 1865 was that fate
threw the control of the executive department of
the government, with its vast patronage, into
85
Johnson
the hands of a Southerner and a Democrat of the
state-rights school. To the determined group of
which Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner
were the heads, the first consideration was the
preservation of the rule of the Republican party ;
and this could only be assured, under the cir-
cumstances, by the use of the vote of the negroes
in the Southern states, by writing into the Con-
stitution new limitations on the power of the
states, and by reducing to impotence, or, if that
were impossible, by removing, a Democratic
President.
Congress proceeded to pass an act for the ex-
tension of the Freedmen's Bureau, both as to
duration and as to power. This received John-
son's disapproval, Feb. 19, and the veto was sus-
tained. With characteristic tactlessness, John-
son permitted himself, in a speech made on
Washington's birthday, to indulge in bitter per-
sonalities that could only stir up ill feeling in
Congress and lose him the support of the more
conservative Republicans. With his second veto,
that of the Civil Rights Act, delivered Mar. 27,
the breach between the President and Congress
became more serious. The bill was passed over
the veto Apr. 9. While Johnson has been criti-
cized for not accepting this measure, it is clear
that in accordance with his state-rights princi-
ples he could not conscientiously have done so ;
for the bill was intended to guarantee to the
freedmen the preservation of their rights by the
federal courts, against the infringement of these
rights by state law. Before Congress adjourned
the Fourteenth Amendment had been proposed
to the states. This was intended to insure by
constitutional change the maintenance of the
principles of the Civil Rights Act. Congress
also undertook through this amendment to en-
force complete repudiation of the Confederate
debt, and to prevent compensation for slave
property. Moreover, while technically the Four-
teenth Amendment did not force negro suffrage
on the South, it established the alternatives of
the enfranchisement of all male citizens or the
reduction of representation in Congress. Ten-
nessee had hastened, under the Brownlow re-
gime, to ratify this amendment and was now ad-
mitted, but in grudging terms which drew a pro-
test from Johnson. In June the joint-committee
on reconstruction had made a very partisan re-
port to Congress, embodying the results of an
extensive investigation into conditions in the
South.
That Congress and the radical Republicans
were, for the time, in the ascendant, was made
clear by the congressional elections which came
towards the end of 1866. Disorders which arose
Johnson
in Memphis in May and in New Orleans in July
reacted unfavorably upon Northern opinion. In
July, Dennison, Speed, and Harlan, who had
ceased to be willing to follow the President, re-
signed from the cabinet. In August an attempt
to build up a Union party out of the loyal Demo-
crats, the conservative Republicans, and the old
Whigs seemed for a while promising ; but John-
son's effort to win popular support on a tour
through the eastern cities and the Middle West
was robbed of whatever success it might have
had by some of his own speeches, in which he
made the mistake of slipping back into the po-
litical vernacular of his early Tennessee days,
and of allowing himself to indulge in personal
debate with members of the throngs that came
to hear him. While this was bad enough, it was
made far worse by the Republican newspapers,
and the old charges of intemperance were assidu-
ously though falsely revived (Schouler, History
of the United States, VII, 1913, pp. 373-75).
Though the President believed that he had
aroused the people (Diary of Gideon Welles,
II, p. 590), the event showed that the "swing
around the circle" was a complete failure so far
as its political purposes were concerned.
The original reconstruction law was vetoed
by Johnson and passed over his veto on Mar. 2,
1867; it was supplemented by the acts of Mar.
23 and July 19, 1867, and Mar. 11, 1868. By
this legislation military government was reestab-
lished in the Southern states, and the latter were
required, if they would secure representation in
Congress, to accept negro suffrage and to ratify
the Fourteenth Amendment. In most of the
Southern states the intended result was obtained,
and the amendment was added to the Constitu-
tion. Upen those states which were recalcitrant
and delayed their action was laid the additional
requirement of ratifying the Fifteenth Amend-
ment; but the story of this goes over into the
administration of Grant.
The passage over Johnson's vetoes, by ample
majorities, of one law after another, fully dem-
onstrated that he was no longer able to interfere
with the legislative power. It is vastly to his
credit that he performed faithfully, though with
strict construction of the law, every duty that
Congress laid upon him. The president was
shorn of power in other respects : Congress in-
vaded the executive realm. Indignant at John-
son's extension of pardon to many prominent
ex-Confederates, the Radicals attempted through
the Fourteenth Amendment to limit the presi-
dent's pardoning power, by excluding the lead-
ing Confederates from office until Congress
should grant them amnesty. The army appro-
86
Johnson
priation act of 1867 which Johnson signed, with
a protest (March 2, Richardson, VI, p. 472),
stripped him of much of his authority as com-
mander-in-chief of the army. The Tenure of Of-
fice Act, passed over his veto Mar. 2, 1867, for-
bade the president to remove without the con-
sent of the Senate an office holder appointed by
and with the advice of the Senate. Cabinet of-
ficers were specifically included, but with the
proviso, which was later to evoke violent con-
troversy, that they should "hold their offices re-
spectively for and during the term of the Presi-
dent by whom they may have been appointed
and for one month thereafter, subject to re-
moval" with the consent of the Senate (Statutes
at Large, XIV, 430). Efforts to test in the
courts the constitutionality of the various meas-
ures enacted by the Radicals were either denied
by the Supreme Court itself on the ground that
it would not interfere with political questions,
or prevented through congressional action in
regard to the appellate jurisdiction of the Su-
preme Court. As a necessary result, unless the
President appealed to force, or the public turned
to him and against Congress, his initiative and
his usefulness as a constructive leader were at
an end.
In August 1867, during one of the brief peri-
ods when Congress was not in session, Johnson
took a step which made the Tenure of Office Act
a vital issue. With unfortunate tolerance he had
permitted the continuance in his cabinet of Ed-
win M. Stanton [q.v.], the secretary of war,
who, although he for a time apparently had
given cordial assent to Johnson's views and had
expressed himself positively against the consti-
tutionality of the Tenure of Office Act (Diary
of Gideon Welles, III, 50-51), nevertheless had
remained in the cabinet really for the purpose
of serving as informer and adviser to the Rad-
icals in Congress. At last Johnson asked Stan-
ton to resign (Aug. 5), and when the latter re-
fused to do so, suspended him (Aug. 12). Grant
was commissioned secretary ad interim. On Dec.
12, Johnson submitted to the Senate his reasons
for suspending Stanton, in which, on Jan. 13,
1868, the Senate refused to concur. The result
was the reinstatement of Stanton, to whom
Grant, in violation of the understanding which
Johnson had with him, turned over the office.
This caused an unseemly controversy between
Grant and Johnson, in which the former appears
to little advantage (Notes of Col. W. G. Moore,
American Historical Review, October 1913, pp.
109-18). The effect was to drive Grant into the
arms of the Radicals. On Feb. 21 Johnson for-
mally removed Stanton, instructing him to turn
Johnson
the office over to Gen. Lorenzo Thomas, ad
interim. This Stanton refused to do ; and the
Senate, supporting him, declined to confirm the
nomination of Thomas. An attempt to secure a
judicial test of the matter miscarried, and Stan-
ton remained in possession of his office at the
War department, protected by Radical sympa-
thizers and supporters against any attempt which
might be made to displace him by force.
On Feb. 25, 1868, with public excitement at
a high point, Thaddeus Stevens and John A.
Bingham appeared at the bar of the Senate and,
in the name of the House of Representatives and
of all the people of the United States, impeached
the President of high crimes and misdemeanors
in office. This was in fulfilment of a vote of the
House of Representatives taken the day before.
There had been talk of impeaching Johnson even
before he sent in his first message ; the first defi-
nite step had been taken in the short session of
1866-67; and in December 1867 a majority of
the judiciary committee of the House of Repre-
sentatives had recommended impeachment but
had failed to carry the House. In February the
matter had been transferred from the judiciary
committee to Stevens' joint-committee on recon-
struction. Johnson's removal of Stanton had
now served to array with his foes many of the
more conservative Republicans, who had been
unable to accept the mass of irrelevant and in
large degree fraudulent "testimony" which had
been submitted to them up to this time. By Mar.
4 the seven managers appointed by the House,
Bingham, G. S. Boutwell, J. F. Wilson, B. F.
Butler, Thomas Williams, J. A. Logan, and
Stevens, were ready to lay before the Senate
eleven articles of impeachment. Of these, nine
were concerned directly or indirectly with the
Tenure of Office Act and the removal of Stan-
ton ; the tenth charged the President with at-
tacking Congress in his speeches ; the eleventh,
designed "to catch the votes of doubtful Sena-
tors," reverted to the Tenure of Office Act, but
added "a mass of indirect allegations" of illegal
actions on the part of the President (DeWitt,
post, pp. 386-87).
The following day, Mar. 5, Chief Justice
Chase appeared in his judicial robes, and the
Senate was organized as "a court of impeach-
ment for the trial of the President of the United
States" (Proceedings in the Trial of Andrew
Johnson, etc., 1868). The trial really began on
Friday, Mar. 13, when in the crowded Senate
chamber, with galleries packed, Henry Stan-
bery, who had resigned his position as attorney
general to assume the defense of Johnson, an-
nounced that the President entered his appear-
87
Johnson
Johnson
ance, in answer to the summons of the Senate,
by his counsel. With Stanbery were associated
Benjamin R. Curtis, T. A. R. Nelson of Ten-
nessee, William M. Evarts, and Jeremiah S.
Black ; but Black soon withdrew, after Johnson
had refused to yield to a most improper pressure
exerted upon him, at this critical time, to de-
cide in the Alta Vela case in favor of Black's
clients (DeWitt, pp. 397-400, 470-71). His
place was taken by William S. Groesbeck.
It did not take long for Johnson's counsel to
demonstrate that the only question of real im-
portance legally involved in the articles of im-
peachment was that of the Tenure of Office
Act ; but the managers, of whom the notorious
Butler played the leading part, assisted by the
majority senators who frequently overruled the
efforts of Chase to preserve the semblance of a
trial, turned the impeachment proceedings into
what the historian James Schouler aptly called
"a solemn theatrical fiasco" (History, VII, 116).
The effort to include the charge that Johnson
was guilty of complicity in the murder of Lin-
coln had been abandoned ; but there was little
else that was not laid at his door. Upon those
whose vote was considered doubtful there was
brought varied, severe, and improper pressure.
When, on May 16, a vote was taken on the
eleventh article, and, on May 26, on the second
and third articles, the result, 35 to 19, showed
one less than the number necessary for convic-
tion. Seven Republican senators had voted with
the Democrats and the President stood acquit-
ted. The other articles were not pressed.
After a warning from Stanbery as to the un-
wisdom of incautious utterance (Diary of Gideon
Welles, III, 311), Johnson had maintained an
admirable bearing throughout the period of the
trial. Restless, at times he expressed the inten-
tion of appearing in person, but this he did not
carry out. "The President," his private secretary
wrote, "declares that the defence he desires to
make in the impeachment trial is for the people
— not merely for the Senate, and that he would
care nothing for conviction by that body if he
stands acquitted by the nation" (American His-
torical Review, Oct. 1913, p. 132). The impeach-
ment trial was very shortly felt to have been a
blunder and the failure of it fortunate for the
country. As Dunning wrote, in a masterly analy-
sis of the trial, "The single vote by which An-
drew Johnson escaped conviction marks the nar-
row margin by which the Presidential element in
our system escaped destruction" (Essays on the
'Civil War and Reconstruction, p. 303). In 1926
the Tenure of Office Act, which had been modi-
fied early in Grant's administration, and in large
part repealed in 1887, was declared by the Su-
preme Court of the United States to have been
unconstitutional (Myers, Administratrix, vs.
United States, 272 U. S. Reports, 52-295).
From the adjournment of the impeachment
trial to the end of Johnson's term as president
was less than a year. While the trial was in its
last days the National Union Republican con-
vention had nominated for the presidency Gen-
eral Grant, whose personal popularity made him
highly "available" to the Republicans. The Dem-
ocratic convention finally nominated Horatio
Seymour of New York. Johnson, though recep-
tive, had made no effort to secure votes ; he re-
ceived 65 on the first ballot. Nearly all the mea-
sures by which Congress, in these last months
of Johnson's term, continued to carry out its
plan of reconstruction received his disapproval
and were passed over his veto. Johnson duly
proclaimed the ratification of the Fourteenth
Amendment, but in his last annual message, that
of Dec. 9, 1868, he presented a summary of his
criticism of the policy of Congress. At the same
time he offered once more his old recommenda-
tions that the Constitution should be amended
in regard to the election of the president, the
senators, and federal judges ; and he added a
plan to fix the succession to the presidency in
the event of vacancies in both that office and the
vice-presidency. By proclamations put forth on
July 4 and on Christmas Day, 1868, he extended
his previous grants of amnesty until, without
limitation, all who had participated in the "re-
bellion" were included. As he retired from the
White House he issued a valedictory address,
violent in its indictment of the congressional
policy.
The management of diplomatic and financial
affairs during his presidency Johnson left to his
secretaries, Seward and McCulloch, who, with
Gideon Welles, secretary of the navy, remained
loyally in his cabinet. In foreign relations the
chief accomplishments were the retirement of
the French from Mexico, the purchase of Alaska,
the restraining of the Fenian movement, and the
negotiation with Lord Clarendon by Reverdy
Johnson [<?.?'.] of a convention which was re-
jected by the Senate, all but unanimously, in the
first days of Grant's presidency. In the field of
finance, the one important stand which Johnson
took independently of his secretary was unfor-
tunate. There was a widespread feeling that it
was unjust that bondholders should be able to
demand and receive gold for their bonds, while
the poor man had to take greenbacks. Johnson
went further, urging that, in view of the fact
that purchasers of bonds had paid for them in
88
Johnson
paper notes worth in gold but half their face
value, the payment of the interest for something
over sixteen years ought to liquidate the prin-
cipal.
Upon his return to his home in Tennessee,
Johnson soon was drawn into the troubled cur-
rents of state politics. He tried to steer an in-
dependent course between the two extremes of
the former Confederates and the radical Repub-
licans of the Brownlow type. Although Ten-
nessee had escaped congressional reconstruc-
tion, the problem of restoration was complex,
involving not only the negroes but also the bit-
ter animosities of the whites. In 1869 Johnson
might have been elected to the Senate, had he
not been deserted by one who had been his con-
fidential private secretary. In 1872 he entered
upon a campaign for election to Congress as
representative-at-large from Tennessee, but was
unsuccessful. In 1874, although weakened by
an attack of yellow fever which he had suffered
several months before, he became once more a
candidate for election to the United States Sen-
ate. This time his effort was successful ; and on
Mar. 5, 1875, shortly after the Senate had met
in special session in accordance with the call of
President Grant, Andrew Johnson once more
took his seat in the body which he had left in
1862. Death and the mutations of politics had
removed many of his former enemies and of his
faithful friends, but enough remained to give to
the occasion of his return the dramatic element
of a vindication. The low political ethics of the
administrations of Grant had made Johnson's
courageous honesty stand out in contrast ; and
soon after his election some of the leading news-
papers contained expressions prophetic of the
reversal of judgment upon him which was to
come with the passing years ( Stryker, pp. 808-
11; Winston, p. 505). Before the session came
to an end, Johnson delivered (Mar. 22) a speech
in which he severely attacked the course which
Grant had pursued in Louisiana, denounced
Grant's aspirations for a third term, and closed
with the plea "Let peace and prosperity be re-
stored to the land. May God bless this people ;
may God save the Constitution." The Senate
soon adjourned, and Johnson returned to his
home in Tennessee. Several weeks later, while
on a visit to his daughter, Mrs. Stover, near
Carter Station, he suffered a paralytic attack.
He died July 31, 1875.
[Representative of early biographies is John Savage's
campaign sketch, published in Our Living Representa-
tive Men (i860), expanded in The Life of Abraham
Lincoln by H. J. Raymond; and the Life of Andrew
Johnson by John Savage (1864), and further enlarged
as The Life and Public Services of Andrew Johnson
(1866), the edition cited in this sketch. Some light is
Johnson
thrown on the earlier part of Johnson's career by D. L.
Swain, Early Times in Raleigh. Addresses Delivered
. . . at the Dedication of Tucker Hall, and on the Occa-
sion of the Completion of the Monument to Jacob John-
son (1867). James S. Jones, Life of Andrew Johnson
(1001), gave, though inadequately, an account of John-
son's whole career. Hugh McCulloch, Men and Mea-
sures of Half a Century (1888) was one of the first
important works, by a contemporary of real significance,
to give a favorable estimate of Johnson's presidency,
which up to that time had been described for the most
part by his enemies. W. A. Dunning, Essays on the
Civil War and Reconstruction (1898), as the first ex-
amination of the reconstruction policies with the de-
tached view of historical scholarship exerted a deter-
mining influence upon later writers. Influenced by
Dunning is C. E. Chadsey, The Struggle between Pres.
Johnson and Congress over Reconstruction (1896). C.
H. McCarthy, Lincoln's Plan of Reconstruction (1901) ;
J. W. Fertig, Secession and Reconstruction of Tenn.
(1898) ; and J. R. Neal, Disunion and Restoration in
Tenn. (1899), belong to the same period of writing.
D. M. DeWitt, for the preparation of his penetrating
monograph, The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew
Johnson, etc. (1903), examined some of the private pa-
pers of Johnson. In 1905 the Lib. of Cong, acquired
the greater part of the Johnson papers. This collection,
supplemented by that of Johnson's grandson, A. J. Pat-
terson, also in the Lib. of Cong., and several of less im-
portance in other repositories, now forms the indis-
pensable basis for a study of Johnson's career. No ade-
quate collection of his writings has yet been published.
The Johnson papers in the Lib. of Cong, were prompt-
ly investigated by Dunning, who published interesting
results in "More Light on Andrew Johnson," Am. Hist.
Rev., Apr. 1906, pp. 574 ff., and shortly wrote the valu-
able volume, "Reconstruction, Political and Economic"
(1907) in the American Nation series. A flood of new
light was thrown by the publication of John T. Morse,
Jr., ed., Diary of Gideon Welles (3 vols., 191 1), which
had appeared before, in part, in the Atlantic Monthly.
A timely word of caution as to the use of this has been
given by H. K. Beale, in Am. Hist. Rev., Apr. 1925,
p. 547. The availability of the Diary and the Johnson
papers enabled James Schouler in his Hist, of the U. S.,
vol. VII (1913), to show the unfairness of some of the
conclusions of James Ford Rhodes, in the latter's Hist,
of the U. S. from the Compromise of 1850, vols. V,
VI (1904-06). To be commended, as based on a care-
ful research, is C. R. Hall, Andrew Johnson, Mil.
Gov. of Tenn. (1916). Recent biographies are Robt.
W. Winston, Andrew Johnson, Plebeian and Patriot
(1928); L. P. Stryker, Andrew Johnson: A Study in
Courage (1929) ; G. F. Milton, The Age of Hate: An-
drew Johnson and the Radicals (1930). Each contains
an extensive bibliography ; that of Winston's book is
particularly helpful as a guide to the voluminous peri-
odical literature which has grown up about Johnson.
For the presidential term of Johnson, E. P. Ober-
holtzer, Hist, of the U. S. since the Civil War, vol.
I (1917), vol. II (1922), has the merit of an inde-
pendent study. Other recent studies of value are H. K.
Beale, The Critical Year. A Study of Andrew Johnson
and Reconstruction (1930) ; C. G. Bowers, The Tragic
Era (1929) ; R. H. White, Development of the Tenn.
State Educational Organization, 1706— 1029 (1929);
W. M. Caskey, "First Administration of Gov. Andrew
Johnson," Tenn. Hist. Society's Pubs., I (1929), pp.
43-59, and "Second Administration of Gov. Andrew
Johnson, Ibid., II (1930), pp. 34-54; Thos. P. Aber-
nethy, From Frontier to Plantation in Tenn. (1932).
J. G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, vol. I
(1884); and S. S. Cox, Union — Disunion — Reunion:
Three Decades of Federal Legislation (1885) ; are val-
uable but have to be handled with caution. Works pur-
porting to throw reminiscent light on Johnson's career
are Frank Cowan, Andrew Johnson: Reminiscences of
his Private Life and Character (2 ed., 1894) ; and Me-
moirs of the White House . . . Being Personal Recol-
lections of Col. W. H. Crook, etc. (19 11), edited by
Henry Rood. In his Notable Men of Tenn. (1912), O.
89
Johnson
P. Temple, a younger contemporary of Johnson, has
an interesting short account of the latter's life. See
also J. D. Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages
and Papers of the Presidents, vol. VI (1897) ; Procs.
in the Trial of Andrew Johnson, . . . before the Senate
of the U. S., etc. (1868) ; B. B. Kendrick, Jour, of the
Joint Committee of Fifteen on Reconstruction (1914) ;
W. L. Fleming, Documentary Hist, of Reconstruction
(2 vols., 1906-07).] St.G.L.S.
JOHNSON, BENJAMIN PIERCE (Nov.
30, 1793-Apr. 12, 1869), agriculturist, was born
in Canaan, N. Y., the son of William Johnson, a
physician. His grandfather, William Johnstone,
also a physician, emigrated from Scotland about
the middle of the eighteenth century and settled
in the province of Massachusetts Bay. As there
was another physician of the same name in the
vicinity, his grandfather changed his name from
Johnstone to Johnson. Benjamin's father, after
the Revolution, became a resident of Canaan,
Columbia County, N. Y., where he managed a
farm and also engaged in an extensive medical
practice. He had six children, the youngest of
whom was Benjamin Pierce Johnson. Benja-
min's early life was spent at home upon the
farm, his fondness for agriculture exhibiting it-
self strongly while he was still a boy. He was
prepared for college in Lenox, Mass., entered
Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., in 1810, and
graduated in 1813. Having chosen law for his
profession he first entered the office of his broth-
er-in-law, John Foote, of Hamilton, and later
studied with Elisha Williams. In 1816 his fa-
ther moved to Oneida County, purchasing a
small farm near Rome. The next year Benjamin
followed his father and established himself in the
practice of law in Rome. There he met and mar-
ried, on Dec. II, 1820, Anne McKinstry who
died on Jan. 28, 1837. On Mar. I, 1838, he mar-
ried Mary Adams of Sherbourne, Chenango
County. He became a favorite in his community,
was elected to various public offices, and from
1827 to 1829 represented Oneida County in the
New York Assembly. Returning to Rome at the
close of his term, he resumed his law practice
but also began to give more attention to agricul-
ture. He became interested in the work of the
New York State Agricultural Society and on
its reorganization in 1841, he was elected one
of the vice-presidents. In 1844 he was corre-
sponding secretary and in 1845 president of the
society. He led a busy life but he was unsuc-
cessful in his money matters and in May 1846
found himself wholly unable to meet his obliga-
tions. Too proud to tell his friends, he sailed
for Europe and was absent until November fol-
lowing, when he returned to Rome. His asso-
ciates, having learned of his difficulties, had
meanwhile arranged his affairs. While abroad
Johnson
he made a study of agricultural conditions in
England and Wales. Although his departure to
Europe was a serious mistake of judgment, it
later turned out to his advantage. The experi-
ence he gained there and the contacts he made
served him well in the position of corresponding
secretary of the New York State Agricultural
Society to which he was again elected in Janu-
ary 1847, soon after his return.
He moved to Albany with his family and made
this his home for the remainder of his life. He
gave up all other business and devoted himself
wholly to the Society and to the development of
the agricultural interests of New York state.
Having been appointed by the governor of New
York a commissioner to the London exhibition
of 1851, to represent the interests of the state at
the exhibition, he went to London in April 1850.
He was placed on one of the most important of
the juries, that of agricultural implements and
machinery. His knowledge of the agricultural
wants of England was particularly helpful in
the trials of plows and American reapers, the
success of which turned the tide of public opin-
ion in favor of American inventions. In the
summer of 1851, with a number of his associates,
he visited France by invitation of the French
Emperor. The National Agricultural Society
of France honored him by the presentation of
the society's medal of membership. During the
Civil War he was appointed commissioner from
the United States to the International Exhibi-
tion of 1862 in London and was again able to
render valuable service to American exhibitors.
He returned home in October 1862, to find his
wife seriously ill. She died the following De-
cember and Johnson never fully recovered from
the blow. He died Apr. 12, 1869, and was buried
in Rome, N. Y. One son and a daughter sur-
vived him. His writings are contained for the
most part in the Transactions and the Monthly
Journal of the Society, the Albany Cultivator,
and the Central New York Farmer. He was
joint editor of the latter from 1842 to 1844. His
report of the London exhibition, which appeared
in the Transactions (vol. XI, 1852), was pub-
lished separately under the title : Report of Ben-
jamin P. Johnson, Agent of the State of New
York, Appointed to Attend the Exhibition of
the Industry of all Nations (1852).
[Marsena R. Patrick, Memorial of Bcnj. P. Johnson
(1870), reprinted from the Trans. N. Y. State Agric.
Soc, vol. XXIX (1870) ; Jour. N. Y. State Agrxc. Soc,
Apr-May 1869; Cultivator and Country Gentleman.
Apr. 22, 1869; the World (N. Y.), Apr. 14, 1869.]
C.R.B.
JOHNSON, BRADLEY TYLER (Sept. 29,
1829-Oct. 5, 1903), politician, Confederate sol-
90
Johnson
dier, was born in Frederick, Md., the son of
Charles Worthington and Eleanor Murdock
(Tyler) Johnson, and grandson of Col. Baker
Johnson of the Continental Army. He gradu-
ated at Princeton with honors in mathematics
(A.B. 1849), studied law, and was admitted to
the bar in 1851 in Frederick. On June 25, 1851,
he was married to Jane Claudia Saunders of
North Carolina. Entering politics, he was state's
attorney, Democratic candidate for comptroller,
state chairman of the Democratic Committee,
and delegate to the national conventions of i860.
In the election of i860 he supported Brecken-
ridge.
After the outbreak of the Civil War he helped
to organize the 1st Maryland Regiment, for the
Confederate army, and served with it as major
in J. E. Johnston's Valley campaign and at
First Manassas. During 1862, having attained
the rank of colonel, he ably commanded the
1st Maryland under Ewell and Jackson at Front
Royal, Winchester, Harrisonburg, and the en-
gagement at Gaines's Hill, before Richmond.
Left without a command through the disband-
ing of his regiment by the Confederate war de-
partment, he commanded temporarily Gen. J. R.
Jones's brigade at Second Manassas. Jackson
recommended Johnson for promotion to the rank
of brigadier-general, and meanwhile he was em-
ployed in several capacities, including another
command of Jones's brigade, from July 2, at
Gettysburg, to November 1863. Later he com-
manded Maryland cavalry under Wade Hamp-
ton, north of Richmond, where in February 1864
he checked Kilpatrick's raid, against a force far
superior to his numerically. He was commis-
sioned brigadier-general June 28, 1864, was
given command of the cavalry brigade of Gen.
William E. Jones, lately killed, and served under
Early in the Valley and in Maryland. In Mc-
Causland's expedition of July 1864 to Chambers-
burg, Pa., Johnson executed Early's orders to
burn the town. During the same raid he was
disastrously surprised at Moorefield and barely
avoided being captured. Later he participated
in the campaign against Sheridan in the Valley.
Heavy losses then made consolidation of com-
mands necessary, and Johnson was displaced by
officers senior in rank. He was sent to Salisbury,
N. C, in November 1864, where, as commander
of prisoners, he made strenuous efforts to restore
order and relieve distress.
After the war, Johnson practised law in Rich-
mond and represented railroad interests before
the legislature. In the Virginia Senate (1875-
79), he led in drafting the compromise meas-
ures designed to restore to order Virginia's
Johnson
tangled finances. From 1879 to 1890 he prac-
tised law in Baltimore, Md. His last years he
spent in Amelia, Va. Besides articles on Vir-
ginia finances, he published : Reports of Cases
Decided by Chief Justice Chase 1865-69 (1876) ;
The Foundation of Maryland (1883) ; A Mem-
oir of the Life and Public Service of Joseph E.
Johnston (1891) ; General Washington (1894);
and the section on Maryland in Volume II of the
Confederate Military History (1899), edited by
C. A. Evans.
[War of the Rebellion: Official Records {Army);
Who's Who in America, 1901-02 ; Battles and Leaders
of the Civil War (4 vols., 1887-88) ; W. W. Goldsbor-
ough, The Md. Line in the Confed. Army (1869) ; C. C.
Pearson, The Readjuster Movement in Va. (1917);
The Biog. Cyc. of Representative Men of Md. and the
District of Columbia (1879); the Sun (Baltimore),
Oct. 6, 1903.] W. C. M.
JOHNSON, BUSHROD RUST (Oct. 7,
1817-Sept. 12, 1880), Confederate soldier, was
born in Belmont County, Ohio, and after a com-
mon school education, entered West Point in
1836, graduating four years later in a class
which included William Tecumseh Sherman.
Grant was a fourth classman at the time. As-
signed as second lieutenant to the 3rd Infantry,
he was with a regiment that encountered much
hardship and privation in the war with the Sem-
inoles, and from 1843 to J846, saw service in the
West and Southwest. With the outbreak of war
with Mexico, young Johnson participated in the
battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Mon-
terey, and the siege of Vera Cruz ; and was on
commissary duty in the latter city from Mar. 3
until Oct. 1, 1847, having been promoted first
lieutenant, Feb. 29, 1844. He resigned from the
army, Oct. 22, 1847, to become instructor in
philosophy and chemistry at the Western Mili-
tary Institute, Georgetown, Ky., and then, for
four years more, superintendent of that institu-
tion (1851-55) and instructor in natural philos-
ophy, mathematics, and engineering. When the
school became part of the University of Nash-
ville in 1855, Johnson became superintendent of
the military college of the university, and pro-
fessor of civil engineering. He held commis-
sions in the militia of Kentucky as lieutenant-
colonel (1849-51) and colonel (1851-54), and
in the militia of Tennessee as colonel ( 1854-61 ) .
With the outbreak of the Civil War, he entered
the Confederate army as a colonel of engineers,
but was advanced to the rank of brigadier-gen-
eral in January 1862. He commanded the gar-
rison of Fort Henry when the latter fell before
General Grant ; and upon the fall of Fort Donel-
son, he succeeded in making his escape to the
Confederate lines. He commanded a brigade at
91
Johnson
the battle of Shiloh (Apr. 6-7, 1862), where he
was severely wounded, and took part in Bragg's
invasion of Kentucky. He commanded a divi-
sion at Chickamauga, and largely through his
initiative the Federal right wing was swept from
the field (Battles and Leaders, post, III, 655).
He took part in the defense of Knoxville, and
was soon after promoted major-general. He op-
posed Butler's assault on the Richmond railroad,
near Petersburg (May 6-7, 1864), and took part
in the engagement at Drewry's Bluff (May 16,
1864), where he captured the enemy's guns, but
lost more than one-fourth of his division ( Ibid.,
IV, 202-03). He commanded South Carolina
troops during the charge on the crater at Peters-
burg, and captured three stands of colors and
130 prisoners (Ibid., 541, 567). With his divi-
sion, he surrendered with Lee at Appomattox.
After the War, he returned to Tennessee,
where in the year 1870 he became chancellor of
the University of Nashville, and arranged to con-
duct a collegiate department of that institution
with the Montgomery Bell Academy as a pre-
paratory school. In June 1874, however, the
school was compelled to close its doors for finan-
cial reasons. Broken in health, he passed his
last years and died on a farm in Brighton, Ma-
coupin County, 111., his remains being interred
in Miles Cemetery, where a monument marks
his last resting-place (Confederate Veteran,
December 1907, p. 551). His wife had died many
years before, and his only son did not long sur-
vive his father.
[Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (4 vols., 1887-
88), particularly III, 619-750, and IV, 196-565; Twelfth
Ann. Reunion Asso. Grads. U. S. Mil. Acad. (1881) ;
G. W. Cullum, Biog. Reg. Officers and Grads. U. S.
Mil. Acad. (3rd ed., 1891, vol. II) ; J. H. McRae, "The
Third Regiment of Infantry," Jour. Mil. Service Inst,
of the U. S., May 1895, repr. in T. F. Rodenbough,
The Army of the U. S. (1896) ; H. M. Cist, The Army
of the Cumberland (1882) ; A. A. Humphreys, The Va.
Campaign of '64 and '65 (1883).] C. D.R.
JOHNSON, BYRON BANCROFT (Jan. 6,
1864-Mar. 28, 1931), president of the American
League of Professional Base Ball Clubs from
1900 to 1927, was one of three sons born to Alex-
ander Byron and Eunice C. (Fox) Johnson at
Norwalk, Ohio. As a youngster Ban Johnson,
as he was later called, attended Oberlin and Ma-
rietta colleges but did not graduate from either
institution. In later life (1897) he was given
the degree of A.B. by Marietta College honoris
causa. He attended a law school in Cincinnati
but did not complete the course nor pursue the
profession of law. When twenty-one years old
he gave up his legal studies to become political
and general reporter on the Cincinnati Commer-
cial Gazette. A few years later he was made
Johnson
sports editor of that paper and thus came into
contact with famous sporting figures, including
ball players and owners of baseball clubs. One
of these players, then manager of the Cincinnati
team, was Charles A. Comiskey who, in 1893,
persuaded the young reporter to accept the posi-
tion of president of the Western League, a base-
ball organization that was just being revived
after a financial collapse. For a year, while hold-
ing this office, he continued his newspaper work
but in 1894 he abandoned it and cast his fortunes
definitely with professional baseball.
The Western League at that time had teams
in Kansas City, Detroit, Toledo, Indianapolis,
Sioux City, Grand Rapids, Minneapolis, and
Milwaukee. Young, ambitious, courageous, and
with fine organizing ability, Johnson began to
strengthen and improve the league, shifting the
franchises and teams to larger cities with the
idea of building up an organization to rival the
National League, at that time the only major
league of professional baseball. As the territory
of the powerful National League was gradually
invaded, a bitter baseball war developed in
which "Big Ban" was victorious all along the
line. After establishing itself in most of the big
cities that formerly had been considered the ex-
clusive baseball territory of the National League,
the Western League changed its name to Amer-
ican League (1900) and three years later struck
the National League a stunning blow by putting
a club in New York, and thus rounding out a
playing circuit on a par with that of its rival.
With that blow the latter capitulated and accept-
ed the American League as a major league or-
ganization on an equal footing. All this was due
to the energy, skill, persistency, and financial
shrewdness of Ban Johnson. Starting with clubs
in small cities in the West, the American League,
under Johnson, rose to a point where, at his
death, the franchises and club propertias of the
circuit were estimated to be worth approximate-
ly $25,000,000; and the $2,500-a-year president
of the Western League became the $40,ooo-a-
year president of the American League.
Ban Johnson proposed and put through the
scheme of holding a "World's Series" each au-
tumn between the pennant-winning clubs of the
two leagues. He drove rowdyism from the play-
ing field and from the grandstand and bleachers,
so that respectable people could witness baseball
games with their families without being annoyed
or insulted by the remarks or actions of any
rough element. In 1920 there came the revela-
tion that some Chicago White Sox players had
been bribed to lose the World's Series of 1919 to
the Cincinnati Club of the National League.
92
Johnson
This scandal led the club owners to call in the
federal judge, Kenesaw Mountain Landis, as
commissioner of baseball with supreme author-
ity. Though he had done much to help expose
the scandal and to punish the wrongdoers, John-
son objected to the selection of any outsider to
run baseball. He felt it a blow at his own dignity
and authority. For this reason he bickered with
Landis, and in the later years of his presidency
precipitated one clash after another, gradually
losing his authority and finally, in 1927, resign-
ing his office. He was in poor health at the time
and died in St. Louis, Mo., in March 1931. He
is buried at Spencer, Ind. In 1894 he married
Sarah Jane Laymon, who survived him. There
were no children of this marriage. Huge in
size, flamboyant, energetic, courageous, and am-
bitious, he did much to build up professional
baseball to a high plane and for years was the
most picturesque and powerful figure in the
game.
[G. L. Moreland, Balldom (1914 and 1926) ; F. C.
Richter, Richtcr's Hist, and Records of Base Ball
(1914) ; Spalding's Official Base Ball Guide, 1901—32;
Saturday Evening Post , Mar. 22. 1930 ; Who's Who
in America, 1928-29 ; Lit. Digest, Mar. 27, 1926 ; N. Y.
Times, N. Y. Herald Tribune, World (N. Y.), Mar. 29,
1931 ; personal acquaintance.] j K
JOHNSON, CAVE (Jan. 11, 1793-Nov. 23,
1866), congressman and postmaster-general,
was born near Springfield, Robertson County,
Tenn., the son of Thomas and Mary (Noel)
Johnson. His grandfather, Henry Johnson, re-
moved from Pennsylvania to North Carolina
during the Revolutionary War, in which strug-
gle he served in the 10th Regiment of the North
Carolina Continental Line. Thomas Johnson re-
moved from North Carolina to the Tennessee
country in 1789. He was a member of the first
constitutional convention of Tennessee and of
the first General Assembly, 1796; brigadier-gen-
eral of militia, 1800; and led his brigade in the
campaigns against the Creek Indians, 1813-14.
Cave Johnson, commissioned a lieutenant, served
as deputy quartermaster of his father's regiment
in these campaigns of Gen. Andrew Jackson. He
was educated at an academy and at Cumberland
College, Nashville. He studied law under Wil-
liam W. Cooke, one-time supreme judge of Ten-
nessee, and was elected prosecuting attorney in
1817. He was elected as a Democrat to repre-
sent his district in the Twenty-first and the three
succeeding congresses (1829-37). As a Jack-
sonian, he met defeat by ninety votes in the po-
litical upheaval in Tennessee in 1836, but he
was returned to the next three congresses ( 1839-
45).
In the Polk-Clay contest for the presidency in
Johnson
1844 Johnson was the confidential friend and ad-
viser of Polk. He was of sound and vigorous
though not brilliant parts and possessed of un-
usual sagacity and managerial skill in political
affairs. He and Buchanan were the earliest se-
lections by President Polk for cabinet places,
Johnson being chosen for postmaster-general.
He served as such throughout Polk's adminis-
tration and did much to systematize the mail
service, especially the service to foreign coun-
tries. On his recommendation postal rates were
lowered and payment by the sender required.
During his administration also the use of stamps,
at first of denominations of five and ten cents,
was introduced, the idea of a railway post-office
was broached, and other steps were taken to-
ward giving the government a monopoly in the
carriage of the mails. Returning to the practice
of law at his home in Clarksville, Tenn., he was
appointed circuit judge in 1853. In 1854 he ac-
cepted the presidency of the State Bank of Ten-
nessee and served for six years.
Johnson and Buchanan formed a close friend-
ship while serving together in Polk's cabinet,
and a correspondence covering many years re-
sulted. Johnson was active in bringing Tennes-
see to the support of Buchanan for the presi-
dency in 1856. On June 8, i860, he was nomi-
nated by President Buchanan commissioner of
the United States to settle disputed claims of citi-
zens of the United States against the United
States and Paraguay Navigation Company. In
the decade before the Civil War he used his in-
fluence to stay sectional animosity, but when
the conflict was on he adhered to the Southern
Confederacy, in whose armies all of his sons en-
listed. Shortly after the close of the war he was
pardoned by President Johnson, an old congres-
sional associate. In 1866 he was elected, without
opposition, to the Tennessee Senate, but was not
allowed to take his seat on the ground that he
had given countenance to the Confederacy.
Johnson was married to Elizabeth (Dortch)
Brunson, Feb. 20, 1838. He died at Clarksville.
[The Buchanan-Johnson correspondence is to be found
in the archives of the Pa. Hist. Soc. ; the Polk-Johnson
correspondence is with the Polk papers in the Lib. of
Cong. Printed sources include : W. P. Titus, Pictur-
esque Clarksville, Past and Present (1887) ; J. W.
Caldwell, Sketches of the Bench and Bar of Tenn.
(1898) ; Lucien B. Chase, Hist, of the Polk Adminis-
tration (1850) ; St. George L. Souissat, "Tenn. and
Nat. Pol. Parties," Ann. Report, Am. Hist. Asso., 1914,
vol. I, and Letters of J as. K. Polk te> Cave Johnson,
1833-48 (n.d.), reprinted from the Tenn. Hist. Mag.,
Sept. 1915 ; E. I. McCormac, Jas. K. Polk (192a).]
S.C.W.
JOHNSON, CHAPMAN (Mar. 12, 1779-
July 12, 1849), Virginia lawyer and legislator,
was born in Louisa County, Va., the son of
93
Johnson
Thomas Johnson and his wife Jane Chapman.
Despite the poverty of his youth, he was able to
go to the College of William and Mary to study
law, and in 1802 he was licensed to practise law
in Richmond. On advice he removed to Staun-
ton. His first years there were discouraging,
but in 1805 he was admitted to the court of ap-
peals and began "that career of forensic distinc-
tion which in a few years elevated him to the
highest rank in his profession" (Southern Lit-
erary Messenger, November 1849, p. 676). In
1806 he married Mary Ann Nicholson of Rich-
mond. In 18 10 he was elected state senator from
the Augusta district and, though frequently op-
posing the wishes of his constituents, he held this
position for sixteen years. He was also active
in the war of 18 12 as captain of a company of
horse and as aide to Gen. James Breckinridge.
In 1824 his work forced him to return to Rich-
mond. Thereafter he devoted his energies first
to his appeals practice. He was admired for his
professional zeal and high sense of duty and for
his urbanity of manner. With Benjamin Wat-
kins Leigh and Robert Stanard, his friends since
college, he was one of "the great legal trium-
virate, who swayed the Appellate Court of Vir-
ginia by their power and eloquence for a quarter
of a century" (Dillon, post, I, 262). Among his
many cases was the "long wrangle" over the wills
of John Randolph of Roanoke.
Johnson was called by his old constituency
across the Blue Ridge to serve in the memorable
constitutional convention of 1829-30. Here he
was one of the outstanding men in attendance.
Representing the more democratic West he was
a target for the vicious sarcasm of the aristo-
cratic John Randolph, but from the convention
he emerged unhurt, and his main principle —
population as a basis for representation as
against population and property — was adopted.
He was devoted to the public welfare and was
consulted continually on public measures. But
with this devotion there was about him an inde-
pendence that made him delight in joining mi-
norities, and even at times a reluctance to be in
the public eye at all. He held several minor po-
litical positions, however, and was recodifying
the criminal laws of the state when his health
broke. From 1819 to 1845 he was a member of
the board of visitors of the University of Vir-
ginia, serving also, from 1836 to 1844, as rector.
[Esther C. M. Steele, "Chapman Johnson," Va. Mag.
of Hist, and Biog., Apr.-July 1927 ; Proc. and Debates
of the Va. State Convention of 1829-30 (1830) ; J. F.
Dillon, John Marshall: Life, Character, and Judicial
Services ( 1903), vol. I ; P. A. Bruce, Hist, of the Univ.
of Va., vol. Ill (1921) ; J. L. Peyton, Hist, of Augusta
County (1882); Richmond Enquirer, July 13, 1849.]
A.L.H.
Johnson
JOHNSON, DAVID BANCROFT (Jan. 10,
1856-Dec. 26, 1928), educator, was born at La
Grange, Tenn., of both Puritan and Cavalier an-
cestry. His first American ancestor was a fel-
low-pioneer of John Winthrop. His father,
David Bancroft Johnson, was born at Dresden,
Me. After graduating at Bowdoin College he
went south to teach and there met and married
Margaret Emily White, a daughter of Col. John
D. White, of Memphis, Tenn. He was called as
president to La Grange College, Tennessee, but
he died a year after the son David was born, and
the mother returned to Memphis. The boy pur-
sued his studies in the public schools of Mem-
phis and of Nashville before entering at fifteen
the preparatory department of the state univer-
sity at Knoxville. Here he remained by self-
help until he received in 1877 the degree of B.A.
His appointment as assistant professor of math-
ematics, 1879-80, enabled him to complete his
work for the master's degree. For the next two
years (1880-82) he was superintendent of
schools in Abbeville, S. C, and for one year in
New Bern, N. C. In 1883 he returned to South
Carolina to become the first superintendent of
the schools of Columbia. Here he developed an
organization which served as a model for other
cities and towns of the state. Impressed with the
need of well-trained teachers, and desiring to
establish a training school for his own teachers,
he went to Boston during the summer of 1886
and there through Robert C. Winthrop, chair-
man of the Peabody Board of Education, was
granted for scholarships an annual appropriation
of $1500, increased in 1888 to $2000. With this
aid Johnson was able to open the Winthrop
Training School in November 1886. Its first
home was the chapel of the Columbia Theolog-
ical Seminary, and its first enrolment was nine-
teen students taught by one teacher.
The school grew rapidly and state scholar-
ships were awarded it even before it was
launched as a state institution. In 1891 Johnson
aroused the interest of Benjamin R. Tillman,
then governor of the state, with whose aid the
legislature was induced to make an appropria-
tion for buildings and maintenance. According-
ly, in 1894, the corner-stone of the main building
was laid at Rock Hill. In the fall of 1895 Win-
throp College opened with twenty instructors
and three hundred students. At the time of
Johnson's death the plant had buildings and
grounds worth considerably more than two mil-
lion dollars, and a corps of a hundred and fifty
officers and instructors ministering to nearly
two thousand full-term students. The achieve-
ment itself is ample testimony of Johnson's abil-
94
Joh
nson
ities. In 1915-16 he was president of the Na-
tional Education Association and in 1927 he
received the first distinguished service medal
awarded by the American Legion of South Car-
olina. He had married, in 1902, Mai Rutledge
Smith, of Charleston, S. C, who with two sons
and a daughter survived him.
[Winthrop Jour., Memorial Number, Apr. 1929;
Ralph E. Grier, 5. C. and Her Builders (1930) ! J- C.
Hemphill, Men of Mark in S. C, vol. I (1907) ; Jour,
of Educ, Jan. 14, 1929; the State (Columbia, S. C),
Dec. 27, 28, 1928, Jan. 13, 1929 ; Anderson Daily Mail,
Dec. 26, 1928; Record (Rock Hill) and Herald (Rock
Hill), Dec. 27, 1928 ; Proc. of the Trustees of the Pea-
body Educ. Fund, 1886, 1888; private papers of Mrs.
David Bancroft Johnson and Mrs. Paul Workman,
Rock Hill, S. C] J.T.B.
JOHNSON, EASTMAN [See Johnson, Jon-
athan Eastman, 1824-1906].
JOHNSON, EDWARD (September 1598-
Apr. 23, 1672), colonial chronicler, was the son
of William and Susan (Porredge) Johnson.
His father was clerk of St. George's parish, Can-
terbury, where Edward was baptized Sept. 16
or 17, 1598. The son was brought up to the
trade of a joiner, married Susan Munnter about
1618, and emigrated to Boston in 1630. He was
licensed to trade with the Indians, admitted
freeman in May 1631, and shortly after went
back to England, returning with his family
(wife, seven children and three servants) in
1636, in the midst of the Antinomian contro-
versy, and settling in Charlestown, Mass. John-
son was somewhat unsettled by hearing that his
venerated leaders were "under a covenant of
Works," but after hearing a sermon of Thomas
Shepard [q.v.~\ in Cambridge, his perplexities
vanished and he became a defender of the stand-
ing order. One of the founders of Woburn in
1640, Johnson for thirty-two years was active
in the affairs of that town as proprietor, clerk,
selectman, militia captain, and deputy ( 1634-72,
excepting 1647-48) to the General Court, which
also employed him in the surveying of bounds,
the inspection of arms and munitions, as com-
missioner to apprehend Samuel Gorton, and
(with Richard Bellingham and Nathaniel Ward)
on a committee "for perfecting the lawes."
Johnson's title to fame, however, rests upon his
authorship of the history of New England which
he began to write about May 1650, and called
The W onder-W orking Providence of Sion's
Saviour in New England. Written with the
avowed purpose to overwhelm the enemies of
Massachusetts by evidence of divinely ordained
success, and to hearten friends by stories of mar-
velous providences, Johnson's work is not an
authority to be wholly relied upon in controver-
Johnson
sial matters, or for the events of the years when
he was absent. But he gives many homely facts,
such as the founding of new towns, the housing,
food, and occupations of the people, which were
ignored by more intellectual chroniclers like
Bradford and Winthrop. Both the prose and the
doggerel verse of The Wonder-Working Provi-
dence breathe "the very spirit and aroma of New
England thought" ; for Johnson was a represen-
tative man, a follower rather than a leader, one
hundred per cent, loyal to the faith and the pol-
icy of the Puritan commonwealth. The keynote
of his attitude is struck by one of his verses :
You that have seen these wondrous works by Sions
Savior don,
Expect not miracle, lest means thereby you over-run ;
The noble Acts Jehovah wrought, his Israel to redeem,'
Surely this second work of his shall far more glori-
ous seem.
[See M. C. Tyler, A Hist, of Am. Lit., vol. I (1878) ;
Samuel Sewall, The Hist, of Woburn (1868) ; Records
of the Gov. and Company of the Mass. Bay in Nezv
Eng., vols. I-IV (1853-54) ; Alfred Johnson, Hist, and
Gencal. of One Line of Descent from Capt. Edward
Johnson (1914), reprinted from the New Eng. Hist,
and Gencal. Reg., Apr. 19 13 ; and J. Franklin Jameson's
introduction to Johnson's W onder-W orking Providence
(1910) in the Original Narratives of Early American
History. The first edition was published anonymously
at London in 1653 (dated 1654), with the title, A Hist,
of New Eng. Another was edited by Wm. F. Poole
(Andover, Mass., 1867).] S. E. M.
JOHNSON, EDWARD (Apr. 16, 1816-Mar.
2, 1873), soldier, farmer, was born at Salisbury,
near Midlothian, Chesterfield County, Va., the
son of Dr. Edward Johnson, who later moved
to Kentucky. After early schooling in the latter
state, young Johnson received appointment to
West Point July 1, 1833, graduating five years
later. He served with his regiment, the 6th In-
fantry, in the Florida War, 1838-41, saw much
frontier service in the Middle West, 1842-46,
and served throughout the Mexican War, par-
ticipating in the siege of Vera Cruz, and in the
battles of Cerro Gordo, Churubusco, Molino del
Rey, Chapultepec, and in the assault and cap-
ture of the City of Mexico. For his distinguished
service in the Mexican War, the state of Vir-
ginia voted him a sword, as did also his fellow
citizens of Chesterfield County. He was brevet-
ted captain and major, respectively, for gallant
and meritorious services at Molino del Rey and
at Chapultepec, and was promoted first lieuten-
ant in 1839, and captain in 1851, both commis-
sions being in the 6th Infantry. On June 10,
1861, he resigned from the United States army
to accept the colonelcy of the 12th Georgia Vol-
unteers, Confederate army, and was promoted
to brigadier-general, Dec. 11, 1861, and to ma-
jor-general, Feb. 28, 1863. He was wounded at
95
Joh
nson
McDowell, Va., May 8, 1862, where he com-
manded a brigade, and took part with Early's
corps in engagements at Winchester and Mar-
tinsburg, and in the occupation of Carlisle, Pa.
He commanded "Stonewall" Jackson's old divi-
sion in the battle of Gettysburg and participated
in the operations at Payne's Farm and in the
battles of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania,
where he was taken prisoner after gallantly re-
sisting Hancock's onslaught at the Bloody An-
gle, May 12, 1864. After exchange as a prisoner
of war, Johnson commanded a division in Lee's
corps of Hood's army in the invasion of Ten-
nessee and took part in the disastrous battles be-
fore Nashville — being again captured by the
Federal army at Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 16, 1864.
After the war, Johnson engaged in farming
at his old home in Chesterfield County, Va., and
died in his fifty-seventh year at Ford's Hotel,
Richmond. He had never married. Immediately
on his death, the General Assembly of Virginia
passed resolutions of eulogy and of regret, and
adjourned out of respect for Johnson's memory.
His body lay in state in the state Capitol — flags
at half-staff — until the day of his funeral, Mar.
4, which took place from St. Paul's Protestant
Episcopal Church, with interment at Hollywood
Cemetery "in the presence of a large concourse
of civil and military officers and friends."
[Fourth Ann. Reunion, Asso. Grads., U. S. Mil.
Acad., 1873 ! Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (4
vols., 1887-88) ; G. W. Cullum, Biog. Reg. ...U.S.
Mil. Acad. (3rd ed., 1891), vol. I ; F. B. Heirman, Hist.
Reg. and Diet, of the U.S. Army ( 1903), vol. I ; Horace
Porter, Campaigning with Grant (1897); the Times-
Dispatch (Richmond), Nov. 26, 1905; the Richmond
Daily Whig and the Daily Dispatch (Richmond), Mar.
4. 5, 1873.] C. D.R.
JOHNSON, EDWIN FERRY (May 23,
1803-Apr. 12, 1872), civil engineer, was born at
Essex, Vt, the son of John and Rachel (Ferry)
Johnson. When he was six, the family moved to
Burlington, Vt., where Edwin studied Latin
with the Unitarian minister, and was taught
land surveying, his father's profession, by his
father. In 1818 the father was a member of the
northeastern boundary commission, and Edwin,
though only fifteen, assisted him. After five
years of surveying experience with his father,
Johnson entered the American Literary, Scien-
tific, and Military Academy at Middletown,
Conn., the forerunner of Norwich University.
There he was successively student and tutor,
1823-25, instructor in mathematics and assistant
professor of natural history, 1825-26, and pro-
fessor of mathematics and civil engineering,
1826-29. In his engineering courses he included
discussions of railroad construction and railroad
economic; as early as 1825. In 1829, the insti-
Johnson
tution was moved to Vermont, and after con-
ducting a small school for a brief time at Mid-
dletown, Johnson gave up teaching. He was in
charge of land surveys for the Erie Canal, 1829,
the Champlain Canal, 1830-31, and the Morris
Canal, 1831. Shortly thereafter he made his first
active connection with railroad work as assist-
ant engineer in charge of surveys for the Cats-
kill & Canajoharie Railroad, 1831. His record
from 1833 to 1861 is practically a review of the
transportation facilities that were constructed
during that period. He was engaged as chief en-
gineer or principal assistant in the location of
fourteen railroads, including the New York &
Erie, the New York & Boston, the Chicago, St.
Paul & Fond du Lac (now part of the Chicago
& Northwestern), and of four canals, one of
which was the Ontario & Hudson Ship Canal.
He designed and directed the construction of
three important bridges, and was for several
years the president of the Stevens Association
at Hoboken, N. J., which operated a railroad and
steamship lines. He also supplied specifications
and estimates to the federal government for the
construction of a bridge over the Potomac River
at Washington, 1832, designed a waterworks
and sewerage system for Middletown, Conn.,
surveyed, and compiled a new city charter for
that city. In 1861 his services were sought by
the government in the prosecution of the Civil
War. He declined a commission as brigadier-
general and later declined the position of assist-
ant secretary of war, but at the request of the
War Department prepared a "Report . . . upon
the Defences of Maine" (Senate Executive Doc-
ument 41, 37 Cong., 2 Sess., 1862), and a Report
of a General Plan of Operations to the Secretary
of War, which he published as a pamphlet in
1863. In 1864 he conducted a cabinet and con-
gressional party over the northeastern boundary.
His successful railroad service and his numerous
writings, established him as one of the foremost
railroad engineers of his day. Starting with his
Review of the Project for a Great Western Rail-
way (1831), in which he advocated an extensive
system of railroads to the Mississippi River, he
continued to press the subject of great national
railroads. In 1854 he wrote The Railroad to the
Pacific, Northern Route, Its General Charac-
ter, Relative Merits, Etc., and on June 14, 1867,
he was appointed chief engineer of the North-
ern Pacific Railroad. He held this position four
years, after which he was consulting engineer
to the road until his death. Gen. W. Milnor
Roberts, who succeeded him as chief engineer,
said, "The Northern Pacific Railroad and the
American people . . . are indebted more to the
06
Johnson
intelligent forecast and untiring energy of Ed-
win F. Johnson than to any other individual"
(Ellis, post, II, 151). The Northern Pacific
is constructed upon practically the lines that he
advocated in his work of 1854. In 1866 he pub-
lished The Navigation of the Lakes and Navi-
gable Communications therefrom to the Sea-
board. He was the inventor of an improvement
for canal locks, a screw-power press, a six-
wheeled locomotive truck, and an eight-wheeled
locomotive. He had wide business connections
beyond the field of railroads and, though he re-
fused many political offices, served two years as
mayor of Middletown, 1856-57, and as a state
senator in 1856. He married, Sept. 7, 1830,
Charlotte Shaler of New York and Middletown,
by whom he had eight children. He died in New
York City.
[Norwich University, 1819—1911, Her History, Her
Graduates, Her Roll of Honor (3 vols., 191 1), ed. by
Wm. A. Ellis; E. V. Smalley, Hist, of the Northern
Pacific R. R. (1883); Alumni Record of Wesleyan
Univ. (Centenary ed., 1931), p. viii ; Hist, of Middlesex
County, Conn., with Biog. Sketches (1884) ; Railroad
Gazette, Apr. 20, 1872.] F.A. T.
JOHNSON, ELIAS HENRY (Oct. 15, 1841-
Mar. 10, 1906), Baptist theologian, was the son
of Elias Johnson, who had moved from Massa-
chusetts to Troy, N. Y., where he became a
prosperous manufacturer of stoves. The mother
was Laura Gale, a Vermont woman. While both
parents were religious, it was her influence
which was especially penetrating and enduring.
Elias early decided to enter the ministry and he
began his preparatory work in the Troy high
school, completing it at Essex, Conn. His col-
lege course was taken at the University of Roch-
ester, where he ranked well as a student, re-
ceiving the degree of A.B. in 1862. Having ap-
plied himself too assiduously to his studies, he
postponed his theological course for a year,
averting idleness by studying law. His health
broke again during his first year in Rochester
Theological Seminary, and in April 1864 he en-
tered the paymaster's service in the navy, hav-
ing some sea service in the later months of the
war; he did not retire until August 1866.
Going to the Northwest in the hope that the
climate would prove beneficial, he was ordained
to the Baptist ministry, Dec. 9, 1866, and served
the church at Lesueur, Minn., for about two
years. On Feb. 14, 1867, he married Mary Anna
Lyon. Returning to Rochester in 1868, he pur-
sued the three years' theological course there,
graduating in 1871. His interest in music was
always strong and he was active both as chor-
ister and as composer. The condition of his
health made immediate assumption of ministerial
Johnson
labors unwise, and with his wife he spent two
years abroad, where he engaged in travel and
study. Upon his return, after a short pastorate
at Ballston Spa, N. Y. (November 1873-Febru-
ary 1875), ne was called to Brown Street Bap-
tist Church, Providence, R. I., continuing as pas-
tor after it became the Union Baptist Church.
Here he built up a reputation as a strong preach-
er, virile in thought and effective in expression.
He declined the chair of church history at Roch-
ester Theological Seminary, but in 1882 became
professor of systematic theology at Crozier The-
ological Seminary, where his most distinctive
work was done. His chief theological writings
were Outline of Systematic Theology (1891,
1 901) ; Religious Use of Imagination (1901);
The Holy Spirit, Then and Now (1904) ; and
the posthumously published Christian Agnos-
ticism as Related to Christian Knowledge : The
Critical Principle in Theology (1907). He ed-
ited a much-used hymn book, Sursum Corda
(1898), and Ezekiel Gilman Robinson, an Auto-
biography ( 1896), and also contributed regular-
ly to the religious press. His article, "The Idea
of Law," in the Baptist Review, July 1888, he
considered his most important contribution to
theological thought. He was an ardent cham-
pion of freedom of speech and one of the most
influential leaders in the organization of the
Baptist Congress, which afforded a platform
more open for the independent utterance of vary-
ing views than was to be found elsewhere even
in such free organizations as his denomination
provided. He was a man of intense nervous tem-
perament, acutely sensitive to esthetic values,
keen in logical power. His first wife died in
December 1904, and on Sept. 2, 1905, about six
months before his own death, he married Lillian
Morgan.
[A biographical sketch and appreciation by H. C.
Vedder, in Johnson's Christian Agnosticism (1907);
G. E. Horr in The Watchman (Boston), Mar. 22, 1906;
Rochester Theolog. Sem., Gen. Cat. 1850-1910 (1910) ;
Who's Who in America, 1906-07 ; The Press, and Pub-
lic Ledger (Phila.), Mar. 11, 1906.] W H A
JOHNSON, ELIJAH (c. 1780-Mar. 23, 1849),
one of the founders of Liberia, was probably
born in New Jersey. Nothing is known of his
parentage. At any rate, he was in New Jersey
in 1789 and there and in New York received
some schooling. He took part in the War of
1812, serving in New Jersey, New York, and
Massachusetts. For a while, he studied for the
Methodist ministry. In February 1820 he joined
the pioneer company of emigrants who left New
York on the ship Elizabeth to establish an
American negro settlement in Africa, a group
consisting of eighty-eight colored persons and
97
Johnson
three white representatives of the United States
government and the American Colonization So-
ciety.
Two commissioners of the Colonization Soci-
ety had previously recommended the British col-
ony of Sierra Leone as a place of settlement.
The British Governor, however, would not per-
mit the Americans to make permanent settlement
there. They, therefore, went temporarily to the
Island of Shebro, where many of them, including
the three white men, died of fever. Elijah John-
son and another negro, Daniel Coker, took
charge of the colony until the next year, when a
second vessel arrived. The coast was explored
and the present site of the capital of Liberia was
finally chosen for settlement. The colonists land-
ed first on Perseverance Island in the harbor
below Cape Mesurado, but the place was low
and unhealthy, the natives hostile, and there
was difficulty with the white slave-traders. Eli
Ayres, the white American in charge, was dis-
couraged and wished to return to Sierra Leone.
To this proposition Johnson was strongly op-
posed. He said : "Two years long have I wanted
a home. Here I have found one, here I remain"
(Johnston, post, I, 130). His stubborn deter-
mination decided the permanent settlement of
Liberia.
Ayres returned to America, leaving Johnson
in charge. Knowing that another rainy season
passed on Perseverance Island would be fatal,
in spite of native opposition he climbed the high
Cape and cleared the site of Monrovia, future
capital. The natives shot at the workers from
the shelter of the forest and launchc ' determined
attacks upon them. A British gunboat appeared
off the Cape and the commanders offered to pun-
ish the natives if Johnson would cede a piece of
land to the British government and hoist the
British flag. Johnson refused point-blank, re-
marking: "We want no flagstaff put up here;
that will cost us more to get it down than it will
to whip the natives" (Starr, post, p. 65).
Jehudi Ashmun, another white representative
of the Colonization Society and by far the most
efficient, arrived in August 1822. He found
Johnson in charge, but the negotiations with the
natives still unsettled. He put the colony under
military law and made Johnson commissary of
stores. In the years following, the colony, under
the black men, Elijah Johnson and Lott Carey,
and the white man, Jehudi Ashmun (who died
in 1827), fought for existence against the natives
and against the fever. The colonial troops in all
cases were led by Elijah Johnson, and his ener-
getic action gradually brought the neighborhood
chiefs into submission and alliance. The colony
Johnson
grew and began to take definite shape. Johnson
was a member of the conference which made
solemn declaration of independence in July 1847.
He died Mar. 23, 1849, having lived to see Li-
beria an independent state and a colored man
elected as first president. His descendants to
this day form one of the leading families in Li-
beria. His son, Hilary R. W. Johnson, served
as president from 1884 to 1892.
[R. R. Gurley, Life of Jehudi Ashmun (1835) ; Sir
Harry Johnston, Liberia (2 vols., London, 1906) ;
Frederick Starr, Liberia (1913) ; T. H. B. Walker, Li-
beria (1921) ; Archibald Alexander, A Hist, of Coloni-
zation on the Western Coast of Africa (1846); The
African Repository and Colonial Journal (Washington,
D. C), passim, esp. issue for Aug. 1849 which re-
prints obituary from the Liberia Herald (Monrovia),
Apr. 27, 1849.] W. E.B.D.
JOHNSON, ELLEN CHENEY (Dec. 20,
1829-June 28, 1899), educator, prison reformer,
was born at Athol, Mass., the only child of
Nathan and Rhoda (Holbrook) Cheney. Her
father was a mill agent or manager, and her as-
sociation with him brought to her much busi-
ness experience. She attended school at Weare,
N. H., and the Academy at Francestown ; and
taught school for a short time at Weare. At the
age of eighteen she joined a temperance organ-
ization. When twenty she married Jesse Cram
Johnson, a native of Unity, N. H., who became
a business man in Boston. Their home, close by
the State House, was a rendezvous for welfare
workers. Mrs. Johnson was on the executive
and finance committees of the New England
branch of the United States Sanitary Commis-
sion ; she canvassed widely for supplies, and
herself taught women in a poor part of Boston
to cut and sew, to cook and save. Such work took
her into correctional institutions, and she was
a leading promoter of the Temporary Asylum
for Discharged Female Prisoners, opened in
Dedham in 1864. She became one of a group
which persistently urged the establishment of a
separate prison for women, to be wholly under
the care of women. In 1877 the Reformatory
Prison for Women was opened at Sherborn,
near Framingham. In 1879 when a state com-
mission was created, with broad powers, for the
establishment of a real prison system, Mrs. John-
son was appointed one of the five commissioners,
and in 1884 she became superintendent of Sher-
born. Throughout her fifteen years of service
she proved herself a rare administrator. She
not only developed industries within doors and
on the farm but made recreation a means to
higher interests and better living. She also de-
veloped a system of indenture for house service
in families outside prison walls, under sympa-
thetic supervision. The keynote of her adminis-
98
Johnson
tration was the conviction that every woman
should have a fair start in a new life and that
every effort should be made in that direction.
She impressed upon her prisoners the validity
of punishment, even when it was severe, but she
believed equally in the efficacy of gentleness and
patience with offenders. She stressed the need
of finding methods of helping each woman to
win self-control, and insisted that the first duty
of the prison official was to familiarize himself
or herself thoroughly with the physical, mental,
and moral peculiarities of each prisoner. Many
visitors came to observe and study the reforma-
tory at Sherborn and it received the highest
praise from prison experts. A bronze medal and
diploma were awarded to Mrs. Johnson by the
World's Columbian Exposition "for evidence of
a model management in every detail." Her death
occurred suddenly in London, England, after she
had addressed the Women's International Con-
gress, June 28, 1899. She left money to the City
of Boston, in memory of her husband, for the
erection of "a drinking fountain for man and
beast."
[S. J. Barrows, The Reformatory System in the U. S.
(1900) ; Ann. Reports of the Commissioners of Prisons
of Mass., 1884-99 ; Charities Rev., July, Oct., Dec.
1899; C. H. Pope, The Cheney Geneal. (1897) ; Boston
Transcript , June 28, 30, 1899 ; Boston Herald, July 3,
l899-] J.R. B.
JOHNSON, FRANKLIN (Nov. 2, 1836-Oct.
9, 19 16), Baptist clergyman, author, educator,
was born at Frankfort, Ohio, the son of Rev.
Hezekiah Johnson, of a Maryland family, and
Eliza Shepherd (Harris) Johnson. His parents,
Baptist missionaries on the frontier, were in-
strumental in founding Denison University at
Granville. In 1845, prompted by Marcus Whit-
man and Ezra Fisher, they removed to Oregon
City, Ore., where they established the first Bap-
tist church on the Pacific Coast and helped
found Oregon City (now McMinnville) Col-
lege. Franklin Johnson peddled milk, taught
school at The Dalles, and assisted in the printing
office of the Argus. At the age of twenty-one he
went east to Colgate Theological Seminary and
while there he was delegated by the Republicans
of Oregon, at the instance of his older brother,
to represent them in the Chicago convention of
i860, where, after casting a first instructed bal-
lot for W. H. Seward, he voted for Abraham
Lincoln. Graduating from Colgate in 1861 and
ordained in 1862, he served as a missionary in
Bay City, Mich., 1861-63 ; then as pastor at
Lambertville, N. J., 1864-66, and at the First
Baptist Church, Passaic, N. J., 1866-72. Grant-
ed a leave of absence in 1869, he took a doctorate
in divinity at the University of Jena. After a
Johnson
short pastorate at the Clinton Avenue Baptist
Church, Newark, N. J., 1872-74, he went to the
Old Cambridge (Mass.) Baptist Church. This
period of his life, 1874-88, was exceedingly fer-
tile in friendships (with Phillips Brooks, H. W.
Longfellow, J. R. Lowell, William James, and
others) and in authorship. With Dr. George
Lorimer he served as co-editor of the Watchman
from 1876 to 1880, contributing many editorials.
He published three studies for Bible students
in the International Sunday School Commen-
tary: The Gospel According to St. Matthew
(1873), Moses and Israel (1874), Heroes and
Judges from the Law-givers to the Kings ( 1875 ) ,
in which he adopted with caution the conclusions
of his German critical teachers. An excellent
English translation of Dies Irae appeared in
1880, to be followed in 1886 by The Stabat Mater
Speciosa and the Stabat Mater Dolorosa. He
also published: True Womanhood: Hints on the
Formation of Womanly Character (1882); A
Romance in Song: Heine's Lyrical Interlude
(1884) ; The New Psychic Studies in their Re-
lation to Christian Thought (1886). His con-
tributions to symposia and encyclopedias were
numerous and of solid merit (e.g., his chapter on
"The Atonement" in Theology at the Dawn of
the Twentieth Century, 1901, edited by J. V.
Morgan ; sermon on "Our Duty to the Weaker
Races of Man" in Vol. V of Modem Sermons
by World Scholars, 1909, edited by Robert Scott
and W. C. Stiles ; introduction to The New Tes-
tament Church, 1898, by W. H. H. Marsh). He
contributed articles and book reviews to peri-
odicals, notably to the Journal of Theology. In
1888 he resigned his pulpit in Cambridge and
traveled in Europe, spending the winter in Ath-
ens. The next year he was called to the presi-
dency of Ottawa University, Kansas, which he
left in 1892 to join the faculty of the University
of Chicago as assistant professor of church
history and homiletics. He became associate
professor in 1894, professor in 1895, and pro-
fessor emeritus in 1908. His chief theological
work was produced in 1896: The Quotations of
the New Testament from the Old Considered in
the Light of General Literature; while his con-
siderable pulpit and literary activity is evinced
by such works as The Home Missionaries
(1899); Have We the Likeness of Christ?
(1901); The Christian's Relation to Evolution
(1904). He served as trustee of the Newton
Theological Seminary, 1883-91, and was a mem-
ber of the executive committee of the Baptist
Foreign Mission Society, 1885-88. After his re-
tirement from the University, he visited Japan,
China, India, and Palestine in his interest in
99
Johnson
missions, and thereafter made his home in Brook-
line, Mass., where he died.
He married Mary Alma Barton, in Buffalo,
N. Y., Sept. 28, 1863, and after her death in
1882, married Persis Isabel Swett of Boston,
June 29, 1886. Two children of his first mar-
riage survived him. Johnson's scholarship was
full and exact. In theological matters he was a
liberal conservative, and though intellectually
scrupulous and candid, he departed little from
the beliefs in which he was reared.
[Boston Transcript, Oct. 9, 1916; Watchman-Exam'
incr, Oct. 12, 1916 ; Cambridge Chronicle, Oct. 14,
1916 ; Morning Oregonian (Oregon City, Oregon), Oct.
26, 1916; University Record (Univ. of Chicago), Jan.
19 17 ; Who's Who in America, 19 16—17.]
C. H. L— e.
JOHNSON, GUY (c. 1740-Mar. 5, 1788), su-
perintendent of Indian affairs, Loyalist, was
born in Ireland, and may have been a nephew of
Sir William Johnson [q.i>.]. Coming to Amer-
ica at an early age, he was in the Mohawk Val-
ley by 1756. He served throughout the French
and Indian War, a part of the time as secretary
to Sir William. He also held a commission as
lieutenant in one of the New York independent
companies and commanded a company of rangers
under General Amherst in the campaign of 1759-
60. Following the war, he was for a time colonel
and adjutant general in the New York Militia.
In 1762, he was appointed "Deputy for the Six
Nations and Neighbouring Indians," under Sir
William. As deputy agent he attended many In-
dian councils, serving occasionally as secretary
to the Superintendent, and sometimes acting for
him during his absence. Great confidence was
reposed in him, both by Sir William and by the
Indians themselves. In 1763 he was married to
Sir William's daughter, Mary, and established
his residence at Guy Park, near Amsterdam,
N. Y. He was elected to the New York assembly
for the term 1773-75. Upon the death of his
father-in-law in 1774, he was directed by Gen-
eral Gage to assume the duties of superintendent
of the northern department for the time being,
the appointment being later confirmed from
England.
Immediately upon the outbreak of revolution-
ary disturbances the following year, Johnson in-
vited the cooperation of the Six Nations in the
British cause and fortified Guy Hall, but in the
latter part of May he retired to Lake Ontario,
where he assembled a large number of Indians
and secured their promises of assistance. In
July 1775 he proceeded to Montreal, accom-
panied by some Indians and 220 rangers. He or-
ganized the Indians in that vicinity and for a
time assisted in the defense of St. John's. In the
Johnson
following winter he visited England, but re-
turned to America in the summer of 1776, arriv-
ing at Staten Island on July 29. It was his pur-
pose to further military cooperation between the
Indians and British on the New York frontier,
but he was able to accomplish little.
In September 1778, he at last left New York
for Quebec but, being obliged to winter at Hali-
fax, did not reach his destination until July 1779.
He then proceeded by way of Montreal to the
upper country, and was with the British and
Indians at the battle near Newtown, New York,
in August 1779. During the ensuing two years
he made his headquarters at Niagara, and incited
the Indians to raiding expeditions along the back
settlements. He was succeeded in his position as
superintendent in 1782 by Sir John Johnson
\_q.v.~\. After the Revolution Johnson, like many
Loyalists, went to England, where he endeavored
to secure compensation for the losses sustained
by the confiscation of his estates. He died in
London in 1788. A not too sympathetic con-
temporary observer described him as "a short,
pursy man, of stern countenance and haughty
demeanor," adding, "His voice was harsh, and
his tongue bore evidence of his Irish extraction"
(Stone, Brant, II, 67). He claimed credit for
having inspired the raid which culminated in
the Wyoming massacre.
[Lorenzo Sabine, Biog. Sketches of Loyalists of the
Am. Rev. (1864), vol. I ; Diet. Nat. Biog. ; W. L. Stone,
Life of Joseph Brant (2 vols., 1838) and The Life and
Times of Sir William Johnson (2 vols., 1865) ; A. M.
Davis, "The Indians and the Border Warfare of the
Revolution," in Justin Winsor, Narr. and Crit. Hist,
of America, vol. VI (1888) ; E. B. O'Callaghan, Docs.
Rcl. to the Colonial Hist, of the State of N. Y., vols.
VII, VIII (1856-57); The Papers of Sir William
Johnson (7 vols, to date, 1 921-31) ; R. E. Day, Calen-
dar of the Sir William Johnson MSS. in the N. Y.
State Lib. (1909); transcripts of Haldimand Papers,
British Museum, in the Canadian Archives at Ottawa,
calendared in Report on Canadian Archives, 1884-89
(1885-90) ; obituary in Gentleman's Mag., Mar. 1788.]
W. E. S— s.
JOHNSON, HELEN LOUISE KEN-
DRICK (Jan. 4, 1844-Jan. 3, 1917), author,
daughter of Asahel Clark and Ann (Hopkins)
Kendrick, was born at Hamilton, N. Y. Her
father, professor of Greek in Madison Univer-
sity (later Colgate), in 1850 became professor
of Greek in Rochester University. The follow-
ing year Mrs. Kendrick died and for some years
Helen lived either in a boarding house in Roch-
ester, attending Miss Doolittle's School, or with
her mother's sister at Clinton. From i860 to
1863 she was not well, but from September 1863
to June 1864 she studied at Oread Institute at
Worcester, Mass. Her school education was
slight, but under the influence of a cultured fa-
ther, she was always a great reader. Visiting
IOO
Johnson
the South, she wrote for a newspaper edited by
Rossiter Johnson a story, "A Night in Atlanta."
Soon after, in 1867, she met the young editor
at her father's Rochester home and on May 20,
1869, they were married. They went to live at
Concord, N. H., where Johnson was editor of
the New Hampshire Statesman. Mrs. Johnson
immediately began writing stories and Bible
sketches for her husband's paper. Her first
book, Roddy's Romance, for children, was not
published until 1874. The Johnsons had four
children, three of whom died in infancy ; one
daughter, Florence, survived her mother. In
1873 they removed to New York, where Mrs.
Johnson undertook her most important literary
work, Our Familiar Songs and Those Who
Made Them (1881), a collection of over three
hundred songs, with piano accompaniments and
histories of the writers and songs. The family
spent the summers in Europe, touring the West,
on Staten Island, at Suffern, N. Y., Monmouth
and Casco Bay, Me., Oak Ridge, N. J., and final-
ly in their own summer home at Amagansett,
Long Island. In New York Mrs. Johnson de-
voted much time to writing but was also active
in club and social work. She was on the board
of managers of the Henry Street Settlement
and founded the Meridian Club and the Guidon
Club, an anti-suffrage organization. For two
years, 1894-96, she was editor of the American
Woman's Journal, which covered art, literary,
scientific, and household subjects. Through her
editorship she became interested in the woman
suffrage movement and was convinced that the
suffrage was not wise for women. She wrote
Woman and the Republic (1897), a discussion
of the arguments of the advocates of suffrage,
and many pamphlets and newspaper articles
against the movement, besides speaking before
legislative committees at Albany and Washing-
ton. A list of her published works includes : The
Roddy Books (3 vols., 1874-76) ; Tears for the
Little Ones (1878), quotations on the loss of
children ; Illustrated Poems and Songs for
Young People (1884); The Nutshell Series
(1884), six volumes of songs and epigrams
from various sources ; Raleigh Westgate; or,
Epimenides in Maine (1889), her only novel;
A Dictionary of Terms, Phrases, and Quotations
(1895), edited in collaboration with the Rev.
Henry Percy Smith; Great Essays (1900) ; and
Mythology and Folk-Lore of the North Ameri-
can Indian (1908). She also contributed many
articles to newspapers, magazines, and to Apple-
tens' Annual Cyclopaedia. During years of hard
work Mrs. Johnson found recreation at Amagan-
sett. Here, in 1892, she and her daughter de-
Johnson
signed and built "Bluff Cottage." Later they
built other cottages and Mrs. Johnson personally
furnished them for tenants. The last cottage,
"Thalatta," became their favorite summer home.
In her last years Mrs. Johnson, always a Bible
student, wrote "The Aryan Ancestry of Christ,"
and during her final illness completed "Woman's
Place in Creation," neither of which was pub-
lished. She died in New York City and was
buried in Mount Hope Cemetery, Rochester.
[Rossiter Johnson, Helen Kendrick Johnson {Mrs.
Rossiter Johnson) : the Story of her Varied Activities
(1917); Who's Who in America, 1916-17; obituaries
in the N. Y. Times and jV. Y. Tribune, Jan. 5, 1917.]
S.G.B.
JOHNSON, HENRY (June 25, 1855-Feb. 7,
1918), teacher, poet, translator, was born at
Gardiner, Me., of old New England ancestry,
the son of Richard Elliott and Louisa Abbie
(Reed) Johnson. After attending local schools
and Phillips Andover Academy, he went to Bow-
doin College where he was graduated in the
class of 1874 at the age of nineteen. At college
he had the reputation of being very shy and re-
served ; he gave but little evidence of future dis-
tinction. Determining to devote his life to schol-
arship, from 1875 to 1877 he studied abroad at
Gottingen and Paris ; in 1884 he took his degree
of Ph.D. at the University of Berlin. All his
teaching was done at Bowdoin College. There
he was instructor in modern languages from
1877 to 1881, and professor from 1881 until his
death in 1918, holding the Longfellow Chair
after 1882. He was also librarian from 1880 to
1885. As important as his professorship was
his work as curator of the art collections of the
college. The Walker Art Museum was built
when he held this position and under his direc-
tion all the collections were placed and cata-
logued. On July 26, 1 88 1, he married Frances
M. Robinson, of Thomaston, Me., by whom he
had two daughters. He died at Brunswick, Feb.
7, 1918, and was buried there.
As a teacher in a small college, Johnson not
only gave the usual courses in the modern lan-
guages but also in his later years instruction in
the history and appreciation of art. Like Charles
Eliot Norton at Harvard, he not only taught the
history of art and Dante but gave his students
"a correct view of life." He was all his life inter-
ested in textual criticism. As a young man he
edited Schiller's Ballads (1888) and A Midsom-
mer Nights Dreame (1888). His Macbeth, a
critical text, was published posthumously in 1921.
He also published two volumes of selected verse,
"Where Beauty Is" (1898) and "The Seer"
(1910). His poems, though perhaps at times
IOI
Johnson
lacking in clarity, are classical in spirit, full of
vivid phrases, and reflect a deeply spiritual na-
ture. It is in his translations, however, that he
made his most important contribution to Ameri-
can letters : Les Trophees, Jose Maria de Heredia
(1910), from the French, is remarkable for its
lyrical qualities and felicity of phrase ; his La
Comedia di Dante Alighieri: The Divine Com-
edy (1915) was almost literally the work of a
lifetime. He also translated all the poems in the
Vita Nnova. In the Divine Comedy, he used the
medium of blank verse, and although he aban-
doned the rhyme of the original, he reproduced
with remarkable success its music and rhythm.
The translation swiftly won recognition as an
achievement worthy to stand alongside of Long-
fellow's and gained warm commendation from
European Dante scholars, the critic Pio Rajna
declaring that it was closer to the original than
any other translation in any language he had
read.
[K. C. M. Sills, "Henry Johnson," Bowdoin Coll.
Bull., June 1918; L. C. Hatch, The Hist, of Bowdoin
Coll. (1927) ; Gen. Cat. of Bowdoin Coll. (1912);
Who's Who in America, 1916-17.] K C M S.
JOHNSON, HERSCHEL VESPASIAN
(Sept. 18, 1812-Aug. 16, 1880), jurist, Confed-
erate senator, the son of Moses and Nancy
(Palmer) Johnson, was born in Burke County,
Ga. He was educated at the University of Geor-
gia (B.A. 1834). Before his graduation he mar-
ried, Dec. 19, 1833, Mrs. Ann (Polk) Walker,
daughter of Judge William Polk of Maryland.
After a few years of successful legal practice in
Augusta, in Jefferson County, and in Milledge-
ville, he served one year of an unexpired term
in the United States Senate (Feb. 14, 1848-Mar.
3, 1849). He was soon thereafter elected by the
legislature to the judgeship of Ocmulgee Circuit,
but continued to take an interest in the contro-
versy resulting from the acquisition of territory
in the Mexican War. He maintained that the
North and the South should share equally in the
benefits to be derived from the territories and
that the people of each territory should decide
for themselves the question of slavery. The
compromise measures of 1850 did not meet with
his approval but he was willing to accept them
rather than to encourage the spirit of secession,
although at this time he insisted that the rights
of the South in the Union should be recognized.
He was elected by the Democrats to the gov-
ernorship of Georgia and served two terms,
1853-57. While he deplored the resort to force
in the territory of Kansas by both the advocates
and opponents of slavery, he supported the Kan-
sas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Writing to a group
Johnson
of influential Northern men in regard to the ex-
tension of slavery into the territories, he said:
"The South does not desire to increase the slave
power in the government for the purpose of ag-
grandizement. She rather desires to retain her
power — preserve an equilibrium — to enable her
to counteract aggression under the forms of leg-
islation" (Flippin, post, p. 73). Johnson sin-
cerely deplored the division within the Demo-
cratic party which occurred in the National
Democratic Convention at Charleston in i860,
maintaining that the disruption of the Demo-
cratic party, the only truly national party, threat-
ened the continuance of the Union, for the Re-
publican party was a sectional party, committed
to a policy which would antagonize the South
to the point of secession. He pleaded earnestly
but unsuccessfully for harmony in the Georgia
Democratic convention of June i860. In that
month, at Baltimore, the national wing of the
Democratic party nominated him for the vice-
presidency on the ticket with Stephen A. Doug-
las. His acceptance of the nomination brought
severe criticism upon him in Georgia, but he
fearlessly argued that the best interests of the
South depended upon the success of the National
Democrats. Between the election of Lincoln and
his inauguration Johnson maintained that the
wisest and best policy of the South would be
to postpone secession until Lincoln should have
the opportunity of at least attempting to settle
the sectional controversy. He strenuously op-
posed secession in the Georgia convention, Jan-
uary 1861, and offered resolutions calling for a
convention of the slaveholding states at At-
lanta which he hoped might result in the adop-
tion of some line of action which would be ac-
ceded to by the non-slaveholding states. By a
vote of 166 to 130, however, the convention de-
cided to take Georgia out of the Union.
Although he acquiesced in secession once it
had been voted, Johnson never expected the Con-
federacy to succeed. For the first year and a
half of the war he remained at his home, but in
the fall of 1862 he was elected to the Confederate
Senate, in which he served to the end. His state-
rights views remained constant ; he opposed con-
scription as a violation of state rights, he intro-
duced an amendment to the Confederate consti-
tution permitting the peaceful secession of a
state, he opposed the suspension of the writ of
habeas corpus, and the establishment of a su-
preme court. His views regarding finances were
usually sound, but did not prevail. Throughout
the war he was loyal to President Jefferson
Davis. In October 1865, he was president of
the Georgia constitutional convention, and in the
I02
Johnson
following year was elected to the United States
Senate but was denied his seat. Throughout the
period of Reconstruction he exhibited self-con-
trol and sound judgment. In 1873 he was ap-
pointed judge of the Middle Circuit and held
this position until his death. His honesty and
integrity were signally manifested in the strug-
gle against misfortune due to financial losses
resulting from the war.
[P. S. Flippin, Hcrschel V. Johnson of Ga., State
Rights Unionist (1931), based on the Johnson papers;
"From the Autobiography of Herschel V. Johnson,"
Am. Hist. Rev., Jan. 1925 ; W. B. Collins, "Herschel
V. Johnson in the Georgia Secession Convention," Ga.
Hist. Quart., Dec. 1927 ; sketch by J. K. Hines, in Re-
port . . . of the Ga. Bar Asso., 1924; Biog. Dir. Am.
Cong. (1928); I. W. Avery, The Hist, of the State
of Ga. from 1851 to 188 1 (1881) ; R. H. Shryock, Ga.
and the Union in 1850 (1926); Atlanta Constitution
and Savannah Morning News, Aug. 18, 1880].
P.S.F.
JOHNSON, JAMES (Jan. 1, 1774-Aug. 13,
1826), soldier, congressman, was born in Or-
ange County, Va. When he was six years of
age, his father, Robert, and his mother, Jemima
(Suggett) Johnson, migrated to Pennsylvania,
where they remained one year before they moved
to Kentucky and settled ultimately at Great
Crossings, or Bryant's Station, near Lexington.
In 1782 Bryant's Station was attacked by a large
body of hostile Indians. The supply of water in
the fort became exhausted and the women went
to the spring for more, thinking that the Indians
would be less likely to fire upon them than upon
the men. It was Jemima Johnson who volun-
teered to lead the party and she accomplished
the feat unmolested ( Register of Kentucky State
Historical Society, September 1905). Her hus-
band also established his reputation in the new
country. He acquired the title of colonel, was
appointed in 1796 on the commission to deter-
mine the boundary between Kentucky and Vir-
ginia, and sat in the first and second constitu-
tional conventions of his state.
James Johnson's fame rests exclusively upon
his participation as lieutenant-colonel under
command of his brother Richard Mentor John-
son [q.v.~\ in the battle of the Thames, Oct. 5,
1813. In this engagement the British left con-
sisted of a force of regular troops ; their right
was made up of Indian allies under the famous
Tecumseh [q.v.]. The regulars were drawn up
in an open wood, while the natives were con-
cealed in the edge of a swamp. Col. R. M. John-
son asked and received permission to begin the
attack with his regiment of mounted riflemen.
Seeing that there was not room for his whole
force to maneuver in front of the British regu-
lars, he led a part of his men off to attack in
Johnson
person the Indians concealed in the swamp and
left his brother to lead the assault on the regular
forces. Disposing his men in four columns of
twos, James Johnson advanced slowly toward
the enemy. A volley was fired upon him and
several of the leaders fell. A second volley was
fired before order could be restored. The horse-
men then dashed forward. They rode through
the British lines before muskets could be re-
loaded and, wheeling right and left, opened fire
upon the enemy from the rear, thus disorganiz-
ing and defeating the force (B. J. Lossing, The
Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812, 1868,
PP- 551—57). It was a brilliant plan brilliantly
executed, and it showed the frontier soldier at
his best. During the battle James Johnson had
under his command two of his sons, aged fifteen
and seventeen years.
After this exploit, he returned to Great Cross-
ings to live the life of a private citizen. In 18 19
he undertook a contract to supply federal troops
on the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. He was
not successful as a business man, however. Be-
cause he trusted too much in the honesty of
others, his affairs became seriously involved,
and he was never able to extricate himself from
the toils of debt (Kentucky Reporter, Aug. 21,
1826). In 1824 he was elected to Congress, but
death overtook him before his term expired and
his passing attracted little attention even in
Kentucky.
[B. P. Poore, The Political Register and the Con-
gressional Directory (1878); Biog. Dir. Am. Cong.
(1928) ; Argus of Western America (Frankfort, Ky.),
Aug 16, 1826; Kentucky Reporter (Lexington), Aug.
21,1826.] T. P. A.
JOHNSON, Sir JOHN (Nov. 5, 1742-Jan. 4,
1830), Loyalist, superintendent of Indian af-
fairs in Canada, was born in the Mohawk Val-
ley, the son of Sir William Johnson [q.z>.]. His
mother was probably Catharine Weisenberg, a
German settler. His early education was bet-
ter than that of the average frontiersman ; in
1759 he was apparently attending an academy in
Philadelphia, where he was "backward in writ-
ing and ciphering" (Captain Wraxall to Sir Wil-
liam, May 23, 1759, Documentary History of
the State of New York, 8vo. ed., II, 1849, 785).
As early as 1760, he was captain of a company of
New York militia, and he served in the cam-
paign for the suppression of Pontiac's Conspir-
acy. He attended numerous Indian conferences
in the company of his father and was commis-
sioned colonel of a regiment of horse in the New
York militia. In the autumn of 1765 he accom-
panied Lord Adam Gordon on a visit to Eng-
land, for the purpose of broadening his educa-
IO3
Johnson
Johnson
tion, and there, on Nov. 22, was knighted. On
June 30, 1773, he was married to Mary Watts,
of a prominent New York family. Following
the death of h:s father on July 11, 1774, he suc-
ceeded to the title of baronet and fell heir to the
greater part of his father's estates, establishing
his residence at Johnson Hall. In November he
succeeded also to his father's post as major-
general of militia.
It was inevitable that Sir John should sympa-
thize with the Crown in the controversy with
the colonies, and before long he was in corre-
spondence with Governor Tryon of New York
in regard to the possibility of organizing the
settlers and Indians of the Mohawk region. In
1776, however, Johnson and some of his follow-
ers were disarmed and a modus vivendi was
agreed upon, but when in the following May he
learned that General Schuyler was sending a de-
tachment to arrest him, he hastily fled with a
small band of followers and ultimately reached
Montreal. It is often charged that Johnson broke
his "parole," but the question is a very tech-
nical one, the circumstances being extremely
complex.
Upon reaching Montreal, he was commis-
sioned lieutenant-colonel and authorized to raise
a force which came to be known as the "Royal
Greens." He accompanied St. Leger on his ex-
pedition against Fort Stanwix in 1777, and com-
manded a detachment at Oriskany on Aug. 6.
Returning to Canada, he devoted himself to the
relief of the Loyalists who were arriving in
large numbers. In June 1778 he led a successful
raid into the Mohawk Valley. In the autumn of
1779 he was at Niagara and Oswego, aiding
friendly Indians and harassing those who were
hostile to the British. In May 1780 he invaded
the Lower Mohawk Valley at the head of a mixed
force, in October he raided the Schoharie Val-
ley with a command of about a thousand men,
and then proceeded to the Mohawk. He thor-
oughly devastated the country and destroyed
much grain.
In the autumn of 1781, Sir John left for Eng-
land, and when he returned he bore with him a
commission (dated Mar. 14, 1782) as "Super-
intendent General and Inspector General of the
Six Nations Indians and those in the Province
of Quebec." This was renewed in 1791. He also
became a colonel in the British army. He had
been attainted and his property confiscated by
an act of the New York Assembly in 1779, and
as compensation for his losses the British gov-
ernment granted him a large sum of money and
a large tract of land in Canada, where he resided
for the remainder of his life. For many years
following the Revolution he exercised an im-
portant influence in Indian affairs and was ac-
tive in relief measures on behalf of the Loyalists.
He died in Montreal. Johnson's border warfare
has been severely criticized, but the struggle in
New York was in the nature of civil war and
mutual recrimination was inevitable. It has been
offered in his defense that he had been embit-
tered by the treatment accorded his wife and
children by the patriots, following his flight to
Canada.
[Mabel G. Walker, "Sir John Johnson, Loyalist,"
Miss. Valley Hist. Rev., Dec. 1916; W. L. Stone, Life
of Joseph Brant (2 vols., 1838), and The Life and
Times of Sir William Johnson (1865), vol. II, app. IX ;
P. H. Bryce, "Sir John Johnson, Baronet," Quart. Jour.
N. Y. State Hist. Asso., July 1928; A. M. Davis, "The
Indians and the Border Warfare of the Revolution,"
in Justin Winsor, Narr. and Crit. Hist, of America,
vol. VI (1888); Orderly Book of Sir John Johnson
During the Oriskany Campaign, ijj6-ijtj (1882),
ed. by W. L. Stone, with an "Historical Introduction
Illustrating the Life of Sir John Johnson, Bart.," by
J. Watts De Peyster which is intensely prejudiced in
Johnson's favor ; S. G. C. Johnson, Adventures of a
Lady in the War of Independence in America (1874) ;
manuscript material in the Canadian Archives at Ot-
tawa (see Report on Canadian Archives, 1883, 1885-90,
and 1904) ; The Papers of Sir William Johnson (7 vols,
to date, 1921-31) ; R. E. Day, Calendar of Sir Wm.
Johnson MSS. in the N. Y. State Lib. (1909) ; Peter
Force, Am. Archives, 4 ser., II-VI, (1837-46) ; E. B.
O'Callaghan, Docs. Rcl. to the Colonial Hist, of the
State of N. Y., vols. VII, VIII (1856-57); Quebec
Gazette, Jan. 7, 8, 1830.] W. E. S s.
JOHNSON, JOHN ALBERT (July 28, 1861-
Sept. 21, 1909), newspaper editor, governor of
Minnesota, lecturer, was born near the frontier
village of St. Peter, Minn. His parents were
Swedish immigrants : Gustav Jenson, who be-
came Johnson in America, and Caroline Chris-
tine (Hadden) Johnson. The struggles inci-
dent to John Johnson's early life of poverty
probably influenced his mature character and
temperament. Early in his boyhood the chief
support of the family fell on the mother; and
Johnson, the eldest son, worked outside of school
hours calling for and delivering washing for hi*
mother, and even helping her wash the clothes.
At the age of thirteen he left school to work
as clerk in a grocery at St. Peter, at a wage of
ten dollars a month. In this period he read om-
nivorously — at first everything he could lay his
hands on, and later books suggested by a dis-
criminating older friend. At this time, too, he
practised oratory and debating in that favorite
school of politics, the country store. His early
environment gave him the ability to judge his
fellows and a lasting sympathy with the com-
mon man ; and despite his hardships he preserved
the sense of humor and buoyancy of spirit
which enabled him to struggle on in the face
of discouragement. He was later a clerk in a
IO4
Johnson
drug-store, and then in a general store in St.
Peter. While he held this last position, his wages
were raised enough so that he was able to as-
sume the sole support of the family. He joined
a debating club, was a member of fraternal or-
ganizations and the national guard, sang in a
church choir, and was for some years secretary
of the Nicollet County fair, thus entering fully
into the life of his community. In the early
eighties he became a registered pharmacist, but
his health suffered under the confinement of in-
door work, and he became a supply clerk, work-
ing for a firm of railway contractors in Iowa
and Minnesota.
In February 1887 Johnson became editor and
half-owner of the St. Peter Herald, at the in-
stance of the other part-owner, and with funds
supplied by townspeople interested in Johnson
and convinced of his ability. Changing from
a low-tariff Republican to a Democrat, to fit
the policy of the Herald, Johnson flung himself
eagerly into the conduct of a small-town news-
paper. His lively interest in his fellowtowns-
men and in broader national affairs, his sense
of humor and keenness of judgment, stood him
in good stead now. His share in the profits of
the paper was such that after a year as editor
he had repaid the money lent him to purchase
his interest in the journal. Through the paper
he began to be known beyond the limits of the
town ; his contact with other newspaper men in
the Minnesota Editors' and Publishers' Asso-
ciation created for him a body of influential
friends throughout the state. In 1891 he was
elected secretary of the association, and in 1893
he became its president. On June 1, 1894, he
was married at St. Peter to Elinore M. Preston,
a teacher in a local parochial school.
Though his district was normally Republican,
Johnson was elected to the state Senate in 1898,
but he failed of reelection in 1902 by a scant
margin. In 1904 a split in the state Republican
party gave the Democrats hope of winning the
governorship, and at their state convention on
Aug. 30, Johnson was nominated by acclamation.
He threw himself into the campaign vigorously,
made 103 speeches in 42 days, and was elected
by a narrow margin, while the Republicans car-
ried all the other offices. Two years later he was
reelected by a majority of 72,318 votes; and in
1908 he was elected for a third term by 27,139,
while Taft carried the state over Bryan by 86,-
442. As governor, he worked harmoniously
with Republican legislatures and gave the state
an intelligent and progressive administration.
His message contained many recommendations
for constructive legislation, some of which were
Johnson
enacted into laws. One of his most notable acts
in office was his veto, in 1909, of a tonnage tax
on iron ore, on the ground that such a measure
would establish a double system of taxing a
certain class of property, and that it would work
too great hardship on one section of the state.
Johnson was a popular governor. His ro-
mantic rise endeared him to the public mind ; his
simple friendliness and unassuming bearing
completed the conquest. He was dignified with-
out being pompous ; tall, erect, well-proportioned,
with kindly gray-blue eyes and the magnetic
gaiety of "the Johnson smile." During his
years as governor, his talent as a public speaker
attracted wide audiences, not merely in Minne-
sota, but elsewhere. In June 1907 he was Com-
mencement orator at the University of Penn-
sylvania; in December 1907, at the annual Grid-
iron Club banquet in Washington, he was called
upon unexpectedly to speak and proceeded to
captivate probably the most critical audience in
the country. It was after this speech that he
first was mentioned as a presidential possibility,
and in 1908 his name was presented by the Min-
nesota delegation to the Democratic convention
which nominated Bryan for the third time.
Meanwhile his lecturing increased ; he spoke for
a Chautauqua lyceum bureau in 1908 and 1909,
with growing success. His untimely death in
September 1909 plunged his state into sorrow,
and has occasioned much speculation as to
whether, had he lived, he might not have won
the Democratic nomination which went to
Woodrow Wilson in 1912.
[F. A. Day and T. M. Knappen, Life of John Albert
Johnson (19 10), a memorial biography; W. W. Fol-
well, Hist, of Minn., vol. Ill (1926); J. H. Baker,
Lives of the Govs, of Minn. (1908) ; the Minneapolis
Tribune and the St. Paul Dispatch, Sept. 21, 1909 ; the
N. Y. Times, Sept. 22, 1909.] S. J. B.
JOHNSON, JOHN BUTLER (June 11, 1850-
June 23, 1902), civil engineer, was born on a
farm near Marlboro, Stark County, Ohio, one
of the seven children of Jesse and Martha (But-
ler) Johnson. Both his parents were descendants
of Quakers who went to Ohio from Virginia in
1820. In 1866 the family moved to Kokomo,
Ind., where after one year of high school John
Johnson entered Howard College. After a short
time there he went to the normal school con-
ducted by Alfred Holbrook \_q.v.~] at Lebanon,
Ohio, where he graduated about 1868. He taught
for the next four years in elementary schools at
various places in Indiana and Ohio, was prin-
cipal of the New London (Ohio) high school
and later of that at Kokomo, and in 1872 went
to Indianapolis as secretary of the school board
105
Johnson
Johnson
and instructor in the high school there. In 1874
he entered the University of Michigan, from
which he was graduated as a civil engineer in
1878. On Nov. 12 of that year he was married
to Phoebe E. Henby of Wabash, Ind. He was
employed by the United States Great Lakes Sur-
vey for three years, and then for two years was
an assistant engineer with the Mississippi River
Commission. In this connection he made sev-
eral suggestions for flood control on the Mis-
sissippi that were later used with some success
(see his articles in Journal of the Association of
Engineering Societies, Boston, February 1883
and July 1884, and the article, "Mississippi
River," in Johnson's Universal Cyclopcedia, vol.
V, 1894, and The Universal Cyclopcedia, vol.
VIII, 1900). In 1883 he returned to teaching
and joined the faculty of Washington University
at St. Louis as professor of civil engineering.
He remained there for sixteen years, and during
this period published a number of books: A
Manual of the Theory and Practice of Topo-
graphical Surveying by Means of the Transit
and Stadia (1885) ; The Theory and Practice of
Surveying (1886) ; The Theory and Practice of
Modern Framed Structures (1893), with C. W.
Bryan and F. E. Turneaure ; Engineering Con-
tracts and Specifications (1895) ; and The Ma-
terials of Construction (1897). These works,
which are considered to be Johnson's greatest
contribution to the engineering profession, are
practical engineering reference books as well
as textbooks, and were used extensively by prac-
tising engineers and students in both the United
States and England. During the years 1892-95,
for the Division of Forestry of the United States
Department of Agriculture, he made in the lab-
oratories of Washington University the earliest
extensive and thorough investigations into the
strength of timber. His series of tests estab-
lished dependable values for the working strength
of timber of all grades, thus, incidentally, per-
mitting the marketing of many classes of timber
previously considered worthless. In 1899 he was
selected to fill the newly created position of dean
of the College of Engineering of the University
of Wisconsin, where for the short time remain-
ing to him he enjoyed great success. He was
largely responsible for the construction of an
engineering building at the University, and the
number of engineering students there was dou-
bled during his term. He died suddenly in 1902
as the result of an accident at his summer home,
Pier Cove, Mich. Johnson was largely instru-
mental in the formation of the Society for the
Promotion of Engineering Education in 1893 ;
he was secretary of the Society during its first
I
two years and president in 1895. The work of
the committee on industrial education, of which
he was chairman, is considered one of the most
important results of the formation of this soci-
ety. In 1884 he originated, and for some years
he carried on, the department of the index to en-
gineering periodical literature for the Journal
of the Association of Engineering Societies, the
forerunner of The Engineering Index of the
present day.
[Trans. Am. Soc. Civil Engrs., vol. LI (1903) ; Min-
utes of Proc. of the Inst, of Civil Engrs. (London),
vol. CLI (1903) ; Trans. Wis. Acad, of Sci., Arts and
Letters, vol. XIV, pt. 2 (1903) ; Proc. of Soc. for the
Promotion of Engineering Educ, vol. X (1902) ; Jour.
Western Soc. of Engrs. (Chicago), Oct. 1902; Mich.
Alumnus, July 1902; Engineering News, supp. to issue
of June 26, 1902, and regular issues of July 3 and 10,
1902; Madison Democrat, June 24, 1902.] FAT
JOHNSON, JOHN GRAVER (Apr. 4, 1841-
Apr. 14, 1917), lawyer, art collector, was born
in Philadelphia, Pa. His father, who was a
blacksmith, died when John was still a child and
left the family in unfortunate financial circum-
stances. The son was able, however, to attend
the public schools and graduated from the Phil-
adelphia Central High School in 1857 and began
the study of law upon entering the office of Ben-
jamin and Murray Rush in Philadelphia as a
scrivener. At the same time he became a student
at the Law Academy and attended the law school
of the University of Pennsylvania from which
he was graduated with the degree of LL.B. in
1863. He was admitted to the Philadelphia bar
in the same year and shortly afterward joined
a company of volunteer artillery for service at
the battle of Gettysburg, but after a very brief
time in the field he returned to Philadelphia and
began his legal practice in the office of William
F. Judson. He discovered that few lawyers had
a wide knowledge of corporation law and wisely
decided to specialize in this branch of the pro-
fession. In a comparatively short time he be-
came one of the best-known corporation lawyers
in the United States. He took a leading part in
many cases argued before the United States
Supreme Court, appearing as counsel for the
Northern Securities Company in Northern Se-
curities Company vs. United States (1904 — 193
U. S., 197) and in Harriman vs. Northern Se-
curities Company (197 U. S., 244) which fol-
lowed the next year. In several important anti-
trust cases he represented the corporations as,
for example, in the cases of Standard Oil Com-
pany of New Jersey vs. United States (1910 —
221 U. S., 1) and United States vs. American
Tobacco Company (1910 — 221 U. S., 106). In
1908 he represented the railroad company in the
06
Johnson
case arising from the "commodities clause" of the
Hepburn Act of 1906 — United States vs. Dela-
ware and Hudson Railroad Company (213 U. S.,
366). Shortly before his death he appeared be-
fore the Supreme Court to argue against the
constitutionality of the Adamson eight-hour law
( Wilson vs. New et al., 243 U. S., 332). In later
years he seldom appeared in court, devoting his
time largely to consulting work, since it had be-
come almost proverbial among financiers and
others that his opinions were equivalent in value
to judicial decisions. His strength before the
courts was due not only to the vigorous power
of his accurate reasoning, but still more to the
fact that the courts felt absolute trust in the fidel-
ity of his presentation of his cases. His relation
to the bar was no less unusual. He cared nothing
for public honors and twice refused a place on
the bench of the United States Supreme Court,
once offered by President Garfield and again by
President Cleveland. He also refused the post of
attorney-general in the cabinet of President Mc-
Kinley.
Though his profession was absorbing to an
unusual degree, Johnson had one great means of
relaxation, and that was the enjoyment of art —
particularly paintings. Over a period of forty
years he built up one of the great private col-
lections of America, which upon his death was
left to the city of Philadelphia and became the
nucleus of the collection later housed in the mu-
nicipal art museum in Fairmount Park. His col-
lection was thoroughly representative of the chief
European schools of painting, especially of the
Dutch, Flemish, and Italian. Rubens, Rem-
brandt, and some of the Dutch genre painters,
such as Jan Steen and Adriaen Brouwer, were
among his favorites. Among English painters,
his collection by John Constable was outstand-
ing, containing twenty-three examples of this
artist. His group by Corot was also notable.
Among more modern painters, Johnson's taste
seemed to lean to French artists, particularly
Theodore Rousseau, Degas, and Daubigny. He
took an active interest in the Wilstach Museum
in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, and in the later
years of his life was a director of the Metropoli-
tan Museum of Art in New York. He took no
interest in politics. In 1870 he had married the
widow of Edward Morrell of Philadelphia, but
they had no children. He died from heart failure
after a brief illness in Philadelphia.
[Report of the Twenty-third Ann. Meeting of the Pa.
Bar Asso. (1917) ; H. M. Allen, "John G. Johnson:
Lawyer and Art Collector," Bellman, May 12, 1917 ; "A
Great American and Great Art Connoisseur" and
"Johnson as a Lawyer," Literary Digest, May 5, 191 7 ;
Bernhard Berenson and W. R. Valentiner, Cat. of a
Johnson
Coll. of Paintings and Some Art Objects (3 vols., 1913-
14) ; North American (Phila.), Apr. 15-19; Pub. Led-
ger, N. Y. Times, Apr. 15, 191 7.] J.H.F.
JOHNSON, JONATHAN EASTMAN (July
29, 1824-Apr. 5, 1906), portrait and genre paint-
er, the son of Philip C. and Mary K. Johnson,
was born in Lovell, Me., whence he was taken
to Fryeburg and later to Belfast, Me. His fa-
ther was secretary of state for Maine and later
held for some years with eminent credit a re-
sponsible office in the United States Treasury
department. At an early age Eastman Johnson
(as he was always called) began to make crayon
portraits, his precocious aptitude as a drafts-
man giving him the ability to get an accurate
likeness. When he was sixteen he went to Bos-
ton and found employment in Bufford's litho-
graph establishment, the same shop where, a
few years later, Winslow Homer served his ap-
prenticeship. In 1841 he was in Augusta, Me.,
again busy in drawing crayon portraits. For
several years he carried on the same occupation
there and in Cambridge, Mass., Newport, R. I.,
and Washington, D. C, where, in 1845, he made
black-and-white likenesses of statesmen and gov-
ernment officials, in one of the Senate committee
rooms at the Capitol.
In 1849 he went abroad to take up the study
of painting, going first to Diisseldorf, where he
worked for two years in the studio of Leutze, the
historical painter. He then traveled in Italy and
France, familiarizing himself with the works of
the masters in the museums, and finally settled
himself for a four years' sojourn at The Hague,
where he met Mignot, made copies of the paint-
ings in the Mauritshuis, took a studio, and paint-
ed his first genre pictures. His success was so
pronounced that he was offered the position of
court painter, which he declined. But the sound
technical training that he derived from his long
association with the Dutch school proved to be
an invaluable asset. Returning to the United
States shortly before the Civil War, he opened
a studio in New York in 1858 and in a short time
gained an enviable reputation as a painter of real
merit, a reputation which increased steadily
throughout his career. In i860 he became a Na-
tional Academician. He traveled in the South
for the purpose of studying negro life at first
hand, and several of his most successful genre
pieces were delineations of such motives as his
famous "Old Kentucky Home," belonging to the
New York Public Library, which was exhibited
at Paris in 1867 and at Philadelphia in 1876, and
which contributed materially to his popularity.
This he followed with a series of excellent genre
pictures, such as. the "Husking Bee," the "Old
107
Johnson
Stage-Coach," and "Cranberry Pickers," in
which the human interest was not more notable
than the solid technical qualities of color, draw-
ing, and composition. They bore the stamp of
originality, sympathetic sentiment, and a quiet
vein of humor.
As a portrait painter Johnson showed the same
admirable qualities that are to be observed in
his anecdotic work. He made the likenesses of
many eminent Americans — John Quincy Ad-
ams, Daniel Webster, Henry Wadsworth Long-
fellow, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Presidents Ar-
thur, Cleveland, and Harrison, William H. Van-
derbilt, William M. Evarts, Edwin Booth, Dr.
McCosh, and Bishop Potter, to name but a few.
Of his heads of men it may be said in general
that they are the work of a thoroughly compe-
tent and trustworthy hand. A good example is
the well-known "Two Men," in the Metropoli-
tan Museum, New York. Another interesting
work in the same collection which combines por-
traiture with historical interest is the "Family
Group" (1871) which depicts eleven children
and their parents and grandparents in the li-
brary of a New York house — an authentic and
valuable document of the period. As he advanced
in years, Johnson made constant progress in his
art, absorbing the best to be gleaned from the
newer schools without losing his individuality.
It has been said of him (Hartmann, post, p. 108)
that "his self-portrait, painted in 1899, is tech-
nically superior to anything executed by him
during the first fifty years of his life."
[See "The Field of Art," Scribncr's Mag., Aug.
1906; Sadakichi Hartmann, "Eastman Johnson: Am.
Genre Painter," the Studio, Mar. 14, 1908; Samuel
Isham, The Hist, of Am. Painting (1905) ; H. T.
Tuckerman, Book of the Artists (1867) ; C. H. Caffin,
The Story of Am. Painting (1907) ; Lorinda M. Bryant,
Am. Pictures and Their Painters (1917); Am. Art
Ann., 1907—08 ; C. E. Clement and Laurence Hutton,
Artists of the Nineteenth Century (1879) ; The Metro-
politan Museum of Art Cat. of Paintings (1926) ; The
Pa. Acad, of the Fine Arts . . . Cat. of Thos. B. Clarke
Coll. of Am. Pictures (1891); Cat. of Finished Pic-
tures: Studies and Drawings by the Late Eastman
Johnson (1907); Am. Art News, Apr. 14, 1906; and
the N. Y. Times, Apr. 7, 1906. Johnson's full name and
that of his mother were supplied by the town clerk of
Lovell, Me.] W. H. D.
JOHNSON, JOSEPH (June 15, 1776-Oct. 6,
1862), physician and author, was born at Mount
Pleasant, a suburb of Charleston, S. C, the
fourth son of William and Sarah ( Nightingale)
Johnson, and the brother of William Johnson,
1771-1834 [q.v.], later associate justice of the
Supreme Court of the United States. Prepared
for college at a classical school in Charleston,
Joseph was graduated from the College of
Charleston in 1793, and at once entered the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania Medical College. There
I
Johnson
he received the degree of M.D. in 1797, present-
ing as his thesis, An Experimental Inquiry into
the Properties of Carbonic Acid Gas, or Fixed
Air (1797). Entering immediately upon the
practice of his profession in Charleston, where
he spent the remainder of his life, he soon gained
a wide and lasting reputation, not only as a suc-
cessful and much beloved family physician, but
as a medical scientist of high standing. In 1807
he was president of the South Carolina Medi-
cal Society. He wrote numerous articles for the
Charleston Medical Journal and Review, two of
the best known being, "Some Account of the
Origin and Prevention of Yellow Fever in
Charleston, S. C." (1849), and "The Alleged
Connection between the Phases of the Moon and
the Quantity of Rain" (July 1854). He also
wrote many scientific articles of a popular char-
acter for the press, and in 1822 published An Ad-
dress to the Literary and Philosophical Society
of South Carolina.
Johnson's interest in history was scarcely less
than his interest in medicine, and he dabbled in
historical investigation for many years, publish-
ing numerous sketches in newspapers. Many
of these he incorporated in his best-known work,
Traditions and Reminiscences Chiefly of the
American Revolution in the South (1851). It
is a highly valuable work, unscientific, of course,
but preserving a wealth of information regard-
ing the people and events of the Revolution that
would otherwise have been lost, and so full of
human interest that it had a wide popularity. He
published also two excellent biographical studies
in the University of North Carolina Maga-
zine: "Biographical Sketch of Captain Johnston
Blakeley" (February 1854) and "Memoir of
Captain John Templer Shubrick, U. S. A."
(June 1854).
For sixty-four years Johnson was a member
of the South Carolina Society, an important
educational, charitable, and social organization
at that time. He served as steward for twenty-
three years, and also as president, and he was
president of the Apprentices' Literary Society.
Possessed of large means, he developed impor-
tant business interests and excellent business
judgment, and from 1818 to 1825 he was presi-
dent of the Charleston branch of the Bank of
the United States. In 1826 he was intendant of
Charleston. A firm believer in popular educa-
tion, he served for years as commissioner of the
public schools. He was actively and consistently
interested in politics, and in 1832 was an active
opponent of nullification and a leader of the
Union party. In October 1802 he married Cath-
erine, daughter of Francis and Hannah (Elfer)
OS
Johnson
Bonneau, by whom he had fifteen children. She
died in 1859. He died at Pineville, S. C, to
which place he had gone at the outbreak of the
Civil War.
[H. A. Kelly and W. L. Burrage, Am. Medic. Biogs.
(1920) ; Cyc. of Eminent and Representative Men of
the Carolinas (1892), vol. I; S. C. Hist, and Gencal.
Mag., July 1909 ; Charleston Daily Courier, Oct. 8,
1862; MSS. in the possession of descendants.]
J.G.deR.H.
JOHNSON, JOSEPH FRENCH (Aug. 24,
1853-Jan. 22, 1925), educator, writer on finance,
was born at Hardwick, Mass., the son of Gard-
ner Nye and Eliza (French) Johnson, both of
English extraction. His father was a country
storekeeper. The family moved to Illinois in
i860 and finally settled in Aurora. After two
years in the high school in Aurora, Joseph John-
son attended a Methodist academy in the town
then called Clark Seminary. He was active in the
debating society and all student activities. He
graduated in 1872, then taught for a year in the
Rockport Female Collegiate Institute. In 1873
he entered Northwestern University but trans-
ferred to Harvard the following year and gradu-
ated in 1878, having spent one year, 1875-76, at
Halle, Germany, in company with Edmund J.
James [q.z'.~\. After three years of teaching in
the Harvard School in Chicago he traveled in
Europe as tutor to Marshall Field, Jr. Turning
next to journalism, he was on the Springfield
Republican, under Samuel Bowles, from 1881 to
1884. On Aug. 4, 1884, he was married to Caro-
line Temperance Stolp of Aurora, 111. His news-
paper work was interrupted by a year as super-
intendent of schools in Yazoo City, Miss., and
work with the Investors Agency in Chicago (a
forerunner of the modern financial services).
In March 1887 he became financial editor of the
Chicago Tribune. Frank A. Vanderlip worked
with him in the agency and on the Tribune. In
1890, with money furnished by H. H. Kohlsaat,
Johnson went to Spokane, Wash., and founded
the Spokesman. Three years later he sold the
paper to become associate professor of business
practice in the Wharton School of the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania. Here he developed prac-
tical courses in finance and from 1895 to 1901 he
was professor of journalism. From 1900 to 1903
he lectured on finance at Columbian University
(later George Washington University). Mean-
while, in 1901, he went to the New York Uni-
versity School of Commerce, Accounts, and
Finance, as professor of political economy, and
from 1903 to 1925 he served as dean. During
his deanship the enrolment of the school in-
creased from less than a hundred students to
over five thousand. He also worked out plans by
Johnson
which students might work during the day and
take courses in the evening.
Johnson helped to organize the Alexander
Hamilton Institute and was the editor of its
publications. In addition to its reports, he wrote
for the Institute Business and the Man (1917),
designed to give the business man a philosophy
of life, and Economics, the Science of Business
(1924) a restatement for business men of the
classical economic theory. His other writings
include: Money and Currency (1906), a text-
book which had wide use; Organised Business
Knowledge (1923), treating the broader aspects
of the scientific determination of business pol-
icy; and We and Our Work (1923), an elemen-
tary economics designed for adult education
classes. He took an active part in financial re-
form. He was secretary of the special currency
committee of the New York Chamber of Com-
merce in 1906 ; was appointed by the National
Monetary Commission to investigate and write
a report on the Canadian banking system, 1909 ;
was a member of Mayor Gaynor's Commission
on New Sources of Revenue for New York City,
1912 ; and a member of Van Tuyl Commission to
Revise the Banking Law of the State of New
York, 1913. He was influential in developing an
opinion favorable to centralization in banking.
In person he was genial and well-liked. His boy-
hood on the frontier, his education in the East
and abroad, and his life in the Far West helped
make him a keen judge of men. He had un-
usual ability to interpret academic concepts to
business men and he made a great contribution
to the development of a more practical training
for business.
[See Who's Who in America, 1924-25 ; Harvard
Coll. Class of 1878, Fiftieth Anniversary Report, 1878-
1928 (1928); Dean Jos. French Johnson: Addresses
Delivered at the Presentation of a Portrait Bust . . .
to N. Y. Univ. (1924) ; Lee Galloway, "Dean Johnson
and the Transitional Period in Am. Education," Ronald
Forum, Apr. 1925; Jour, of Accountancy, Mar. 1925;
World (N. Y.), Feb. 5. 1925, p. 28 ; N. Y. Herald Trib-
une and ./V. Y. Times, Jan. 23, 1925. Johnson wrote an
account of his connection with Frank A. Vanderlip in
the Caxton, Apr. 1914. An appreciation of Johnson by
Bruce Barton is to be found in the introduction to
Organized Business Knowledge (1923).] TDM
JOHNSON, LEVI (Apr. 25, 1786-Dec. 19,
1871), ship-builder and trader, was a native of
Herkimer County, N. Y. Beyond the facts that
his parents were farmers and left their son an
orphan at an early age, nothing is known of his
early boyhood. He lived with an uncle on a
farm until the age of fourteen, when he entered
a carpenter's shop as an apprentice. After four
years he began working at his trade on his own
account. From neighbors he heard stories of the
new land of promise in the Western Reserve of
I09
Johnson
Ohio. In March 1809, he arrived in Cleveland.
Though that settlement was as yet an unorgan-
ized village of only fifty inhabitants, he found
immediate employment. During 1809 he built
the first frame house in the town, in 1813, the
old log courthouse and jail, located on the north-
west corner of the square. While building a
sawmill and a gristmill in Lorain County in
1810, he met Margaret Montier, of French par-
entage, and a native of Pennsylvania. A year
later they were married and took up their resi-
dence in Cleveland.
The War of 181 2 gave him the opportunity
that changed the whole course of his life. The
encampment of General Harrison's forces at
Sandusky and after Commodore Perry's victory
at Put-in-Bay the occupation of Detroit gave rise
to an active trade in military supplies. The
needs of transportation, in turn, started ship-
building along the South Shore. Johnson and
his brother-in-law loaded an abandoned flatboat
with potatoes which they sold to the army at
Put-in-Bay and followed up this profitable ad-
venture with a load of supplies for the army at
Detroit. Other expeditions followed. Johnson
now undertook to build a ship of his own, a
small, primitive-affair with wooden pins in place
of spikes and bolts. With this venture he ini-
tiated Cleveland's first industry of importance.
His voyages were likewise the real beginning of
lake navigation. He launched his first vessel, a
schooner, in 1814, another in 1816, and a steam-
boat, the Enterprise, in 1824. After the War of
1812 he carried cargoes of merchandise from
Buffalo to the small lake towns that flourished
with the westward movement, and returned with
cargoes of fur from the Northwest.
Johnson retired from the lake trade and ship-
building about 1830, and during the remainder
of his active life, 1830-58, he was a building con-
tractor. Light-houses along the South Shore
of Lake Erie, the first work on the government
piers in Cleveland, and several important busi-
ness buildings are monuments to his successful
career. Profitable real estate investments com-
pleted the process by which he made one of
Cleveland's early fortunes.
[Maurice Joblin, Cleveland, Past and Present: Its
Representative Men (1869); J. H. Kennedy, A Hist,
of the City of Cleveland (1896) ; S. P. Orth, A Hist, of
Cleveland, Ohio (1910) ; G. V. R. Wickham, The Pio-
neer Families of Cleveland (1914); E. M. Avery, A
Hist, of Cleveland and Its Environs (1918) ; Cleveland
Plain Dealer, Dec. 20, 1871.] E.J. B.
JOHNSON, MARMADUKE (d. Dec. 25,
1674), printer, was an Englishman who came to
Massachusetts in 1660. He is credited with po-
litical pamphlets; but the Registers of the Sta-
Johnson
doners' Company list no imprint by him. There
are some by his brother Thomas, one of which
is Ludgate, What It Is, Not What It Was, by M.
Johnson, Typograph, a Late Prisoner There
(1659). This brochure, written from Ludgate
Chapel, Nov. 7, 1659, is an account of the con-
ditions within the prison. Since Samuel Green
\_q.vJ], the only printer in Massachusetts, was
untrained, and Eliot's Indian translation of the
Bible was ready for printing, the Society for the
Propagation of the Gospel in New England
made a contract, Apr. 21, 1660, with Marmaduke
Johnson, "Citizen and Stationer of London,"
whereby the latter agreed to go to Boston to
serve the Society "in the Art of a Printer for
. . . Three yeares" (Records of the Colony 0}
New Plymouth in New England, vol. X, 1859, p.
447). The Commissioners of the New England
Confederation informed the Society, Sept. 10,
that "Mr. Johnson wilbee . . . acomodated . . .
wee hope to content" (Ibid., 243). If Johnson
was content, however, others were not ; for on
Sept. 10, 1662, the Commissioners wrote the
Society that he "hath Caryed heer very vn-
worthyly of which hee hath bine openly Con-
victed . . . hee hath proued very Idle an nought"
(Ibid., 276). His particular offense was trying
to get Green's daughter to marry him in spite
of her father. For this he was ordered to return
to his wife in England, though he represented
that she had died, but the banishment was de-
ferred until he had completed his engagement
with the Society. In 1663 Green and Johnson
completed the printing of the Indian Bible, one
of the outstanding productions of the colonial
press, and the Society decided to continue John-
son's contract for another year because, accord-
ing to Eliot, he was "an able and vsefull man in
the presse" (Ibid., 292). On Aug. 25, 1664,
however, Eliot wrote, that Johnson was "now
returning for Engld" (Ibid., p. 385). He was
in the colony in May 1665 with his own press
and types, and the town of Boston permitted
him to locate there ; but the General Court in-
terposed, May 27, with an order "that there shall
be no printing presse allowed . . . but in Cam-
bridge," and renewed the censorship (Records
of the Governor and Company of the Massachu-
setts Bay, vol. IV, pt. 2, 1854, p. 141), which,
first established Oct. 8, 1662, had been repealed
on May 2y, 1663. Johnson went to Cambridge,
where there was not enough business for two
printers and little cordiality between himself
and Green, who wrote that Johnson "was so
high that [he] . . . att last wrought me quite out
of the Indian worke" (Collections of the Massa-
chusetts Historical Society, 5 ser., vol. I, 1871,
I IO
Johnson
p. 423). Yet they continued to issue joint im-
prints and probably occupied the same shop.
The General Court finally heeded Johnson's pe-
titions and permitted a Boston press, May 30,
1674, but he died soon after he moved into the
city, so all his known imprints are Cambridge
ones. Of these imprints Charles Evans (Amer-
ican Bibliography, vol. I, 1903) lists sixteen
with Green in 1660-64, ar>d thirty-five in 1665-
74, twenty of them being with Green. Johnson
married Ruth Cane of Cambridge, Apr. 28, 1670,
and had a daughter who probably died young. A
son left in England evidently never came to the
colony to claim the estate.
[C. A. Duniway, The Development of Freedom of
the Press in Mass. (1906), ch. iv., notes; L. R. Paige,
Hist, of Cambridge, Mass. (1877), p. 593 ; Mass. Hist.
Soc. Proc, 1 ser. XX (1884), 265-68, 2 ser. XI (1897),
240-49 ; Isaiah Thomas, Hist, of Printing in America
(2nd ed., 2 vols., 1874) ; John Strype's edition of John
Stow, A Survey of the Cities of London and Westmin-
ster, and the Borough of Southwark (6th ed., 2 vols.,
1754-55), II, 694-702; G. E. Littlefield, The Early
Mass. Press (1907), vol. I; Wilberforce Eames, Bib-
liog. Notes on Eliot's Indian Bible (1890).] D. M.M.
JOHNSON, Sir NATHANIEL (c. 1645-
1713), colonial governor, was the son of William
and Margaret (Sherwood) Johnson of Kibbles-
worth, in the county of Durham, England. Be-
fore he migrated to the colonies he had served as
a soldier, as a farmer of chimney taxes in the
four northern counties, as member of Parliament
for Newcastle-on-Tyne, and on Dec. 28, 1680,
had been knighted. In 1686 he was appointed
governor of the Leeward Islands, but when
James II was driven from England, Johnson
asked permission to retire, as he was unwilling
to take the oaths of allegiance to William and
Mary. Accordingly he made his plans to leave
the islands. His family, including his wife and
at least one child, Robert Johnson [q.z:~\, re-
turned to England. They were taken prisoners
by the French en route, and his wife died soon
afterwards. Johnson himself sailed in July 1689
for South Carolina, where he already had the
right to two baronies of 12,000 acres each
through his appointment as a cacique by the
Lords Proprietors, and now received an addi-
tional grant of 1,940 acres on the eastern branch
of Cooper River. Here he experimented with
the culture of silk, calling his plantation "Silk
Hope." His efforts met with success, and he
presented the proprietors with a sample of silk.
He is recorded as deriving an income of three to
four hundred pounds annually from this source.
Ambitious and enterprising, he also attempted
to manufacture salt and to grow grapes for the
production of wine. In June 1702 he was ap-
pointed governor of the province, but did not
Johnson
begin active service until 1703. He personally
administered South Carolina, appointing a dep-
uty for North Carolina. This was the period of
Queen Anne's war, and South Carolina, a Brit-
ish outpost, was in danger of attack from both
France and Spain. Johnson was active in the
defense of the colony, building fortifications and
undertaking an offensive against the enemy's
Indian allies at the suggestion of James Moore
[q.v.~\, noted Indian trader and former governor.
The Assembly consented to the move, but re-
quired the expedition to pay its own expenses.
The attack was successful, and much booty and
many Indian slaves were secured. Continuing
his policy of weakening the French and Span-
iards by crushing and alienating their Indian
allies, Johnson made a treaty of friendship with
the Creeks, a powerful tribe living on the bor-
der of Carolina and formerly hostile to the Eng-
lish. For his success in defending the colony, a
fort was named in his honor and he was granted
1,200 acres of land.
The Indian trade was a leading economic in-
terest in the colony and was largely controlled by
the Assembly. Johnson approved a law regu-
lating the trade by placing it under the manage-
ment of a board of Indian commissioners and an
Indian agent appointed and removed by the
lower house. The Governor also gave up his
right to have all presents from the Indians and
received in return £200 outright and £100 yearly.
In addition to his activity in behalf of the Indian
trade, he introduced the domestic police sys-
tem for the colony's protection against negro
insurrection. This organization formed the
basis of the military patrol which lasted until the
Civil War. A strict High-Churchman, Johnson
aided in the building of Pompion Hill Chapel,
the first Anglican church in the province of Car-
olina outside of Charleston, and consistently sup-
ported the measure, passed in 1704, establish-
ing the Church of England in Carolina. This
law met with much opposition in the colony, but
when the Assembly sought to repeal it, Johnson
dissolved that body. He was superseded as gov-
ernor in 1708, but lived in the colony until his
death in 17 13.
[S. C. Hist, and Geneal. Mag., July 191 1 ; B. R. Car-
roll, Hist. Colls, of S. C. (2 vols., 1836) ; Edward Mc-
Crady, The Hist, of S. C. under the Proprietary Govt.,
1670-1719 (1897); Alexander Hewat, An Hist. Ac-
count of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies of S. C.
and Ga. (2 vols., 1779) ; W. J. Rivers, A Sketch of the
Hist, of S. C. (1856) ; W. L. Saunders, The Colonial
Records of N. C, vols. I— 1 1 1 (1886); W. A. Shaw,
The Knights of England (1906), II, 255 ; Robert Sur-
tees, The Hist, and Antiquities of the County Palatine
of Durham, II (1820), 218; Calendar of State Papers,
Col. Ser., America and West Indies, 1689-92 (1901),
pp. xxviii, 43, 86-91.] H.B-C.
Ill
Johnson
JOHNSON, OLIVER (Dec. 27, 1809-Dec.
10, 1889), anti-slavery leader, editor, was born
at Peacham, Caledonia County, Vt., the son of
Ziba Johnson, a Peacham pioneer in 1795, and
Sally Lincoln. He was related on his mother's
side to the Lincolns and Leonards of Massachu-
setts, and on his father's was descended from
Isaac Johnson, who came to America in the late
seventeenth century. Oliver grew up on a farm
and attended the common school until he became
an apprentice in the printing office of the Ver-
mont Watchman, Montpelier. Here he came
under the influence of William Lloyd Garrison
[q.v.], whose paper, Journal of the Times (Ben-
nington), he eagerly devoured. On Sept. 8,
1832, he married Mary Anne White, daughter
of Rev. Broughton White of Putney, Vt. She
was assistant matron of the female prison at
Sing Sing, a promoter of prison reform, and
later a lecturer on anatomy and physiology to
women.
Going to Boston in 1831, he established the
Christian Soldier, in opposition to the doctrine
of Universalism. His office was in the same
building with that of the Liberator and there
soon sprang up between Johnson and Garrison
an intimacy and an agreement on all phases of
the slavery question which lasted throughout
their lives. When in 1833 and 1840 Garrison
went to England, he intrusted the editing of the
Liberator in his absence to Johnson, and during
the summers of 1837 and 1838 Garrison, because
of ill health, turned his paper over to Johnson's
care. In 1832 Johnson became one of the twelve
founders of the New England Anti-Slavery So-
ciety and in 1836, its traveling agent. From
this time forward he continuously engaged in
the work of the anti-slavery crusade, lecturing
under the auspices of several of the numerous
anti-slavery societies, writing, and editing. He
was Boston correspondent of the New York
Tribune, 1842-44, and assistant to Horace Gree-
ley, 1844-48. In 1849 he became editor of the
Anti-Slavery Bugle (Salem, Mass.), somewhat
later of the Pennsylvania Freeman, from which
in 1853 the National Anti-Slavery Society trans-
ferred him to the associate editorship of the Na-
tional Anti-Slavery Standard at New York.
This post he held until the end of the Civil War.
He was also connected with the Republican
(Philadelphia), a Free-Soil paper, and the Prac-
tical Christian (Milford, Mass.). After the Civil
War he was associate editor of the Independent,
1865-70 ; editor of the New York Weekly Trib-
une, 1870-73 ; managing editor of the Christian
Union, 1873-76; editor of the Journal (Orange,
N. J.) ; and associate editor of the New York
Johnson
Evening Post (1881-89). His wife died in June
1872, and on Aug. 27, 1873, he married Jane
Abbott, daughter of John S. C. Abbott [q.v.~\,
by whom he had one daughter. He died in
Brooklyn, N. Y.
Johnson has been called "a wheel horse in
every humanitarian movement for almost half
a century, a man whose philosophy of life was
quite simply to love his neighbor as himself"
(Henry Ward Beechcr, p. 238). As a reformer
he was interested not only in abolition but in
nearly all the progressive movements of his
day. As early as 1838 his interest in women's
rights was shown when he advocated full partic-
ipation of women in anti-slavery societies. He
was temporary secretary of the Peace Conven-
tion of 1838 at Boston and showed a consistent
interest in the peace movement throughout his
life. In politics he followed much the same
course as Garrison until, in the election of 1872,
he became an active worker in the reform
campaign of Horace Greeley. He was a close
friend of Henry Ward Beecher and of Theodore
Tilton. As an editor he was able to use his pen
in the interests of all those reforms which at-
tracted him. His works include: Consider This,
Ye That Forget God (1831); Correspondence
with George F. White (1841); What I Know
of Horace Greeley (campaign tract, 1872) ; Wil-
liam Lloyd Garrison and His Times (1880);
The Abolitionists Vindicated in a Review of Eli
Thayer's Paper on the Nezv England Emigrant
Aid Society (1887). In maturity he abandoned
the Calvinism of his youth and became identified
with a small group known as "Progressive
Friends," whose center was at Kennett Square,
Pa. Because of this affiliation, he was buried at
Kennett Square.
[William Lloyd Garrison, 1805-1879, The Story of
his Life. Told by his Children (4 vols., 1885-89) ; Pax-
ton Hibben, Henry Ward Beecher (1927) ; Independent,
Dec. 19, 1889; N. Y. Herald, Dec. 11, 1889; Evening
Post (N. Y.), Dec. 11, 1889; Nation, Dec. 19, 1889;
genealogical material from family records in the pos-
session of Johnson's grand-niece, Miss F. F. Clark,
Peacham, Vt.] y \y p j-
A.G.T. '
JOHNSON, REVERDY (May 21, 1796-Feb.
10, 1876), lawyer and diplomat, was a native of
Annapolis, Md. His mother, Deborah Ghiese-
len, was a daughter of Reverdy Ghieselen, of
Huguenot descent, who was for a time commis-
sioner of the land office of Maryland. His fa-
ther, John Johnson, whose ancestors had emi-
grated from England, served his state as a
member of both houses of the legislature, as
judge of the court of appeals, and as chancellor.
The boy received his general education in St.
John's College at Annapolis, graduating in 181 1.
I 12
rJohnson
Johnson
After reading law, first with his father and then
with Judge Stephen, he was admitted to the
bar in 1815. Four years later, on Nov. 16, he
married Mary Mackall Bowie, whose mother's
father was Gov. Robert Bowie [q.v.]. Johnson's
law practice began in Upper Marlboro, Md., but
in 1817 he removed to Baltimore, where for al-
most sixty years he continued active in his pro-
fession, becoming one of the greatest lawyers of
his day. He had an unusual memory, which
served him especially well in the latter half of
his life, when he became partially blind. His
mental alertness made him a rare cross-exam-
iner. He possessed a deep, oratorical voice that
immediately commanded attention and was an
important professional asset, as were also his
tact, good nature, and unusual courtesy. During
his early law practice, in cooperation with Thom-
as Harris, clerk of the Maryland court of ap-
peals, he compiled the reports of cases decided
in that court ( 1-7 Harris and Johnson Reports,
1800-27).
His chief legal fame rested upon his ability
as a constitutional lawyer. He appeared as
counsel in a number of very important suits and
had as associates or opponents many of the most
famous men of his time. In 1854 he and Thad-
deus Stevens obtained for Cyrus McCormick a
decision upholding the validity of the reaper
patent (Seymour vs. McCormick, 16 Howard,
480). Two years later, in a second suit between
the same parties he was associated with Edward
M. Dickerson in opposition to Edwin M. Stan-
ton (19 Howard, 96). The most famous case
with which he was connected was Dred Scott vs.
Sanford (19 Hozvard, 393) in which he repre-
sented the defense and was credited by George
Ticknor Curtis, one of Scott's attorneys, with
being the major influence in bringing about the
decision against the bondman (Proceedings,
post, p. 12).
Johnson was an ardent Whig during the life
of that party and later affiliated with the Demo-
crats but never felt at home with them. In 1821
he was elected state senator from Baltimore and
was returned to office in 1826 but resigned two
years later because of the increasing demands
of his profession. In 1845, when the Oregon and
Texas questions were under discussion, he began
his national career as a member of the United
States Senate. On the Oregon question he at-
tacked the administration and favored a bound-
ary line following the forty-ninth parallel ; in
the matter of Texas, on the other hand, he de-
serted the Whigs to uphold Polk in prosecuting
the war with Mexico. Yet he opposed the an-
nexation of Mexican territory, for he feared that
it would revive the whole problem of the exten-
sion of slavery. Although he thought that slav-
ery was wrong, he believed that its expansion
into the territories was a local concern, but, nev-
ertheless, in order to avert the threatened disas-
ter to the Union he urged compromise and sug-
gested that the slavery question be submitted to
the Supreme Court. In March 1849, he resigned
from the Senate to become attorney-general
under President Taylor, but his activities in this
capacity were of little importance. He was soon
under a cloud owing to an opinion he rendered
on the Galphin claim in which Secretary of War
Crawford had been attorney for the claimant.
Before his death, Taylor was considering the
dismissal of Johnson for his connection with the
scandal, as well as that of Crawford, and of
Meredith, the secretary of the treasury.
After Taylor's death Johnson resigned with
the rest of the cabinet and soon became allied
with the Democrats. He had much sympathy
for the South, urged conciliation, and was a
member of the futile peace congress held in
Washington early in 1861. Secession, however,
he looked on as treason and stood for the preser-
vation of the Union. Hence he upheld Lincoln's
suspension of the writ of habeas corpus, though
he frequently urged leniency or acquittal for
those charged with disloyalty. When he was
chosen a member of the Maryland house of dele-
gates in 1 86 1 he worked hard to keep the state
from seceding from the Union. The next year
he was again elected United States senator but
did not take his seat until 1863 because Lincoln
soon sent him to New Orleans to investigate
complaints of foreign consuls that General Ben-
jamin Butler [g.T'.] had seized their property.
In the Senate he continued his moderate and
conciliatory policy, championing the Constitu-
tion but occasionally giving way to expediency.
He held that slaves who had enlisted in the army
should be granted their freedom but was opposed
to emancipating their families on this ground.
In 1864 he supported McClellan for the presi-
dency since he felt that the Emancipation Proc-
lamation was unwise and resented Lincoln's in-
terference in the Maryland and Kentucky elec-
tions. Though he had hoped that emancipation
might come gradually, he voted for the Thir-
teenth Amendment.
In his attitude towards the South he stood out
in strong opposition to Sumner's conquered-
province theory, for he held the Union to be in-
destructible. He favored the Wade-Davis plan
of reconstruction, which Lincoln vetoed and,
after Lincoln's assassination, generally support-
ed Johnson in his policy towards the South. He
IJ3
Johnson
was a member of the committee of fifteen on re-
construction and also sat on the later joint con-
gressional committee. He fought the bill cre-
ating the Freedmen's Bureau, chiefly on account
of the provision for trial by courts martial, and
repeatedly he used his eloquence against arbi-
trary imprisonment and other violations of per-
sonal liberty. While he opposed negro suffrage
because he felt that the blacks were unprepared
for the responsibility, he finally voted for the
Fourteenth Amendment as a means of ending
military domination in the South. Yet, later, he
voted for the bill dividing that region into mili-
tary districts. For his various inconsistencies he
was called a "trimmer" by his opponents, a term
that was not entirely undeserved, though some
of his shifts can be explained by his open-mind-
edness and natural lack of strong prejudices.
In the quarrel between Congress and President
Johnson, he gave the executive considerable sup-
port and obtained an amendment to the Tenure
of Office Act permitting the president to continue
making recess appointments. In the impeach-
ment of Johnson he was a member of the com-
mittee on rules for the Senate acting as a court,
and filed an opinion that Johnson was not guilty.
He seems to have been largely responsible for
the acquittal through convincing a number of
wavering senators that Johnson would enforce
congressional reconstruction.
In 1868 he was appointed to succeed Charles
Francis Adams as minister to Great Britain,
where he was well received, for he was known to
favor the maintenance of friendship with the
British, but, at home, he was severely criticized
for his cordiality towards individuals whose ac-
tions had not been friendly to the Union. There
were three questions entrusted to Johnson for
settlement, the alienability of allegiance, the
jurisdiction over the San Juan islands in Puget
Sound, and the claims for damages done by the
Alabama and other vessels built in Great Britain
for the Confederacy. Agreements were prompt-
ly signed whereby the British government rec-
ognized the right of expatriation for British
subjects and pledged itself to submit the San
Juan question to arbitration. Johnson also nego-
tiated a treaty for the settlement, by means of
arbitral commission, of all financial claims aris-
ing between the two countries after July 26,
1853. The most important of the American
claims were those for damages done by the Ala-
bama and similar vessels. None of these agree-
ments was ratified, chiefly owing to the fact that
they were the work of a supporter of Andrew
Johnson, but they did form the bases for later
treaties.
Johnson
After the election of Grant, Reverdy Johnson
returned to the United States in the summer of
1869, and resumed his law practice. He defend-
ed many Southerners charged with disloyalty
to the Union and was attorney for Allen Crosby,
Sherod Childers, and others in the Ku Klux
trials of South Carolina (Official Report of the
Proceedings before the U. S. Circuit Court . . .
Held at Columbia, S. C, November Term, 1871,
1872). In 1875 with David Dudley Field he
obtained the acquittal of Cruikshank (United
States vs. Cruikshank, 92 U. S., 542) who had
been charged with fraud and violence in elec-
tions and indicted for conspiracy under the en-
forcement act of May 30, 1870. Still in active
practice he died from an accidental fall while in
Annapolis to argue a case before the court of
appeals.
[Manuscript letters in Lib. of Cong.; B. C. Steiner,
Life of Reverdy Johnson (copr. 1914) ; Proc. of the
Bench and Bar of the Supreme Court of the U. S. in
Memoriam Reverdy Johnson (1876) ; W. D. Lewis,
Great Am. Lawyers, vol. IV (1908) ; H. W. Scott, Dis-
tinguished Am. Lawyers (1891) ; J. F. Essary, Md. in
National Politics (copr. 191 5) ; Green Bag, July 1891 ;
The Diary of Gideon Welles (3 vols., 191 1) ; Charles
Warren, The Supreme Court in U. S. Hist. (3 vols.,
1922), and A Hist, of the Am. Bar (1911); W. W.
Bowie, The Bowies and their Kindred (1899) ; Har-
per's Weekly, Feb. 26, 1876; Sun (Baltimore), Feb. 11,
12, 1876.] M.W.W.
JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1780-
Nov. 19, 1850), ninth vice-president, brother of
James Johnson [q.v.~], was born, according to
his own statement and that of his uncle (Meyer,
post, p. 20 ; Cave Johnson, post, p. 209), at Bear-
grass, a frontier settlement on the site of the
present Louisville, Ky. His father, Robert, and
his mother, Jemima (Suggett) Johnson, had
migrated from Virginia to the West shortly be-
fore his birth, and shortly afterward they moved
to Bryant's Station near the present Lexington,
Ky. Reared upon the frontier, young Richard
had few educational advantages, but he was able
to begin the study of Latin at the age of fifteen
and thus equip himself for the study of law,
which he pursued under George Nicholas and
James Brown, professors in Transylvania Uni-
versity. He was admitted to the bar in 1802,
and in 1804 was elected to the state legislature.
Two years later he was elected to the United
States House of Representatives, where he sat
from 1807 until 1819.
In Congress Johnson supported President Jef-
ferson and his embargo policy, and later favored
the declaration of war against Great Britain.
During the conflict which followed he left Wash-
ington to become colonel of a regiment of mount-
ed Kentucky riflemen. Having a natural apti-
tude for military affairs, he worked out a theory
114
Johnson
of combat for such troops, which he was soon
able to put into practice with remarkable suc-
cess. With his regiment he marched under Gov-
ernor Shelby to join General Harrison on the
Canadian border, and here took part in the bat-
tle of the Thames. In this engagement his troops
bore the brunt of the attack, and a part of them,
commanded by his brother James, rode through
the British lines to turn and attack the enemy
from the rear. The Colonel, while charging the
Indian allies of the British, was severely wound-
ed, but his forces prevailed and he was borne
from the field a hero (B. J. Lossing, The Pic-
torial Field-Book of the War of 1812, 1868, pp.
551-57). In the fighting he had killed an Indian
chief, said by some to have been Tecumseh.
Johnson had not resigned his seat in Con-
gress while engaged in military activities, and
as soon as his wounds permitted he returned to
Washington. As chairman of the committee on
military affairs he was active in securing pen-
sion legislation. He opposed the establishment
of the second United States Bank in 1816, but
was in favor of protection and of internal im-
provements. In 1816 he proposed and secured
the passage of a measure granting congressmen
an annual salary of $1,500 instead of a per diem
allowance. This, he believed, would encourage
the members of that body to expedite their busi-
ness, but the constituencies looked upon it as a
"salary grab," and many members consequently
lost their seats. Johnson retained his by bowing
to the will of the people and working for the re-
peal of his own act. His willingness to recant
is typical of his character. The next political
storm in which he was involved arose in 1818
over the Seminole campaign of Andrew Jack-
son. When the question was before the House
in 1819, Johnson alone of the committee on mili-
tary affairs reported in favor of Jackson (James
Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson, i860, II, 534).
In 1819 a great financial panic struck the
country. Johnson voluntarily retired from his
seat in the House and was elected a member of
the Kentucky legislature, which forthwith chose
him to represent the state in the United States
Senate. He has been given credit for the passage
of the Kentucky law abolishing imprisonment
for debt, and he later took a leading part in the
agitation of similar legislation before Congress ;
it is, therefore, probable that his promotion at
this time was due to his connection with the re-
lief movement which was rampant in Kentucky.
He retained his seat in the Senate from 1819
until 1829. In the presidential election of 1824
he favored Clay, but turned to Jackson when
the forces of Clay united with those of Adams.
Johnson
Defeated for the Senate in 1829, he returned to
the House of Representatives.
During Jackson's presidency, the relations
between Johnson and the General were cordial,
even intimate. Johnson signed the report con-
demning the Bank of the United States, not be-
cause he was convinced of its sins, but merely
and frankly to accommodate the administration
(Parton, Jackson, III, 405). He also supported
the President in his tariff policies and opposition
toward internal improvements, though his pri-
vate views favored both (J. S. Bassett, The Life
of Andrew Jackson, 191 1, II, 487; W. G. Sum-
ner, Andrew Jackson, 1882, pp. 376-78). Jack-
son used him as his personal agent on various
occasions, notably (Parton, III, 303-08) when
he was trying to force his cabinet to accept
Peggy O'Neill, the wife of Secretary J. H. Eaton
\_q.v.~\. The General decided that Johnson should
be vice-president under Van Buren, and accom-
plished his nomination by the same kind of
strong-handed action which secured that of the
presidential candidate (J. B. McMaster, A His-
tory of the People of the United States, vol. VI,
1906, p. 361). During the campaign his parti-
sans pressed his cause in a characteristic jingle:
"Rumpsey, Dumpsey, Colonel Johnson killed
Tecumseh" (H. A. Wise, Seven Decades of the
Union, 1872, p. 175). Failing to secure a ma-
jority of the electoral vote, he became the only
vice-president ever elected by the Senate. His
career as vice-president was inconspicuous and
in 1 841 he retired to private life. In November
1850 he took his seat once more in the Kentucky
legislature, but died less than a fortnight later,
and his fame, in large measure, passed with him
to the grave.
Johnson seems to have taken considerable in-
terest in education. After the War of 1812 he
introduced in Congress resolutions looking to-
ward the establishment of military academies.
He favored the establishment of a national semi-
nary in the District of Columbia, and was one
of the organizers of Columbian College (now
George Washington University). He was a
founder and trustee for some time of George-
town College, Kentucky. He gave buildings on
his land, supplied a teacher, and maintained gen-
eral supervision of the Choctaw Academy, es-
tablished under the treaty of Dancing Rabbit
Creek (1825) for the education of the Indians.
White boys also, among them his nephew, Robert
Ward Johnson [q.v.~\, attended this institution,
which flourished until after 1841. Johnson was
never married, but had two daughters by Julia
Chinn, a mulatto who came to him in the dis-
tribution of his father's estate (Meyer, post, pp.
ri5
Johnson
317-21 ). He was possessed of the courage, dash,
and military bearing of the best frontier type,
and of the clear-cut, classic features which one
associates with patrician blood. As a soldier he
showed great promise, but as a politician, though
not lacking in sagacity, he was lacking in pur-
pose. History can give him no larger place than
that of satellite to Andrew Jackson.
[L. R. Meyer, The Life and Times of Col. Richard
M. Johnson of Ky. (1932), with bibliog. ; Wm. Em-
mons, Authentic Biog. of Col. Richard M. Johnson of
Ky. (1833) ; A Biog. Sketch of Col. Richard M. John-
son of Ky. (1843), "by a Kentuckian" ; L. and R. H.
Collins, Hist, of Ky. (1877) ; eulogy by J. C. Mather,
U. S. Mag. and Democratic Rev., Apr. 1851 ; reminis-
cences of Cave Johnson, Reg. Ky. State Hist. Soc, May
1922; Louisville Morning Courier, Nov. 20, 21, 22,
1850.] T. P. A.
JOHNSON, RICHARD W. (Feb. 7, 1827-
Apr. 21, 1897), Union soldier, author, was born
near Smithland, Livingston County, Ky., the
son of Dr. James L. and Jane (Leeper) Johnson,
who had moved to Kentucky from Prince Ed-
ward County, Va. His emigrant ancestor was
Thomas Johnson, who came to America in 1700.
Young Johnson's early schooling was primitive
until the year 1844, when an elder brother, Dr.
John Milton Johnson, later surgeon in the Con-
federate army, secured for him a cadetship at
West Point. Graduating in 1849, and assigned
to the 6th Infantry, he saw almost continuous
frontier service at Fort Snelling, Minn., in
Texas, and in Indian Territory, engaging in a
skirmish with Comanche Indians on the Rio
Concho, Tex., in 1856, and near Brady Creek,
Tex., in 1858. With the outbreak of the Civil
War, he participated in the action at Falling
Waters, was appointed lieutenant-colonel, 3rd
Kentucky Cavalry, Aug. 28, 186 1, and brigadier-
general of volunteers, Oct. 11 of the same year.
On Aug. 21, 1862, he was made prisoner by
Morgan near Gallatin, Tenn., and after ex-
change, commanded a brigade and division at
Pittsburg Landing, Corinth, Stone's River, Tul-
lahoma Gap, Liberty Gap, and Chickamauga,
where he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel. Sub-
sequently, he took part in the battle of Mission-
ary Ridge, and was brevetted colonel, Nov. 24,
1863, f°r gallantry at Chattanooga. In the inva-
sion of Georgia, March-June 1864, he took part
in the battles at Dalton, Resaca, and New Hope
Church, where he was severely wounded, and
later took part in the battle of Nashville, being
brevetted major-general of volunteers, briga-
dier-general and major-general, United States
Army, for gallant and meritorious services. Re-
tired, Oct. 12, 1867, with the rank of major-gen-
eral, he became professor of military science at
the University of Missouri, which gave him the
degree of master of arts in 1868, and subsequent-
Johnson
ly served in the same capacity at the University
of Minnesota, making St. Paul his home until
his death. In 1881 he was the unsuccessful can-
didate of the Democratic party for governor of
Minnesota. He wrote manuals of Sharp's rifle
and carbine and Colt's revolver for Thomas
Worthington's The Volunteer's Manual (1861) ;
an address published in the Report of the First
Meeting of the Society of the Army of the Cum-
berland (1868) ; A Memoir of Maj.-Gen. George
H. Thomas (1881), A Soldier's Reminiscences
in Peace and War (1886), and "Fort Snelling
from its Foundation to the Present Time" {Col-
lections of the Minnesota Historical Society, vol.
VIII, 1898). He was twice married, in 1855 to
Rachael Elizabeth Steele of Fort Snelling, by
whom he had three sons; and in 1894, to Julia
Anne McFarland, prominent educator ( Who's
Who in America, 1922-23), by whom he had one
son.
[War of the Rebellion: Official Records {Army);
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (1887-88), vols.
Ill, IV; G. W. Cullum, Biog. Reg. Officers and Grads.
U. S. Mil. Acad. (3rd ed., 1891) ; F. B. Heitman, Hist.
Reg. of the U. S. Army (1890) ; obituary in Army and
Navy Jour., May 1, 1897, repr. in Twenty-eighth Ann.
Reunion, Asso. Grads., U. S. Mil. Acad. (1897) ; T. M.
Newsom, Pen Pictures of St. Paul, Minn. (1886);
Daily Pioneer Press (St. Paul), Apr. 22, 1897; infor-
mation as to many important facts from Maj. Richard
W. Johnson, U. S. A., Ret., who is authority for the
statement that his father had no middle name — the
"W" being merely a letter.] C D R
JOHNSON, ROBERT (c. 1676-May 3, 1735),
colonial governor, first appeared in Carolina his-
tory in 1701, when he was accepted by the Board
of Trade as surety for his father, Sir Nathaniel
Johnson [?.».], who was to be made governor
of Carolina and who served in that capacity
from 1702 to 1708. The son, a mercer, took oath
as freeman of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Jan. 19,
1702/3 (The Register of Freemen of Newcastle
upon Tyne, 1923). In 1713 the Carolina proprie-
tors expressed an intention of appointing him to
succeed Governor Craven. In 171 5 Johnson ap-
peared with others before the Board of Trade to
request in vain that the Crown aid in defending
Carolina against the Yemassee Indians. The
proprietors likewise failed to help, and the set-
tlers had to carry on their struggle alone, but
finally succeeded in turning back the Indians.
Johnson was made governor in 1717, at a time
when the colonists weie petitioning that Caro-
lina be made a royal province and rebellion
against the proprietors was threatening. He ar-
rived at Charleston to find the colony's coasts
pillaged by pirates. After vain appeals to the
proprietors for help, the colonists had sent out
an expedition under Colonel Rhett, which de-
feated and captured the notorious Stede Bon-
Il6
Johnson
net, who later escaped and took part in pirate
raids on Charleston harbor. Johnson, acting
with courage and decision, organized a second
expedition and in a pitched battle exterminated
the buccaneers, recapturing Bonnet, who was
sent to Charleston and hanged with twenty-two
other pirate prisoners. Johnson's period as gov-
ernor ended in 1719 when dissatisfaction with
the weak and inefficient management of the pro-
prietors reached a climax. The rebellion was
immediately caused by the proprietors' disallow-
ance of certain popular laws, including the regu-
lation of elections to the legislature. Johnson's
popularity was attested by the request of the
revolutionary convention that he continue as
governor in the King's name, an offer which he
refused, remaining loyal to the proprietors. The
revolutionists thereupon elected another gov-
ernor and ultimately gained their ends when
in 1729 a royal government was established in
the colony, which was divided into two prov-
inces, North and South Carolina.
Johnson in the meantime had gone to Eng-
land. His efficiency and popularity were again
recognized when he was selected as the first
governor of South Carolina under the Crown,
a position which he assumed in 1731. One of
his instructions required fixing the line between
his province and North Carolina, but this he
did not accomplish. In 1732 he aided Gov-
ernor Oglethorpe in founding the colony of
Georgia, furnishing food and escort to the set-
tlers. To safeguard the borders of his own prov-
ince, he advocated further settlement through
the erection of townships in which land would
be granted to every actual settler, and also
urged the giving of presents to the Indians and
the stationing of an independent company on
the frontier to maintain peace. He tried to pro-
mote his colony's growth by asking the Crown
to help the Swiss and other foreigners emigrat-
ing there, and he welcomed Pierre Purry and
his Swiss followers when they came to the
lower Savannah and settled Purrysburg, which
unfortunately did not prosper. Johnson ulti-
mately disposed of all his property in England
and thoroughly identified himself with colonial
life. His will shows that at the time of his death
he was a man of some wealth, the father of three
sons and two daughters. His wife, Margaret,
had died in 1732. The esteem and respect in
which he was held are indicated by his title of
"good Governor Robert Johnson." The Assem-
bly erected a monument to him in Saint Philip's
Church. His daughter Margaret married Henry
Izard and became the mother of Ralph Izard
Iq.v.].
Johnson
[Edward McCrady, The Hist, of S. C. under the Pro-
prietary Govt. (1897), and The Hist, of S. C. under
the Royal Govt. (1889) ; V. W. Crane, The Southern
Frontier, 1670- 17 32 (1929) ; S. C. Hist, and Gcncal.
Mag., July 1901, Apr. 1904, July 191 1 ; B. R. Carroll,
Hist. Colls, of S. C. (1836); Alexander Hewat, An
Hist. Account of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies
of S. C. and Ga. (2 vols., 1779) ; Frederick Dalcho, An
Hist. Account of the Prot. Episc. Ch. in S. C. (1820).]
H.B-C.
JOHNSON, ROBERT WARD (July 22,
1814-July 26, 1879), lawyer, congressman, was
born in Scott County, Ky., the son of Benjamin
and Matilda (Williams) Johnson. His father,
a brother of James and Richard Mentor John-
son \_qq.v.~\, sat on the bench for thirty-eight
years, first as a state judge in Kentucky and then
as a federal judge in the territory and state of
Arkansas. Robert Ward Johnson received his
academic training in the Choctaw Academy,
which was established on the land of his uncle
Richard M. Johnson, and at St. Joseph's Col-
lege, Bardstown, Ky. After studying law, he
opened an office in Little Rock, Ark., in 1835.
Five years later he became prosecuting attorney
for the district including Little Rock and thus,
ex officio, attorney-general for the state. In
1846 he was elected to Congress as a Democrat,
and was twice reelected, but declined to be a
candidate in 1852. The following year he was
appointed to the Senate by Governor Conway to
fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of
Solon Borland, was elected by the legislature to
fill out the term, and reelected for a full term,
serving from July 1853 to Mar. 3, 1861. He en-
tered Congress in time to oppose the Wilmot
Proviso and in 1850 he opposed Clay's plan of
compromise, speaking and voting against the ad-
mission of California and voting against the com-
promise with Texas. He avoided committing
himself on the territorial bill and the abolition of
the slave trade in the District of Columbia, but
supported the new fugitive-slave law. In the
Senate, he supported Douglas' Kansas-Nebraska
bill and the homestead bill, and during the latter
half of his term was active on questions involving
the public lands, securing large grants for rail-
roads in Arkansas. He did not seek reelection
in i860, but in the following year he stumped
the state in favor of secession and was elect-
ed by the secession convention as a delegate
to the Confederate Provisional Congress. Later
he was elected to the Confederate Senate and
served until the end of the war. He then planned
flight to Mexico, but in Galveston he met an old
friend in General Granger, who was in command
of the United States forces there. Granger gave
him a pass and advised him to go to Washing-
ton, where President Johnson, another old friend,
117
Johnson
gave him due protection. He then returned to
his estate in Arkansas and tried to rebuild his
fortune, but had to surrender it to his creditors.
Going back to Washington he formed a law part-
nership with Albert Pike [q.v.], but Pike said
that he never practised much (interview, post).
His disabilities removed by act of Congress, he
sought a seat in the Senate in 1878, but was de-
feated by J. D. Walker, and died the following
year.
The "Johnson Family" was credited with
ruling Arkansas from 1836 to i860. R. W. John-
son's sister married Ambrose H. Sevier, the
state's first senator, and a niece married T. J.
Churchill, postmaster at Little Rock 1857-61,
and later governor. In i860 Richard H. John-
son, Robert's brother, was nominated for gov-
ernor by questionable methods, but defeated by
Henry W. Rector largely on the issue of the
"Johnson Family." In 1862 the "Family" re-
turned to power, but the close of the war broke
up the dynasty, though Churchill was afterwards
elected governor. R. W. Johnson himself was
regarded as clean and incorruptible (Arkansas
Gazette, July 29, 1879), and he served his state
well — though some thought too well when he se-
cured the passage of a bill to relieve the state
of the obligation to improve the swamp lands.
He was married in 1836 to Sarah Smith, daugh-
ter of Dr. George W. Smith of Louisville, Ky.,
and after her death in 1862 he married her sis-
ter, Laura. His first wife bore him three chil-
dren. He was buried in Mount Holly Cemetery,
Little Rock.
[Cong. Globe, 31 Cong., 1 Sess., App. 715-18, 33
Cong., 1 Sess., pp. 553~54, 555. 1125-26, 1661-62;
John Hallum, Biog.and Pictorial Hist, of Ark. (1887) ;
J. H. Shinn, Pioneers and Makers of Ark. (1908);
Fay Hempstead, A Pictorial Hist, of Ark. (1890) ; D.
Y. Thomas, Ark. in War and Reconstruction, 1861-74
(1926) ; Biog. Dir. Am. Cong. (1928) ; interview with
Albert Pike, Washington Post, July 28, 1879, repr. in
Daily Ark. Gazette, Aug. 3, 1879 ; issues of the latter
paper for July 27, 29, 31, 1879 ; N. Y. Herald, July 28,
1879-] D.Y.T.
JOHNSON, SAMUEL (Oct. 14, 1696-Jan. 6,
1772), minister of the Church of England in
colonial Connecticut, president of King's Col-
lege, New York, was born at Guilford, Conn.,
the son of Samuel and Mary (Sage) Johnson.
He appears to have been devoted to books and
study even as a small child and at fourteen was
ready to enter the Collegiate School, later Yale
College, then located at Saybrook. After gradu-
ating he taught school at Guilford. In 1716 the
Collegiate School was moved to New Haven
and Johnson was made a tutor. Three years
later, he resigned and on Mar. 20, 1720, was
ordained pastor of the Congregational Church
I I
Johnson
at West Haven, accepting that pastorate in part
because of his desire to be near the library of
the college. He read widely in theology and
church history and soon, together with a small
group of other intellectuals, including Timothy
Cutler ]_q.v.~], came to doubt the validity of the
"Congregational Way." In September 1722 they
made known their doubts at Commencement,
and long official debates followed in the college
library. Three of the protestants decided to join
the Church of England and in the latter part of
1722 Johnson, Cutler, and Brown sailed from
Boston for London. In England Johnson met
many prominent people, visited Oxford and
Cambridge, received holy orders in the Eng-
lish Church, and was appointed by the Society
for the Propagation of the Gospel to be mission-
ary at Stratford, Conn. Returning to the col-
onies, he landed at Piscataqua, Sept. 22, 1723,
and traveled overland to Stratford. Here he had
a small Anglican congregation and on Christ-
mas Day, 1724, opened the first building dedi-
cated to Church-of-England services in that col-
ony, he himself being the only Connecticut cler-
gyman of that faith. On Sept. 26, 1725, he
married a widow, Charity Nicoll, daughter of
Col. Richard Floyd of Brookhaven, L. I. This
marriage allied him to some of the most promi-
nent families in New York, and he became a
close friend of Gov. William Burnet \_q.v.~\. His
most famous friendship, however, was that with
the English idealist philosopher, Dean Berkeley,
who resided at Newport from 1729 to 1731, and
whose gifts to Yale were made mainly on account
of Johnson. Incidentally, Johnson became a con-
vert to the Berkeleian philosophy.
The Church-of-England movement did not
make great headway in New England and en-
countered much opposition. Johnson was the
leader, and the whole history of the movement
is reflected in his large correspondence. In
1743 he received the degree of D.D. from Ox-
ford. During these middle years of his life he
was constantly engaged in religious controver-
sies in the colonies, and also in spreading the
idealistic philosophy of Berkeley. In 1749 plans
were matured for a college in Philadelphia, with
the support of Franklin among others, and John-
son was asked to become its first president, a po-
sition which he declined. About this time, 1750,
he also received a second call to Trinity Church,
Newport, which he refused, since he felt he was
needed for the fight against the established
church of Connecticut. In 1753 a project for
a college in New York was under way and it
was indicated to Johnson that the plan would
fail unless he became president. He finally ac-
8
Johnson
cepted in the autumn of that year and, resigning
his mission at Stratford, to which he had minis-
tered for thirty-two years and to the interests
of which, although a poor parish, he had been
devoted, he moved to New York in April 1754,
where he took up his duties as president of
King's College, later to develop into Columbia
University. He also served as lecturer at Trinity
Church. His administration was successful but
the first four years were marked by personal dis-
aster. Two epidemics of smallpox interrupted
the work of the college and Johnson lost his
wife, a son, and a step-daughter. On June 18,
1761, he married Mrs. Sarah (Hull) Beach,
widow of William Beach of Stratford, Conn.,
whose daughter his son, William Samuel John-
son [<7X'.], had married. She died of smallpox
in 1763 and Johnson resigned from the presi-
dency of the college, resolved to live in retire-
ment at Stratford. He took part in the agitation
in favor of bishops in the colonies, published an
English-Hebrew grammar, and kept in close
correspondence with English friends during the
growing political difficulties. He had again
taken up the duties of rector at Stratford, which
he carried on until his death.
He was a somewhat voluminous writer, main-
ly on philosophy, although only a few of his writ-
ings were published in his lifetime. In 1731 ap-
peared his Introduction to Philosophy, a small
and comparatively unimportant tract. In 1746
he published his much more valuable Ethices
Elementa, or the First Principles of Moral Phi-
losophy, and in 1752 Franklin reprinted this with
a new section under the title of Elementa
Philosophica: Containing Chiefly, Noetica, or
Things Relating to the Mind or Understanding ;
and Ethica, or Things Relating to the Moral
Behaviour. Owing partly to contemporary con-
ditions in both England and America, Johnson
did not receive the attention to which his thought
and work entitle him and cannot be considered
to have been of wide influence as a philosopher.
He was, however, much more than a mere disci-
ple of Berkeley. In distinguishing pure intellect
from sensation he advanced beyond his master,
as he did also in his analysis of intuitive evi-
dence. He also did good and original work in
harmonizing certain of the philosophical sys-
tems of the day. He ranks with Jonathan Ed-
wards as one of the two most important expo-
nents of idealistic philosophy in colonial Amer-
ica.
[T. B. Chandler, The Life of Samuel Johnson, D.D.
(1805); W. B. Sprague, Annals Am. Pulpit, vol. V
(1859) ; E. E. Beardsley, Life and Correspondence of
Samuel Johnson (1874) ; I. W. Riley, Am. Philosophy :
the Early Schools (1907), with bibliography; manu-
Johnson
scripts in the Columbia College Library ; the Fulham
manuscripts, of which there are transcripts in the Li-
brary of Congress ; Herbert and Carol Schneider,
Samuel Johnson, President of King's College : His Ca-
reer and Writings (4 vols., 1929).] J.T.A.
JOHNSON, SAMUEL (Oct. 10, 1822-Feb.
19, 1882), independent liberal preacher, author,
was born in Salem, Mass., a descendant of Tim-
othy Johnson who was living in Andover, Mass.,
in 1674, and son of Dr. Samuel and Anna
(Dodge) Johnson. His father was a prominent
Salem physician, and Samuel grew up amid cir-
cumstances favorable to character and intellec-
tual pursuits. At the age of sixteen he was ready
for college, and four years later, 1842, ranking
fourth in his class, he graduated from Harvard.
He entered the Harvard Divinity School, gradu-
ating in 1846, his course having been somewhat
interrupted by the condition of his health, for
the benefit of which in 1844 he made a trip to
Europe. One of his classmates was Samuel
Longfellow [#.z\], and between the two a close
and lasting friendship arose. The year their di-
vinity course was completed they published A
Book of Hymns for Public and Private Devo-
tion, a Supplement to which appeared in 1848.
Johnson began his ministry in the Unitarian
church, Dorchester, Mass., where his views on
the social and political questions of the day
proved unacceptable, and he remained for only
about a year. After preaching for some time to
a society of liberals in Lynn, in 1853 he became
their minister, a free church was organized, and
Oxford Street Chapel was built, of which he
continued in charge until 1870. He never mar-
ried, and made his home at Salem until his fa-
ther's death in 1876, after which he lived on an
ancestral farm in North Andover. With Samuel
Longfellow he visited Europe in i860, remain-
ing fifteen months, and during a portion of this
time they worked on the compilation of Hymns
of the Spirit, published in 1864. The hymns
written by Johnson are of high excellence, some
of the best known of which are "Father, in Thy
mysterious presence kneeling," "Life of Ages
richly poured," and "City of God, how broad,
how far."
Although Unitarian in his associations, he
was too radical an individualist ever to affiliate
himself with any denominational body ; strongly
anti-slavery, and ardently humanitarian in sen-
timent, he joined none of the reform societies of
his day, lest there be some interference with the
freedom of his soul. He was a lover of nature,
with an interest in geology, and long walks were
his principal diversion. A mystic and poet, he
was also a clear thinker and a patient student,
enthusiastically devoted to discerning the truth
119
Johnson
behind appearances and bringing human life into
harmony therewith. Philosophically, he was a
thorough-going Transcendentalist, friendly to
science, and an evolutionist, but insistent that
spiritual verities cannot be ascertained by sci-
entific methods. As a preacher, lecturer, and
writer he was an exponent of natural religion,
"its intimations of God and duty and immortal-
ity." Much of his life was given to an interpre-
tation of Oriental religions, with a view to
disclosing the unity of human experience and
the development of the religious consciousness
through the ages. The published results are to
be found in three sizable works, Oriental Reli-
gions and Their Relation to Universal Religion,
India (1872), China (1877), and Per sia, left not
quite completed at his death, and published in
1885 with an introduction by Octavius B. Froth-
ingham [<?.#.]. Selections from his manuscripts,
Lectures, Essays, and Sermons, with a memoir
by Samuel Longfellow, were published the year
following Johnson's death.
[W. W. Johnson. Records of the Descendants of
John Johnson of Ipswich and Andovcr, Mass., with an
Appendix Containing Records of Descendants of Tim-
othy Johnson of Andovcr (1892) ; S. A. Eliot, Heralds
of a Liberal Faith (1010X vol. Ill ; Atlantic Mo., June
1883; Christian Reg., Feb. 23, 1882, Mar. 2, 1882;
John Julian, A Diet, of Hymnology (1891); Boston
Transcript, Feb. 21, 1882.] H. E. S.
JOHNSON, SAMUEL WILLIAM (July 3,
1830-July 21, 1909), agricultural chemist, pro-
fessor, experiment station director, and author,
was born at Kingsboro, N. Y., the third son of
Abner Adolphus and Annah Wells (Gilbert)
Johnson, both of pure colonial descent. He spent
his boyhood on his father's farm at Deer River,
N. Y., and was educated at Lowville Academy,
where he obtained his first instruction in chem-
istry. His youthful essay, "On Fixing Am-
monia" {Cultivator, August 1847), gave prom-
ise of the man. He fitted up a laboratory on his
father's farm in 1848, but gave up private ex-
perimenting late in this year to accept a position
as instructor at Flushing Institute, L. I. In 1850,
he entered Yale College where he was inspired
by his teacher, John Pitkin Norton [g.t/.], to
make agricultural chemistry his life work. As
a result of Norton's influence he went to Ger-
many in 1853 to complete his chemical education
under Erdmann at Leipzig and Liebig at Mu-
nich. After returning from his European studies
he was appointed professor of analytical chemis-
try at the Yale Scientific School in 1856, and in
the same year became chemist of the Connecticut
State Agricultural Society. The subject of agri-
cultural chemistry was added to his professor-
ship in 1857. Seven books and 172 articles
Johnson
upon agriculture and agricultural chemistry are
among the evidences of his industry. His lec-
tures and publications upon soils, rotation of
crops, fertilizers, methods of analysis, plant nu-
trition, food adulteration, and many other sub-
jects exerted a great influence upon the develop-
ment of scientific agriculture in America. By
beginning in 1856 a systematic chemical exami-
nation of the commercial fertilizers which were
sold in Connecticut, he became the founder of
agricultural regulatory work in America. He
was largely instrumental in securing the passage
of the Connecticut law of 1869 which, although
imperfect, was one of the first that required fer-
tilizers to be labeled with a statement of compo-
sition. He was the first leader in the movement
that led to the establishment of agricultural ex-
periment stations in the United States, as a re-
sult of which Connecticut, in 1875, w'th private
financial support, established at Middletown the
first state institution of this kind, with W. O. At-
water \_q.v.~], a former pupil and assistant of
Johnson, as director. In 1877, tne experiment
station was reorganized as a wholly independent
state establishment in New Haven, with John-
son as director from 1877 to 1899. He was an
excellent critic of agricultural chemical work
and performed a lasting service in the two clas-
sic volumes How Crops Grow (1868) and How
Crops Feed (1870), which have been translated
into many foreign languages. He is also to be
remembered for his well-known translations of
the famous manuals of Fresenius by which many
American chemists obtained their introduction
to qualitative and quantitative analysis (Manual
of Qualitative Analysis, 1864, 3rd ed., 1883; and
A System of Instruction in Quantitative Chem-
ical Analysis, 1870). On Oct. 13, 1858, Johnson
married Elizabeth Erwin Blinn of Essex, N. Y.
Although a man of modest and retiring disposi-
tion, he exerted a greater influence upon scien-
tific agriculture in America than any one else of
his generation. He was president of the Ameri-
can Chemical Society in 1878, president of the
Association of Official Agricultural Chemists in
1885, president of the American Association of
Agricultural Colleges and Experimental Sta-
tions in 1896, a member of the National Acad-
emy of Sciences from 1866, and an associate fel-
low of the American Academy of Arts and Sci-
ences.
[From the Letter-Files of S. IV. Johnson (1913), a
biographical sketch by his daughter, Elizabeth A. Os-
borne, with selections from his correspondence and a
complete bibliography of his writings ; T. B. Osborne,
"Samuel William Johnson," in Nat. Acad. Sci. Biog.
Memoirs, vol. VII (1913), with bibliography; Experi-
ment Station Record, Sept. 1 909 ; Science, Sept. 24,
I20
Joh
nson
1909 ; Am. Jour, of Sci., Oct. 1909 ; Am. Chem. Jour.,
Nov. 1909; Proc. Am. Chem. Soc, 1909; New Haven
Evening Register, July 21, 1909.] C. A. B.
JOHNSON, SETH WHITMORE (May 3,
1811-Feb. 13, 1907), ship-builder, was, in effect,
the successor of Levi Johnson [q.v.~\ as a pioneer
in the Great Lakes ship-building industry,
though the two Johnsons were in no way con-
nected. He was a native of Middle Haddam,
Conn., the second son and third child in a family
of nine children born to Henry Johnson, a farm-
er, and his wife, Mary Whitmore. Seth left the
farm at the age of fourteen to become an ap-
prentice for seven years in a shipyard. At the
end of his term, he set up in business for him-
self, repairing and building ships. Northern
Ohio at this time was beginning to experience
the beneficial effect of the Erie Canal and the
Ohio canals. Attracted by the outlook, Johnson
moved to Cleveland in the fall of 1834 and the
following year entered upon his business as
ship-builder. Ten years later he formed a part-
nership with Erastus Tisdale. For nineteen
years they carried on what was then the chief
industry of Cleveland. Their vessels were found
on all the upper lakes : two were portages across
the Sault to Lake Superior. Steamboats were
built for the English coast trade. Johnson in-
vested his profits in lake shipping until he be-
came a large ship-owner as well as a builder.
One of his vessels, loaded with staves, was among
the first to pass through the Welland Canal and
carry a lake cargo to European ports, inaugu-
rating a direct service from Cleveland to Liver-
pool.
He married Augusta Sophia Norton of Mid-
dle Haddam, Conn., July 15, 1840. Such meager
records as survive describe him as a man of
genial, kindly ways, socially inclined.
[See Cleveland Leader, Feb. 15, 1907 ; Annals of the
Early Settlers' Asso., vol. V, no. IV (1907), p. 396;
Maurice Joblin, Cleveland, Past and Present (1869),
p. 161 ; S. P. Orth, A Hist, of Cleveland, Ohio (1910),
I, 719; G. V. R. Wickham, The Pioneer Families of
Cleveland (1914), II, 414; the vital records of East
Hampton, Conn., give Johnson's middle name as Wet-
more in the birth records and Whitmore in the mar-
riage records.] E. J.B.
JOHNSON, THOMAS (Nov. 4, 1732-Oct.
26, 1819), member of the Continental Congress,
first governor of the state of Maryland, and as-
sociate justice of the United States Supreme
Court, was born in Calvert County, Md. He was
one of twelve children of Thomas Johnson and
Dorcas Sedgwick. The Johnsons had been
prominent in England for many generations.
His mother's parents were Puritans who had
taken refuge in Calvert County. After receiving
rudimentary education at home, he was sent to
Johnson
Annapolis, Md., where he secured clerical em-
ployment through the influence of Thomas Jen-
nings, register of the Land Office. He studied
law under Stephen Bordley, became a lawyer in
Annapolis, and on Feb. 16, 1766, married Ann
Jennings, daughter of his former employer.
Meanwhile he had entered the Provincial As-
sembly as a delegate from Anne Arundel County
in 1762. Following the passage of the Stamp
Act, he was named on a committee to enunciate
"the constitutional rights and privileges of the
freemen of the province," and after Parliament
passed the Acts of 1767, he was named on a
committee (June 8, 1768) to draft a memorial to
King George III. He was also one of the mem-
bers selected to superintend the construction of
the State House. He was a delegate to the Mary-
land convention of 1774, held in Annapolis, in
which he was chosen one of the members to ar-
range for the Congress of the Colonies, and was
authorized to represent Maryland at the Con-
gress in Philadelphia.
Taking his seat in Congress on Sept. 6, 1774,
he was one of the members appointed the follow-
ing month to draft a petition to the Crown for a
redress of grievances. In the second Continental
Congress, when John Adams felt it would be
tactful for a southerner to nominate George
Washington for commander-in-chief of the Con-
tinental Army, and the delegates from Virginia
felt a delicacy about nominating their own col-
league, Johnson placed Washington in nomina-
tion for the supreme command on June 15, 1775
(Journal of the Continental Congress, vol. II,
p. 91 ; Delaplaine, The Life of Thomas Johnson,
p. 112). Returning to Annapolis to urge the
people to assume the functions of government,
he was one of the members who drafted the As-
sociation of the Freemen of Maryland — a dec-
laration of rights for a new regime — signed by
the deputies in the convention on Aug. 14, 1775.
In the autumn of 1775 he took a lively interest in
the debates on the floor of Congress : whereas
John Adams had referred to him a year before
as "a deliberating man, but not a shining orator"
(C. F. Adams, The Works of John Adams, II,
1850, 395), he wrote some years later that John-
son was "the most frequent speaker" from Mary-
land ; and while the hope for reconciliation led
him, like Dickinson and Jay, "to retard many
vigorous measures," Adams wrote that "ere long
he and all his State came cordially into our
system" (Ibid., II, 506). Johnson was not in
Philadelphia on the day the Declaration of In-
dependence was adopted ; but he voted in An-
napolis, on July 6, 1776, for the Declaration of
the Delegates of Maryland, declaring the sepa-
121
Johnson
ration of Maryland from the mother country.
He was a member of the convention of 1776,
which framed the declaration of rights and con-
stitution of the state of Maryland. In the mean-
time he had been chosen as first brigadier-gen-
eral of the Maryland militia; and, although
urged to return to Congress, now went to Fred-
erick to raise and equip recruits. Early in 1777
he led approximately 1,800 men from Frederick
to the headquarters of General Washington in
New Jersey.
Elected by the legislature in February as gov-
ernor of Maryland, he accepted by letter from
his camp at Basking Ridge, East Jersey, and
was inaugurated on Mar. 21, 1777. Reelected
without opposition in November 1777, and again
in November 1778, he served as the first chief
executive of the state until Nov. 12, 1779. In
1780 and early in 1781, he served as a member
of the lower house of the legislature, where he
urged the adoption of the Articles of Confedera-
tion but not until after he felt convinced that the
other states would surrender their claims to the
western lands so that the territory beyond the
Alleghanies would become the common property
of the United States. After peace was restored,
he and Washington revived the plan to extend
navigation of the Potomac River and according-
ly the "Patowmack" Company was organized in
1785 with Washington as president and Johnson
as a member of the board of directors. Johnson
served again in the legislature in 1786 and 1787,
and in the state convention of 1788 which rati-
fied the Federal Constitution. Warned by Wash-
ington that an adjournment of the Maryland
convention "to a later period than the decision of
the question" in Virginia would be "tantamount
to the rejection of the Constitution" (Delaplaine,
p. 442), Johnson worked and voted for its ratifi-
cation. From April 1790 until October 1791 he
served as chief judge of the General Court of
Maryland. Meanwhile, on Aug. 5, 1791, he
was appointed to the United States Supreme
Court. On Nov. 7 the appointment was con-
firmed, and on Aug. 6, 1792, he took oath of
office. He wrote the first opinion in the Reports
of the United States Supreme Court, filed in the
case of State of Georgia vs. Brailsford (2 Dallas,
402). He had also been appointed by the Presi-
dent in 1 79 1 as a member of the board of com-
missioners of the Federal City, and in that year
he and his associates, Daniel Carroll and Dr.
David Stuart, wrote to Major L'Enfant that
they had decided to call the Federal City the
City of Washington. On account of his failing
health, he resigned as associate justice in 1793
and as commissioner of the Federal City in
Johnson
1794. In 1795 President Washington impor-
tuned him to accept the portfolio of secretary of
state, but on account of growing physical in-
firmities Johnson declined this final appeal. He
spent the latter years of his life in retirement
near Frederick. His last public appearance was
on Feb. 22, 1800, when he delivered a solemn
panegyric in Frederick in memory of Washing-
ton. Johnson was somewhat of a philosopher
and he knew how to live. His mind was suffi-
ciently keen to enable him to transact business
and to make his will in his eighty-sixth year.
While he never sought political power, he ad-
mitted that one of his chief sources of happiness
was the thought that he had served his country
with honor and that his name would be revered
by his descendants. His final years were cheered
by the thought that he had gained "the friend-
ship and confidence of Washington," that he had
no enemies, and that he would meet Washington
beyond the grave.
[Edward S. Delaplaine, The Life of Thos. Johnson
(1927); J. T. Scharf, Hist, of Western Md. (1882),
vol. I ; T. J. C. Williams, Hist, of Frederick County,
Md. (1010), vol. I ; B. C. Steiner, "Maryland's Adop-
tion of the Federal Constitution," Am. Hist. Rev., Oct.
1899, Jan. 1900; F. B. Sawvel, The Complete Anas of
Thos. Jefferson (1903); Archives of Md., vols. XI
(1892), XII (1893), XIII (1897), XXI (1901), and
LXllI (1924) ; Washington MSS., Lib. of Cong. ; man-
uscript letters and papers, Md. Hist. Soc] E S D
JOHNSON, TOM LOFTIN (July 18, 1854-
Apr. 10, 191 1 ), inventor, street-railroad oper-
ator, steel producer, member of Congress, mayor
of Cleveland, Ohio, was born at Blue Spring,
near Georgetown, Ky., the son of Albert John-
son and Helen Loftin. His elementary school
education was interrupted by the Civil War in
which his father served in the Confederate army.
During the war the family moved from place to
place and after the war, completely impoverished,
settled in Staunton, Va., where Tom as a child
assisted in the family support by establishing a
newspaper monopoly through an arrangement
with the conductor of the only train operating
into the town. With money so made, the family
moved to Louisville, Ky., where the boy did odd
jobs until 1869, when he was employed in a roll-
ing mill and later with the Louisville Street
Railroad, which at that time belonged to Bider-
mann and A. V. Du Pont, grandsons of Pierre
Samuel Du Pont, the founder of the family in
this country.
Shortly after becoming connected with the
street railroad, Johnson invented the first fare-
box for coins. Later he went to Indianapolis
and with the backing of the Du Ponts, bought
and rehabilitated the Indianapolis Street Rail-
road. From there he moved to Cleveland, Ohio,
122
Johnson
bought, built, and operated a street railroad, and
became interested in similar properties in De-
troit. With various members of the Du Pont
family, Johnson became interested in the estab-
lishment of steel works — the Cambria Company
at Johnstown, Pa., and the Lorain Steel Com-
pany at Lorain, Ohio. He invented and patented
the so-called "trilby" rail and also the machine
for rolling it. His younger brother, Albert W.
Johnson, at one time associated in the Cleveland
street-railroad enterprises, became interested in
traction properties in Brooklyn and built the
first traction line over the Brooklyn Bridge.
At the time of the Johnstown flood (1889) Tom
L. Johnson was appointed a member of the re-
lief commission and showed great energy and
intelligence in administering the relief fund of
three million dollars contributed throughout the
country for the sufferers. In the operation of his
street-railroad properties in Cleveland, he came
into conflict with a competing system dominated
by Marcus A. Hanna. The opposition between
these resolute and resourceful men continued
until Johnson sold out his interest and retired
from business to enter public life.
While still interested in Indianapolis and
Cleveland street railroads, Johnson read Prog-
ress and Poverty by Henry George and became
an advocate of free trade and the single tax.
Later when he was elected to Congress on the
Democratic ticket in 1890 and 1892, he boldly
proclaimed his faith in free trade, although he
was at that time interested in the heavily pro-
tected steel industry, and to the end of his life
he advocated the single tax as expounded by
Henry George, among whose adherents he came
to be recognized as a leader. With other single-
taxers, he built a home for Henry George near
Ft. Hamilton, N. Y., where he himself had a
residence, and took an aggressive part in the
campaigns for the mayoralty of New York
waged by Henry George in 1886 and particu-
larly in 1897. 1° l&74 he had married a distant
kinswoman of his own name, Margaret J. John-
son, a woman of striking beauty and culture.
Around them constantly gathered the liberal-
minded and progressive young and middle-aged
men whom the American colleges, in the nine-
ties, were sending out as missionaries in the
cause of a higher social conscience in the eco-
nomic and institutional development of the
country.
In 1901 Johnson was elected mayor of Cleve-
land and was successively reelected three times.
During his mayoralty he transformed the city
government and at the end of eight years had
left a mark upon municipal government in Amer-
Johnson
ica as perhaps the outstanding municipal execu-
tive so far produced in United States history.
In accordance with his democratic theories,
Johnson believed that the regeneration of city
government could come only through an in-
formed and interested electorate. The eight
years of his mayoralty were, therefore, a con-
tinuous educational campaign. In order to carry
his message to the people, he used a circus tent
accommodating between four and five thousand
persons. This tent he moved from place to place
throughout the city and in it he held meetings for
the discussion of public affairs in which the audi-
ence was invited to ask questions upon any sub-
ject relating to the city, its government, or its
interests. His own method of public speech was
informal, but he insisted that the least conspicu-
ous member of the audience should be fairly
dealt with both by the speakers and by the rest
of the audience and he stimulated even shy men
and women to inquire about city affairs. He re-
quired his subordinates to administer the ordi-
nary housekeeping of the city with efficiency,
integrity, and courtesy, devoting his own efforts
primarily to secure municipal ownership and
operation of the consolidated street-railroad serv-
ices.
The slogan of his several campaigns was
"Home rule; three cent fare; and just taxation."
In order to secure municipal home rule and a
revision of the tax laws of the state, he carried
his fight into the state at large and as the result
of his educational campaign, an amendment was
added to the constitution of Ohio in 1910 which
gave to Ohio municipalities large immunity
from control by the state legislature in the man-
agement of their purely municipal and domestic
concerns. The three-cent-fare movement result-
ed in an experimental leasing of the railroad for
municipal operations, but the bitter contest be-
tween Johnson and the owners of the street-rail-
road property finally resulted in a receivership
of the properties and their reorganization under
a franchise drawn by Judge R. W. Tayler, dis-
trict judge of the United States.
In 1909 Johnson was defeated for reelection.
His health had already begun to be seriously im-
paired but he assisted, during 1910, in the prepa-
ration of Tayler's Street Railroad Ordinance.
Throughout his life he was a Democrat in poli-
tics and a democrat in the Jeffersonian sense.
His advocacy of municipal ownership, public
ownership of railroads, woman's suffrage, and
other causes at the time deemed advanced, led
him to be regarded as a radical, although many
of his beliefs have since either been generally
accepted or are tenets in the liberal creed. In
123
Johnson
many ways he was the most spectacular liberal
in the public life of America from 1890 to 1910.
Having accumulated a substantial fortune and
having inherited the cultural traditions of a well-
born and well-reared Southern boy, he was able
by the charm of a magnetic personality to dis-
arm, as to himself, much of the criticism then
generally directed against radical opinion. By
common consent he made Cleveland "the best
governed city in America," and the impulse he
gave to the establishment of good government
upon the interest of an informed electorate has
remained the foundation of muncipal progress.
[Tom L. Johnson, My Story (1911), written in col-
laboration with Elizabeth J. Hauser, is an intimate and
detailed autobiography. See also : Carl Lorenz, Tom
L. Johnson (191 1); Lincoln Steffens, The Shame of
the Cities (1904) ; S. P. Orth, A Hist, of Cleveland,
Ohio (1910), vol. I ; E. M. Avery, A Hist, of Cleveland
and Its Environs (1918) ; World's Work, Feb. 1902,
Jan. 1908; Outlook, Aug. 4, 1906, Nov. 16, 1907, July
24, Oct. 23, 1909, Apr. 22, 1911 ; Nation (N. Y.), Sept.
11, 1902. Sept. 3, 1903, Apr. 13, 1911; Am. Rev. of
Revs., May 191 1 ; Arena, Nov. 1902, June, Aug., Nov.
1903, Dec. 1905, Apr. 1906, Dec. 1907, Apr., June
1908; Gunton's Mag., Oct., Nov. 1903; Cleveland
Plain Dealer, Apr. 11, 191 1.] N. D B.
JOHNSON, VIRGINIA WALES (Dec. 28,
1849- Jan. 16, 1916), author, daughter of M. Au-
gustus and Sarah (Benson) Johnson, was born
in Brooklyn, N. Y. Her parents were Bostonians,
and she was a descendant of Judge Samuel
Sevvall [#.?'.]. Her education was carried on at
home and she began writing for her own amuse-
ment as a child. At fifteen she was writing her
Kettle Club Series ( 1860-70) , including The Ket-
tle's Birthday Party and Grandfatlicr's Pocket-
Book. Her first novel, Joseph the Jew (1874),
was published by Harper & Brothers in the
Library of Select Novels and was taken for
an English reprint. A Sack of Gold (1874),
The Calderwood Secret (1875), ar)d Miss
Nancy's Pilgrimage (1876) were also published
in that series. The Catskill Fairies (1876) was
exhibited at the Centennial Exposition at Phil-
adelphia as an example of American typography
and was reprinted in England. In 1871 the four
volumes of the Doll's Club Series had appeared :
Jack's Kite, Jo's Doll, Katy's Christmas, and
Patty's Pranks. In 1875 she went to Europe
with her mother and sister for travel and study,
and found a European existence so much to her
taste that she spent the remainder of her life
there, chiefly in Italy. Her later novels and
stories include "The Image of San Donato,"
published in Harper's Magazine, January 1879;
A Foreign Marriage, or, Buying a Title (1880),
a story of modern Florentine life, published
anonymously; The Neptune Vase (1881), a
story of modern Siena and title-hunting Ameri-
Johnson
can girls; Two Old Cats (1882), in which a
chalet occupied by Queen Victoria at Mentone
is the scene ; An English "Daisy Miller" ( 1882),
an attempt to show Henry James that not all in-
discreet girls abroad are American; The Fain-
alls of Tipton (1884) ; Tulip Place, a Story of
New York (1886) ; The House of the Musician
(1887); The Terra-Cotta Bust (1887), first
published in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine',
The Treasure Tower, a Story of Malta (1892) ;
A Bermuda Lily (1912) ; A Lift on the Road
(1913). Most of her latest work took the form
of books of travel and popular history : The Lily
of the Arno, or, Florence, Past and Present
( 1891 ) ; Genoa the Superb, the City of Columbus
(1892); America's Godfather, the Florentine
Gentleman (1894), treating of Amerigo Ves-
pucci ; A World's Shrine ( 1902) , of Como, Italy ;
Many Years of a Florentine Balcony (1911);
Summer Days at Vallombrosa (1911) ; Two
Quaint Republics, Andorra and San Marino
(I9I3)-
Beginning as a writer of children's books, she
soon turned to fiction for adults. After 1875, her
work shows intense love for Italy, both mediaeval
and modern. Her knowledge of Italian history
and literature and her familiarity with modern
Italy, its fiestas, street life, sea and mountain re-
sorts, are sufficient to make her books informa-
tive as well as readable.
[In addition to autobiographical material in the books
mentioned above, see Who's Who in America, 1912— 13,
1918-19; Literary World, June 3, 1882.] S. G. B.
JOHNSON, Sir WILLIAM (1715-July 11,
1774), superintendent of Indian affairs, was
born at Smithtown, County Meath, Ireland, the
son of Christopher and Anne (Warren) John-
son. He came to America probably late in 1737
or early in 1738, for by the latter year he had
settled on the south side of the Mohawk River
near the mouth of the Schoharie, assuming
charge of an estate belonging to his uncle, Vice
Admiral Sir Peter Warren. The valley of the
lower Mohawk was being rapidly occupied, and
its strategic location presented unusual oppor-
tunities for the conduct of the fur trade. John-
son set up a store and for several years combined
trade with the Indians and neighboring settlers
with his other interests. The year following his
arrival he purchased a tract of his own on the
north side of the Mohawk, near the present city
of Amsterdam. Throughout his life, his eager-
ness to acquire land never waned, and when he
died he was proprietor of one of the largest land-
ed estates in the English colonies. About 1742
or 1743, he removed to the north of the river, his
place of residence being called Mount Johnson.
124
Johns
on
Though it has been a matter for dispute, it would
seem that about 1739 he married a German girl
of the neighborhood, named Catharine Weisen-
berg, for he refers to her in his will as "my be-
loved wife" (Stone, post, II, 492). By her, he
had a son and two daughters. During these early
years, he laid the foundations of a large fortune
and became intimately acquainted with the neigh-
boring tribes of the Six Nations, particularly the
Mohawks, who lived close by.
He first came into public prominence during
King George's War. In 1745, when hostilities
broke upon the New York frontier, it was feared
that the Six Nations might go over to the French,
and it was largely owing to Johnson's efforts
that such a disaster was prevented. In 1746 he
was made responsible for the supply of the Eng-
lish garrison at Oswego and in August of the
same year was made colonel of the Six Nations
by Governor Clinton, an appointment which also
involved transferring to him the conduct of In-
dian affairs, which had formerly been in the
hands of the Albany commissioners. He held in-
numerable councils with these tribes, secured
extremely useful information, and organized and
supplied war parties for operations against the
French. In February 1748 he was placed in
command of fourteen companies of New York
militia raised for the defense of the frontiers.
By a commission dated May 1, 1748, he was ap-
pointed colonel of a regiment of militia for the
city and county of Albany. He also rendered
valuable service upon the arrival of news of
peace, persuading the Indians — who were in
some instances reluctant — to bury the hatchet,
and adjusting difficulties in regard to the ex-
change of Indian prisoners.
During the years of nominal peace, from 1748
to 1755, he resumed his activity in the fur trade
and agriculture. His affairs were prospering
and in 1749 he was engaged in constructing a
stone house, which came to be called Fort John-
son, on his land north of the Mohawk. In 1751,
he secured from the Onondaga tribe the grant
of a valuable tract of land, the purchase being
approved by the provincial Council two years
later. By a royal commission dated Apr. 12, 1750,
he was appointed a member of the Council of
New York, an office which he held during the
remainder of his life. Certain difficulties with
the Assembly having arisen with respect to the
payment of his accounts for the supply of the
garrison at Oswego, he decided, late in 1750 or
early in 1751, that he would no longer be respon-
sible for the management of the affairs of the
Six Nations. In spite of the protests of the
tribes, he persisted in resigning, and control of
Johnson
Indian affairs was restored to the commission-
ers. Unofficially, however, he continued to ren-
der useful service and his residence became a
sort of advanced "listening post."
By 1754, the French seemed determined to oc-
cupy the interior and it was evident that hostili-
ties could not long be averted. Johnson ordered
the militia to be in readiness and he was called
upon in the crisis by Governors Clinton of New
York and Shirley of Massachusetts for his views
in regard to Indian affairs. In his capacity as a
member of the Council of New York, he attend-
ed the famous Albany Congress, held in June
and July of 1754, and assisted in drafting cer-
tain of the speeches which were delivered to the
Indians. He also submitted a paper setting forth
his views in regard to the measures necessary to
thwart the designs of the French. The Indians
renewed their request for his reappointment as
agent and Johnson was willing to assume the re-
sponsibility providing his authority might pro-
ceed from the Crown, thus rendering him inde-
pendent of any colony.
In April 1755, General Braddock, the new
commander-in-chief of the British forces, held
a council at Alexandria, Va., which was attended
by several of the colonial governors. It was de-
cided to launch expeditions against Fort Du-
quesne, Niagara, and Crown Point, and to John-
son was entrusted command of the force to be
sent against the last-named stronghold. A com-
mission from Braddock dated Apr. 15, 1755,
gave him "sole Management & direction of the
Affairs of the Six Nations of Indians & their
Allies" (Papers, post, I, 465). He was also com-
missioned major-general by the governments
supplying the troops for the enterprise, the col-
onies participating being New York, Massachu-
setts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode
Island. Albany was the point of concentration,
and when Johnson's force reached Lake George,
it numbered about two thousand colonial militia
and some two or three hundred Indians. On
Sept. 8, Johnson's main body was attacked by
a force of French and Indians under Dieskau,
and a pitched battle ensued in which the French
were badly defeated, Dieskau himself being cap-
tured. What were left of the French fell back
toward Lake Champlain. Johnson felt that his
force was too weak to pursue them and contented
himself with building a fort at the head of Lake
George, which was named William Henry. A
fort had previously been constructed at the car-
rying place to the southward and called Fort
Edward. Leaving garrisons to hold these posts,
Johnson broke camp late in November and dis-
banded his force. Though he had failed to cap-
125
Johnson
ture Crown Point, he had warded off the French
menace which threatened the northern colonies.
This achievement was the more conspicuous be-
cause of the failure of the expeditions against
Fort Duquesne and Niagara, and Johnson was
acclaimed as a victor throughout the colonies.
On Nov. 27, 1755, the King made him a baronet
and on Feb. 17, 1756, issued a commission mak-
ing him a colonel of the Six Nations and their
confederates, and "Sole Agent and Superin-
tendent of the said Indians and their Affairs"
(Ibid., II, 434). A superintendent was also ap-
pointed for the tribes south of the Ohio.
During the three years following the Crown
Point expedition, Johnson devoted a large share
of his time and energy to the protection of the
northern frontiers. He held many councils and
organized Indian war parties to cooperate with
various military expeditions. By 1759 the tide
had turned against the French, and, following
the death of General Prideaux, it was Johnson's
good fortune to command the force which cap-
tured Niagara on July 25 of that year. Leaving
a garrison there, he returned to Oswego, where
he was relieved of his command by General
Gage. During the next few months he busied
himself with Indian affairs and was also en-
gaged in founding the settlement which became
Johnstown, a few miles west of Fort Johnson.
In 1760, he organized a force of several hundred
Indians, joined Amherst at Oswego, and accom-
panied his successful expedition against Mon-
treal.
With the downfall of French power in Can-
ada a vast new territory and many strange tribes
came under his jurisdiction. On July 5, 1761, he
set out on a journey to Detroit at the request of
Amherst, his objects being to secure information
in regard to the territory which had been ac-
quired by the British ; to hold a council with the
Indians ; and to establish regulations concerning
the fur trade of the interior. His mission seemed
successful, and when in September he left De-
troit, it was with the conviction that the Indians
were well disposed toward the English and
would not break the peace.
For several years, the conduct of Indian af-
fairs had demanded an increasing share of John-
son's attention, and assistance had become neces-
sary. In 1756, George Croghan [<?.?'.] had been
made deputy superintendent for the tribes in
Pennsylvania and the Ohio Valley ; Daniel Claus
was appointed deputy in 1760, with headquarters
in Montreal, while Guy Johnson [q.z>.], Sir Wil-
liam's former secretary, was designated in 1762
to assist him in his dealings with the Iroquois.
Claus and Guy Johnson later became Sir Wil-
Johnson
Ham's sons-in-law. In the summer of 1763, the
conspiracy of Pontiac necessitated much activ-
ity on Sir William's part. The uprising was at
length crushed and by the summer of 1765 peace
was reestablished and the way prepared for Eng-
lish occupation of the interior.
During the period of Johnson's superintend-
ency extending from the close of the French and
Indian War to his death in 1774, he devoted
himself to the difficult problems involved in the
contact of races in the region north of the Ohio.
He favored a centralized and independent In-
dian department, maintained by a separate fund.
He also advocated centralized control of the fur
trade, and believed that the activities of the
traders should be limited to certain designated
posts in the interior. His matured views are
contained in his "Review of the Trade and Af-
fairs of the Indians in the Northern District of
America," dated Sept. 22, 1767 (Illinois His-
torical Collections, post, XVI, 24-66). In 1764,
the Lords of Trade had drawn up a plan for the
regulation of the Indian trade which embodied
certain of Johnson's ideas in regard to central-
ized control, but this was only partially put
into operation. In view of the chaotic state of
British ministerial politics at this time, and a de-
sire for economy, continuity of policy was im-
possible, and in 1768 responsibility for the regu-
lation of the Indian trade was restored to the
several colonies.
Constantly called upon to settle disputes aris-
ing out of the encroachments of white settlers
upon the lands belonging to the Indians, John-
son for some years had favored the establish-
ment of a boundary line which should separate
the lands open to settlement from the hunting
grounds reserved to the Indians. In the autumn
of 1768 a great congress was held at Fort Stan-
wix which culminated on Nov. 5 in the signing
of a treaty establishing an Indian boundary and
opening up large tracts of land along the fron-
tiers of New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.
The interior was to be closed to settlement.
Johnson was suspected in some quarters of en-
deavoring to further his own interests in the
Treaty of Fort Stanwix, but the charges against
him have never been proved.
During this same period, Johnson showed
genuine interest in projects for civilizing the
Indians through education and missionary ac-
tivities. Though he had a considerable corre-
spondence with members of the dissenting sects,
as time went on he came to have especial sympa-
thy with the efforts of the Anglicans. Much time
and effort were also devoted to the preservation
of peace among the various Indian tribes them-
26
Johnson
selves, upon which the safety of the frontier and
the security of the traders in the interior largely
depended. His activities required many jour-
neys, innumerable councils with the Indians in
the department, the keeping of voluminous min-
utes of transactions, and the carrying on of a
vast correspondence with all sorts of persons.
He continued to show an active interest in the
provincial militia, and in 1772 was given a com-
mission as major-general. In 1774, when Lord
Dunmore's war broke out upon the frontiers of
Virginia, he was once more forced to exert him-
self to prevent the Six Nations from becoming
involved. At a council held at Johnson Hall in
July, the Indians complained of violations of the
Treaty of Fort Stanwix and of the disorder into
which the Indian trade had fallen since its man-
agement had been restored to the colonies. On
July 11, a short while after delivering a long
speech to the Indians, Johnson was taken vio-
lently ill and died. He had long suffered from
a severe intestinal disorder and apparently the
condition was aggravated by over exertion. He
was succeeded as superintendent of Indian af-
fairs by his son-in-law, Guy Johnson, and his
son, Sir John Johnson [q.z'.], inherited his title
and estates.
Johnson's character is best revealed in his cor-
respondence, from which it appears that he was
a man of great energy and unusual versatility.
He manifested considerable interest in literary
and scientific matters, ordering books and peri-
odicals, and occasionally even scientific instru-
ments, from England. On Jan. 3, 1769, he ac-
cepted an election to the American Philosophical
Society, and he was a member of the Society
for the Promotion of Arts, which had as one of
its objects the encouragement of agriculture. In
a letter to Arthur Lee, dated Feb. 28, 1771, he
presented an extremely valuable and interesting
account of the language and customs of the Six
Nations (Stone, 11,481-92). When Queen's Col-
lege (later Rutgers) received its second charter,
in 1770, his name appeared in the list of trustees.
Although there is no doubt that he was ambi-
tious, he seems to have had a genuine affection
for the Indians with whom so much of his life
was spent, and he often exerted himself to pre-
vent them from being despoiled of their lands by
unscrupulous whites. At the same time, how-
ever, his insatiable land hunger led him to secure
large cessions from them for his own enrich-
ment. Examples are the Kingsborough Patent,
a tract of some sixty-six thousand acres ceded to
him by the Mohawks, which came to be known
as the Royal Grant, and a large tract secured
from the Onondaga tribe, situated on the lake
Johnson
of the same name. He was also interested in land
companies and was one of those concerned with
the Grand Ohio Company, which was organized
in 1769 and proposed to establish a colony to be
called Vandalia (A. T. Volwiler, George Cro-
ghan and the Westward Movement, 1741-1782,
1926, p. 271). In the meantime the development
of his estates in the Mohawk Valley went for-
ward. Settlement was encouraged, agriculture
developed, and live stock imported, thus trans-
forming the frontier into a rich farming com-
munity.
In 1762, Johnson removed from Fort Johnson
to a new residence, Johnson Hall, a short dis-
tance north of the settlement which became
Johnstown. During his latter years he lived the
life of a wealthy landed gentleman and man of
affairs, his manner of existence bearing more
the resemblance to that of a manorial lord than
to that of a frontiersman. He had numerous
slaves and servants and entertained freely, occa-
sionally having distinguished Europeans as his
guests. After the death of his wife, Catharine,
he took an Indian woman named Caroline, niece
of the Mohawk chief Hendrick [g.w.], into his
home as housekeeper, and she bore him three
children. She was succeeded by Molly Brant,
another Mohawk woman, sister of the chief Jo-
seph Brant [q.v.]. Molly Brant's position ap-
pears to have been one of dignity, and she and
their eight children were provided for in John-
son's will. At least two authentic contemporary
portraits of Johnson have survived (Papers, II,
pp. ix-xii). According to the recollection of
Mrs. Anne Grant (Memoirs of an American
Lady, 1808, p. 194), "he was an uncommonly
tall, well made man: with a fine countenance;
which, however, had rather an expression of
dignified sedateness, approaching to melancholy.
He appeared to be taciturn, never wasting words
on matters of no importance : but highly eloquent
when the occasion called forth his powers." He
was held in great affection by his Indian neigh-
bors, who called him "Waraghiyaghey."
An imperialist whose sympathies were un-
questionably with the Crown, Johnson had been
much disturbed by signs of the approaching con-
flict. His death occurred at a critical time, but
there is reason to suppose that his real work
was done. The system for the control of Indian
affairs of which he had dreamed and for which
he had labored so long, could have been only
temporary, at best. He did not foresee the rapid-
ity with which conditions were to be changed
by the westward march of the white settlers, but
seems rather to have visualized a static condi-
tion, with a boundary line holding back the tide
27
Johnson
of settlement; he failed to appreciate the irre-
sistible force of the white man's land hunger
which is so clearly reflected in his own career.
His real contribution to American development
was threefold : he aided in opening up the Mo-
hawk Valley to settlement ; he rendered invalu-
able service in helping to drive the French power
from North America; and following the con-
quest of Canada he did much to facilitate the
difficult transition from French to English rule
in the region north of the Ohio.
[Four biographies should be noted, A. C. Buell, Sir
William Johnson (1903); W. E. Griffis, Sir William
Johnson and the Six Nations (1891) ; W. L. Stone,
Jr., The Life and Times of Sir William Johnson, Bart.
(2 vols., 1865) ; and Arthur Pound and Richard E.
Day, Johnson of the Mohawks (1930). The last two
are much more valuable than the first two cited. The
largest body of Johnson MSS. is in the N. Y. State
Library, though the collection has been badly damaged
by fire (see R. E. Day, Calendar of the Sir William
Johnson MSS. in the N. Y. State Lib., 1909). In the
Public Archives at Ottawa are several volumes of rec-
ords of Indian affairs including letter books of Sir
William Johnson, minutes of councils, etc. Other de-
positories containing original papers are the Library
of Congress, N. Y. Public Library, Harvard Univer-
sity Library, Dartmouth College Library, Bibliotheque
Saint Sulpice, Montreal, W. L. Clements Library, Pub-
lic Record Office and British Museum, London, and the
American Antiquarian Society. Papers in the last-
named depository are calendared in Proc. Am. Antiq.
Soc, n.s., XVIII (1907). The Illinois State Historical
Lihraiy possesses transcripts of a large number of the
Johnson papers at Albany, made before the fire. Pub-
lished sources include E. B. O'Callaghan, Docs. Rel. to
the Colonial Hist, of the State of N. Y. (15 vols., 1856-
87), esp. vols. VI-VIII, X; E. B. O'Callaghan, Doc.
Hist, of the State of N. Y. (4 vols., quarto ed., 1850-
51); ///. State Hist. Lib. Colls., vols. X, XI, XVI
(191 5-21); The Papers of Sir William Johnson (7
vols, to date, 1 921-31.] W. E. S s.
JOHNSON, WILLIAM (Dec. 17, 1769-June
25, 1848), law reporter, was born in Middletown,
Conn., the third son of Asahel and Eunice (Wet-
more) Johnson. His ancestors were among the
pioneer settlers of Connecticut. His maternal
grandfather, Deacon Caleb Wetmore, a farmer
of Middletown, was a descendant of Thomas
Whitmore who came to America from England
in 1635, acquired lands at Wethersfield, and was
made a freeman at Hartford in 1652. From this
record we may infer that he was orthodox and
worth at least £200, the qualifications necessary
for a freeman. William Johnson graduated from
Yale College in 1788, studied law, and estab-
lished his practice in New York City. At the
Yale Commencement, 1793, he delivered an ora-
tion before the Phi Beta Kappa society on the
"Political Situations and Prospects of the United
States and the Nature and Effects of National
Luxury and Vice." On June 17, 1809, in New
York City, he married Maria, daughter of Oliver
and Catherine Templeton, by whom he had four
children.
Johnson
In 1806 he was appointed reporter for the
court of errors and for the supreme court of
New York, succeeding the first reporter, George
Caines [q.v.~\, who had been appointed in 1804.
He served until 1823, and by the Act of Apr. 13,
1814, making the reporter of the supreme court
the reporter of the court of chancery, he became
reporter of the latter court also. He was such
throughout the brilliant career of Chancellor
Kent. At this time the courts of the United
States were looking to England for decisions and
principles on which to establish their rules of
law. Johnson recognized that the American sys-
tem of jurisprudence was based on that of Eng-
land, yet so few of the court decisions at West-
minster Hall were applicable to American cases
that he considered it necessary to look to Amer-
ican decisions for the precedents which should
have the binding force of authority and of law.
He therefore made it his purpose to record not
only the cases of his time, but also earlier deci-
sions so far as he could obtain authentic mate-
rials. His publications include : Report of Cases
Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court
of Judicature and in the Court for Trial of Im-
peachments and Correction of Errors, Feb.
1806-Feb. 1823 (20 vols.) ; Cases Argued and
Determined in the Court for the Trial of Im-
peachments and the Correction of Errors, 1799-
1803 (3 vols., 1806-12) ; Cases of the State
Court of Chancery, March 1814-July 1823 (7
vols., 1816-24) ; Digest of Cases in the Courts of
New York, 1799-1836 (1838). He also trans-
lated from the French edition, and published in
1806, Sistema Universale dei principii del diritto
tnarittimo dell'Europa, by D. A. Azuni. In dedi-
cating his Commentaries to Johnson, Chancellor
Kent paid tribute to the value of his friendship
and of his services, and Judge Story in review-
ing Johnson's reports said of him, "He loves the
law with all his heart. . . . His reports are dis-
tinguished by the most scrupulous accuracy, good
sense, and good taste. . . . No lawyer can ever
express a better wish for his country's jurispru-
dence than that it may possess such a Chancellor
and such a reporter." (North American Review,
July 1820, pp. 164, 166.)
[B. W. Dwight, The Hist, of the Descendants of
Elder John Strong of Northampton, Mass. (1871), vol.
I ; J. C. Wetmore, The Wetmore Family of America
(1861) ; F. B. Dexter, Biog. Sketches of the Grads. of
Yale Coll., 1778-1792, vol. IV (1907) ; Chester Alden,
ed., Legal and Judicial Hist, of N. Y., vol. II (191 1) ;
E. A. Werner, Civil List and Constitutional Hist, of the
Colony and State of N. Y. (1888) ; James Kent, Com-
mentaries on American Law, vol. IV (1830).]
D.V. S.
JOHNSON, WILLIAM (Dec. 27, 1771-Aug.
4, 1834), jurist, was born in Charleston, S. C,
28
Johnson
the son of William Johnson, a prominent Revo-
lutionary leader in South Carolina, and of Sarah
(Nightingale) Johnson. His brother was Jo-
seph Johnson [q.v.~\. After graduating with hon-
ors from Princeton in 1790, William studied law
under Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and was
licensed in 1793. On Mar. 20, 1794, he married
Sarah, the sister of Gov. Thomas Bennett of
South Carolina. From 1794 to 1798 he was a
member of the lower house of the legislature and
at his last session was speaker. In that year he
was elected judge of the court of common pleas,
on which he continued to sit until 1804 when Jef-
ferson, with whom he was in close personal and
political accord, appointed him associate justice
of the Supreme Court of the United States.
As a judge Johnson's opinions showed a lean-
ing toward Federalism, though he was opposed
to the strong views of Marshall and Story. In
particular he opposed Story's tendency to extend
and enlarge admiralty jurisdiction. Some of
Johnson's opinions, such as his dissent in the
case of Bollman and Swartwout (4 Cranch, 99)
and in Fletcher vs. Peck (6 Cranch, 142), were
very able. In the latter there was some indi-
cation of the dissatisfaction with the doctrine
of the Dartmouth College case that later be-
came widespread. In many of his opinions,
however, there were confusion and lack of pre-
cision, but they are all marked by individuality
and a power of expressive phrase. When, in
1808, the collector of the port of Charleston,
in obedience to executive instructions on the
enforcement of the Embargo, refused to issue
clearance to coasting vessels, Johnson, upon
petition in the circuit court, granted a man-
damus to compel the issuance of a clearance
and in his opinion commented upon the illegal-
ity of the instructions {Ex parte Gilchrist, 5
Hughes, 5). Seeing in the decision a rebuke to
Jefferson, the Federalists applauded Johnson
and gave the case wide publicity. Jefferson,
greatly surprised and somewhat disturbed at
Johnson's remarks, referred the matter to At-
torney-General Caesar A. Rodney, who prepared
an opinion attacking the decision. Johnson re-
plied by reiterating his conviction of the ille-
gality of the President's orders to the collector
and his satisfaction in his own course of action.
Later, in the decision of another case, the Su-
preme Court affirmed the correctness of Rod-
ney's opinion. The relations of Johnson and Jef-
ferson, contrary to the usual account, remained
friendly in spite of this disagreement. In 1824
Johnson became involved in another judicial
controversy. In his opinion in a case in the cir-
cuit court for South Carolina, which involved
Joh
nson
the question of commerce in slaves, he upheld
federal control of commerce in the broadest
sense and opposed the doctrine of secession. The
bitter resentment felt in South Carolina brought
from Marshall the comment, "Our brother John-
son . . . has hung himself on a democratic snag
in a hedge composed entirely of thorny State-
Rights in South Carolina" (Warren, post, II,
86; Malone, post, p. 286). It was probably with
these incidents in mind that Johnson, who was
strongly opposed to nullification, removed to
Pennsylvania in 1833. He died under an opera-
tion in Brooklyn a year later.
Johnson wrote Sketches of the Life and Cor-
respondence of Nathanael Greene (1822) which
called forth a good deal of criticism, especially in
regard to certain reflections upon James Wilson
of Pennsylvania, which, however, he immedi-
ately retracted when proof of his error was
brought to his attention. In 1826 he published a
Eidogy of Thomas Jefferson, and, as a member
of the American Philosophical Society, wrote
frequently for its meetings. He was modest and
retiring, but utterly fearless and withal genial
and warm-hearted. He scarcely deserved the
characteristically acid comment of John Quincy
Adams that he was "a restless, turbulent, hot-
headed, politician caballing Judge" (Adams,
post, V, 43) or that of Thomas Cooper that he
was "a conceited man without talents."
[Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in United
States History (3 vols., 1922) ; H. L. Carson, The
Supreme Court of the United States (1891) ; Memoirs
of J. Q. Adams, ed. by C. F. Adams, vols. IV-VII, XI
,(1875-76) ; 5". C. Hist, and Geneal. Mag., Apr. 1907,
Apr. 1912, Oct. 1916, Apr. 1921 ; Dumas Malone, The
Public Life of Thos. Cooper, 1783-18 39 (1926) ; Am.
Hist. Rev., Jan. 1898.] J.G.deR.H.
JOHNSON, WILLIAM BULLEIN (June
13, 1782-Oct. 2, 1862), Baptist preacher, a pio-
neer educator in South Carolina, son of Joseph
and Mary (Bullein) Johnson, was born in Beau-
fort County, S. C. His early education was de-
fective, but by persistent personal effort he ac-
quired considerable learning. Brown University
recognized his attainments by conferring upon
him in 1814 the honorary degree of A.M. He
studied law, but never practised. In 1803 he
married Henrietta Kelsall Hornby. The follow-
ing year he was converted at Beaufort, was li-
censed to preach by the Beaufort church in Janu-
ary 1805, and ordained pastor of the Euhaw
Baptist church in January 1806. For the most
part, as a pastor he devoted himself to country
and village churches, doing much itinerant evan-
gelizing, both on his own initiative and as an
appointee of organized bodies.
In 1809 he moved to Columbia to study in the
I 29
Johnson
South Carolina College but was soon absorbed
in preaching. He founded the First Baptist
Church and erected its first house of worship,
which was dedicated in 1811. From 181 1 to
1815 he was pastor of the First Baptist Church,
Savannah, Ga. He returned to Columbia but in
1822 removed to Greenville to become principal
of the Greenville Female Academy, a position
which he held until 1830. He led in founding
the First Baptist Church and in the erection of
its first house of worship, and acted as its first
pastor till 1830. In the meantime he was actively
interested in the larger movements of the de-
nomination. He participated in the organization
of the American Baptist Missionary Society in
1814, and was chosen its president in 1841. He
was a leader in the formation of the South Caro-
lina Baptist State Convention in 1821, assisted
in drafting its constitution and by-laws, wrote
the very able "Address" to the denomination,
and traveled over the state explaining and de-
fending this innovation. He was vice-president
from 1821 to 1825 and president from 1825 till
1852, when he declined reelection on account of
ill health. When Furman Academy and Theo-
logical Institution, now Furman University, was
projected, he was leader in the movement. He
secured its charter, introduced it to the public,
selected its first principal, and during the first
uncertain twenty-five years of its history was
its chief guide. He was long a trustee of the in-
stitution and most of its public documents of a
non-legal character were written by him.
In 1830 he became pastor of the Edgefield Vil-
lage Church, a position which, with the excep-
tion of the year 1845, he held until 1852. For
at least a part of this time he was also principal
of the Edgefield Female Academy. During the
thirty years from 1822 to 1852 he was often
moderator of the Saluda and Edgefield Associa-
tions, frequently preparing their public commu-
nications, and stimulating their benevolent and
missionary undertakings. He was in hearty
sympathy with the movement to organize the
Southern Baptist Convention in 1845 ar>d was
president from 1845 to 1852. His name appears
first among its incorporators and his voice was
influential in the formulation of its constitution
and by-laws. In 1848 at Anderson, S. C, he was
instrumental in the founding of Johnson Female
Seminary, the title of which was changed in
1852 to Johnson Female University, when a re-
markable effort was made to establish a real uni-
versity for the education of women. He now
moved to Anderson to become chancellor of the
University and president of its board. Failing
health compelled him to resign in the late fifties,
Johnson
and he returned to Greenville to spend the re-
mainder of his life. In i860 he effected the or-
ganization of the Greenville Association on the
basis of support for missions and education.
[Minutes of the S. C. Bapt. State Convention, the
Southern Bapt. Convention, the Triennial Convention,
and the Charleston, Edgefield, Saluda, and Greenville
Associations; sermons and addresses (MSS.) ; files of
the Greenville Republican, The Mountaineer, The Bap-
tist Courier; Mrs. J. L. Mims, manuscript history of
Edgefield Bapt. Ch. ; W. J. McGlothlin, Bapt. Begin-
nings in Educ., a Hist, of Furman Univ. (1926).]
W.J.M.
JOHNSON, WILLIAM RANSOM (1782-
Feb. 10, 1849), known as "The Napoleon of the
Turf," was born in Warren County, N. C, the
son of Marmaduke and Elizabeth (Ransom)
Johnson. On his mother's side he was descended
from ancestors established in Elizabeth City
County, Va., as early as 1652. Reared in a re-
gion where horse-racing was the major sport of
the planters, he early displayed an extraordinary
aptitude for the training of thoroughbreds, and
while he was still quite young undertook the
management of his father's stables. About 1803
he married Mary Evans, daughter of Dr. George
Evans of "Oakland," on the Appomattox River
in Chesterfield County, near Petersburg, Va.
When he was twenty-five he was elected to rep-
resent Warren County in the North Carolina
House of Representatives and served from 1807
to 18 14, with the exception of the year 1809.
Meanwhile, he had established stables at "Oak-
land" and commenced his notable career on the
Virginia turf. About 1816, influenced by his
wife and his friend John Randolph of Roanoke,
he moved his residence to Virginia and embarked
upon a mercantile venture in Petersburg, but a
few years later settled permanently at "Oak-
land." He sat in the Virginia House of Dele-
gates from Petersburg, 1818-20, and from Ches-
terfield County, 1821-22, and was reelected for
the following term, but resigned his seat to en-
ter the state Senate, where he served until 1826.
He was in the House again, 1828-30, and from
1833 to 1837, when he resigned.
The vestiges of Johnson's training track at
"Oakland" may still be seen. He bred horses to
some extent, but his main interest was in train-
ing and running them. After successfully racing
Sir Archy and Pacolet (between 1808 and
1813), he sold them at long prices to win greater
renown in the stud than they had won on the
track. In 1816, in a match race at Washington,
D. C, he defeated Tuckahoe with Vanity and
won $30,000. Match races were the order of the
day, and in such contests the owners of the re-
spective entries frequently had partners who
shared the profits or losses. Johnson's fame as
I30
Johnson
a manager of such affairs grew with the passing
years ; so that in 1823 when the long series of
North and South matches began, he became by
common consent the leader and manager for the
South in the first race ; and in practically all the
thirty contests to 1834. In nearly all these con-
tests Johnson was the largest stockholder on his
side. The South won seventeen of the thirty
races. In four of the five most famous North
and South matches, of which the South won
three, Johnson was manager for the South.
In 1823 his entry, Henry, lost to American
Eclipse. In 1825 he defeated Ariel with Flirtilla,
owned by William Wynn of Virginia. In 1836
he defeated Post Boy with John Bascombe,
owned by John Crowell of Alabama. In 1842 he
lost with Boston, owned jointly by himself and
James Long of Washington, D. C, in his race
with Fashion. The Ariel-Flirtilla race was of
three-mile heats; each of the other races of four-
mile heats. The Post Boy-John Bascombe race
was for a stake of $5,000 ; each of the other races,
for $20,000. All four were run on the Union
Course, Long Island, and were witnessed by vast
multitudes assembled from both sections of the
country.
The leading turfman of America for a gen-
eration, Johnson was noted for his "rare good
sense," his executive ability, and his "great
amiability of character." In later life, with his
strong features and leonine shock of white hair,
he was of striking appearance. His portrait was
painted by Sully and by Inman. He died sudden-
ly, of influenza, at Mobile, Ala., while racing,
and was buried at "Oakland."
[The Spirit of the Times, July 27, Sept. 14, 1839,
Feb. 24, 1849, and files, passim; files of the Am. Turf
Reg. and Sporting Mag., 1829-44, esp. issues of June
and Sept. 1832; Balie Peyton's "Reminiscences of the
Turf," Rural San (Nashville, Tenn.), 1872-73 ; H. W.
Herbert, Frank Forester's Horse and Horsemanship
of the U. S. (1857), I, 276, 292 and passim ; C. E. Tre-
vathan, The Am. Thoroughbred (1905) ; J. D. Ander-
son, Making the Am. Thoroughbred (1916); W. C.
Bruce, John Randolph of Roanoke (2 vols., 1922) ;
Mary N. Stanard, Richmond : Its People and Its Story
(1923) ; Fairfax Harrison. The Roanoke Stud (1930) ;
Legislative Manual and Political Reg. of the State of
N. C, 1874; E. G. Swem and J. W. Williams, A Reg.
of the Gen. Assembly of Va. (1918) ; records in pos-
session of Mrs. W. W. Morton of Richmond, Va. ; in-
formation as to certain facts from Mrs. M. M. Baldwin
of Birmingham, Ala., and from Fairfax Harrison, Esq.]
J.D.A.
JOHNSON, WILLIAM SAMUEL (Oct. 7,
1727-Nov. 14, 1819), statesman and jurist, was
born in Stratford, Conn., where he lived during
most of his life. His father was Samuel Johnson
[q.v.~], the well-known Anglican clergyman,
Berkeleian philosopher, and first president of
King's College, New York. His mother, Char-
ity, the daughter of Col. Richard Floyd of Long
Johnson
Island and the widow of Benjamin Nicoll,
brought to the Johnsons important New York
connections. Under the skilful tuition of his fa-
ther the younger Johnson was prepared for Yale,
where he was graduated in 1744; three years
later, he received the degree of A.M. from Har-
vard. His father hoped he would enter the min-
istry and for a time he served as a lay reader ;
but he finally turned to the law. Without formal
training, he made effective use of the legal ma-
terial then available and before long became a
recognized leader at the bar, drawing clients
from New York, as well as in his own state.
Meantime he was also getting into public serv-
ice. In 1753 he appears in the records of Con-
necticut as ensign in a Stratford company, and
he was advanced in later years to higher grades
in the militia. In 1761 and 1765 he represented
Stratford in the House of Representatives, and
in 1766 he became an Assistant, or member of
the upper house, retaining his membership until
the outbreak of the Revolution. Ezra Stiles,
later president of Yale, observed (F. B. Dexter,
Extracts from the Itineraries . . . of Ezra Stiles,
1916, p. 64) that Johnson was "the first Epis-
copalian ever bro't into the Council," a circum-
stance due, in part at least, to his pleasing per-
sonality and conciliatory temper. A few years
before, he had advised his father to "stand per-
fectly neuter" in the controversy then raging be-
tween the New York Presbyterians and the An-
glican promoters of King's College. Comment-
ing on his son's advice, the old Doctor suggested
that "even caution, one of the best things in the
world, may be carried too far" (Beardsley, Life
and Correspondence of Samuel Johnson, pp.
192-94).
To a man of Johnson's inheritance, tempera-
ment, and social position, the problems of the
Revolutionary era were peculiarly difficult. His
marriage, on Nov. 5, 1749, to Anne Beach,
daughter of a prosperous Stratford citizen and
niece of an Anglican clergyman who subsequent-
ly became an aggressive Loyalist, strengthened
his association with the conservative elements in
colonial society. One of his most intimate cor-
respondents was Jared Ingersoll who served as
collector under the Stamp Act of 1765. For a
time, however, Johnson took an active part in
the opposition to parliamentary taxation and
went as a Connecticut delegate to the Stamp Act
Congress. He was on the committee which
drafted the address to the King and seems to
have been on confidential terms with James Otis
(Beardsley, Life and Times of William Samuel
Johnson, p. 195). While his political attitude
was popular at home, the honorary doctorate in
l31
Johnson
Johnson
law which he received from Oxford in 1766 in-
dicated transatlantic connections of some im-
portance, and in the same year he was appointed
colonial agent in London. On this mission
(1767-71), he had to defend the Connecticut title
to the Mohegan lands, then in litigation before
the Privy Council, and in cooperation with Eng-
lish lawyers he prepared the way for a favorable
settlement. Another legal issue was that between
Pennsylvania and the Susquehanna Company of
Connecticut involving the territorial claims of
the latter colony under its "sea-to-sea" charter.
The company played an important role in Con-
necticut politics ; but Johnson tried to keep the
colony out of litigation in England, which might
prove embarrassing at this time, and the issue
remained unsettled until after the Revolution.
Connecticut was also concerned with other col-
onies in maintaining American claims against
Parliamentary encroachments. Johnson's letters
show that he was a moderate Whig, supporting
the non-importation agreements in opposition to
the Townshend Acts. He observed that Lord
Hillsborough, the new colonial secretary, had
"loose, mistaken notions" ; but he was also skep-
tical about the opposition leaders. His contacts
abroad were not exclusively legal or political.
His father's reputation, as well as his own per-
sonal qualities, brought him into relations with
influential churchmen and other outstanding per-
sonages. Among the English celebrities whom
he met was Samuel Johnson, who subsequently
wrote to his friend in Connecticut : "Of all those
whom the various accidents of life have brought
within my notice, there is scarce any one whose
acquaintance I have more desired to cultivate
than yours" (Beardsley, William Samuel John-
son, pp. 99-100). On the question of American
bishops, ardently advocated by his father and
other Anglican friends but strongly opposed by
most of his Connecticut constituents, Johnson
had a difficult course to steer. Personally sym-
pathetic with the plan, he found little support for
it among English politicians. In any case, he as-
sured Governor Trumbull, an American bishop
would not interfere with dissenters but would
be confined to such purely ecclesiastical func-
tions as ordination and confirmation. "More
than this," wrote Johnson, "would be thought
rather disadvantageous than beneficial, and /
assure you would be opposed by no man with
more zeal than myself" (Beardsley, The History
of the Episcopal Church in Connecticut, I, 266).
On Johnson's return home, he was publicly
thanked by the Assembly, reelected to the Coun-
cil and made a judge of the superior court. It
was soon evident, however, that he was out of
sympathy with the radical Whigs. While abroad,
he had criticized the extremists on both sides and
maintained that such men as his friend Ingersoll
were entitled to official preferment, notwith-
standing their unpopularity in America. In 1772
Johnson himself was an aspirant for office under
the Crown. His letters show that he dreaded
the consequences of political separation for
America as well as for the mother country. On
the other hand, his prominence in Connecticut
politics led to his election (1774) as a delegate
to the Continental Congress. He declined to
serve, pleading a professional engagement; but
there were other reasons also. He believed the
Congress would "tend to widen the breach al-
ready much too great between the parent state
and her colonies" ; there would be little room
"for moderate men or moderate measures" and
"with no others," would he "be concerned"
(Johnson to Latrobe, July 25, 1774, and Johnson
to Jackson, Aug. 30, 1774, in the Johnson MSS.,
Connecticut Historical Society). He was sharp-
ly criticized for allowing a private engagement
to interfere with a paramount public interest,
and there was talk of dropping him from the
Council, but he was continued for another year.
After the fighting at Lexington and Concord,
the Connecticut Assembly decided (Apr. 26,
l77S) to send Johnson, with Erastus Wolcott,
to confer with General Gage about a possible
suspension of hostilities. They met Gage but
were afterward called to account by the Massa-
chusetts Provincial Congress and on their re-
turn home found that the dominant radical party
was in no mood to continue such negotiations.
Johnson was now dropped from the Council and
went into retirement at Stratford. In the sum-
mer of 1779, however, he was again brought into
unwelcome prominence. Alarmed by British
raids along the Connecticut coast, his Stratford
neighbors asked him to intercede with the Brit-
ish commanders and though no communication
was probably opened with the enemy, enough
had been done to excite the suspicions of the
American commanders. Johnson was placed
under arrest, but he was fortunately permitted
to confer with Governor Trumbull at Lebanon,
where he presented a formal statement denying
any attempt to correspond with the enemy, or
any other proceedings, "in prejudice of the
rights and liberties of this State" ; he claimed,
on the contrary, to have encouraged enlistments.
After much debate and after he had taken the
oath of fidelity to the state, he was released.
Evidently Johnson's conservatism did not
wholly alienate even his political opponents.
During the year 1779-80 he was suggested by
132
Johnson
President Joseph Reed of Pennsylvania as a
suitable head for the college at Philadelphia ; and
though the plan fell through, Johnson discussed
it with President Stiles (February 1780). Stiles
observed that Johnson seemed to find "no in-
superable difficulty" in the renunciation of royal
authority (F. B. Dexter, The Literary Diary of
Ezra Stiles, 1901, II, 398, 401, 416). Two years
later he was one of the Connecticut counsel be-
fore the congressional board of arbitration in the
Susquehanna dispute with Pennsylvania. The
case was decided unanimously in favor of Penn-
sylvania, December 1782; Joseph Reed, who had
complimented Johnson as a good speaker and
"a man of candour," considered his closing ar-
gument ineffective (W. B. Reed, The Life and
Correspondence of Joseph Reed, 1847, II, 389-
91). In 1784 Johnson was elected to the Confed-
eration Congress, taking his seat in January
1785 and continuing his service in 1786 and
1787. Of his standing there S. P. Webb wrote
to his friend Jeremiah Wadsworth in March
1785 : "Dr. Johnson has, I believe, much more
influence than either you or myself. . . . The
Southern Delegates are vastly fond of him"
(Charles Warren, The Making of the Constitu-
tion, 1929, p. 254, note).
The crowning event in Johnson's career was
his work in the Federal Convention, of which
he was one of the most generally respected mem-
bers. He is best described by the Georgia dele-
gate, William Pierce. "Johnson," writes Pierce,
"possesses the manners of a Gentleman and en-
gages the Hearts of Men by the sweetness of his
temper, and that affectionate style of address
with which he accosts his acquaintance." A dis-
tinguished lawyer, he was also reputed "one of
the first classics in America." Pierce thought
Johnson's oratory had been overrated but agreed
that he was "eloquent and clear, — always abound-
ing with information and instruction," of "a very
strong and enlightened understanding" (Max
Farrand, Records of the Federal Convention,
191 1, III, 88). Johnson's diary shows that he
did not miss a single day of the Convention from
his first attendance (June 2) until the adjourn-
ment. A letter to his son (June 27) commends
his colleagues for their "information and elo-
quence," also their "great temperance, candor,
and moderation" (Ibid., Ill, 49-50). Johnson's
best-known contributions in the Convention are
his part in the compromise on representation,
and his service as member and spokesman of the
important Committee of Style. His speeches on
representation were certainly among the most
important in the debate between the large and
small states (Ibid., 1, 355-477, especially 461-62).
J oh
nson
In general Johnson favored the extension of
federal authority. He argued that the judicial
power "ought to extend to equity as well as law"
and the words "in law and equity" were adopted
on his motion. He denied that there could be
treason against a particular state even under the
existing confederation, "the Sovereignty being
in the Union." He also opposed the prohibition
of ex post facto laws as "implying an improper
suspicion of the National Legislature" {Ibid.,
II, 346-47, 376, 428). He was one of the two
Connecticut signers of the Constitution and
worked effectively for ratification. In the state
convention he emphasized the new sanction es-
tablished in the federal system, which formed
"one new nation out of the individual States.
. . . The force, which is to be employed, is the
energy of Law ; and this force is to operate only
upon individuals, who fail in their duty to their
country" (B. C. Steiner, "Connecticut's Ratifi-
cation of the Federal Constitution," Proceedings
of the American Antiquarian Society, n.s., vol.
XXV, 1915, p. 112). Johnson was one of the
first two senators from Connecticut but retired
in 1791 when the transfer of the capital to Phila-
delphia made this service hardly compatible with
his duties to Columbia College. He took an ac-
tive part in shaping the Judiciary Act of 1789,
though he was not a member of the committee
which reported it. Maclay, who distrusted law-
yers and New Englanders, noted Johnson's en-
thusiasm for English jurisprudence, and his de-
fense of the equity jurisdiction of the federal
judiciary. Though he supported the chief Ham-
iltonian measures, he was one of the ten senators
who voted against giving the president the power
to remove a cabinet officer without senatorial
concurrence.
As the first president of Columbia College
(1787-1800), Johnson gave it the prestige of
his distinguished public career, a reputation for
scholarship, and a paternal interest in young
men. By the close of his administration, the col-
lege was on a solid footing, with some new chairs
including that in law, first held by James Kent.
Though his election to the presidency was a de-
parture from the traditional practice of choosing
college presidents from the clergy, he was one
of the outstanding laymen of the Anglican com-
munion and a valued counselor in the organiza-
tion of the church under its new American epis-
copate. As president, he maintained, though not
in a sectarian spirit, the religious tradition of
the old college. Retiring from the presidency
on account of ill health, he returned to Strat-
ford. His first wife having died in 1796, he mar-
ried, Dec. 11, 1800, Mary (Brewster) Beach, a
1 33
Johnson
connection of his first wife. Surviving most of
his pre-Revolutionary associates, he lived to a
ripe old age. He was, wrote Asher Robbins, "in
person, the tout ensembl'e of a perfect man, in
face, form and proportion" (Wilkins Updike,
Memoirs of the Rhode Island Bar, 1842, p. 209).
[E. E. Beardsley, Life and Times of Wm. Samuel
Johnson (1876), was based largely on manuscript
sources, is generally accurate, and contains some let-
ters. It is, however, eulogistic, and inadequate as an
interpretation of Johnson's political career. The briefer
accounts are largely based on Beardsley. Useful also
are : Beardsley 's Life and Correspondence of Samuel
Johnson, D.D. (1874), and his History of the Episcopal
Church in Conn. (2 vols., 1866-68) ; Herbert and Carol
Schneider, Samuel Johnson, President of King's Coll.:
His Career and Writings (4 vols., 1929) ; L. H.Gipson,
Jarcd Ingersoll (1920) ; \V. G. Andrews, "Wm. Samuel
Johnson and the Making of the Constitution," Ann.
Report of the Fairfield County Hist. Soc., 1889 ; and
Evarts B. Greene, "Wm. Samuel Johnson and the Am.
Revolution," Columbia Univ. Quart., June 1930. Prime
sources for his official career are The Pub. Records of
the Colony of Conn., vols. X-XV (1877-90) and The
Pub. Records of the State of Conn. (3 vols., 1894-
1922). Much material for the future biographer is still
in manuscript in various depositories, including the
libraries of Yale and Columbia Universities, the New
York Public Library (Bancroft transcripts), the Con-
necticut Historical Society, and the Library of Con-
gress. See Max Farrand, "The Papers of the Johnson
Family of Conn.," Proc. Am. Antiquarian Soc, n.s.
vol. XXIII (1913). The chief printed collection of
Johnson's letters is in "Trumbull Papers," Mass. Hist.
Soc. Colls., 5 ser., vol. IX (1885) ; next in importance
is the selected correspondence of Jared Ingersoll in the
Papers of the New Haven Colony Hist. Soc, vol. IX
(1918). A portrait of Johnson painted in 1793 by Gil-
bert Stuart was reproduced in the Antiquarian, Nov.
1929. Other copies are in the possession of Columbia
University, Yale University, and Trinity College, Hart-
ford-l E.B.G.
JOHNSON, WILLIAM WOOLSEY (June
23, 1841-May 14, 1927), mathematician, the son
of Charles Frederick Johnson, a lawyer and
land owner at Owego, N. Y., and Sarah Dwight
(Woolsey) Johnson, came of distinguished an-
cestry. He was a descendant of Jonathan Ed-
wards, 1703-1758 [q.vJ], and Sarah Pierpont,
his wife; of Dr. Samuel Johnson, 1696-1772
[<?.£'.], the first president of King's College (now
Columbia University), and of his son William
Samuel Johnson, 1727-1819 [_q.v."\, one of the
framers of the Constitution of the United States
and the first president of the reorganized (1787)
Columbia College. William Woolsey Johnson
was graduated at Yale in 1862, at the age of
twenty-one, and at once became connected with
the United States Nautical Almanac office. Af-
ter two years of service there he became an in-
structor in mathematics at the Naval Academy,
Newport, R. I., and in 1865 moved with the
school to Annapolis, where he remained until
1870, meantime (1868) receiving the degree of
master of arts from his Alma Mater. On Aug.
12, 1869, he married Susannah Leverett Batchel-
Johnson
ler of Annapolis. After teaching at Kenyon Col-
lege, Ohio (1870-72), and at St. John's College,
Md. (1872-81), he returned to Annapolis as
professor of mathematics, to remain there the
rest of his active life. In 191 3, through a special
act of Congress, he was commissioned lieutenant
in the navy, and in 1921 was retired with the
rank of commodore. He was a founder member
of the American Mathematical Society, and a
member of the London Mathematical Society
and various other learned organizations.
Johnson was one of the best-known of the ex-
pository mathematicians of his time, chiefly be-
cause of his numerous contributions to mathe-
matical literature which helped to arouse inter-
est in mathematical studies. He wrote a con-
siderable number of textbooks, including An
Elementary Treatise on Analytical Geometry
(1869) ; The Elements of Differential and In-
tegral Calculus Founded on the Methods of Rates
or Fluxions (3 vols., 1874-76, with later revi-
sions), in collaboration with J. Minot Rice; An
Elementary Treatise on the Integral Calculus
Founded on the Method of Rates or Fluxions
( 1881 ) ; Curve Tracing in Cartesian Coordinates
( 1884) ; A Treatise of Ordinary and Partial Dif-
ferential Equations (1889) ! The Theory of Er-
rors and Method of Least Squares (1890) ; and
An Elementary Treatise on Theoretical Mechan-
ics (2 pts., 1900-01 ; 1 vol. ed., 1901). He also
wrote several monographs, including "Numeral
transcendents, Sn and sn = Sn — 1," m Bulle-
tin of the American Mathematical Society (vol.
XII, 1906, p. 477) ; "On Napier's Circular
Parts" (Messenger of Mathematics, February
1919) ; "General Case of Circular Parts" (Ibid.,
September 1920) ; "On Rules Derived by Com-
position from Cotes's Rules for Approximate
Quadrature" (Quarterly Journal of Pure and
Applied Mathematics, July 1912).
[Yale University Obit. Record, 1927 ; W. R. Cutter,
Gencal. and Family Hist, of the State of Conn. (1911),
vol. I ; L. W. Kingman, Owego : Some Account of the
Early Settlement of the Village (1907); Who's Who
in America, 1920—21; The Sun (Baltimore), May 15,
1927; N. Y. Times, May 16, 1927; Army and Navy
Jour., May 21, 1927.] D. E. S.
JOHNSON, WILLIS FLETCHER (Oct. 7,
1857-Mar. 28, 1931), editor, was born in New
York City, the son of William Johnson, an ar-
chitect of English birth who had come to the
United States in 1830 and was associated with
Richard Upjohn \_q.v.~\ in the construction of
Trinity Church ; his mother was Althea (Coles)
Johnson, a descendant of early New England
settlers. After private education at his parents'
home, "Firleigh Hall," near Summit, N. J., and
at Pennington Seminary, he entered the Univer-
134
Johnson
sity of the City of New York (now New York
University) and took his degree with the class
of 1879 (Records of New York University). In
that same year he joined the New York Daily
Witness, and in 1880 went to the New York
Tribune. His service with the Tribune lasted
till his death and exceeded in length that of any
other editorial worker in the paper's history.
In 1887 he became day editor, and in 1894, edi-
torial writer, a position which he thereafter held
continuously except for three years, 1917-20,
when he was literary editor. He was noted for
the encyclopedic range of his writing. Numer-
ous papers by him appeared in the North Amer-
ican Review, of which he was contributing editor
for some years beginning in 1914. When George
Harvey [q.v.^ founded the North American Re-
view's War Weekly in 1918, later called Har-
vey's Weekly, Johnson was its principal writer,
and a vehement critic of the Wilson adminis-
tration.
Despite his assiduous journalistic work, he
devoted much time to other interests. An ardent
Republican, he made political speeches in four-
teen national campaigns. He was actively inter-
ested in civil-service reform, and served as pres-
ident of the New Jersey State Civil Service Com-
mission from 1908 to 1912. This was his only
public office, though during President Taft's ad-
ministration he made a confidential survey of the
United States Assay Office in New York, which
resulted in a drastic reorganization. His attach-
ment to New York University found expression
in unstinted labors. He was a member of the
University council from 1898 till his death, and
of its executive committee from 1914 to 1926,
serving also on various standing committees.
He frequently lectured there and, beginning in
1913, held the post of honorary professor of
American foreign relations. In 1901 he was
biographical editor of Nezv York University, in
Chamberlain's Universities and Their Sons. For
one year, 1923, he was an instructor in the Pu-
litzer School of Journalism.
He was a prolific writer. His first book was
History of the Johnstown Flood (1889), of
which more than 250,000 copies were sold in
three months. He also produced popular biog-
raphies of James G. Blaine, William Tecumseh
Sherman, and Henry M. Stanley, none of which
he thought was of high importance. He was in-
terested in lexicography, and proudly recalled
that he was a collateral descendant of Dr. Sam-
uel Johnson, but published nothing in that field.
As products of his belief in expansion overseas,
he produced A Century of Expansion (1903)
and Four Centuries of the Panama Canal
Johnston
(1906). His most important work was Amer-
ica's Foreign Relations (1916), in two large
volumes, which lacked analytical quality but
showed independent research. Of his later pub-
lications, America and the Great War (1917)
was frankly journalistic, but his George Harvey
(1929) reflects his intimate friendship with the
fellow editor and contains matter of permanent
value on American political history. He was a
religious man and for many years was a lay
preacher in the Methodist Episcopal Church,
though its prohibition policy became highly re-
pugnant to him. In 1878 he had married Sue
Rockhill, of Tuckerton, N. J.
[TV. Y. Herald Tribune, Mar. 29, 1931, and editorial,
Ibid., Mar. 30, 1931 ; Who's Who in America, 1930-
31 ; N. Y. Univ., in Universities and Their Sons, men-
tioned above ; proceedings of the Council of New York
University, May 5, 1931.] A.N.
JOHNSTON, ALBERT SIDNEY (Feb. 2,
1803-Apr. 6, 1862), soldier, youngest son of Dr.
John and Abigail (Harris) Johnston, was born
at Washington, Mason County, Ky. His grand-
father, Archibald Johnston of Salisbury, Conn.,
was a captain in a New York regiment during
the Revolution. Johnston studied under private
tutors, and attended school in western Virginia
and at Transylvania University, excelling in
mathematics and Latin. His half-brother, Josiah,
had him appointed to the United States Military
Academy in 1822. There he was universally
liked. He won mathematical honors and, as a
first-classman, was corps adjutant. Upon grad-
uation, he was brevetted second lieutenant, 2nd
Infantry ; and during 1826 he served at Sackett's
Harbor, N. Y. He was later commissioned sec-
ond lieutenant and joined the 6th Infantry at
Jefferson Barracks, Mo., June 1, 1827. As regi-
mental adjutant he participated in the Black
Hawk War. On Jan. 20, 1829, he married Hen-
rietta Preston. They had three children, one of
whom died in infancy. Because of his wife's
illness, Johnston resigned his commission, Apr.
24, 1834. After her death, Aug. 12, 1835, he tried
farming near St. Louis but soon gave it up, went
to Texas, and enlisted as a private in the Texan
army. Over six feet tall, straight as an arrow,
broad-shouldered, with massive chest, square
jaws, and piercing eyes that bespoke his determi-
nation, he suited this frontier.
General Rusk, commander of the army of
Texas, appointed him adjutant-general, Aug. 5,
1836, and, as senior brigadier-general, he as-
sumed command of the army, Jan. 31, 1837. This
appointment aroused the jealousy of Felix Hus-
ton, who challenged Johnston to a duel ana seri-
ously wounded him. Appointed on Dec. 22, 1838,
135
Johnston
as secretary of war for the Republic of Texas, he
helped to free the Texan borders from Indian
raids. Incidentally, his vigor against the Chero-
kees incurred Gen. Sam Houston's displeasure.
He resigned Mar. i, 1840, returned for a time to
Kentucky, and, on Oct. 3, 1843, married Eliza
Griffin, his first wife's cousin. Two of their chil-
dren lived to maturity. He bought "China
Grove" in Brazoria County, Tex., which caused
him considerable financial distress. When the
Mexican War started he was commissioned
colonel, 1st Texas Rifle Volunteers, and served
at Monterey under General Butler as inspector
general. The next three years he farmed at
"China Grove." On Dec. 2, 1849, ne was com-
missioned paymaster, United States Army, and
was detailed along the dangerous Texan frontier,
where he served until appointed colonel of the
2nd Cavalry ; he assumed command of the De-
partment of Texas on Apr. 2, 1856. From 1858
to i860, as brevet brigadier-general, he served
in Utah, quelling a threatened Mormon uprising
without resorting to force.
He sailed from New York, Dec. 21, i860, for
San Francisco, took command of the Department
of the Pacific, and for three months creditably
executed his duties. When Texas seceded he re-
signed his commission, Apr. to, 1861, but con-
tinued in command until his successor, General
Sumner, arrived, Apr. 25, 1861. Johnston's un-
impeachable character was not comprehended in
some quarters and a rumor had spread that he
was plotting to deliver California to the Con-
federacy. When he heard this falsehood, John-
ston was thoroughly enraged. He harbored no
desire to incite civil strife, instead he sought se-
clusion at Los Angeles. Tardily realizing its er-
ror, the Federal government asked Johnston to
reconsider, offering him command second only
to Scott, but he refused.
Weary of the surveillance he was subjected to,
Johnston committed his family to his brother-in-
law, Dr. John S. Griffin, and, joining Alonso
Ridley's company, journeyed overland, back to
the South. He had had no communication or un-
derstanding with Confederate leaders prior to
making this move. Joining Jefferson Davis in
Richmond, he was appointed general in the Con-
federate army, and assigned to command the
Western Department. He seized Bowling Green,
Ky., called for troops, and began to form and
drill an army. His greatest difficulty then, and
afterward, was in securing enough troops ; in-
variably his enemy outnumbered him, two to
one. At Mill Spring, Jan. 19, 1862, through dis-
obedience to his orders, part of Johnston's com-
mand was defeated by General Thomas. In rapid
Johnston
succession, other units lost Fort Henry, Feb. 6,
1862, and, on Feb. 16, 1862, Fort Donelson.
Johnston now temporarily withdrew to the vicin-
ity of Nashville. When Buell captured that city,
Feb. 25, 1862, Johnston retreated to Murfrees-
borough, and thence to Corinth. After the loss of
Henry and Donelson, Davis was implored to re-
place Johnston. He replied: "If Sidney John-
ston is not a general, I have none" (Battles and
Leaders of the Civil War, I, 550).
By Mar. 25, 1862, concentrations at Corinth
were complete. Johnston planned to defeat Grant
before Buell could join him. The Federals at
Shiloh Church, near Pittsburg Landing, held a
strong natural position with a numerically su-
perior force. On Apr. 3, 1862, Johnston moved
from Corinth, and on Sunday, Apr. 6, he struck.
With Bragg, Hardee, Polk, and Breckinridge as
corps commanders, Johnston drove everything be-
fore him, turning first one position then another,
until the Federals, with both flanks turned and
center broken, were driven back to the Tennessee
River in complete rout. In his moment of tri-
umph, Johnston was struck, an artery being sev-
ered in his leg, and he bled to death. With him
went one of the greatest hopes of the Confed-
eracy. Jefferson Davis spoke for the South when
he said : "It may safely be asserted that our loss
is irreparable and that among the shining hosts
of the great and good who now cluster about the
banner of our country," there exists no purer
spirit, no more heroic soul, than that of the illus-
trious man whose death I join you in lamenting"
(Journal of the Congress of the Confederate
States of America, II, 1904, p. 136).
His body was carried to New Orleans and
temporarily entombed. In January 1867, Texas
claimed him and his remains were carried to
Austin for burial. Stops were made at Galveston
and Houston where his friends, prevented by
General Sheridan's order from honoring him
with a military funeral procession, showed their
devotion to his memory by silently following his
body as it was carried through the streets.
tWm. P. Johnston, The Life of Gen. Albert Sidney
Johnston (1878), and The Johnstons of Salisbury
(1897) ; sketch by Frank Schaller in his translation of
Marmont's The Spirit of Military Institutions (Co-
lumbia, S. C, 1864); War of the Rebellion: Official
Records (Army) ; F. B. Heitman, Hist. Reg. of the U.
S. Army (1890) ; G. W. Cullum, Biog. Reg. of the Of-
ficers and Grads. of the U. S. Mil. Acad. (3rd ed.,
1891) ; Battles and Leaders of the Ciin'l War (4 vols.,
1887-88) ; Confcd. Mil. Hist. (1899), I, 642-44; Sou.
Hist. Soc. Papers, Sept. 1878, June 1883 ; Quart, of the
Tex. State Hist. Asso., Apr. 1907.] C. C. B.
JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER (Apr. 29, 1840-
July 20, 1889), historian, was born in Brooklyn,
N. Y., the son of Samuel G. Johnston, whose
family emigrated to the United States from
136
Johnston
County Antrim, Ireland. After the Civil War, in
which he served, Samuel Johnston moved to
Illinois, leaving Alexander in charge of his ma-
ternal uncle, John McAlan. In the Rutgers ma-
triculation book young Johnston signed himself
Alexander Johnson (no "t") and named his fa-
ther as Samuel G. Johnson, of Pontiac, Living-
ston County, 111. He studied at the Polytechnic
Institute in Brooklyn, and was prepared for col-
lege under Prof. A. W. Palmer of Dartmouth.
In 1870 he graduated from Rutgers College, vale-
dictorian of his class. He showed special fond-
ness for classical studies, an interest which he
retained throughout his life, and he won college
prizes in this field. After graduation he studied
law and was admitted to the bar in New Jersey
in 1875, but he returned from legal practice to
the educational field. From 1876 to 1879 he taught
in Rutgers College Grammar School and then
founded a Latin School in Norwalk, Conn., of
which he was principal until 1883. In November
of that year he was called to the College of New
Jersey (Princeton) as professor of jurisprudence
and political economy, where he served until his
death.
He was the author of the following works:
History of American Politics ( 1879) , which went
through many editions ; The Genesis of a New
England State {Connecticut) (1883), published
in the Johns Hopkins University Studies (No.
XII ) ; A History of the United States for Schools
(1885); Connecticut (1887), in the American
Commonwealth Series; the article on George
Washington and the one on the United States,
for the 9th edition of the Encyclopaedia Britan-
nica (1887), the latter being reprinted as The
United States: Its History and Constitution
(1889) ; "The History of Political Parties," in
Justin Winsor's Narrative and Critical History
of America, vol. VII (1888) ; many articles on
American history, politics, and government in
J. J. Lalor's Cyclopedia of Political Science, Po-
litical Economy, and of the Political History of
the United States (3 vols., 1881-84). These
articles were later republished in two volumes
(1905) entitled American Political History,
edited by James A. Woodburn. Johnston also
edited Representative Aynerican Orations to Il-
lustrate American Political History (3 vols.,
1884). He was an occasional contributor to the
Nation (New York), and a frequent contributor
to the "Topics of the Times" in the Century
Magazine. He contributed to the New Princeton
Review (July 1888) a notable article on "The
American Party Convention." These historical
and literary activities were crowded into ten
years of his life. That he accomplished so much
Johnston
in such a brief span indicates a genius for study
and writing, and gives evidence of great energy
and intellectual fertility. His style was clear,
compact, and simple. He was sound and force-
ful in his generalizations, though he gave little
thought to any philosophy of history. He was
as charming in conversation as with his pen.
Socially and as a teacher he was singularly genial
and attractive. "No instructor ever enjoyed a
larger measure of affection and esteem from col-
leagues and pupils" (A. T. Ormond, post). He
was married in Norwalk, Conn., Aug. 29, 1878,
to Mary Louise Carter.
[W. H. S. Demarest, A Hist, of Rutgers Coll.
(1924); Nation (N. Y.), July 25, 1889; the Century
Mag., Oct. 1889 ; A. T. Ormond in Princeton Coll. Bull,
Nov. 1889; J. H. Dougherty, Alexander Johnston and
His Contributions to Political Science (1900) ; N. Y.
Tunes, July 22, 1889.] JAW
JOHNSTON, ANNIE FELLOWS (May 15,
1863-Oct. 5, 1931), author of books for children,
was born in Evansville, Ind., of pioneer stock.
One of the grandparents of her mother, Mary
Erskine, was a Maryland colonist who freed his
slaves for conscience' sake and moved westward
into the Ohio wilderness ; another was a Scotch
Covenanter who emigrated from Ireland to join
the New Harmony Colony and eventually settled
in the frontier hamlet of Evansville. Her father,
Albion Fellows, a Methodist minister whose par-
ents were early Illinois settlers from New Hamp-
shire, died when Annie was two years old. She
and her two sisters grew up in rural MacCutch-
anville, not far from Evansville. Here she lived
a wholesome country life, listened to stories of
pioneer endeavor and accomplishment, learned
to work with a conscientious regard for duty, at-
tended the district school, read the entire Sunday
school library, the sentimental Godey's Lady's
Book, St. Nicholas, and the Youth's Companion,
and wrote stories and poems in imitation of those
she read.
When she was seventeen she taught for one
term in the district school which she had been
attending. After a year of study at the University
of Iowa, 1881-82, she taught in the public school
of Evansville for three years and then, when
teaching threatened her health, she worked in an
office. She traveled for a few months in New
England and in Europe. But whether in the
school room or the office, in college or traveling
she lived in the midst of cousins, whose number
was legion and whose social environment and
religious beliefs were similar to her own. It is
therefore not surprising that she married a cousin,
William L. Johnston, a widower with three young
children (1888). He encouraged her to write, and
during the three years of their married life she
l37
Johnston
contributed occasional stories to the Youth's
Companion. Her husband's death in 1892 and
the necessity of supporting his children gave a
forced impetus to her writing. Her first book,
Big Brother, was published in 1893. After the
completion of Joel: A Boy of Galilee, in 1895,
Mrs. Johnston visited in the Pewee Valley, near
Louisville, Ky., where her stepchildren had lived
with relatives. A spirited little girl who re-
sembled a colonel of the old school and the at-
mosphere of leisure and of aristocratic living
which still lingered in the valley from the days
of slavery so caught her fancy that when she re-
turned to Evansville she depicted them in The
Little Colonel (1895), the first of a series of
twelve books.
Pewee Valley became the setting not only of
many of her most popular books but of her own
life. She moved there in 1898 and it remained
home to her until her death more than thirty
years later. From 1901 until her stepson died in
1910 she made a temporary home for him where
the climate would benefit his health, first in Ari-
zona, then in California, and, for eight years, in
Texas. Her sojourn in the Southwest gave her
the setting for several of her stories : The Little
Colonel in Arizona (1904), In the Desert of
Waiting (1905), Mary Ware (1908), and Mary
Ware in Texas (1910). Without superior gifts
of imagination, keen and balanced observation,
or psychological acuteness, Mrs. Johnston enter-
tained thousands of children and inspired many
of them to emulate the integrity of her characters,
who lived in a world where good intentions pre-
vail and where simple virtues are glorified. By
drawing upon her own idealized childhood and
the scenes and people she loved, she created a
glamour about her characters which charmed her
youthful readers.
[Annie Fellows Johnston, The Land of the Little
Colonel: Reminiscence and Autobiog. (1929); Albion
Fellows Bacon, Beauty for Ashes (1914); Margaret
W. Vandercook, "Annie Fellows Johnston, the Beloved
Writer of Books for Young Folk," St. Nicholas, Dec.
1913 ; Louisville Times, Oct. 5, 1931.] V. L. S.
JOHNSTON, AUGUSTUS (c. 1730-c. 1790),
lawyer, attorney-general for the colony of Rhode
Island and for a brief period stamp-distributor,
was born in Amboy, N. J., and educated in the
colony of New York. Thence he removed as a
young man to Newport, R. I., where he was ad-
mitted a voter on Apr. 30, 1751. He studied law
with his step-father, Matthew Robinson, a law-
yer of reputation and a wide reader, whose large
private library was augmented by that of John-
ston's maternal grandfather, a Huguenot named
Lucas, who lived for a time in Newport. John-
ston soon attracted notice by marked ability in
Johnston
his profession and an impressive self-confidence.
He was appointed in 1754 and in 1756 to help in
preparing bills for the General Assembly. In
October 1756 he was made a first lieutenant in a
regiment to be sent against Crown Point. In
June 1757 he was appointed attorney-general, the
candidate elected having died, and was reelected
each year until May 1766, serving practically
nine years, though after the Stamp-Act riots of
1765 his name was omitted from a committee to
revise the laws, and another attorney was ap-
pointed to join him in carrying on a suit brought
by the colony against a late collector of customs.
During his term of office, in 1760 he was one of
four to revise the laws, and in 1763, one of four
to draw up regulations for a hospital for small-
pox inoculation and recommend a place to build
it. The town of Johnston, separated from Provi-
dence in 1759, is said to have been named for the
attorney-general. .
On Aug. 27, 1765, Johnston, stamp-distributor,
and two others who had supported the rights of
Parliament were hanged in effigy ; on Aug. 28, a
reckless mob did serious damage to their houses
and furniture. All three fled for their lives to the
armed ship Cygnet in the harbor, and when John-
ston came ashore next day he was forced to sign
a paper agreeing not to execute his office of dis-
tributor without the consent of the colonists. In
a letter to the collectors dated Nov. 22, 1765, he
maintains that before the riots "no application
was ever made to me by any one person to resign
said office" (Records,Vl,47j) ; but regard for life
and property, he asserts, obliged him to deposit
the stamped papers for safe keeping on the Cyg-
net, when they came, and hence he could not sup-
ply the collectors' demand for them. He was eva-
sive when the Governor pressed him to answer
whether he was or was not going to distribute
stamps ; but the Governor wrote to England that
Johnston had resigned. The other two sufferers
in the riots went to England and presented ex-
aggerated accounts of their losses ; Johnston also
made an unwarranted estimate of his, at first.
The matter called forth a prolonged correspond-
ence between the Treasury and the General As-
sembly of Rhode Island, since it happened that
the military disbursements of 1756 had never
been repaid to the colony, and the Treasury re-
fused payment until the three persecuted Loyal-
ists were compensated. Although the claims were
moderated, and the Assembly, after severe re-
vision, allowed them, subject to payment of their
own claim upon England, the matter was still un-
der discussion in August 1773, and was never
settled. Johnston remained unmolested in New-
port, but on July 18, 1776, having refused the test
38
Johnston
of allegiance, he was ordered interned at South
Kingstown. He held civil appointments at New-
port during the British occupation, and left for
New York when the town was evacuated in 1779.
His property was confiscated, and, in spite of a
pension from the British government, he died in-
solvent, to the distress of his step-father, who,
having been Johnston's surety, was obliged in
extreme old age to go to court and defend suits
which were brought against him. Johnston left
a widow and four children.
[Wilkins Updike, Memoirs of the Rhode-Island Bar
(1842) ; Records of the Colony of R. I. and Providence
Plantations, ed. by J. R. Bartlett, vols. V, VI, VII
1860-62 ; Supplement to the R. I. Colonial Records
(1875) ; S. G. Arnold, Hist, of the State of R. I., and
Providence Plantations, vol. II (i860).] E.M.S.B.
JOHNSTON, DAVID CLAYPOOLE
(March 1799-Nov. 8, 1865), engraver, lithog-
rapher, and actor, was born in Philadelphia,
where his father, William P. Johnston, served
for some time as bookkeeper for David Claypoole,
printer and publisher of Cl-aypoole's American
Daily Advertiser. His mother, Charlotte (Row-
son) Johnston, was a sister-in-law of Susanna
(Haswell) Rowson [q.z'.], actress and dramatist,
and had come to America with her brother and
his wife in 1793 as a member of Wignell's the-
atrical company. Her stage career was not es-
pecially brilliant and does not seem to have ex-
tended beyond her marriage to William Johnston,
which occurred in 1797. That year has some-
times been given as the year of David Johnston's
birth, but he himself stated that he was born in
March 1799 (Dunlap, post). Since as a school
boy he displayed more interest in drawing than
in his studies, his parents decided to place him
under instruction. Though it was his ambition
to be a painter, the family decreed that engraving
offered more opportunity, and in 1815 he was
apprenticed to Francis Kearny [g.z'.], then a suc-
cessful engraver in Philadelphia. At the con-
clusion of his apprenticeship, finding little busi-
ness in the illustration of books, he began to
produce social caricatures which he published
himself. These amusing publications attracted a
great deal of favorable interest but also aroused
the ire of the military and others who were ridi-
culed. Some of those caricatured even demanded
that Johnston's pictures be removed from the
booksellers' windows, a threat which rang down
the curtain on the young artist's enterprise.
At this juncture the lure of the stage caused
him to apply to William B. Wood \_q.v.~\, the ac-
tor-manager of the Walnut Street Theatre, and
on Mar. 10, 1821, he made his first appearance,
as Henry in Speed the Plow. For several years
he was attached to the Philadelphia company,
Johnston
first as "walking gentleman" and later in minor
comic roles. In 1825 he went to Boston and
joined the theatrical company in that city. While
he was engaged as an actor, he continued oc-
casionally to make caricatures and other prints,
which he sold readily. Indeed, it was the desire
to do more work with his etching needle that led
him to Boston. He retired from the stage at the
end of his first season there, and subsequently de-
voted himself to illustrating books and making
drawings for comic prints.
His popularity increased rapidly, and he was
in demand for drawing on wood, etching plates,
and drawing on stone for the Pendletons, who
had established the first important lithographic
house in the United States. He quickly mastered
the technique of crayon drawing on the stone,
and his lithographs are equal, if not superior, to
any in America at that time. He also managed to
find time to paint pictures, and exhibited in the
Boston Athenaeum and in the National Academy
of Design. Beginning in 1830, for a few years
he issued annually a series of plates, each con-
taining a number of comic sketches, under the
general title of Scraps, evidently suggested by
Cruikshank's Scraps and Sketches. In 1835 he
published eight humorous and satirical plates to
illustrate Fanny Kemble's Journal, which was
issued that year. Joseph C. Neal's Charcoal
Sketches (1838), with illustrations by Johnston,
may be said to have established the reputation he
had already earned as a book illustrator. Neal
[q.v.] generously observed in his Preface :
"Whether the letter-press be amusing, or not,
the illustrations by Johnston are replete with hu-
mor and graphic skill. They who yawn in the
perusal of our pages, can therefore turn for re-
freshment to the comicalities of the etcher, and
excuse the dulness perpetrated by the pen, in
laughing over the quaint characteristics em-
bodied by our American Cruikshank." As late
as 1863 Johnston issued a sheet of political satire
on Jefferson Davis, The House that Jeff Built
(Weitenkampf, post, p. 215).
Although Johnston was fertile in invention and
quite original, the influence of Cruikshank is ob-
servable in almost everything he did, but in many
instances his drawing was superior to that of his
model. His dependence upon Cruikshank is re-
vealed in the attitude he adopted in his observa-
tions of the life around him rather than in any
servile imitation of the English caricaturist's
style, although, like Cruikshank, he was capable
of producing most delicate lines with the etching
needle. He married Sarah Murphy of Boston in
1830, and they had eight children. One son,
Thomas Murphy Johnston, inherited some of his
139
Johnston
father's talent. Johnston died at his home in
Dorchester, Mass.
[Autobiographical letter in Wm. Dunlap, Hist, of the
Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in the U. S.
(2 vols., 1834) ; G. O. Seilhamer, Hist, of the Am.
Theatre, vol. Ill (1891) ; Elias Nason, A Memoir of
Mrs. Susanna Rowson (1870); New-Eng. Hist, and
Geneal. Reg., Apr. 1866; D. M. Stauffer, Am. En-
gravers upon Copper and Steel (1907) ; J. T. Scharf
and Thompson Wescott, Hist, of Phila. (3 vols., 1884) ;
T. A. Brown, Hist, of the Am. Stage (1870), in which
Johnston is called Johnson ; Mantle Fielding, Am. En-
gravers (1917) ; Frank Weitenkampf, Am. Graphic Art
(rev. ed., 1924).] j j
JOHNSTON, GABRIEL (1699-July 17,
1752), royal governor of North Carolina, was
born in Scotland, one of the Johnstons of Annan-
dale. He is said to have attended the University
of St. Andrews, pursuing at first a medical course,
later taking up the study of Oriental languages
and literature, and subsequently holding a minor
instructorship ; but he appears not to have taken
a degree. About the year 1730 he joined Boling-
broke and William Pulteney, Earl of Bath, in
editing The Craftsman, founded Dec. 5, 1726, a
series of weekly papers of a literary and political
nature, with a pronounced tinge of Jacobitism;
though he later declared that he had never been
a Jacobite (Colonial Records, IV, 918). During
his career with The Craftsman he became ac-
quainted with Lord Wilmington, who was influ-
ential in obtaining for him the post of royal gov-
ernor of North Carolina, made vacant early in
1734 by the withdrawal of Governor Burrington.
Johnston arrived in the Cape Fear River in
October 1734 and received the oath of office Nov.
2, amidst the applause and good will of the citi-
zens assembled at Brunswick. Though he began
his new office under exceedingly favorable cir-
cumstances, in less than three months he found
himself in open collision with the General As-
sembly over the question of quit rents — Johnston
insisting that quit rents, upon which his own
salary depended, be paid in "proclamation mon-
ey" instead of in commodities, and at four speci-
fied places in the colony. This dispute occasioned
a political chaos in North Carolina for the next
ten years (Ibid., IV, xviii) ; Johnston convened
and dissolved one Assembly after another with-
out accomplishing one piece of legislation. Final-
ly, in June 1746, the General Assembly declared
that in view of the scarcity of silver and gold in
the colony, the refusal of Governor Johnston to
receive produce in payment of quit rent was "a
very great grievance" (Ibid., IV, 1746) and sent
a remonstrance to the Governor, which he tact-
lessly ignored. The northern counties thereupon
withdrew from the Assembly and refused to pay
rent in any form, and their example was soon
followed by some of the southern counties. In
Johnston
April 1749 Johnston was able to procure the pas-
sage of a quit-rent bill which satisfied him, but
its actual results were slight, since by this time
the whole colony was in practical rebellion against
him. He died less than three years later, a broken
and disappointed man.
Although Johnston's administration was
marked chiefly by the quit-rent controversy, it
can claim several accomplishments : free schools
were opened ; printing was established at New
Bern in 1749 ; the boundary between North and
South Carolina was partially settled. Johnston's
"intentions doubtless were good, and his motives
pure enough, but he was exceedingly arbitrary,
not to say unscrupulous" (Saunders, in Colonial
Records, IV, v). His papers reveal more of his
personal quarrels than of the state of the prov-
ince. Though he was headstrong, tactless, and
often unnecessarily opposed to compromise, his
failure was due not only to his own shortcom-
ings, but in part to the unorganized condition of
the colony and the weakness of his predecessors.
He was twice married. His first wife, who had
been married three times before, was Penelope
(Golland) Pheney, daughter of John and Penel-
ope Golland and step-daughter of Gov. Charles
Eden [q.v.] ; she died in 1741. His second wife,
Frances, survived him and married, second, John
Rutherford. By his first wife he left one child,
Penelope, who married Col. John Dawson. His
nephew, Samuel Johnston, 1733-1816 \_q.vJ], be-
came a United States senator.
[W. L. Saunders, The Colonial Records of N. C, vol.
IV (1886) ; S. A. Ashe, Hist, of N. C. (1908), vol. I,
and Biog. Hist, of N. C, vol. V (1906) ; N. C. Booklet,
Dec. 1903, p. 17 ; B. J. Lossing, The Pictorial Field-
book of the Revolution, II (1852), 563; George Chal-
mers, An Intro, to the Hist, of the Revolt of the Am.
Colonies (2 vols., 1845) ; H. L. Osgood, The Am. Colo-
nies in the Eighteenth Century, IV (1924), ch. IX.]
E.L.W.H.
JOHNSTON, GEORGE BEN (July 25,
1853-Dec. 20, 1916), surgeon, was born in Taze-
well, Va. His father, John Warfield Johnston,
United States senator from Virginia, was a
nephew of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston [_q.v.] ; his
mother, Nicketti Buchanan Floyd, was the
daughter of Dr. John Floyd [q.v.], a prominent
physician and a governor of Virginia, and a sis-
ter of John Buchanan Floyd [q.v.J, secretary of
war under President Buchanan. Johnston's child-
hood was passed in the mountain country of
southwestern Virginia, where he attended Abing-
don Academy. Later he attended St. Vincent's
Academy at Wheeling, W. Va., and entered the
University of Virginia, where, following aca-
demic studies, he took one year of the medical
course. In 1875 he went to the University of the
City of New York from which he received his
14O
Johnston
medical degree in 1876. Returning to Virginia,
he associated himself with Dr. E. M. Campbell
of Abingdon for the practice of his profession.
After two years he moved to Richmond, which
was his home for the remainder of his life. He
early associated himself with the Medical Col-
lege of Virginia, filling minor teaching positions
until 1884, when he was appointed professor of
anatomy. In 1893 ne was made professor of
didactic and clinical surgery, holding this po-
sition under various titles until 1914, when he
resigned to become a member of the board of vis-
itors of the college. Interested from his student
days in surgery, he was the Virginia pioneer
in antiseptic operations. He had an instinct for
surgical diagnosis together with unusual opera-
tive skill and resourcefulness. These, united with
an attractive personality and untiring energy,
made him the outstanding surgeon of his section.
He contributed much valuable information to the
surgery of the kidney and spleen, and together
with Dr. Murat Willis devised and reported the
Johnston-Willis operation for ventral suspension
of the uterus. Besides numerous journal articles
relating to his specialty, he contributed to Ameri-
can Practice of Surgery (8 vols., 1 906-1 1 ), edited
by J. D. Bryant and A. H. Buck. He found
Richmond greatly lacking in hospital accommo-
dations and set himself to remedying the con-
dition. He established the Old Dominion Hos-
pital as an adjunct to the medical school and
organized and built the Memorial Hospital, to
which was later added a large annex for negro
patients. With Dr. Murat Willis he built the
Johnston-Willis Sanitorium for their private
surgical practice and, as outgro\vths of this hos-
pital, founded the Abingdon Hospital at Abing-
don, Va., and the Park View Hospital at Rocky
Mount, N. C. Johnston also organized the hos-
pital department for the City Home of Rich-
mond. He was at various times president of the
American Surgical Association, of the Southern
Surgical and Gynecological Association, of the
Medical Society of Virginia, and of the Rich-
mond Academy of Medicine and Surgery. He
was a fellow of the American College of Sur-
geons, a member of the International Surgical
Society, and of the Society of the Cincinnati. For
years he was one of the most active members of
the state board of health and of the Richmond
Civic Association.
Johnston was a tall, handsome man with a
courtly manner and a gracious address which
gave him leadership in any company in which he
found himself. A brilliant conversationalist and
raconteur, he was prevented from being a force-
ful public speaker by a shrill high-pitched voice.
Johnston
In 191 1 he had an attack of angina pectoris,
which recurred frequently until it carried him
off suddenly in his home at Richmond in 1916.
He was twice married : in 1881 to Mary Mc-
Clung, who died the following year, and in 1892
to Helen Coles Rutherford of Rock Castle, Va.,
who with four daughters survived him.
[J. M. Hutcheson, in Trans. Am. Therapcut. Soc,
1917 (1918) ; Trans. Am. Surgic Asso., vol. XXXVI
(1918); B. R. Tucker, in Surgery, Gynecology and
Obstetrics, Aug. 1924; Richmond Times-Dispatch, Dec.
21,1916.] J.M.P— n.
JOHNSTON, HENRIETTA (d. March
1728/9), artist, in all probability the earliest wom-
an painter in North America, was buried in St.
Philip's Churchyard, Charleston, S. C, on Mar.
9, 1728/9, but of her parentage, lineage, and edu-
cation very little is known (Willis, post). It
seems that she never used any other medium
than pastels, and that her pastel portraits (for
she was a portraitist) never exceeded fourteen
by sixteen inches in size. Those of her works
that have been located were painted between 1707
and 1720 ; and the majority if not all of her sitters
were grandees of South Carolina in the colonial
days. Apparently she had no studio, but "became
an inmate of the home of each of her patrons
during the time required for the commissions
given" (Ibid.). Only two of her portraits, so far
as is known, belong to public institutions : that of
Col. William Rhett (1711), rated as one of the
best of her works, is in the Gibbes Memorial Art
Gallery, Charleston ; and a photograph of that of
Col. Daniell, deputy for Governor Craven of
South Carolina, is in the possession of the South
Carolina Historical Society. She evidently led
a busy life, painting the likenesses of the rich
planters, colonial officials, military men, their
wives and daughters, and the belles and beaux of
the day in all their splendor of dress. Among her
sitters were the aristocratic Mrs. Robert Brew-
ton, who posed in "a surplice dress with elbow
sleeves of Pompadour red, seemingly velvet,"
showing "a narrow line of lace at shoulders and
elbow" ; Anne, daughter of Lieut.-Gov. Thomas
Broughton; his daughter-in-law, Mrs. Nathaniel
Broughton ; Judith, Anne, and Marie Du Bosc,
the three lovely daughters of Jacques Du Bosc
and his wife, Marie Du Gue, Huguenots who had
sought asylum in America ; Col. John Moore
(1725) and his wife; and Frances Moore Bay-
ard. Miss Johnston's work has nothing of genius
in it, but it is ingenuous and of distinct historical
interest. What Dr. Holmes wrote of the por-
trait of "Dorothy Q." may perhaps apply to her
pastels :
"Hard and dry it must be confessed,
Flat as a rose that has long been pressed,"
141
Johnston
yet there is something quaint and rare in these
old works that one does not find equaled in the
more accomplished and brilliant productions of
contemporary painters.
[See Eola Willis, "The First Woman Painter in
America," International Studio, July 1927 ; William
Dunlap, A Hist, of the Rise and Progress of the Arts
of Design in the U. S. (new ed., 1918), III, 311 ; Rob-
ert Wilson, "Art and Artists in Provincial South Caro-
lina," Year Book, 1899, City of Charleston, S. C. (n.d.),
App., pp. 138-39. The last two sources give her name
as "Johnson."] \\r H. D.
JOHNSTON, HENRY PHELPS (Apr. 19,
1842-Feb. 28, 1923), educator, historian, was
born in Trebizond, Turkey in Asia, son of Rev.
Thomas Pinckney and Marianne Cassandra
(Howe) Johnston, pioneer American mission-
aries to Turkey and Armenia. His father was
descended from Robert Johnston, of Scottish
origin, who settled in Iredell County, N. C. The
outbreak of the Crimean War suggested the re-
turn of the missionaries to the United States, and
Henry completed at the Hopkins Grammar
School, New Haven, his preparation for Yale
College, from which he was graduated in 1862. It
was war time and he enlisted in August, in the
newly formed 15th Connecticut Volunteers. He
told his classmates (The Twenty Years Record
of the Yale Class of 1862, 1884, p. 69) that for
the next three years he "resided anywhere from
the Potomac to the Neuse, in many a mudhole
and swamp, in breastworks and forts, on picket
lines and battle lines, and sometimes, too, in
pleasant places." Late in the conflict he was
transferred to the United States Signal Corps
and ended his service in July 1865 on the staff
of Gen. W. B. Hazen. This military experience
served to lend color to his later teaching and
writing of history, but it was not until 1879 that
he settled down to a career of that sort. In the
meantime one year at the Yale Law School had
been followed by admission to the New York bar
and a bit of office experience ; then a try at school
teaching, apparently without relish, and then
several years connection with New York papers,
including the Sun, New York Tunes, New York
Observer, and Christian Union. He indulged
his hobby for historical study in leisure hours,
and the outcome was a monograph of recognized
excellence, The Campaign of 1776 around New
York (1878). On Jan. 1, 1879, he became a tutor
in the College of the City of New York and four
years later he succeeded Charles E. Anthon
[q.v.~] as professor of history. He was an in-
spiring teacher and an eloquent lecturer. His
colleagues in the history department of the col-
lege became many as the institution expanded,
and they testify to the keen interest he had in
their success, to the open mind he always showed
Johnston
to the newer tendencies even though he himself
adhered to the older school of historians, to his
rich vein of quaint humor beneath a seeming aus-
terity.
His passion for historical research was un-
ceasing. The publication by E. F. de Lancey of
the manuscript left by Judge Thomas Jones
[q.v.~\, under the title History of New York dur-
ing the Revolutionary War (2 vols., 1879),
brought from Johnston's pen his Observations
on Judge Jones' Loyalist History of the American
Revolution (1880). His interest in Connecticut
and his Alma Mater was shown by his Yale and
Her Honor Roll in the American Revolution
(1888), The Record of Connecticut Men in the
Military and Naval Service during the War of
the Revolution (1889), and Nathan Hale, 1776:
Biography and Memorials (1901 ; revised 1914).
Two monographs, The Yorktown Campaign
(1881) and The Battle of Harlem Heights
(1897) ' are witness to his continued interest in
military history, while the Correspondence and
Public Papers of John Jay (4 vols., 1890-93)
shows his ability in quite a different field. He
was the founder of the Museum of the College of
the City of New York, now a large and valuable
collection of historical manuscripts, maps, relics,
and other interesting material. After his retire-
ment in 1916 from active teaching he was con-
tinued as curator of the Museum. He married,
Oct. 26, 1 87 1, Elizabeth Kirtland Holmes of
Lebanon, Conn. They had four sons.
[N. P. Mead, "Henry Phelps Johnston," in City Col-
lege Quart., Mar. 1917 (portr.) ; Yale classbook, ante ;
Fifty Years' Meeting of the Yale Class of 1862 (19 14) ;
Yale Univ. Obit. Record, 1923; N. Y. Times, Mar. 3,
1923] • A. E. P.
JOHNSTON, JOHN (Apr. 11, 1791-Nov. 24,
1880), agriculturist, was born in New Galloway,
Scotland, and spent many of his early days on the
hills tending his grandfather's sheep. He once
said, "Whatever I know about farming I learned
from my grandfather." A remark of the latter
that "verily all the airth needs draining," made
a deep impression on him and later resulted in
his most important contribution to agriculture.
He was married in 1818 and came to the United
States in the spring of 1821. After looking about
for a few months, he purchased a farm of 112
acres on the eastern shore of Seneca Lake, about
three miles from Geneva, N. Y. When he bought
it the farm was in badly run-down condition, but
by hard work and good farming he gradually
built it up and before many years had acquired
an enviable reputation. Recollecting his grand-
father's remarks about draining, he decided to
drain his land. Remembering also that tiles were
used for this purpose in Scotland, he sent to
142
Johnston
Scotland for a pattern and had tiles made by
hand. He commenced draining his land in 1835.
Since underdraining was a new thing in those
days he was the object of much ridicule. Some
of his neighbors said, "John Johnston is gone
crazy — he is burying crockery in the ground"
{American Agriculturist, April 1874), but his
draining soon showed results and his neighbors
found that he was raising bigger crops than they
did. In 1848 his friend John Delafield [q.v.]
imported from England a Scraggs machine for
making tiles, and from that time Johnston laid
tiles as rapidly as he could get the work done.
By 185 1 he had laid sixteen miles of tile drain on
his farm and by 1856 he had between fifty-one
and fifty-two miles. The results which he at-
tained were not due entirely to draining, how-
ever, but also to the methods of cultivation which
he employed. "If not a pioneer in such prac-
tices as the use of lime and plaster, the surface
application of manure, the purchase of oil meal
for feeding cattle and sheep, the earlier cutting
of hay" ( Cultivator and Country Gentleman,
Dec. 2, 1880), he was at least among the first.
His fame spread and many of the foremost farm-
ers of the country made pilgrimages to his farm
to see his methods. He wrote comparatively
little, but the occasional pithy statements which
he contributed to farm journals had great weight.
He was an original thinker and a sagacious ob-
server. With determination and skill he made his
farm produce large crops with few failures and
from the farm he achieved a liberal competence.
In appearance he was fine looking, tall and some-
what spare, with the bearing of a "gentleman of
the old school." Respected and loved by all who
knew him, he lived comfortably and brought up
and educated a large family. He remained on
his farm until 1877, when his increasing age led
him to rent it and move to Geneva, where he died
in his ninetieth year.
[L. H. Bailey, "John Johnston, the Father of Ameri-
can Tile-Draining," Am. Gardening, Mar. 1893; Am.
Agriculturist, Apr. 1874, Aug. 23, 1924; Cultivator and
Country Gentleman, Dec. 2. 1880 ; J. H. Klippart, Prin-
ciples and Practice of Land Drainage (i860 ; Fifteenth
Ann. Report, Ohio State Board of Agric, i860 (1861) ;
Country Gentleman, Nov. 10, 17, 1859.] C. R. B.
JOHNSTON, JOHN TAYLOR (Apr. 8,
1820-Mar. 24, 1893), railroad executive, art col-
lector, first president of the Metropolitan Mu-
seum of Art, was born in New York City, the son
of John and Margaret (Taylor) Johnston. Both
parents were of Scottish birth and enjoyed long
visits periodically to the home land. John was
with them on one of these visits and received an
important part of his early education in the Edin-
burgh High School, being "dux of his class"
Johnston
most of the time. In 1839 he graduated from the
University of the City of New York (New York
University) of which his father was a founder
and a Washington Square neighbor, and then he
studied law, first at the Yale Law School, 1830-
41, and later in the office of Daniel Lord in New
York City. He was admitted to the New York
bar in 1843, but the law had little appeal for him.
After two years' travel abroad he became inter-
ested, through his father, in a little New Jersey
railroad connecting Somerville and Elizabeth-
town, and in 1848, when twenty-eight years old,
was elected its president. Extension of the road
westward across New Jerttey to Easton, Pa., was
one of his first projects. Then came the acqui-
sition of the Lehigh & Susquehanna, which gave
the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania a direct
rail connection with the seaboard. There had
been a boat connection between Elizabethport
and New York City by way of Kill van Kull, but
Johnston foresaw the necessity for a terminal di-
rectly opposite the lower end of Manhattan
Island. He began, therefore, quietly to acquire
a right of way across the Jersey flats and to se-
cure ample acreage for railroad yards at Jersey
City, and then built the rail connection from
Elizabeth which involved the construction of a
long trestle with its drawbridge across Newark
Bay. Passengers all took notice when a ferry
boat of quality with no spittoons was ready to land
them at the foot of Liberty Street. In this way
the present Central Railroad of New Jersey had
obtained a splendid start before the Civil War
was over.
Johnston knew personally many of the patrons
of his road, and bore them ever in mind. Their
safety as well as convenience was his study. He
saw to it that the grades were low, the alignment
perfect, and the grade crossings as few as pos-
sible. Furthermore, himself a lover of things
beautiful, he offered a prize annually to the sta-
tion agent who should produce the most attrac-
tive grounds. Uniforms for trainmen were an-
other innovation which he introduced after a trip
to England. About thirty years of his life were
given energetically to the railroad.
During these years he was acquiring in his
own home a collection of pictures that had no
parallel in New York and probably not in Amer-
ica. He wished to share his pictures with the
public, and constructed two galleries attached to
his house which he opened to visitors one day
each week. When because of financial reverses
he had to dispose of the main part of his collec-
tion in December 1876, New York City witnessed
its first great art sale. The movement to estab-
lish a museum of art in the city found in him an
143
Johnston
enthusiastic supporter. A friend, writing of his
characteristics, mentioned "his love of art, as
well as his prominence and high standing in the
community, his administrative ability, good judg-
ment and sound common sense" (manuscript let-
ter of W. L. Andrews to Mrs. R. M. de Forest,
Aug. 24, 1908). In 1870 he was elected first presi-
dent of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Fail-
ing health compelled him to resign in 1889, but
his devotion to the Museum, of which he re-
mained honorary president, never flagged.
Another institution to which he gave a full
measure of devotion was the University of the
City of New York. Seven years after his grad-
uation he was elected to succeed his father on the
University Council, of which he became subse-
quently (1872-86) the president. He endowed
a professorship in the Latin languages ; the Law
Library owes its start to his generosity ; and he
inaugurated the general endowment of the Uni-
versity in 1871. He died in his seventy-third
year, survived by four of his five children. His
wife, whom he married in 1850, was Frances
Colles, daughter of James Colles.
["The Old New Jersey Central" in Railroad Em-
ployee, Mar. 1905 (portr.) ; "Worthy Member of a
Great Class" in N. Y. Univ. Alumnus, Mar. 6, 1929;
W. E. Howe, A Hist, of the Metropolitan Museum of
Art (19 13) ; Hist, of N. Y. University (1901), Vol. I ;
Gen. Alumni Cat. of N. Y. U. (1906) ; J. L. Chamber-
lain, Universities and Their Sons: N. Y. Univ. (1901),
vol. I ; Evening Post (N. Y.), Mar. 24, 1893, Sun (N.
Y.), and N. Y. Times, Mar. 25, 1893 ; Johnston's manu-
script journals and letters in the possession of the fam-
ily ; information from family.] A. E. P.
JOHNSTON, JOSEPH EGGLESTON (Feb.
3, 1807-Mar. 21, 1891), Confederate soldier, was
born at "Cherry Grove," Prince Edward County,
Va. His father, Peter Johnston [q.v.], who was
descended from a Scottish family which emi-
grated to Virginia in 1727, served in the Revo-
lution under Light Horse Harry Lee and later
became a distinguished jurist; his mother, Mary,
was a daughter of Col. Valentine Wood of Gooch-
land County, Va., and a niece of Patrick Henry.
Johnston's boyhood was spent near Abingdon,
Va. He received his early education at the
Abingdon Academy, which his father had helped
to found. In 1825 he became a cadet at the Mili-
tary Academy at West Point. Although he had
weak eyes, he made a reputation in history,
French, and astronomy. In 1829 he graduated
No. 13 in a class of forty-six.
Appointed a second lieutenant, 4th Artillery,
he resigned after eight years' service to become
a civil engineer. In this capacity he joined
Powell's expedition to Florida, which was routed
by Indians, Jan. 15, 1838. Johnston took charge
of the rear guard, and although twice wounded
Johnston
in the forehead he conducted the retreat so skil-
fully that he was recommissioned as first lieu-
tenant, Topographical Engineers. On July 10,
1845, he married Lydia McLane, daughter of
Louis McLane [q.v.] of Maryland. Promoted
captain in 1846, he joined Scott's expedition to
Mexico. In 1847 he was appointed lieutenant-
colonel of Voltigeurs, and was twice wounded
near Cerro Gordo. He led an assaulting column
at Chapultepec, where he was wounded three
times. At the end of the war he reverted to his
old rank of captain, Topographical Engineers.
In 1855,^ he became lieutenant-colonel, 1st Cav-
alry, and in i860, quartermaster-general and
brigadier-general.
Upon the secession of Virginia from the
Union, Johnston resigned from the United States
Army, Apr. 22, 1861. Going immediately to
Richmond to offer his services to his native
state, he was at once appointed a major-general
of Virginia, and in May, brigadier-general, Con-
federate States Army, and assigned to Harper's
Ferry. Here, with troops disabled by measles
and mumps and lacking in arms, munitions, and
transportation, he found himself confronted by
a Federal force under Patterson, superior to his
in strength.
When Beauregard's army near Bull Run was
threatened by an advancing hostile force, John-
ston quietly withdrew without attracting Patter-
son's attention, and by rail and marching joined
Beauregard, arriving, himself, on July 20. He
approved Beauregard's plans. The next day the
battle of Manassas (Bull Run) was fought. At
the beginning, Johnston was at the right of the
line, pursuant to an intention to attack from that
flank, but the Federals turned the Confederate
left, and Johnston hastened thither, just in time
to rally the first detachments which had been
driven back. He showed excellent leadership in
restoring the position, rearranging his troops,
and organizing a counter-attack which drove the
enemy back in a rout. He was then assigned
to command in northern Virginia. In July he
received a commission as general, Confederate
States Army, which he accepted under protest
because it placed him fourth in rank instead of
at the head of the list of generals. President
Davis, irritated, took no action on the protest,
and the bad feeling thus begun between these
two men lasted throughout the war.
When McClellan in March 1862 moved his
army to Fort Monroe, Johnston was fully in-
formed, and closely calculated McClellan's
strength by counting transports as they steamed
down the Potomac. He promptly transferred the
bulk of his army to the Peninsula, east of Rich-
144
Johnston
mond. His authority was extended to include
all of the new theatre of operations. After a
personal examination of the lines about York-
town, he recommended that they be abandoned
and the army concentrated near Richmond. On
the advice of Lee, President Davis directed that
there be no withdrawal. Johnston temporarily
complied with this order, but prepared to retreat,
and did so on May 4, when McClellan was ready
to assault with strong forces. Pursued, John-
ston was forced to have his rear guard fight all
day on May 5, near Williamsburg, to enable his
army to march away. The rear guard success-
fully carried out its mission, and there was no
further interruption in the march to Richmond.
For a time, Johnston remained passive, al-
though urged by Lee, and the Richmond press,
to attack. From May 28 to 30, discussions were
held at Johnston's headquarters and it was de-
cided to attack early on May 31. No written
minutes were made, and subsequent events indi-
cate that various generals present believed that
their individual opinions had been approved by
Johnston. The battle of Seven Pines (Fair
Oaks) began May 31. Owing to useless marches
by subordinates, the attack started, not at dawn,
as planned, but after noon, and then with but a
fraction of the troops which should have partici-
pated. Johnston was not with the force assigned
to make the main attack, and he was not able to
influence its action. Present on a flank, he was
twice wounded toward the end of the battle.
Though some success was gained it was local,
and not decisive. Johnston insisted that his be-
ing wounded prevented a full accomplishment
of his plans, but this is problematical. As he did
secure some results, his explanation was, at the
time, accepted, and his reputation increased as a
result of this battle. His plan was excellent, but
it miscarried owing to faulty issuing of orders
and failure to supervise their execution.
In November 1862 he had sufficiently recov-
ered from his wounds to report for duty and was
assigned to command the Confederate forces
consisting of the armies of Bragg in Tennessee
and Pemberton in Mississippi. He soon request-
ed relief, complaining that his authority was
only nominal, that all he could do was to transfer
troops from one army to another, that both
armies were outnumbered by the enemy oppos-
ing them and never had any troops available to
transfer ; moreover, he contended, such a move-
ment would require a month, much too long to
meet an emergency. President Davis stated that
there was nothing in Johnston's orders to limit
his action, and that there had been no such in-
Johnston
tention. The orders bear out this statement,
which has not been disputed. Johnston, how-
ever, disliked to interfere with army command-
ers and failed to give them orders.
No crisis occurred until May 1, 1863, when
Grant crossed into Mississippi to attack Vicks-
burg. Pemberton wired asking for reenforce-
ments. Johnston wired back orders to unite all
forces to beat Grant. Johnston's private cor-
respondence at this date indicates that he was
not in good condition, physically or mentally.
He took no further action until ordered by Presi-
dent Davis to proceed to Mississippi and assume
chief command. He obeyed promptly, but ar-
rived at Jackson, Miss., on May 13, too late to
save the situation. He found Grant between him-
self and Pemberton. He had with him only a
weak force, and sent word to Pemberton to come
up on the rear of Grant at once, but Pemberton
disobeyed the order, and Johnston was never
able to join him. 'When Pemberton was defeat-
ed and fell back into Vicksburg, Johnston on
May 17 directed the evacuation of that city, its
garrison to march northeast to join him. Pem-
berton could have obeyed, but he failed to do so,
and lost his army. Johnston should have relieved
Pemberton and himself assumed command. He
had been instructed to do so, but he maintained
with some truth that he was unable to ride a
horse long enough to go around Grant's army to
reach Pemberton. Still he could have relieved
Pemberton, and substituted some other general
who would have obeyed orders. President Davis
severely condemned Johnston for not concen-
trating troops in time to save Vicksburg.
In December 1863 Johnston was assigned to
the Army of the Tennessee, then facing Chat-
tanooga, with instructions to reorganize it and
assume the offensive. He did effectively reor-
ganize the army, but when suggestions were
made that he attack, he showed irritation and
refused on the ground of insufficient forces. He
desired to be attacked in a prepared position,
with a view to counter-attacking when the enemy
was exhausted. In May 1864 the Federals ad-
vanced, and Johnston awaited them, all ready in
line of battle. Unfortunately for his plan, how-
ever, the Federal general, Sherman, was too wise
to waste troops in assaulting, and marched
around the Confederates, forcing Johnston back
in order to preserve his communications. Sher-
man only once departed from these tactics when
on June 27 he attacked at Kenesaw Mountain.
Badly beaten, he resumed his turning move-
ments, and Johnston gradually fell back, until in
July he was just in front of Atlanta. On July 17,
he was relieved from command, on the stated
H5
Johnston
ground that he had failed to arrest the advance
of the enemy. In this, his most famous cam-
paign, he was outnumbered, and that fact indeed
was his excuse for never assuming the offensive.
He saved his army intact for future use. The ex-
perience of his successor, John Bell Hood
[q.v.], who later lost the major part of the army
in unsuccessful attacks, seemed to justify John-
ston's actions, but Johnston's strategy never
would have stopped Sherman, who was delayed
not so much by his opponent as by the necessity
of repairing the railroad in his rear.
On Feb. 23, 1865, Johnston was reassigned to
the Army of the Tennessee. During March and
April he fought several engagements in North
Carolina. On Apr. 13, at a conference at Greens-
boro, N. C, he proposed to President Davis that
he, Johnston, should address a letter to Sherman
asking for peace. Davis finally consented, and
on Apr. 18, Sherman and Johnston signed an
armistice, by which the Confederate armies were
to be disbanded and civil government reestab-
lished. Johnston's troops at once commenced to
desert, and when on Apr. 24 he was advised that
the Federal government had disapproved the
armistice, he was in no position to fight. Or-
dered by President Davis to move south to con-
tinue the war, he refused, and surrendered his
command to Sherman on Apr. 26.
With the coming of peace, he established him-
self in Savannah, Ga., engaging in the insurance
business. In 1877 he moved to Richmond, and
in 1878 was elected a member of Congress, where
he served one term. He then settled in Washing-
ton, D. C. In 1885 he was appointed commis-
sioner of railroads. He published his Narrative
of Military Operations in 1874; wrote an article,
"My Negotiations with General Sherman," for
the North American Review (August 1886) ;
and contributed "Responsibilities of First Bull
Run," "Manassas to Seven Pines," "Jefferson
Davis and the Mississippi Campaign," and "Op-
posing Sherman's Advance to Atlanta" to Bat-
tles and Leaders of the Civil War. He died at
his residence in Washington.
Johnston's reputation rests on the fact that he
suffered no defeat throughout the war. He dis-
liked risks. The only important attack he un-
dertook was that at Seven Pines, and that was
badly managed. In all his other campaigns he
avoided the aggressive. He failed to accept the
point of view of his government, and was at odds
with its leader. He constantly foresaw difficul-
ties, and was pessimistic. His one chance of
beating Sherman in 1864 was by daring and
rapid action, but for this type of warfare he was
not suited.
Johnston
[The main source for Johnston's campaigns is War
of the Rebellion: Official Records (Army), 1 ser.
II (Manassas) ; XI, pts. 1-3 (Peninsula) ; XXIII, pts.
1, 2, and XXIV, pts. 1-3 (Vicksburg) ; XXXVIII, pts.
1-5 (Atlanta); XLVII, pts. 1-3 (North Carolina).
Johnston's Narrative of Military Operations is accu-
rate, obviously written from copies of original reports,
and shows the author's side of disputed actions. R. M.
Hughes, General Johnston (1893) follows the Narrative
very closely. Joseph Longstreet. From Manassas to
Appomatox (1896) ; Jefferson Davis, The Rise and Fall
of the Confederate Govt. ( 1881 ) ; E. P. Alexander,
Military Memoirs of a Confederate (1907); R. m!
Johnston, Bull Run (1913), all contain important ma-
terial. Interesting personal correspondence is in Jour,
Mil. Service Inst, of the U. S., May-June 19 12. See
also : Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (4 vols.,
1887-88) ; B. T. Johnson, A Memoir of the Life and
Public Service of Jos. E. Johnston (1891) ; G. W. Cul-
lum. Biog. Reg. Officers and Grads. U. S. Mil. Acad.
(3rd ed., 1891); E. A. Pollard, Lee and His Lieuten-
ants (1867) ; So. Hist. Soc. Papers, vols. XVIII (1890)
XIX (1891); Confed. Mil. Hist. (1899), I, 644-49;
J. D. Cox, in the Nation (N. Y.), Mar. 26, 1891 ; Wash-
ington Post, Mar. 22, 189 1.] p jj L_
JOHNSTON, JOSEPH FORNEY (Mar. 23,
1843-Aug. 8, 1913), governor of Alabama and
senator, was born at "Mount Welcome" in Lin-
coln County, N. C, the son of William Johnston,
a physician, and Nancy (Forney) Johnston. He
was a descendant of Gilbert Johnston, who set-
tled in North Carolina in 1745 and was a brother
of Gabriel Johnston [q.v']. At the age of seven-
teen Joseph removed to Alabama, where he was
in school when he enlisted as a private in the
18th Alabama Regiment on Apr. 21, 1861. He
served through the war, rose to the rank of cap-
tain in the 12th North Carolina Regiment, and
was wounded at Chickamauga, Spotsylvania
Court House, New Market, and Petersburg.
After the war he read law with his kinsman,
William Henry Forney [q.v.], at Jacksonville,
Ala., was admitted to the bar in 1866, and began
practice at Selma, Ala. In August 1869 he mar-
ried Theresa Virginia Hooper, of South Caro-
lina, a great-grand-daughter of William Hooper
[q.v.]. In 1884, when it was a town of only
three thousand, he went to Birmingham to be-
come president of the Alabama National Bank.
There he identified himself with the growing
financial and manufacturing interests and de-
voted his initiative and foresight to the devel-
opment of the region. In 1887 he became first
president of the Sloss Iron and Steel Company,
which was the pioneer iron manufacturing com-
pany in the Birmingham district. For a number
of years he was chairman of the state Demo-
cratic executive committee. He became an ad-
vocate of free silver and in 1896 was elected
governor in order to unite the white voters of
the state, who for years had been divided be-
tween the Democratic and Populist parties. He
prided himself upon the efficiency of his adminis-
I46
Johnston
tration in collecting taxes and economy in spend-
ing them, on the increased expenditures for the
public-school system, and on the encouragement
of outside capital to invest within the state. Dur-
ing his second term he lost prestige with his
party because he, at first, approved a revision of
the constitution to eliminate the negro from pol-
itics but, later, called a special session of the leg-
islature to repeal the act providing for the con-
stitutional convention. In 1899 he led a move-
ment to sell to the Sloss Sheffield Company a
large tract of the coal lands granted to the Uni-
versity of Alabama by the federal government.
A bitter controversy ensued in which attacks
were made against him due to his previous con-
nection with the Sloss interests, but the record
shows no evidence to substantiate the charges
of corruption. The University trustees were se-
riously divided on the issue but finally refused to
make the sale. Johnston returned to his law
practice in Birmingham and made an unsuccess-
ful campaign against John T. Morgan for a seat
in the national Senate. On Aug. 6, 1907, at the
death of Edmund W. Pettus, he became senator
for the remainder of the latter's term. In 1909
he was elected for a full term during which he
died at Washington.
[A. B. Moore, Hist, of Ala. and her People (1927),
vol. I ; T. M. Owen, Hist, of Ala. and Diet, of Ala. Biog.
(1921), vol. Ill; Memorial Record of Ala. (1893),
vol. II ; Joseph Forney Johnston, Memorial Addresses
Delivered in the Senate and H. of R. of the U. S.
(1915) ; Birmingham Age-Herald, Aug. 9, 10, 11, 1913 ;
Trustees' Record, Univ. of Ala., 1899, 1900, 1901 ; in-
formation from Robison Brown, secretary of Board of
Trustees, Univ. of Ala.] T.H.J.
JOHNSTON, JOSIAH STODDARD (Nov.
24, 1784-May 19, 1833), lawyer, statesman, son
of John and Mary (Stoddard) Johnston, and a
half-brother of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston
[q.v.~\, was born at Salisbury, Conn., where the
Johnstons, who were of Scottish ancestry, pos-
sessed some property and local influence. His
father, a physician, removed to Kentucky in
1788, and settled in Washington, where he lived
until his death in 1831. When Josiah was twelve
years of age, his father took him to New Haven,
Conn., where he attended school for some years,
but when ready for college he returned to Ken-
tucky and entered Transylvania University at
Lexington, graduating in 1802 (A Catalogue of
the Officers & Graduates of Transylvania Uni-
versity, 1826). He then studied law with Wil-
liam T. Barry [g.f.] of Lexington, who was one
of the leaders of the Kentucky bar.
In 1805, after completing his law studies,
Johnston emigrated to the newly acquired ter-
ritory of Louisiana and settled in Alexandria,
then a frontier village. Here he opened a law
Johnston
office and rapidly gained wealth and distinction.
He not only kept out of the numerous brawls
which took place in that turbulent community,
but by the application of honesty, fairness, and
tact he was so successful in settling the disputes
of others that he became known as "The Peace-
maker." In 1814 he married Eliza Sibley,
daughter of Dr. John Sibley of Natchitoches.
He was elected to the first Louisiana territorial
legislature and continued a member of that body
until statehood was acquired in 1812. From
1812 to 1821 he was a Louisiana district judge.
Toward the close of the War of 1812 he was
elected commander of a regiment of volunteers,
which he had aided in raising and helped to equip
from his own means, and when Louisiana was
invaded by the British they joined General Jack-
son at New Orleans, but too late to share in the
victory of Jan. 8, 181 5. In 1821 he was elected
to the United States House of Representatives,
and in 1823, when Senator James Brown [q.v.~\
of Louisiana resigned to accept an appointment
as United States minister to France, Johnston
was appointed to the vacancy. He was elected to
the Senate in 1825, and reelected in 1831, this
time by a legislature opposed to him in political
opinion. For several years he was chairman of
the committee on commerce, and he was also a
member of the committee on finance. He took
advantage of every opportunity to press upon
the government the duty of seeking the mitiga-
tion of the rules of maritime warfare, urging
especially that neutral ships should protect the
goods on board regardless of ownership, and
that articles of contraband should be limited to
the smallest possible number. He was a close
friend of Henry Clay [q.v.~], with whom he was
in political affiliation, and, like the Kentucky
statesman, he opposed the nullification move-
ment of the early eighteen-thirties. According
to all accounts, he was no orator although a clear
and forceful speaker. He was killed on the
morning of May 19, 1833, by an explosion of
gunpowder which took place on the steamboat
Lioness, on the Red River about forty miles
above Alexandria, La., while he was on his way
from New Orleans to Natchitoches.
[Wm. P. Johnston, The Johnstons of Salisbury
(1897), and Life of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston
(1878); Nilcs' Weekly Reg. (Baltimore), June 15,
1833 ; remarks by Henry Clay, in Reg. of Debates in
Cong., 23 Cong., 1 Sess., eols. 11-12; j. T. Lloyd,
Lloyd's Steamboat Directory and Disasters on the
Western Waters (Cincinnati, 1856) ; Biog. Dir. Am.
Cong. (1928).] M.J.W.
JOHNSTON, PETER (Jan. 6, 1763-Dec. 8,
1831), Revolutionary soldier, legislator, jurist,
was born at Osborne's Landing oa James River,
H7
Johnston
Johnston
Virginia, the oldest son of a Scottish immigrant,
Peter Johnston, and his wife, formerly the
widow Martha (Butler) Rogers. Two years
after his birth the family moved to Prince Ed-
ward County, where he was schooled by Scot-
tish tutors before entering Hampden-Sidney
College, newly established on land given by his
father, to prepare for the ministry. Despite his
father's royalist feelings, he soon became an
ardent patriot, and shortly before his seventeenth
birthday ran away from college with a classmate
to enlist in the cavalry legion of Lieutenant-
Colonel Henry Lee. Vigilant, enterprising, am-
bitious, and brave, within a year he had risen
from the ranks to a lieutenancy and had become
a favorite with his fellows and his commander.
He fought with Lee's Legion throughout the
Southern campaign, 1780-81, and bore himself
most creditably at Guilford, Eutaw Springs,
Wright's Bluff, and Ninety-six, resigning in
1782 to join as adjutant and captain the Light
Corps formed by General Greene. Several years
later the Virginia legislature fittingly commis-
sioned him brigadier-general of militia. A sol-
dier by instinct and heritage, passionately fond
of riding, shooting, and hunting, he retained
throughout life a predilection for the military
profession, and, had he continued in it, he would
doubtless have won more than local reputation.
After the war he returned to his father's home,
devoted himself to the study of law, and built up
a successful practice in Prince Edward and the
adjoining counties. A man of impeccable char-
acter and vigorous, scholarly mind, of fine ap-
pearance, a forceful speaker, and a talented if in-
frequent writer, it was natural that he should
soon have turned to politics. Aligning himself
with the Jeffersonian school, he was elected to
the legislature in 1792, and within the next eigh-
teen years represented Prince Edward County
a dozen times more, during the better part of
two sessions (1805-06 and 1806-07) being
speaker of the House of Delegates. His most
conspicuous service in the Assembly was his
strenuous advocacy, in committee and on the
floor, of the famous Virginia Resolutions of
1798, protesting against the Alien and Sedition
Acts and asserting the doctrine that the Union
was a compact to which the states were parties.
In 1802, with Gen. Joseph Martin and Creed
Taylor, he represented Virginia on the commis-
sion appointed to settle the Tennessee boundary
question. He was elected a judge of the Virginia
general court, Feb. 1, 181 1, and assigned to the
Prince Edward district, but exchanged circuits
with Judge William Brockenbrough, removed to
"Panicello," near Abingdon, and until he re-
signed, a few months before his death, presided
with distinguished ability over the superior
court of the southwest Virginia circuit.
He married, June 23, 1788, Mary Wood,
daughter of Valentine Wood of Goochland
County and a niece of Patrick Henry [q.v.] ; she
died in 1825, and he married, second, Dec. 13,
1828, Anne Bernard of Buckingham County.
There were ten children by his first marriage,
among them, Joseph Eggleston Johnston [q.v.].
[R. M. Hughes, General Johnston (1893) ; Fifteenth
Ann. Report, Va. State Lib., 1916-17 (1917) ; Alexan-
der Garden, Anecdotes of the Revolutionary War
(1822), and Anecdotes of the Am. Revolution, Second
Series (1828) ; E. A. Pollard, Lee and His Lieutenants
(1867) ; Debates in the House of Delegates of Va. . . .
1798 (1798; repr. 1829) ; Gen. Cat. Officers and Stu-
dents of H ampdcn-Sidncy Coll., 1776— 1906 (n.d.) ;
Richmond Enquirer, Dec. 20, 1831.] A C G Tr
JOHNSTON, RICHARD MALCOLM
(Mar. 8, 1822-Sept. 23, 1898), author, educator,
was born on the family plantation, "Oak Grove,"
near Powelton, Ga. He was the son of Malcolm
and Catherine (Davenport) Johnston, and the
great-grandson of Thomas Johnston who emi-
grated from Scotland and settled in Pennsyl-
vania, later moving to Charlotte County, Va. ;
his father was a planter and ordained Baptist
preacher. After his graduation from Mercer
University, Penfield (now at Macon), in 1841,
Richard taught for a year in the village of Mount
Zion, Hancock County. He then read law in the
office of Henry Cumming, Augusta, was admit-
ted to the bar, and became the partner of Eli W.
Baxter of Sparta, Ga. In 1844 he was married
to Mary Frances, daughter of Eli Mansfield, a
native of New Haven, Conn. His law practice
from 1844 to 1851 was interrupted by two peri-
ods of teaching; in the latter year he formed a
partnership with Linton Stephens ]_q.vJ], broth-
er of Alexander H. Stephens. The opportunity
was offered him in 1857 of accepting the judge-
ship of the northern circuit court of Georgia,
the presidency of Mercer University, or the
chair of rhetoric and belles-lettres in the Uni-
versity of Georgia. He chose the professorship
and remained in Athens until 1861. From 1862
to 1867 he conducted a school for boys at Rockby,
near Sparta, Ga., which became one of the most
widely known and generously patronized in the
state. Its discipline included distinct elements
of the "honor system," with none of the espio-
nage and flogging then so widespread. A victim
of the Civil War and Reconstruction, he con-
tinued this school in Baltimore for several years
under the name of Pen Lucy School. While a
clerk in the bureau of education at Washington,
1896-98, he compiled at the request of Commis-
sioner W. T. Harris what is probably the most
48
Johnston
complete record extant of the picturesque old
field schools of his boyhood in Georgia ("Early
Educational Life in Middle Georgia," Report of
the Commissioner of Education, 1894-95, 1895-
96).
He took up fiction writing almost by chance
and largely because of the encouragement of
Henry C. Turnbull, Jr., a Baltimore publisher,
and Sidney Lanier, who was his most loyal
friend and earliest critic. His first, most popu-
lar, and most characteristic volume of local-color
fiction was Dukcsboro Tales (1871). In this
and in many similar volumes, Johnston, a volun-
tary exile from his native state, created anew
the scenes of his early life. The stories are rich
in humor and kindliness and are suffused with a
passionate love for his native soil and its people ;
consequently major stress is laid upon character
and setting and minor emphasis upon plot, with
the result that many of the stories are weak in
action and some of them almost without plot.
His published works include : The English Clas-
sics (i860) ; with William Hand Browne, Eng-
lish Literature ( 1872) and Life of Alexander H.
Stephens (1878) ; Old Mark Langston (1884) ;
Two Gray Tourists (1885); Ogcechce Cross-
Firings (1889); Widow Guthrie (1890); The
Primes and Their Neighbors (1891) ; Studies,
Literary and Social, first series (1891), second
series (1892) ; Mr. Billy Downs and His Likes
(1892) ; Mr. Partner's Marital Claims (1892) ;
Little Ike Templin ( 1894) ; Old Times in Middle
Georgia (1897); Pearce Amer son's Will
(1898); and Autobiography of Col. Richard
Malcolm Johnston (1900).
In 1875 he was received into the Roman Cath-
olic Church, in joining which his wife and
younger children had preceded him. At his re-
quest, there was published posthumously his de-
tailed statement of how and why he had em-
braced the Catholic faith, the reasons assigned
being the historical precedence and infallible au-
thority claimed by that church (Truth, Raleigh,
N. C, April 1899). He delivered numerous lec-
tures at St. Mary's Seminary and Notre Dame
College, Baltimore, and St. Charles' College,
Ellicott City, Md., and from 1895 to 1898 he
was a member of the regular staff of lecturers at
the Catholic Summer School, Plattsburg, N. Y.
He was also a popular reader and lecturer in
the eighties and nineties when the lyceum sys-
tem flourished throughout the country. He lec-
tured with several contemporary humorists —
once, in 1889, with Mark Twain, who was the
guest of the Johnstons in Baltimore. It is related
that Twain, with characteristic generosity, re-
fused to accept any of the receipts for the eve-
Johnston
ning's lecture, leaving the entire proceeds to
Johnston and his family, then in rather needy
circumstances.
[Johnston's Autobiography ; his letters, school rec-
ords, contemporary newspaper accounts, and other doc-
umentary data ; E. C. Stedman and S. B. Weeks, Lit.
Estimate and Bibliog.: Richard Malcolm, Johnston
(1898); Evening Star (Washington), Sept. 23, 1898;
the Sun (Baltimore), Sept. 24, 1898.] F T L
JOHNSTON, ROBERT MATTESON(Apr.
11, 1867-Jan. 28, 1920), historian and educator,
was born in Paris, France, the son of William
Edward and Bertha (Matteson) Johnston. His
father had served as correspondent for the New
York Times in the Crimean War, and later set-
tled in Paris where he practised medicine. John-
ston was for the most part educated abroad, en-
tered Pembroke College, Cambridge, in 1885
and received the degree of A.B. in 1889. He
studied law, and was admitted to the Inner Tem-
ple, but practised virtually not at all. He was
married in London, in 1895, to Emily Dawson.
For a time he engaged in business in South Af-
rica. After a period of study as a private scholar
in Cambridge, he published, in 1901, the first of
his historical works, The Roman Theocracy and
the Republic. In that year he went to Naples,
but in 1902 came to the United States and began
his teaching career. He lectured at Harvard and
at Mount Holyoke, having a permanent connec-
tion with the latter institution from 1904 to
1906. In the course of this period he published
The Napoleonic Empire in Southern Italy (2
vols., 1904), Napoleon, a Short Biography
(1904), Memoirs of "Malakoff" (2 vols., 1907),
from the papers of his father; and prepared a
series of historical sketches, Leading American
Soldiers (1907). In 1907 he was called to Bryn
Mawr, but after one year's teaching there be-
came assistant professor at Harvard, with which
institution he was identified for the rest of his
life. He was a singularly gifted lecturer, with
an original viewpoint, and though he occasion-
ally verged on the bizarre, he never failed to be
stimulating. He was particularly interested in
the French Revolution, and did his best teaching
work in this field. He published The French
Revolution in 1909, The Corsican, a clever piec-
ing together of Napoleon's recorded utterances
to form a sort of biography, in 1910, and the
Memoire de Marie Caroline, Reine de Naples
(Harvard Historical Studies, vol. XVI) in 1912.
In this year appeared also his Holy Christian
Church, a bold attempt to deal with the develop-
ment of Catholic Christianity through the ages
— an undertaking for which he was not thor-
oughly equipped, and to which he brought no
really sympathetic insight. He had always been
149
Johnston
interested in military history, a taste perhaps ac-
quired from his father, and he was a strong ad-
vocate of military preparedness, notably in his
Bull Run; Its Strategy and Tactics (1913), ex-
cellent on the historical side, and in his Arms
and the Race (1915). With Col. A. L. .Conger
he founded and edited the Military Historian
and Economist, but the promising career of this
journal was cut short by the World War. In
April 1918, Johnston was commissioned a major
in the army, and soon after became head of the
Historical Section at General Headquarters.
Gathering a group of younger historians around
him, he began a series of studies on the military
history of the war (see his First Reflections on
the Campaign of 1918, 1920). Not many months
after the armistice, however, his health broke,
his staff was dispersed, and he himself subor-
dinated to a regular army officer. He returned
to the United States in ill health, and after a
brief period of teaching, died in Cambridge,
Mass.
Without special training, and beginning rather
late, Johnston made a distinct position for him-
self among historical writers. If he sometimes
fell short of the strictest canons of scholarship,
he united keen insight and imagination with gen-
uine gifts of style. If he sometimes generalized
over-boldly, he at least avoided that cautious
monotony of emphasis that frequently passes for
scholarship.
[The Book of Matriculations and Degrees in the Uni-
versity of Cambridge from 1851 to 1900 (1902) ; Who's
Who in America, 1918-19; Ephraim Emerton in Har-
vard Grads. Mag., Sept. 1920 ; F. S. Mead, Harvard's
Military Record in the World War (1921); N. Y.
Times, Jan. 29, 1920; personal information.] D. P.
JOHNSTON, SAMUEL (Dec. 15, 1733-Aug.
17, 1816), Revolutionary leader, United States
senator, was born in Dundee, Scotland. While
he was an infant, his parents, Samuel and
Helen (Scrymoure) Johnston, emigrated to
North Carolina, probably accompanying their
brother, Gabriel Johnston [q.v.~\, who had be-
come governor of the colony, and settled in
Onslow County. Young Johnston attended school
in New Haven, Conn., then in 1754 he went to
Edenton, N. C, where he studied law and finally
settled, residing after 1765 at "Hayes," a beau-
tiful home on Albemarle Sound. In 1759, by
election to the Assembly, he entered upon the
most notable political career in the history of
North Carolina. His service in the Assembly
was uninterrupted until 1775. During part of
that time he was clerk of the court of the Eden-
ton district and deputy naval officer of the port.
In 1773 he was a member of the Committee of
Correspondence. He was also a delegate to the
Johnston
first four provincial congresses and was presi-
dent of the third and fourth. In 1775 he became
one of the colonial treasurers, a member at large
of the provincial Council of Safety, the execu-
tive branch of the revolutionary government,
and district paymaster of troops. He was de-
feated for the fifth provincial congress, but he
was chosen by the body a member of the com-
mission delegated to codify the laws then in
force. In 1779, 1783, and 1784, he sat in the
North Carolina Senate, a service interrupted in
1780 upon his election to the Continental Con-
gress. In 1781 he declined the presidency of the
Congress and the following year he retired. In
1785 he was named on the commission appointed
to settle the boundary dispute between Massa-
chusetts and New York. In 1787 he was elected
governor and was twice reelected, but in 1789
he resigned to become the first United States
senator from North Carolina, filling that posi-
tion until 1793. He was president of the North
Carolina convention of 1788, which refused to
ratify the federal constitution, and of that of
1789, which accepted it. He was the first trustee
of the University of North Carolina and served
for twelve years. His final public service was a
superior court judgeship from 1800 to 1803,
after which he spent the rest of his life in happy
retirement. He married Frances Cathcart of
Edenton.
Johnston was a man of imposing presence and
of vigorous mental and physical strength. His
intellect was highly cultivated, his vision clear,
and his purposes, based always on deep convic-
tion, unselfish. He was conservative and yet
progressive ; balanced and highly practical. He
became a leader of the people, not through their
affection, for he did not inspire it, but through
his wisdom and force of character. He is chief-
ly important as the central figure in North Caro-
lina during the Revolution and during the pe-
riod of constitutional reorganization which fol-
lowed it. From the beginning of the strife with
England he was, though not an extremist, a
member of the popular party. To him the point
at issue was one of legality. He opposed the
Stamp Act as unconstitutional just as he op-
posed the Regulation in North Carolina as an
illegal movement, and while the assembly of
1770, under his leadership, passed many of the
reforms demanded, he drafted the "Bloody Act,"
under which Governor Tryon suppressed the
uprising by force. The first provincial congress
recognized his leadership as second only to that
of John Harvey, and when the latter died in
1775, Johnston took his place as the organizer
of revolt. Independence declared, he was one of
I50
Johnston
the committee of the fourth provincial congress
appointed to prepare a constitution. He saw the
problem clearly. It was to preserve the funda-
mental rights and privileges of English liberty
without at the same time sacrificing law, order,
and stability. It was soon evident that a wide di-
vergence of view existed in the state concern-
ing the character of the proposed government,
and a division into radical and conservative
groups followed. At the head of the former was
Willie Jones of Halifax; Johnston led the latter.
By agreement, the adoption of a constitution
was postponed until the next congress, and when
the election came, a tremendous and united ef-
fort of the radicals resulted in Johnston's defeat.
He was present in Halifax during the meetings
of the congress, however, and exerted a power-
ful influence upon the character of the constitu-
tion adopted. He accepted the doctrine of the
popular basis of government, but he could never
believe that God employed the mass of the people
for a mouthpiece. He believed firmly in consti-
tutional protection of minority rights, and in
annual elections to guard them further. He held
that representatives should be accountable only
to their constituents, but he was hostile to the
idea of unrestricted manhood suffrage and advo-
cated a property qualification as protection
against "a set of men without reading, experi-
ence, or principle to govern them." Particularly
did he desire life tenure for judges, and his in-
fluence probably secured it. He naturally became
a Federalist, and his election as president of the
convention of 1788 was a high tribute from his
political opponents who controlled the body,
but he was powerless to win them by his efforts
in debate. In the Senate he was not fully in ac-
cord with his party, favoring Madison's rather
than Hamilton's plan of funding the debt, and
strongly opposing the assumption of the state
debts, for which, however, he finally voted. But
he won disfavor at home by declining to attend
the sessions of the legislature to render an ac-
count of his stewardship, and he was denied a
second election.
[R. D. W. Connor, "Gov. Samuel Johnston of North
Carolina," N. C. Booklet, Apr. 1912, and Revolutionary
Leaders of N. C. (1916) ; memoir of Johnston in N. C.
Univ. Mag., Aug. 1858; S. A. Ashe, Biog. Hist, of
N. C, vol. IV (1906) ; H. M. Wagstaff, "Federalism in
North Carolina," Jas. Sprttnt Hist. Pubs., vol. IX, no.
2 (1010) ; G. J. McRee, Life and Correspondence of
Jas. Iredell (2 vols., 1857-58) ; Colonial Records of
N. C. and State Records of N. C. (26 vols.. 1886-
1907).] J.G.deR.H.
JOHNSTON, SAMUEL (Feb. 9, 1835-Apr.
15, 191 1 ), inventor, manufacturer, was born in
Shelby, Orleans County, N. Y., the son of Henry
and Nancy (Crippen) Johnston. His father was
Johnston
a farmer who, with his wife, was also engaged in
the weaving of fine linen. Johnston attended the
district school near his home and obtained an
elementary education. At an early age he ex-
hibited a marked interest in mechanics and
throughout his career applied his talents chiefly
to the improvement of farm machinery. At the
age of twenty he perfected and patented a corn
and bean planter, and very shortly thereafter
turned his attention to harvesting machinery.
The reaping machine as variously made by Bell,
Hussey, McCormick, and Dorsey, had in i860
reached the stage where it was satisfactory for
fine standing grain but not for badly tangled
crops of varying lengths. About this time, there-
fore, Johnston, then residing in Buffalo, N. Y.,
in an endeavor to correct this defect applied
himself to the improvement of rakes and reels
for harvesters. He obtained one patent on a
rake in 1863 ; another on a harvester in Janu-
ary 1865 ; and on Feb. 7, 1865, was granted a
patent for a combined rake and reel for a har-
vester (House Executive Document No. 52, 39
Cong., 1 Sess., I, 108; III, 82). This proved to
be a revolutionary improvement in harvesting
machinery, for practically every maker of reap-
ers in the world altered his machine to use the
Johnston system. In the great field trials of reap-
ing machinery held in 1866 at Auburn, N. Y.,
William Wallace & Company of Syracuse en-
tered a Hubbard machine with a Johnston rake
attached, which won the gold medal (Transac-
tions of the New York State Agricultural Soci-
ety, 1866, pp. T)yi-y2; Cultivator and Country
Gentleman, Aug. 2, 1866, p. 81). The features
of this patent consisted of a series of centrally
located arms, each provided with teeth. The path
which these arms described was under the full
control of the driver. He was able to make the
rake arms drop down in front of the cutters and
pick up the lodged grain and he could cause any
desired rake to sweep the platform and discharge
the cut, thus making uniform bundles of grain
no matter what was the condition of the crop.
The patent was assigned to Johnston and R. L.
Howard of Buffalo, in whose iron works John-
ston's earlier patented corn planter and corn
husker had been manufactured since 1858, and
here the manufacture of his harvester rake was
undertaken. In 1868 he established a manufac-
tory for his machine on a larger scale at Syra-
cuse, N. Y., which operated under the name of
Johnston, Huntley & Company. Three years
later this plant was abandoned and the Johnston
Harvester Company was established at Brock-
port, N. Y., with which Johnston was actively
associated until his retirement from the company
151
Johnston
in 1879. During the succeeding years he con-
tinued his inventive work on harvester rakes,
grain binders, and on a complete grain-binding
harvester. He also patented rotary and disc har-
rows. In connection with the construction of
machinery to manufacture his improvements, he
devised new metal-working processes and pat-
ented cold rolling mills, rolled forging mills,
and casting machinery. He invented a metal
process by which finished articles are produced
in duplicate, and for a number of years prior
to his death was at work on the design of a fur-
nace using natural fuels for the production of
extremely high temperatures. For this he de-
vised and patented a fuel burner. He was mar-
ried, June 8, 1856, to Arsula S. Vaughan of
Fort Ann, Cattaraugus County, N. Y., and at
his death, in Buffalo, was survived by a daughter.
[R. L. Ardrey, Am. Agric. Implements (1894) ; The
Implement Age, Springfield, Ohio, Apr. 22, 191 1 ; Farm
Implement News, Oct. 1887, Apr. 20, 191 1 ; Who's Who
in America, 1908-09 ; Buffalo Morning Express, Apr.
17, 1911 ; Mar. 10, 1912; Pat. Off. records; U. S. Na-
tional Museum correspondence.] C. W. M.
JOHNSTON, THOMAS (c. 1708-May 8,
1767), engraver, painter, was probably born in
1708. His tombstone, in King's Chapel, Boston,
contains at present only his name and the year
of his death, but in the printed reproduction of
it kept by the Massachusetts Historical Society,
"Aged 59 Years" is added in handwriting, and
appearances make it seem probable that this line
on the stone has been obliterated by the weather.
Johnston has often been confused with an Eng-
lish mezzotint engraver named Johnson who was
born in Boston, England and who seems to have
engraved a portrait of Increase Mather (K. B.
Murdock, The Portraits of Increase Mather,
1924). Johnston was admitted to the Brattle
Street Church, Boston, Mass., in 1726. Accord-
ing to court records he married Rachel Thwing
in 1730, and several children are attributed to
this union, one of them, Thomas, an organist and
japanner, often being confused with his father.
There is a record of his purchase of a house and
land on Brattle Street in 1742; and on Aug. 6,
1747, he married Bathsheba Thwing, a cousin of
his first wife. By his second marriage he had
three sons.
Except for the work he left, for references in
contemporary newspapers, and for a few court
records of suits against him and the administra-
tion of his will, little is known about him. His
work which survives consists principally of en-
gravings, and most of these are topographical.
His charts, "The Canada River" and "The Ken-
nebec and Sagadahoc Rivers," are little more
than outline maps with an occasional fort or
Johnston
settlement indicated, and the same thing is true
of most of his engravings. In his "Prospect of
Yale College," however, the pictorial enters in,
and in his "Battle of Lake George," beneath a
map at the top of the page the English are shown
encamped on the lake with the French and In-
dians attacking them through the woods. Be-
sides this topographical and pictorial material, he
also engraved music for Psalm tunes and the
plates for the commissions issued by the Prov-
ince of Massachusetts during the last eight years
of his life.
There is a portrait attributed to him in the
Boston Museum of Fine Arts, and another is
owned by the Massachusetts Historical Society;
while the fact that he was an heraldic painter is
attested by a suit over a coat of arms in which
his apprentice, John Greenwood, made an affi-
davit that is in the files of the Massachusetts
supreme court under date of Mar. 16, 1749. In
addition to engraving and painting, Johnston
was also an organ builder, and an organ of his
construction is still in the Old North Church of
Boston where a marble tablet commemorates the
fact that he made it in 1759. He was primarily
a japanner, but in his personal estate, inven-
toried at about twelve pounds, there were an un-
finished organ and part of another one, together
with pictures to the value of about three pounds.
His real estate was appraised as worth sixty-
six pounds, thirteen shillings, and four pence.
Though neither a painter nor an engraver of
great merit, he kept up artistic activity under
conditions that were not favorable. That he ex-
erted some influence on painting is shown by the
fact that his apprentice, John Greenwood, re-
ferred to above, and Johnston's son John both
achieved some success as portrait and figure
painters.
[Wm. Dunlap, A Hist, of the Rise and Progress of
the Arts of Design in the U. S. (rev. ed., 1918), ed. by
F. W. Bayley and C. E. Goodspeed ; D. M. Stauffer,
Am. Engravers upon Copper and Steel (1907) ; W. H.
Whitmore, Notes Concerning Peter Pclham (1867);
Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc., VI (1863), 33, 37; IX (1867),
213; XII (1873), 324; XVII (1880), 2; A Report of
the Record Commissioners of the City of Boston Con-
taining the Boston Marriages from 1700 to 1751
(1898).] S.G.
JOHNSTON, WILLIAM ANDREW (Jan.
26, 1871-Feb. 16, 1929), journalist and author,
was born in Pittsburgh, Pa., the son of Wil-
liam Andrew and Agnes (Parry) Johnston. He
graduated as bachelor of arts from the Western
University of Pennsylvania (now the Univer-
sity of Pittsburgh) in 1891. After two years of
reporting on local newspapers, he tried his hand
at publishing, conducting in 1893-94 the Wil-
kinsburg (Pa.) Independent ; but being neither
152
Johnston
successful nor happy in this role, he went to New-
York, where from 1894 to l&97 ne served as a
reporter on the Morning Journal and the New
York Press. He then spent three years on the
editorial staff of the New York Herald. In 1900
he became associated with the New York World
and remained with that paper for twenty-seven
years. Meanwhile, he wrote many books and
magazine articles. His first book, History Up to
Date, appeared in 1899. Drawing upon his ex-
periences as a reporter, he wrote a number of
mystery and "detective" novels. Among them
were The Innocent Murderers (1910) ; The Yel-
low Letter (1911); The House of Whispers
(1918) ; The Apartment Next Door (1919) ; The
Mystery in the Ritsmore (1920) ; The Tragedy
at the Beach Club (1922) ; The Waddington
Cipher (1923). Politically, Johnston claimed to
be a socialist, but he was by no means a malcon-
tent. A big-bodied, jovial man, he was noted for
his kindliness and keen sense of humor. Ray
Long, editor of the Cosmopolitan Magazine, once
wrote him up in that journal as "the happiest
man I know." Johnston created much laughter
with his monograph on The Fun of Being a Fat
Man. published in 1922. In collaboration with
H. T. Webster, the cartoonist, he produced Web-
ster's Bridge in 1924. This was a humorous
book, but he was really considered an authority
on bridge, and for several years was associate
editor of the Auction Bridge Magazine. In 1916,
while he himself was on crutches as the result of
an accident, he wrote his most appealing and
popular book, Limpy, the story of a lame boy,
published in 1917. It is claimed that more than
one hundred thousand copies were sold. These
Women, a series of magazine articles, issued in
book form in 1925, was widely popular. Another
series entitled variously, "If I Were a Clergy-
man," "If I Were a Doctor," "If I Were a Law-
yer," "If I Were a Rich Man," "If I Were Out
of a Job," etc., running in Collier's, in 1925-26,
contained much pungent yet kindly philosophy.
Johnston was chairman of the Parker Inde-
pendent League, supporting Judge Parker's cam-
paign for the presidency in 1904. He proposed
the Fulton aerial flight, the first airplane flight
of any considerable length, as a part of the Hud-
son-Fulton Celebration in New York in 1909,
and in connection with which a prize of $10,000
was offered by the city. He was more proud of
his civic and welfare work than of his writing.
He was the founder of grammar-school field days
in the New York public schools. For many years
he was a campaigner for the elimination of dan-
ger from Fourth of July observances, and in
recognition of his efforts in this direction, he was
Johnston
placed in charge of New York's "safe and sane"
Fourth of July celebrations in 1910, 191 1, and
1912, which resulted in a marked decrease in
accidents. In 1927 he quit the newspaper busi-
ness to take over the direction of publicity for the
Dalberg enterprises and was made director and
vice-president of the Celotex Company and vice-
president of the Southern Sugar Company. He
was married, first, Feb. 22, 1896, to Hazel Min-
nette Williams of Hampshire, England; and sec-
ond, Apr. 12, 1910, to Hattie Belle McCollum of
Lockport, N. Y. In 1927 he moved to Chicago,
where he died.
[Alumni Directory, Univ. of Pittsburgh (1910);
Who's Who in America, 1928-29 ; the World (N. Y.) ;
N. Y. Times, Feb. 17, 1929; information from friends
and associates.] A F H
JOHNSTON, WILLIAM PRESTON (Jan.
5, 1831-July 16, 1899), lawyer, soldier, educator,
eldest son of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston [q.v.]
and Henrietta (Preston) Johnston, was born at
Louisville, Ky. His mother died when he was
four years old, his father soon after went to
Texas, and he was brought up by maternal rela-
tives— first by Mrs. Josephine Rogers, and after
her death, by Gen. William Preston [q.z'.~\. His
early education was obtained in the public schools
of Louisville and at the academy of S. V. Wo-
mack, Shelbyville, Ky. He entered Centre Col-
lege, Danville, Ky., in 1846, but remained only a
short time; later he attended the Western Mili-
tary Institute, Georgetown, Ky., which he had
to leave in 1848 because of illness. In May 1851,
after a desultory study of law, he entered the
junior class of Yale University from which he
graduated in 1852. Naturally studious, he stood
high in scholarship, taking the Townsend prize
for English composition, and the Clark prize for
an essay on "Political Abstractionists."
After leaving Yale he entered the law school
of the University of Louisville, graduating in the
spring of 1853. On July 6 of that year he mar-
ried, at New Haven, Conn., Rosa Elizabeth Dun-
can of New Orleans, and, except for a short in-
terval when they lived in New York, they made
their home in Louisville until the outbreak of the
Civil War. Johnston then left his law practice
and entered the Confederate service. He was
first appointed major in the 2nd Kentucky Regi-
ment, but was soon promoted to the rank of lieu-
tenant-colonel in the 1st Kentucky. His health
having broken because of typhoid-pneumonia and
camp fever, and his regiment having been dis-
banded during his absence, he accepted in May
1862 the offer of President Jefferson Davis to
become his aide-de-camp with the rank of colo-
nel. He filled this position until the end of the
153
Johnston
war, his chief duties being those of an inspector
and confidential staff officer for communicating
with the generals in the field ; and in these ca-
pacities he was present at many of the important
battles. At the end of the war he was captured
with President Davis, and for several months
was imprisoned at Fort Delaware. After his
release he spent a year of voluntary exile in
Canada, and then returned to Louisville and his
law practice.
His work as an educator did not begin until
1867, when Gen. Robert E. Lee, then president
of Washington and Lee University, offered him
the chair of history and English literature at
that institution, which he accepted and held until
1877. In 1880 he was called to the presidency
of the Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge,
La. Paul Tulane made his first donation for the
education of young white persons of New Or-
leans in 1882, and the following year the board
of administrators of the Tulane Educational
Fund requested Johnston to organize and take
charge of the institution to be founded. In 1884
the administrators of the Fund became the ad-
ministrators of the University of Louisiana,
agreeing to devote their income to its develop-
ment ; and the name was changed to Tulane Uni-
versity of Louisiana. Johnston became its presi-
dent, remaining as such until his death.
While at Washington and Lee he wrote a bi-
ography of his father, The Life of Gen. Albert
Sidney Johnston, his best and most widely
known work, published in 1878. In 1890 he pub-
lished Prototype of Hamlet and Other Shake-
spearian Problems (1890), and in 1897 The
Johnstons of Salisbury, a family record. Three
volumes of poems came from his pen : My Garden
Walk (1894), Pictures of the Patriarchs and
Other Poems (1895), and Seekers After God:
Sonnets (1898). He also wrote papers and es-
says on a wide range of subjects, and delivered
numerous public lectures. He was a regent of
the Smithsonian Institution, and a member of
many learned societies. He was always handi-
capped by ill health, yet he reached an advanced
age, dying at the home of his son-in-law, St.
George Tucker, Lexington, Va. His body was
taken to Louisville, where it was buried beside
that of his first wife, who had died Oct. 19, 1885.
He was survived by his second wife, formerly
Margaret Avery, member of a prominent Lou-
isiana family, whom he had married in April
1888, and by four of the six children by his first
marriage. He was a typical gentleman of the
old South : well-bred, courteous, kindly, and pos-
sessed of a beautiful and attractive character.
He was democratic in his tastes, and bitterly op-
Johnston
posed to all distinctions of caste and wealth. As
an educator he was ever mindful of the poor
student : free scholarships for such were his edu-
cational hobby.
[Records of the Class of 1852, Yale Coll. (1878) ;
Obit. Record Grads. Yale Univ., 1899; W. P. Johnston,
The Johnstons of Salisbury (1897); Biog. and Hist.
Memoirs of La. (1892), vol. I ; E. W. Fay, The Hist, of
Education in La. (1898) ; Henry Rightor, Standard
Hist, of New Orleans, La. (1900) ; Jacob Cooper, Wil-
liam Preston Johnston: A Character Sketch (1899);
Memorial Services in Honor of William Preston John-
ston (1900); Trinity Record, vol. VI, no. 2; New
Orleans Daily Item, July 16, 1899 ; New Orleans Daily
Picayune, July 17, 1899; The Olive and the Blue, Oct.
4, 1899; Evening Star (Washington), July 17, 1899;
N. Y. Times, July 17, 1899 ; Harper's Weekly, July 29,
P.]
M.J.W.
JOHNSTON, ZACHARIAH (1742-January
1800), statesman, champion of religious liberty,
Revolutionary soldier, was born near Staunton,
Va. His father, William Johnston, an Ulster
Scot, had lately come from Pennsylvania. The
region around the Johnston cabin was still large-
ly unbroken wilderness. The boy Zachariah had
a typical frontier upbringing but gathered some-
what of an education from the log academy of
John Brown several miles away. He married
Ann Robertson, the daughter of a neighboring
Scot family, and had settled down to the routine
of a prosperous farmer when the outbreak of the
Revolution introduced his ability to his country
and state. In 1776 he was recommended for a
captaincy in the Virginia militia and was duly
commissioned. His company was unusually ac-
tive in the frontier patrol against the Indians
and in 1781 joined in the campaign that led to
Cornwallis's surrender.
Johnston's civil service began while he was
still active as a militia captain. In 1778 he was
elected a representative from Augusta to the Vir-
ginia House of Delegates and continued to be
elected without a break for the next fifteen years.
When he moved from Augusta to Rockbridge in
1792 he was forthwith elected to represent the
latter county. His greatest service to his state
was rendered in 1785-86 when as chairman of
the House of Delegates' important committee on
religion and as an able colleague of James Madi-
son he bore much of the brunt of the fight for
Virginia's "Act for Establishing Religious Free-
dom" (1786). In addition to this he was an un-
compromising opponent of paper money and an
ardent champion of court reform and the pay-
ment of British debts in order that treaty faith
might be kept. His greatest service to the nation
was as a delegate to the Virginia Convention of
1788 when he carried the unanimous vote of his
section with him for ratification. The importance
of the part he played there is indicated by the
154
Johnstone
fact that he made the closing speech for ratifi-
cation. In this speech he summed up the reasons
for the appeal of the new Constitution to his sec-
tion in its provisions for equal representation,
fair taxation, and a stronger government ; its
purported antagonism to slavery ; and its denial
of any jurisdiction in religion or matters of con-
science. In the organization of the new federal
government Johnston was the first elector for
his section and later was urged to be a candidate
for Congress but declined. He continued active
in the state legislature until a few years before
his death but his chief interest seems to have
been in connecting the rivers of western Vir-
ginia with Washington's proposed system of Po-
tomac navigation. He gave much of time and
effort to this project.
An indication of the manner of man he was
stands out in his refusal to accept a commission
as a justice of the county court system tendered
by Governor Jefferson in 1781, his reason being
that he felt he should study law for a year or two
first. His scrupulousness in all of his various
activities is prominently evidenced in the rather
copious collection of private papers that is pre-
served in the substantial house which he built for
himself in Rockbridge County during his latter
years.
[Archibald Alexander, "Zachariah Johnston," Prince-
ton Mag., I (1850), 367-69; Lyman Chalkley, Chroni-
cles of the Scotch-Irish Settlement of Va. (3 vols.,
1912) ; J. A. Waddell, Annals of Augusta County, Va.
(1886) ; Augusta Court Martial Record Book; Minute
and Order books of the upper Valley counties ; David
Robertson, Debates and Other Proc. of the Convention
of Va. . . . 1788 (1788) ; E. G. Swem, "A Bibliography
of Virginia, Part II," Bull, of the Va. State Lib., vol.
X (1917) ; Johnston's private papers.] F. H. H.
JOHNSTONE, JOB (June 7, 1793-Apr. 8,
1862), jurist, was born in Fairfield District, S.
C, of Scotch-Irish ancestry. His father was
John Johnstone and his mother was Mary Cald-
well, of Londonderry County, Ireland. She had
come originally from Scotland and was the
daughter of a surgeon, Dr. Job Caldwell, for
whom her son was named. The family was of
rigid Presbyterian stock and Johnstone was a
member of that denomination throughout his life.
After attending schools in Chester, Winnsboro,
and Newberry, he entered the South Carolina
College in 1808 and was graduated from that in-
stitution in December 1810. He then began to
read law, but in 1814 he turned to medicine, and
after reading for a time in the office of a doctor
in Columbia, he went to New York City in Oc-
tober 1815 and took a course in the College of
Physicians and Surgeons. But his jealous mis-
tress, the law, called him back to her side, and
he renewed his legal studies in the office of John
Joline
Belton O'Neall [q.v.~\, of Newberry. In 1818 he
was admitted to the bar, and at once he became
the partner of his preceptor, who himself later
became chief justice of South Carolina. Subse-
quently the partners became alienated. O'Neall
was an intense Union man, while Johnstone was
equally intense in his devotion to state rights.
The latter was a member of the nullification con-
vention of 1832 and his name appears as one of
the signers of the nullification ordinance. While
he maintained, throughout life, unwavering loy-
alty in his belief as to the rights of the sovereign
states, and while as a young man he courage-
ously asserted those rights, even to the extent of
voting to nullify an act of the Congress of the
United States, when South Carolina seceded in
i860, he was opposed to the step on the ground
that it was politically inexpedient. After the war
began he supported the Confederacy.
Johnstone's political career began with his
election as clerk of the Senate of South Carolina
in 1826. He continued to hold this position until
he was elected a chancellor of the state on Nov.
3, 1830. In 1847, following the death of William
Harper, Johnstone became president of the equity
court of appeals, and in 1859, when the new
court of appeals was established, he became an
associate justice. It was once said of him that
"every appeal opinion in which he was over-
ruled by the Appellate Court, and every appeal
opinion in which he dissented from the majority
of the chancellors" was "subsequently confirmed
and made established law in South Carolina"
(Brooks, post, I, 93). Johnstone was twice mar-
ried. His first wife was Eliza Meek Johnstone,
his cousin, whom he married on Nov. 14, 1816,
and by whom he had four children. She died
Jan. 23, 1843, and on Aug. 7, 1844, he was mar-
ried to Amelia A. De Walt, by whom he had six
children. He died at Newberry.
[See Maximilian LaBorde, Hist, of the S. C. Coll.
('859); J- B. Carwiie, Reminiscences of Newberry
(1890) ; J. B. O'Neall and J. A. Chapman, The Annals
of Newberry (1892) ; U. R. Brooks, 5". C. Bench and
Bar (1908), vol. I; Yates Snowden, Hist, of S. C.
(1920), vol. II; Charleston Daily Courier, Apr. 11,
1862; Chancery reports of S. C. 1830-66. Johnstone
sometimes spelled his last name without the final e.]
J.N.F.
JOLINE, ADRIAN HOFFMAN (June 30,
1850-Oct. 15, 1912), lawyer, author, book-col-
lector, was born at Sing Sing (now Ossining),
N. Y., the oldest of the three children of Col.
Charles Oliver Joline and Mary Evelyn Hoff-
man. His maternal lineage is traceable to Mar-
tin Hoffman, of Swedish origin, who came to
Kingston, N. Y., in 1657. Adrian got his prep-
aration for college partly at Mount Pleasant
Academy, Sing Sing, and partly under the pri-
lSS
Joline
vate tuition of Dr. James I. Helm. His father's
military connections brought the lad in touch
with courts martial during the Civil War, and
this experience may have suggested to him a
lawyer's calling. At least, after graduation from
Princeton in 1870, he went to the Columbia Law
School and was graduated in 1872. In his prac-
tice he specialized in cases relating to trusts,
mortgages, and railroads. He was fortunate in
possessing a remarkable memory and the faculty
of expressing his thoughts clearly. He became
counsel and chairman of the board of directors
of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad Com-
pany and a director of a number of other cor-
porations. When the Metropolitan Street Rail-
way and New York City Railway companies
went into bankruptcy in 1907, he was appointed
one of the receivers. His success in restoring
order from chaos won for him great praise, but
his devotion to the task seriously undermined his
health.
Joline's avocation was the collecting of auto-
graphs and rare books and his joy in this pur-
suit is reflected in his Meditations of an Auto-
graph Collector (1902), The Diversions of a
Book-lover (1903), At the Library Table (1910),
and Rambles in Autograph Land (1913), edited
by Mrs. Joline after his death. Many contem-
porary tendencies found in him an ardent an-
tagonist : "The majority of railway accidents in
this country are due to the relaxed discipline re-
sulting from the labor-union tyranny," was a
statement which he made before the New Jersey
State Bar Association, June 15, 1907 (New
Jersey State Bar Association Year Book, 1907-
08, p. 55). This declaration was followed by
another to the effect that the yellow press was
'the yellow peril before which an oriental in-
vasion fades into insignificance" (Ibid., p. 56).
When he told the directors of the Missouri, Kan-
sas & Texas Railroad Company that "govern-
ment ownership with politicians in control would
result in the payment by the public of large divi-
dends out of the pockets of the public" (Address,
Apr. 4, 1907, quoted in New York Herald, Oct.
16, 1912), and classed William Jennings Bryan
among those who did not appear to have given
the subject "any intelligent attention," Woodrow
Wilson, then president of Princeton, expressed
by letter to him his entire agreement and added:
"Would that we could do something, at once dig-
nified and effective, to knock Mr. Bryan once
for all into a cocked hat." Five years later, when
Wilson and Bryan were fraternizing politically,
Joline, whose fad never permitted him to destroy
a letter, showed the epistle of 1907 to a friend.
Then the newspaper reporter learned about it
Jolliet
and the specter stalked through the land in the
headlines of the press (New York Times, Jan. 8,
1912). After 1905 Joline was senior member of
the firm of Joline, Larkin & Rathbone. He was
married, in 1876, to Mary E. Larkin, daughter
of Francis Larkin of New York.
[Obituaries in New York papers of Oct. 16 1912
(portrait in Herald) ; Publishers' Weekly, Oct. 19,
1912; E. A. Hoffman, Geneal. of the Hoffman Family •
Descendants of Martin Hoffman (1899) ; N. Y. Times
Jan. 7 and 8, 1912; Who's Who in America, 1912-13 ;
Joline's own works and addresses as given above.]
A.E. P.
JOLLIET, LOUIS (September 1645-1700),
explorer, was one of the earliest natives of Can-
ada to distinguish himself. From the neighbor-
hood of La Rochelle his father, Jehan Jollyet,
emigrated to Canada as cartwright for the com-
pany of associates and married Marie d'Aban-
cour dite La Caille. Although Jollyet's workshop
was in the lower town of Quebec he had a con-
cession near Beaupre in the parish of Chateau
Richer, and there it is believed Louis was born.
He was baptized Sept. 21, 1645, in Quebec. Af-
ter his father's death, when the lad was five
years old, his mother married again and lived on
the Isle of Orleans but returned to Beaupre when
the stepfather was drowned in 1665. Meanwhile
Louis, who showed much talent for learning, had
entered the Jesuit seminary at Quebec, where he
proved himself an apt pupil, studied mathe-
matics, the classics, rhetoric, and logic, became
also a musician, and was a favorite with all his
instructors. At the age of seventeen he took mi-
nor orders but, a few years later, abandoned the
idea of becoming an ecclesiastic and, in 1667,
went to Europe, under the patronage of Bishop
Laval, to continue his scientific studies. The next
year he returned to Canada and entered on the
career of travel and exploration that brought him
fame.
His first western voyage, in 1669, was in obedi-
ence to the request of Intendant Talon, who sent
Jolliet to take supplies to Jean Pere, then search-
ing for copper in Lake Superior. Jolliet also took
trade goods and engages, several of whom he
sent to trade in Greenbay. He did not find Pere,
but he met Father Jacques Marquette [q.v.~\ at
Sault Ste. Marie and hastened back to Canada
with an Iroquois prisoner, whom the Jesuits had
rescued from the Ottawa. Guided by the Iro-
quois, this party was the first to pass down the
Great Lakes by way of the Detroit River into
Lake Erie. At the east end of this lake Jolliet
met a party of Sulpician priests and told them
of the new route to the West. Then pushing on
to Quebec he arrived late in September 1669.
The next year the explorer was sent with St.
156
Jolliet
j
Lusson's party and was present at the ceremony,
on June 14, 1671, to annex the western country
to the Crown of France.
Since by these voyages Jolliet, already an ex-
pert cartographer, had become more familiar
with the Great Lakes region than any other Ca-
nadian, in 1672 he was chosen by the authorities
of New France to find the great river of which
so many rumors had been heard. Father Mar-
quette, then at the Mackinac mission of St.
Ignace, was chosen chaplain for the expedition.
Jolliet arrived at St. Ignace late in 1672, and
throughout the winter the two leaders collab-
orated in making plans and in drawing maps.
On May 17, 1673, they left St. Ignace for the
southwest in two canoes with five voyageurs. As
far as the Mascouten village on the upper Fox
River (near Berlin, Wis.) the route was already
known. There they obtained guides who showed
them the way to the portage. Although the In-
dians, magnifying the difficulties, besought them
not to undertake the voyage, they pressed on,
crossed the divide at the portage, fell into a west-
ward flowing stream (the Wisconsin), and on
June 17 sighted the Mississippi. They floated
down the great river as far as the Arkansas ;
then, being certain it emptied into the Gulf of
Mexico and dreading to find enemies on the
lower course, they turned back. On the advice of
the Indians they returned by way of the Illinois
and Des Plaines rivers, and the portage at the
site of Chicago, which, so far as is known, they
were the first white men to visit. Jolliet appears
to have spent the following winter exploring
Lake Michigan. As early as feasible in 1674 he
left the Sault Ste. Marie for Canada to report
his discovery. At the rapids above Montreal his
canoe was overturned, and he lost his maps, his
journals, and all his souvenirs. He later made
several maps from memory, to be presented to
Governor Frontenac and to Minister of State
Colbert.
Although Jolliet's discovery was much honored
by the authorities, he was denied a share in ex-
ploiting the new land, probably because he be-
longed to the party of the Jesuits, who were then
out of favor with the civil authorities. He was,
however, granted several seigniories on the lower
St. Lawrence, notably the island of Anticosti,
where after his marriage to Claire Bissot in
1675 he established his home. He continued his
explorations in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, along
the coast of Labrador, and in 1694 visited Hud-
son Bay and reached a high latitude. In 1697 he
was appointed royal hydrographer for Canada
and made a number of useful maps. His death
occurred after May 4 and before Oct. 18, 1700.
ones
His fame as a discoverer has been overshadowed
by that of Marquette whose journals were pre-
served while Jolliet's were lost. In the wilder-
ness he was at his best; he had an instinct for
exploration, a talent for Indian languages, and
the ability to control the savages. His services
in opening the Great Lakes and the Mississippi
Valley to civilization are his sure title to fame.
[R. G. Thwaites, The Jesuit Relations, vol. LIX
(1900) ; Pierre Margry, Decouvertes ct £tab!issements
des Francois, vols. I, II (1876-77) ; Francis B. Steck,
The Jolliet-Marquettc Expedition (1927) ; L. P. Kel-
logg, French Regime in Wis. (1925) ; F. E. A. Gagnon,
Louis Jolliet (1902); A. E. Gosselin, "Jean Jolliet et
ses Enfants," Proc. and Trans, of the Royal Soc. of
Canada, ser. 3, vol. XIV (1921).] L. P. K.
JONES, ABNER (Apr. 28, 1772-May 29,
1841), leader in New England of the movement
for undenominational Christianity, was born on
a farm in Royalston, Mass. His parents were
Deacon Asa Jones, a native of Sutton, Mass., and
Dorcas Wade of Gloucester, R. I., both strict Bap-
tists. In 1780 the family became the first settlers
of Bridgewater, Vt., on the frontier. During his
boyhood, Abner's soul was torn with conflicts
between religious conviction and worldly am-
bition and oppressed with gloomy fears of his
lost condition. At nineteen he began teaching, al-
though his own schooling had not exceeded six
weeks. At length his religious horizon cleared
and he was baptized, June 9, 1793. While teach-
ing he studied the Bible exhaustively, with medi-
cal study as a recreation. Gradually he gave up
the Calvinistic system under the shadow of which
he had grown up, and his views on the doctrines
of the Trinity, the Atonement, and eternal pun-
ishment became very much modified, though he
clung rigidly to his inherited doctrines of con-
version, and baptism by immersion.
In 1796 he settled as a physician in Lyndon,
Vt., and about this time married Damaris Pryor.
Although successful in medicine, he was con-
tinually haunted by the call of the pulpit, and at
length, under the influence of a revival, dropped
his practice and began the work of an evangelist.
In 1801, with about a dozen of his neighbors he
founded a church in Lyndon, with no creed but
the Bible and no denominational affiliation. The
group called themselves simply "Christians." The
movement thus begun in New England had its
counterparts in other sections of the country,
where the followers of James O'Kelly, Barton
W. Stone, and Alexander Campbell [qq.z\~] suc-
cessively abandoned creeds and ecclesiastical
centralization and reverted to "primitive Chris-
tianity." Out of these movements came the de-
nominations known as the Disciples of Christ
and the "Christian Connection," claiming the
Bible as their only rule of faith and practice.
157
Jones
On Nov. 30, 1802, Jones was ordained by a
Free Will Baptist council, not as a member of
that denomination, but simply as a "Christian
brother." He now began to labor with great
zeal and success, traveling widely and constantly
preaching and baptizing. In the fall of 1802 he
founded a second church, in Hanover, N. H., and
during the following winter another at Piermont.
In the course of his career he was settled at dif-
ferent periods in Boston, Bradford, Salem, As-
sonet, and Upton, Mass., Portsmouth, Stratham,
and Hopkinton, N. H., and Milan, N. Y. In
founding the church at Portsmouth (1805) he
was aided by Elias Smith [q.v.] . He presided
over the United States Christian Conference
held at Milan, N. Y., in 1832. In middle life he
became a pioneer in the temperance movement.
At the time of the anti-Masonic excitement, for
conscientious reasons he abandoned the Masonic
order, of which he had been a member. His edu-
cation was almost wholly self-acquired, but he
gained a reading knowledge of Hebrew, Greek,
and Latin. He read extensively, especially in
history and biography. Besides a few sermons
and miscellaneous hymns and poems of no great
merit, he published one book: Memoirs of the
Life and Experience, Travels and Preaching of
Abner Jones (1807). He died at Exeter, N. H,
where he had recently settled. His first wife died
in December 1836, and on Aug. I, 1839, he mar-
ried Mrs. Nancy F. Clark of Nantucket, who sur-
vived him.
[In addition to Jones's Memoirs, already mentioned,
see: A. D. Jones, Memoirs of Elder Abner Jones
(1842); E. W. Humphreys, Memoirs of Deceased
Christian Ministers (1880); A. H. Morrill, "Abner
Jones, Founder of the Christian Connection in New
England," in The Centennial of Religious Journalism
(1908) ; M. T. Morrill, A Hist, of the Christian De-
nomination in America (1912); W. E. Garrison, Re-
ligion Follows the Frontier (1931); N. H. Gazette
(Portsmouth), June 1, 1841. A brief account of Elder
Jones and the founding of his denomination is found
in Vol. XII (1894) of the Am. Ch. Hist. Series which
erroneously gives the year 1800 as the date of the
founding of the church in Lyndon.] F. T. P.
JONES, ALEXANDER (c. 1802-Aug. 22,
1863), author, news reporter, physician, was the
son of a North Carolina planter. Little is known
of his life prior to his graduation, with the de-
gree of M.D., at the Medical School of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania in 1822. About that time
his father died, leaving a modest estate. Alex-
ander relinquished his share in favor of his two
sisters and went to Mississippi, where he prac-.
tised his profession and at the same time became
greatly interested in cotton culture. He also
made improvements in the cotton gin. His re-
pute as an authority on the Southern staple crop
came to the notice of the British East India Com-
Jones
pany, which desired to retain him in building up
an Indian cotton industry. Their negotiations
came to a head about 1840. Jones went to Lon-
don, but on reflection declined the company's
offer, since it involved aid to a foreign country
in rivalry with his own. He returned to the
United States, settling in New York, and began
writing regularly for the Journal of Commerce,
using the signature "Sandy Hook." He also was
correspondent for English newspapers.
After the first use of the electric telegraph
between Washington and Baltimore, in 1844,
several years elapsed before news could be
transmitted on an important scale to and from
New York. By the autumn of 1846, however, a
telegraph line was in operation from New York
to Washington, and under an arrangement be-
tween the newspapers of the two cities it fell to
Jones to file the first news message by wire from
the metropolis — an account of the launching of
the United States sloop of war Albany at the
Brooklyn Navy Yard. He related the incident
in his Historical Sketch of the Electric Tele-
graph, published in 1852. Early in grasping the
significance of the telegraph in news distribu-
tion, Jones was also a pioneer in organizing a
practical cooperative press service among Ameri-
can cities. As first general agent of the New
York Associated Press, which at that time in-
cluded six newspapers (Jones, post, pp. 120-48),
he was one of the earliest men to develop a
scheme of market reporting by wire among the
eastern cities. For the press service he devised
a cipher system, which was employed as early
as 1847. The prices of breadstuffs could be sent
daily from Buffalo or Albany to New York in
twenty words. Later the system was extended
to Cincinnati, St. Louis, and New Orleans. Af-
ter a few years Jones gave up the routine work
as agent and from 1851 until his death served the
New York Herald exclusively as commercial
reporter. He seems to have continued the prac-
tice of medicine throughout his journalistic ca-
reer. He was the author of Cuba in 1851 ( 1851 )
and The Cymry of '76; or Welshmen and Their
Descendants of the American Revolution ( 1855).
He was a leading member of St. David's Society
in New York. In addition to his other accom-
plishments he invented a street-sweeping ma-
chine, which the city of New York refused to
adopt — possibly for political reasons.
[Jones's Hist. Sketch of the Electric Telegraph
(1852); N. Y. Herald, Aug. 26, 1863; Victor Rose-
water, Hist, of Cooperative News Gathering in the U.
S. (1930), pp. 43. 70-73-] W. B. S.
JONES, ALFRED (Apr. 7, 1819-Apr. 28,
1900), engraver, was born in Liverpool, Eng-
58
Jones
land, the son of Samuel and Mary (Britten)
Jones. He came to America when a very young
man and was apprenticed as a bank-note en-
graver in the firm of Rawdon, Wright, Hatch &
Edson, first in Albany, N. Y., and subsequently
in New York City. He studied in every leisure
moment at the National Academy of Design and
received the first prize awarded by the Academy
in 1839 for a drawing from a cast of Thorvald-
sen's "Mercury." Bank-note companies fur-
nished employment for the line engravers of that
day. The vignettes on bank notes were engraved
by Jones with good drawing and a certain bold-
ness and richness of hue. He invented a process
for successfully producing directly from a photo-
graph a plate that could be printed with type, the
popular "half-tone process" of a later day. He
made his negative upon crown glass and pro-
duced the screen by ruling this negative in a rul-
ing machine ; from this ruled negative an electro-
type was made. Consequently Jones's services
were in demand by many publishers. In 1846 he
went to Europe to study and spent a year in Paris
in the life classes. He also visited England,
working there under some of the best London
masters. When he returned to New York, he
engaged in business for himself, devoting his
time almost exclusively to bank-note vignettes.
Noteworthy are the two-cent, thirty-cent, and
four- and five-dollar postage stamps of the Co-
lumbian series for the American Bank Note
Company. He was elected an Associate of the
National Academy of Design in 1841 and an
Academician in 1851 and for many years was
secretary and treasurer of the Academy. As a
line engraver he had few, if any, superiors in the
United States. Many of his engravings appeared
in Graham's Magazine and Godey's Lady's Book.
He engraved for the American Art Union "The
Farmer's Nooning" (1843), after W. S. Mount,
an especially admired plate, also "The Image
Breaker" (1850), after the picture by E. Leutze,
recognized as one of his best engravings. Other
examples published by the Art Union were
"Sparking" (1844) and "The New Scholar"
( 1850) , after Francis Edmonds ; "Mexican News"
(1851), after W. C. Woodville; "One of Life's
Happy Hours," after Lilly M. Spencer; "Poor
Relations," after J. H. Beard; "Patrick Henry,
Delivering his Celebrated Speech in the House
of Burgesses, Virginia 1765," after P. F. Roth-
ermel; and "Capture of Major Andre," after
Durand. He engraved fine portraits of Wash-
ington, Asher B. Durand, and two portraits of
Thomas Carlyle for the Grolier Club — all good
examples of combination of line work and etch-
ing. Jones was a member of the Artists' Fund
J
ones
Society and the American Water Color Society ;
he was a painter in oils and water color as well
as an engraver. He was one of the earliest mem-
bers of the Century Association, being elected in
1847. He married, in May 1841, Louisa, daugh-
ter of Richard Major of Brooklyn, N. Y., and
had three daughters. He died from injuries re-
ceived when he was run over by a cab in New
York City.
[Frank Weitenkampf, Am. Graphic Art (19 12) ; W.
S. Baker, Am. Engravers and Their Works (1875) ; D.
McN. Stauffer, Am. Engravers upon Copper and Steel
(1907); Who's Who in America, 1899-1900; N. Y.
Tribune, Apr. 29, 1900.] jj \y
JONES, ALLEN (Dec. 24, 1730-Nov. 14,
1807), Revolutionary soldier and delegate to the
Continental Congress, was born in what is now
Halifax County, N. C, the son of Robert (Robin)
Jones, attorney-general of North Carolina under
the Crown, and of Sarah (Cobb) Jones. With
his brother, Willie Jones [q.v.], he is said to have
been educated at Eton College, England. On Jan.
21, 1762, he married Mary Haynes and, after her
death, he married Rebecca Edwards on Sept. 3,
1768. Before the Revolution he attained local
prominence as clerk of the superior court for
Halifax district, and as member of the House
of Commons from 1773 to 1775 for Northampton
County. In 1 77 1 he assisted Gov. William Tryon
in the suppression of the Regulators.
His chief distinction was gained in the Revo-
lution by able, devoted, and continuous labor in
camp and council for the patriot cause. He was
a member of the Committee of Safety for Hali-
fax district in 1775 and represented Northamp-
ton County in the five Provincial Congresses
from 1774 to 1776. He served on many impor-
tant committees, especially those to provide mili-
tary defense, to establish temporary forms of
civil government, to empower the North Carolina
delegates in Congress to concur with those of
other colonies in declaring independence (Apr.
12, 1776), and to frame the state constitution of
1 776. He was appointed brigadier-general of mili-
tia for Halifax district in 1776 and, until the end
of the war, alternated between civil office and
active military service in the two Carolinas.
From 1777 to 1779 he was in the state Senate,
of which he was speaker in 1778 and 1779, was
a member of the Continental Congress from
1779 to 1780, in 1781 was on the Council Ex-
traordinary that was charged with the conduct of
the war, and was on the Council of State in 1782.
On the grounds that there was no state law au-
thorizing it and that the requisition of Congress
was not binding, he protested, in 1778, against
the sending of North Carolina militia to aid
South Carolina. Yet his faith in the success of
159
Jones
the patriot cause was as constant as his labors in
its behalf; in 1777 he wrote: "No reverse of for-
tune can possibly damp my spirits or occasion
any despondency, so thoroughly am I convinced
that time and America must overcome all oppo-
sition" (State Records, xi, p. 561).
A large property owner himself, he was zeal-
ous for the rights of property, became an oppo-
nent of the proscriptive policy toward the Loyal-
ists after the war, and a conservative in politics.
In 1783, 1784, and 1787 he was a prominent
member of the state Senate. Unlike his more
famous brother, Willie, who was the anti-Fed-
eralist leader, he was a strong advocate of the
federal Constitution but was defeated for a seat
in the Hillsborough convention of 1788 and for
the second federal convention, whose convoca-
tion was expected. In 1790 he was the owner of
177 slaves, the fourth largest slaveholding in the
state. He was a friend of education and a pro-
moter of plans to improve the transportation
facilities of the Roanoke Valley and the Albe-
marle Sound region. He died at his seat, "Mount
Gallant," in Northampton County.
[S. A. Ashe. Biog. Hist, of N. C, vol. IV (1906) ;
W. C. Allen, Hist, of Halifax County (copr. 1918) ; J.
H. Wheeler, Hist. Sketches of N. C. (2 vols., 1851);
G. J. McRee, Life and Correspondence of James Iredell
(2 vols., 1857-58) ; Colonial Records of N. C. (10 vols.,
1886-90); State Records of N. C. (16 vols., 1895-
1906) ; E. C. Burnett, Letters of Members of the Con-
tinental Cong., vols. IV, V (1928-31) ; Northampton
County Court Minutes in the N. C. Historical Commis-
sion, Raleigh ; Cadwallader Jones, A Geneal. Hist.
(1900) ; Raleigh Register and North-Carolina Gazette,
Nov. 26, 1807.] A.R.N.
JONES, AMANDA THEODOSIA (Oct. 19,
1835-Mar. 31, 1914), author, inventor, was born
in East Bloomfield, Ontario County, N. Y.,
fourth of the twelve children of Henry and Mary
Alma (Mott) Jones. Her father was of Welsh-
English and Scotch-Irish stock, long settled
in western Massachusetts ; her mother was of
Huguenot, English, and "North River Dutch"
descent. Amanda attended the district public
schools and then the State Normal School at
East Aurora, graduating about 1850. At an early
age she began to write verse, though she pub-
lished nothing until after she had begun to teach.
Probably the first of her poems to appear in print
was published in the Methodist Ladies' Reposi-
tory of 1854. After this success she gave up
teaching to devote her whole time to writing.
Poems and dissertations on various subjects ap-
peared thereafter in the Repository for fully ten
years. A collection, Utah and Other Poems, was
issued in 1861 and six years later another vol-
ume, Poems (1867), appeared. Meantime, dur-
ing the Civil War she wrote a series of war
songs, published from 1861 to 1865 in Frank Les-
Jones
lie's Illustrated Weekly. Between 1869 and 1873
she was successively editor of the Universe (Chi-
cago), a reform journal; literary editor of the
Western Rural (Chicago) ; editor of the Bright
Side, a juvenile periodical ; and chief contributor
to the juvenile department of the Interior. She
later wrote for Scribne/s Monthly, the Conti-
nent, the Century, the Outlook, and the Youth's
Companion.
During the sixties, while living in western
New York she became gradually more and more
interested in Spiritualism as a result of her own
psychic experiences. In the course of one of
these, a visit from her "Dr. Andrews," in August
1869 (Psychic Autobiography, pp. 227-28), she
was told that she was about to undertake a great
work, but its nature was not then revealed to her.
Four years later this work took shape in a pat-
ented process for preserving food in a vacuum
without cooking, which process was applied also
to canning foods in vacuo with cooking, and to
desiccating foods in vacuo. In perfecting her in-
vention she had the assistance of a cousin, L. C.
Cooley of Albany, N. Y. On June 3, 1873, Coo-
ley obtained a patent (No. 139,547), which he
assigned to her, for an apparatus for preserving
fruit. On the same day a second patent (No.
1 39;58i) was issued jointly to Cooley and Jones
for a method of preserving fruit, and two more
patents (No. 139,580, June 3, 1873; No. 140,508,
July 1, 1873) were granted to Miss Jones alone
for an improved form of fruit jar, best adapted
to use in her preserving process. On June 24,
1873, Cooley obtained a patent (No. 140,247) on
an apparatus to exhaust air from fruit cans. This
group of five patents constituted the Jones Pre-
serving Process by which fruit was placed in a
vessel, the air exhausted with an exhaust appa-
ratus, and at the same time the vessel filled with
fruit juices at a temperature of ioo° to 1200
Fahrenheit. Encouraged by her friends, Miss
Jones, with extremely limited funds, labored for
the succeeding five or six years to improve the
process and to interest capital in her invention.
Eventually there was organized in Chicago the
U. S. Women's Pure Food Vacuum Preserving
Company, in which as far as possible all of the
officers and employees were women. Preserving
of fruits and meats was begun in 1879. After a
few years' operation, however, Miss Jones sold
the rights in her patents to the packing interests
and gave up active participation in the enter-
prise. In 1880 she perfected a liquid fuel burner
(patent No. 225,839, Mar. 23, 1880) which, al-
though designed especially for glass furnaces,
was satisfactorily used under steam boilers, and
she devised several types of valves and a caa-
60
Jones
opener, having, all told, six patents issued to her.
In the early eighties she settled in Junction
City, Kan., and again took up her writing, pub-
lishing A Prairie Idyl (1882), Flowers and a
Weed (1899), Rubdiydt of Solomon and Other
Poems (1905), Poems, 1854-1906 (1906), A
Mother of Pioneers ( 1908), and A Psychic Auto-
biography (1910), which she dedicated to Wil-
liam James. To Steam Engineering (Chicago),
beginning Aug. 10, 1903, she contributed a series
of articles on the use of liquid fuel ; and for the
Engineer (Chicago), she prepared another se-
ries, which began in the issue of Mar. 1, 1904.
Throughout much of her career she was driven
by a philanthropic motive, her particular interest
lying in the reform of unhappy women and the
protection of girls. Early in her business life
she was instrumental in founding near Buffalo
one of the first homes for working women. SJie
never married and resided in Junction City, Kan.,
at the time of her death.
[A Psychic Autobiography (1910) ; Who's Who in
America, 1912-13, 1914-15; Woman's Who's Who of
America, 1914-15 ; F. E. Willard and M. A. Livermore,
A Woman of the Century (1893); Specifications and
Drawings of Patents Issued from the U. S. Patent Of-
fice, June, July 1873, Mar. 1880; Junction City Union,
Apr. 1, 1914.] C. W. M.
JONES, ANSON (Jan. 20, 1798-Jan. 9, 1858),
last president of the Republic of Texas, was born
in Great Barrington, Mass., thirteenth of four-
teen children of whom four died in infancy. His
parents, Solomon Jones, a harness maker, and
Sarah (Strong) Jones, found difficulty in sup-
porting their family, but the father was am-
bitious for the studious boy, and without any
great zeal for the profession Anson Jones, at the
age of nineteen, commenced the study of medi-
cine. His studies were constantly interrupted by
efforts to make a living. He taught school ; he
sold drugs ; he spent two years in Venezuela, and
after ten years, in March 1827, he received the
degree of doctor of medicine from the medical
department of Jefferson College, Canonsburg, Pa.
Extreme poverty had left traces of bitterness
which appear clearly in his reminiscences. For
five years he kept an office in Philadelphia ; but
patients did not come. From Philadelphia, he
drifted to New Orleans, where he had a serious
illness, and where, he tells us, he was falling into
habits of drinking and gambling. In the autumn
of 1833, he landed at Brazoria, Texas, with
seventeen dollars in his pocket. A trained phy-
sician was just what Brazoria wanted ; Jones re-
ceived an eager welcome, and he was soon estab-
lished as a busy and highly respected member of
a pioneer community.
In 1835, on the outbreak of difficulties with
Jones
Mexico, he attended the so-called "Consultation,"
where he was not favorably impressed with some
of his colleagues, especially James Bowie and
Sam Houston [qq.v.]. Indeed, throughout his
life he was perhaps apt to look on both himself
and others with too critical an eye. He returned
an open advocate of independence, and the next
year served as a physician in Houston's little
army, leaving his medicines to fight as a private
soldier in the decisive engagement of San Ja-
cinto. His brief career in the Texan Congress
was interrupted when President Houston sent
him as the Texan minister to Washington. After
a few uneventful months, President Lamar re-
called him ; Jones returned to Texas, and, on
May 17, 1839, was married to Mrs. Mary Mc-
Crory of Brazoria.
He was now elected to the Senate of Texas,
of which he became presiding officer, and was
known as a trenchant critic of the administra-
tion. During h;s vacations he practised medi-
cine among his neighbors and took great interest
in the organization of Masonic lodges. When
late in 1841 Houston was reelected president, he
made Jones secretary of state. The two men were
too unlike to become close friends. Jones was
often irritated by the old chieftain's convivial
habits ; his feelings were hurt when Houston in-
sisted on deciding important questions for him-
self; but Houston evidently trusted Jones and
respected his superior education, without lean-
ing too heavily on his judgment (Diplomatic
Correspondence, II, 281).
On Sept. 2, 1844, Anson Jones, with the pow-
erful support of Houston, was elected president
of Texas for three years from Dec. 9. The chief
subject under consideration at the time was a
"diplomatic act," proposed by Lord Aberdeen,
tha British secretary of state for foreign affairs,
which would secure peace for Texas by making
it virtually a British protectorate. The proposal
had been treated with caution by Smith, Hous-
ton, and Jones, Jones seeming to be more favor-
able to it than either of the other two. Strangely
enough, however, on Sept. 23, Houston issued
an executive order authorizing Jones to close
with Aberdeen's offer, with the single proviso
that Texas should extend to the Rio Grande. In
spite of the order, Jones continued to pursue the
same temporizing policy, and in the meantime,
for reasons of his own, Aberdeen virtually with-
drew his offer. In later years Jones made much
of this incident to prove that he had saved Texas
from the rash policy of Sam Houston and was
the true father of annexation (Niles' National
Register, Dec. 27, 1848, p. 413), but the order is
quite out of line with Houston's cautious policy
l6
Jones
at the time as indicated by other documents. The
probable explanation is that, according to cus-
tom, Houston was withdrawing from the seat of
government and leaving affairs in the hands of
the President-Elect, and was merely placing in
Jones's hands authority which he might use as
a diplomatic weapon in any emergency which
arose. (For another explanation, see Ashbel
Smith, Reminiscences of the Texas Republic,
1876, p. 64.)
Jones was now president of Texas in his own
right. The election of Polk had made an offer of
annexation by the United States virtually cer-
tain. Capt. Charles Elliot, the British charge in
Texas, believed that Jones was now opposed to
annexation and in favor of continued independ-
ence. On Mar. 29, 1845, before the offer of the
United States could be officially received, Jones
authorized Elliot to go to Mexico and to bring
pressure for an acknowledgment of independ-
ence. The people of Texas undoubtedly desired
annexation on almost any terms. At great per-
sonal risk, Jones postponed consideration of the
annexation offer until he had learned of the suc-
cess of Elliot's mission. He was then able to
proclaim peace with Mexico, and to lay before
a convention, not one offer, but two. He was
probably disappointed but not surprised when on
July 4, 1845, the Texas convention voted for
annexation.
On Feb. 19, 1846, the last president of Texas
surrendered his authority to the newly elected
governor of one of the United States, and re-
tired to his plantation on the Brazos, which, in
honor of his birthplace, he called "Barrington."
He maintained an active interest in public af-
fairs, taking a distinctly Southern position and
on such questions as Oregon, Kansas, and the
Know-Nothing movement coming out in bitter
opposition to his old chief, Sam Houston. In
1857 he was disappointed in his hopes of election
to the Senate of the United States, and early in
the next year his many friends were shocked to
learn that he had taken his own life in the old
Capitol Hotel at Houston.
[The papers of Anson Jones, including an autobiog-
raphy, were published in 1859, with little attention to
arrangement, under the title, Memoranda and Official
Correspondence Relating to the Republic of Texas, Its
Hist, and Annexation. Much material for the life of
Jones may be found in G. P. Garrison, "Diplomatic
Correspondence of the Republic of Texas," Ann. Re-
port Am. Hist. Asso., for 1907 and 1908 (3 vols., 1908-
11). See also J. S. Reeves, Am. Diplomacy under Ty-
ler and Polk (1907) ; J. H. Smith, The Annexation of
Texas (191 1) ; L. E. Daniell, Personnel of the Texas
State Government (1892); Houston Telegraph, Jan.
11, 1858 ; and especially E. D. Adams, British Interests
and Activities in Texas (1910). The Anson Jones pa-
pers are in the possession of members of the family in
San Antonio.] R. G. C.
Jones
JONES, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (Aug.
8, 1824-May 19, 1903), leader in the iron and
steel industry, was born in Claysville, Washing-
ton County, Pa., the son of Jacob Aik Jones and
Elizabeth (Goshorn) Jones. His family, com-
ing from Wales, had settled in Philadelphia in
1682. At the age of thirteen Benjamin lived in
New Brighton and studied in New Brighton
Academy, but he left at nineteen to go to Pitts-
burgh. There he was employed, without salary
at first, as receiving clerk with the Mechanics'
Line, a transportation company operating be-
tween Pittsburgh and Baltimore, Philadelphia,
and New York, chiefly by way of the Pennsyl-
vania State Canal. Samuel M. Kier [q.v.], the
owner, encouraged young Jones ; in 1845 aP-
pointed him manager of the Mechanics' Line ;
and in 1847 took him into partnership. Jones
continued to manage the Mechanics' Line and
the younger Independent Line, founded by Kier
in 1846, until 1854, when the Pennsylvania Rail-
road took complete possession of the field.
Jones's connection with iron and steel, which
was eventually to occupy his full attention, be-
gan about 1846, when with Kier he bought an
iron furnace and forge near Armagh, Pa. At
this time practically no pig iron was produced
in Pittsburgh. In 1850 Jones became interested
in the American Iron Works begun that year by
Bernard Lauth, and in 1851 the firm of Jones &
Lauth was formed. In 1854 James Laughlin en-
tered the firm, and in 1857 the name became
Jones & Laughlin. That year the Falcon fur-
nace at Youngstown was purchased, and in 1861
two blast furnaces were erected in Pittsburgh.
With the entrance into the business of Laugh-
lin's sons in 1861, the title was changed to Jones
& Laughlins; the business was incorporated in
1883 as Jones & Laughlins, Limited, and in
1902 became the Jones & Laughlin Steel Com-
pany.
Jones was a man of great foresight and origi-
nality and it is possible to trace in his activities
a number of ideas that have become fundamental
in American industry. He had a clear concep-
tion of what is technically known today as "verti-
cal combination" ; that is, that a company should
own its raw-material supply as well as all the
intermediate steps in the producing of a finished
product. To this end, he was among the first
iron manufacturers to buy iron mines in the
Lake Superior region and coal in the Connells-
ville region for conversion into coke. To him
must also be credited the plan of the sliding scale
of wages under which mill workers are paid at a
stated rate per unit based on the selling price of
the product. Pursuing a just and liberal policy
62
Jones
in his treatment of employees, he enjoyed un-
broken peace in a troublesome industry.
He was an ardent protectionist, and his article
in the North American Review for April 1888
indicated his belief that a protective-tariff policy
aided every one. He also offered some practical
ideas on the financing of the Civil War. His in-
terest in politics as well as his close friendship
for James G. Blaine led the latter to appoint him
chairman of the Republican National Committee
in 1884.
Jones married Mary McMasters of Allegheny
County, May 21, 1850, and became the father of
four children. He died after a brief illness. A
friend, writing just prior to his death, charac-
terized him as "a man of rare mind, broadened
and matured by close observation, a profound
thinker, logical reasoner, and careful student,"
adding : 'Anything he undertakes he carries for-
ward to successful completion by his excellent
judgment and tenacity of purpose. . . . He is
genial, companionable, and although he has
passed his seventy-eighth milestone in the jour-
ney of life, I cannot detect the least deterioration
in his mental or physical vigor" (Reed, post,
II, 5). When Andrew Carnegie learned of his
death, he sent a cablegram which well sums up
Jones' standing in industry: "Benjamin Frank-
lin Jones, the Nestor in manufacturing has gone"
(Pittsburgh Post, May 21, 1903). The Iron Age
spoke of him as "the most highly respected man
in the iron trade."
[Erasmus Wilson, Standard Hist, of Pittsburg, Pa.
(1898) ; Hist, of Allegheny County, Pa. (1889), pt. II ;
G. T. Fleming, Hist, of Pittsburgh and Environs (1922),
vol III ; G. I. Reed, Century Cyc. of Hist, and Biog.
of Pa. (1904), vol. II; J. N. Boucher, A Century and
a Half of Pittsburg and Her People (1908), vol. II;
Mag. of Western Hist., Oct. 1885 ; Sunday Press Maga-
zine (Pittsburgh), Aug. 18, 1907; Iron Age, May 21,
1903 ; Pittsburgh newspapers, May 19, 20, 21, 22, 1903.]
A.I.
JONES, CALVIN (Apr. 2, 1775-Sept. 20,
1846), physician, fifth in descent from Thomas
ap Jones, a Welsh emigrant to Weymouth, Mass.,
in 1651, was born in Great Barrington, Mass.,
the son of Ebenezer Jones, soldier in the War of
the Revolution, and his wife, Susannah Black-
mer. At the age of seventeen he passed an exami-
nation before the officers of the United Medical
Society, a body of men of which hardly any rec-
ords survive, and was licensed to practise medi-
cine. His certificate was signed June 19, 1792.
For about three years he practised with credit
and profit in his home county and wrote a Trea-
tise on Scarlatina Anginosa (1794) which was
published at Catskill, N. Y., by the editors of the
Catskill Packet. In 1795, for reasons quite un-
known, he removed to Smithfield, Johnston Coun-
J
ones
ty, N. C, and although but twenty years old,
plunged into all the major activities of the new
community, professional, political, military, edu-
cational, and social. In 1798 he was an officer
in the Johnston Militia Company and in 1799 he
organized the North Carolina Medical Society,
was elected to the state legislature as represen-
tative of Johnston County, and took a prominent
part in legislation, opposing the proposition to
build a state penitentiary. He served again in
1802. The medical society, of which he was cor-
responding secretary, endured only until 1804,
but during its brief life valuable papers were read
before it, and material was collected for a bo-
tanical garden and museum of natural history.
It is probable that when the society disbanded
Dr. Jones remained in charge of these collec-
tions, and that they formed the nucleus of the ma-
terial which he presented to the University of
North Carolina in 1832 when he removed to
Tennessee. In 1802 he was made a trustee of
the University. In 1803 he removed to the state
capital, Raleigh, and although by this move he
lost his membership in the legislature, he was
elected anew, in 1807, to represent Wake Coun-
ty. He was made chief of police of Raleigh and
was a trustee of Raleigh Academy. In 1808 he
adventured into journalism and with Thomas
Henderson, Jr., founded a newspaper, the Star,
retaining his connection until 1815, when he sold
out to his partner. In 1808, also, a threat of war
with France increased activity in militia circles,
and Jones was made adjutant -general. After the
outbreak of the War of 1812 he was commis-
sioned a major-general of the North Carolina
militia, 7th Division ; and it was due to his vigi-
lance and preparedness that a threatened British
attack on the coast was abandoned. When he
resigned from the army in 1814 he was quarter-
master-general. Jones was eminently successful
as a practitioner of medicine and performed
many delicate surgical operations with success,
even venturing into the field of ophthalmic sur-
gery. He was the first in his part of the country
to advocate vaccination against smallpox as a
substitute for the older method of inoculation.
He was a prominent Freemason. In 1832 he re-
tired from practice and moved to his estate of
30,000 acres near Bolivar, Tenn. Here he built
a mansion known as "Pontine" and lived the life
of a planter until his death. In 1809 his fiancee,
Ruina J. Williams, daughter of Maj. William
Williams of Franklin County, N. C, died of
tuberculosis; ten years later, in 1819, he mar-
ried her sister, Temperance, widow of a col-
league, Dr. Thomas C. Jones.
[M. DeL. Haywood, Calvin Jones, Physician, Soldier,
Freemason (19 19), repr. from Proc. of the Grand
63
Jones
Jones
Lodge, 1919, and condensed in H. A. Kelly and W. L.
Burrage, Am. Medic. Biogs. (1920) ; Encyc. of Mass.,
Biog.-Gcneal., vol. IX (1920); A. M. Smith, Three
Blackmorc Geneals. (1930) ; Weekly Raleigh Reg. and
N. C. Gazette, Oct. 16, 1846.] E. P.
JONES, CATESBY AP ROGER (Apr. 15,
1821-June 20, 1877), naval officer, was born at
Fairfield, Va., the son of Mary Ann Mason ( Page)
Jones, niece of Light Horse Harry Lee, and
Adjutant-General Roger Jones, United States
Army, who was brevetted for services at Chip-
pewa and Lundy's Lane, and made lieutenant-
colonel for gallantry at Fort Erie in the War of
1812. Appointed a midshipman by President
Jackson on June 18, 1836, young Jones first
served under his uncle, Thomas ap Catesby
Jones [q.v.], in the Macedonian and the Relief.
Transferred to the frigate Columbia, East India
Squadron, he became aide to Commodore George
C. Read. At Callao, in March 1840, he joined
the schooner Shark, Lieut. Abraham Bigelow,
and the following year in the Constitution, flag-
ship of the Pacific Squadron, Commodore Alex-
ander Claxton, he returned to Hampton Roads.
A passed midshipman since July 1, 1842, he
served under Maury at the Depot of Charts and
Instruments, Washington, in 1842 and 1843, a^so
assisting in surveying Tampa Bay in the schoon-
ers Flirt and Oregon. He then made another
cruise around the world; in the brig Perry, to
Hong Kong, and thence in the Brandywine, by
way of Valparaiso, to the United States (1843-
45). During the Mexican War he was on the
Ohio, Pacific Squadron, operating on the west-
ern coast of Mexico and South America, and
thus was afforded no opportunity for active war
experience. Made a lieutenant May 12, 1849, he
was detached from the St. Mary's on Mar. 26,
185 1, with leave for twelve months to visit Eu-
rope. This was extended because of serious
wounds received in a street riot in Paris. Re-
turning home, he was ordered, Feb. 28, 1853, to
ordnance duty at the Washington Navy Yard,
where he assisted Lieut. John A. Dahlgren [q.v.~\
in experiments leading to the perfection of the
famous Dahlgren gun. On Feb. 5, 1856, at Dahl-
gren's request, he was sent to the Merrimac as
the only other officer familiar with the new guns
then on that ship. After ordnance duty on the
Plymouth, Caledonia, and Pawnee, he was placed,
May 19, i860, on "waiting orders."
When Virginia seceded, Jones resigned his
commission, and on Apr. 18, 1861, Governor
Letcher appointed him captain in the Virginia
navy. Early in June, he assisted in capturing the
magazine at Norfolk with 300,000 pounds of
powder and many shells. Becoming a lieutenant
in the Confederate navy, June 10, 1861, he forti-
164
fied Jamestown Island and on Nov. 11, went to
Norfolk to prepare the battery for the ironclad
Virginia, the reconstructed Merrimac. Then, as
her executive officer under Capt. Franklin Bu-
chanan [q.v.~\, he fought in the battle of Mar. 8,
1862, in which she sunk the Cumberland and
burned the Congress. Buchanan having been
wounded, Jones commanded her the next day in
the renowned duel with the Monitor, an inde-
cisive three hours' engagement. Josiah Tattnall
relieving Buchanan, Jones remained executive
officer of the ironclad, which after some repairs
attempted vainly on Apr. 1 1 and May 8 to induce
the Monitor to fight again. Jones was the last
man to leave the Virginia, when the evacuation
of Norfolk rendered her destruction necessary.
Retiring with the crew to Drury's Bluff, he
helped to defeat the Federal fleet there on May
15. After commanding the Chattahoochee, at
Columbus, Ga., and the naval works at Char-
lotte, N. C, he was ordered on May 9, 1863, to
command the important naval gun foundry and
ordnance works at Selma, Ala. Meanwhile, he
had become a commander, Apr. 29, 1863. At
Selma, in spite of many obstacles, he manufac-
tured cannon for Buchanan's squadron at Mobile
and for Forts Morgan and Gaines as well as for
the Confederate army.
After the war, Jones formed a partnership with
John M. Brooke and Robert D. Minor to pur-
chase American war supplies for foreign gov-
ernments. The company was dissolved after a
year or so, but not until Jones had made a trip
to Peru early in 1866 for the firm. He then settled
with his family at Selma, where he had married,
Mar. 23, 1865, Gertrude T. Tartt. On June 19,
1877, he was shot in the lungs by J. A. Harral
of Selma and died the next day. The two men
were neighbors ; both were leading citizens of
the town and had been closely associated in re-
ligious and secular affairs. The difficulty that led
to the tragedy seems to have originated in a quar-
rel between their children and the shooting oc-
curred on Harral's premises (Southern Argus.
Selma, June 22, 1877). Jones was survived by
his wife, three sons, and three daughters.
[ W. S. Mabry, Brief Sketch of the Career of Capt.
Catesby ap R. Jones (1912) ; L. H. Jones, Captain
Roger Jones of London and Va. : Some of his Antece-
dents and Descendants (1891) ; Navy Registers; War
of the Rebellion: Official Records (Navy), particularly
1 ser., vols. VII and XXI ; Battles and Leaders of the
Civil War, vol. I (1887) ; J. L. Worden, S. D. Greene,
and H. A. Ramsay, The Monitor and the Merrimac,
Both Sides of the Story (191 2) ; William Tindall, The
True Story of the Virginia and the Monitor, the Ac-
count of an Eye Witness (1923) ; Catesby ap R. Jones,
"Services of the 'Virginia,' " Sou. Hist. Soc. Papers,
XI (1883), 65-75 ; Selma Times, June 20, 21, 1877.]
C. L. L.
Jones
JONES, CHARLES COLCOCK (Oct. 28,
1831-July 19, 1893), historian, was born in Sa-
vannah and died in Augusta, Ga. He was a
brother of Joseph Jones, 1833-1896 [q.v.~\.
Through both his father, Charles Colcock Jones,
and his mother, born Mary Jones (Stacy, post,
p. 150), he was the great-grandson of John Jones,
who moved to Georgia from South Carolina
shortly before the Revolution, and died, a major,
at the battle of Savannah. Charles C. Jones, se-
nior, a Presbyterian minister, at different times
held positions as pastor in Savannah, professor
of ecclesiastical history at the Columbia (S. C.)
Theological Seminary, and secretary of the Pres-
byterian Board of Domestic Missions in Phila-
delphia; but between service in these positions
and at the close of his life, he devoted himself,
as a missionary, to an effort to evangelize the
slaves of his own plantations, and he wrote a
book describing his experiences in this under-
taking. Young Charles grew up on the planta-
tions, educated by private tutors. He attended
South Carolina College, 1848-50, and in 1852
was graduated from the College of New Jersey,
at Princeton. After reading law for a brief time
in Philadelphia, he entered the Harvard Law
School, from which he was graduated in 1855.
That year he was admitted to the bar in Savan-
nah. In 1859 he delivered an address before the
Georgia Historical Society, published under the
title Indian Remains in Southern Georgia ; in
i860 he was elected mayor of Savannah ; in 1861
he published Monumental Remains of Georgia ;
and about that time he delivered perhaps the
first, and certainly one of the most ardent, of the
pleas for secession made in Savannah. During
the Civil War he was a colonel of artillery. In
1858, he had married Ruth Berrien Whitehead,
and after her death he married in 1863 Eva Ber-
rien Eve, niece and grand-niece, respectively, of
John MacPherson Berrien \_q.v.~\. His second
wife was also a niece of Paul F. Eve [q.v.~\. In
December 1865 Jones moved to New York and
set up a law practice, but much of his time and
interest must have been expended in historical
research, for though he is said to have been a
most rapid worker, no one could have formu-
lated, without great effort, the vast number of
historical speeches and papers that came from
him. The enthusiastic reception of his substan-
tial Antiquities of the Southern Indians, Par-
ticxdarly of the Georgia Tribes (1873) perhaps
had its weight in persuading him that he had
best take a small field for his researches and
work that field thoroughly. In any case, most
of his remaining studies seem to have been done
on that principle. In 1877, he returned to Au-
Jones
gusta, Ga., to continue an accelerated routine of
delivering addresses and writing history. Among
the most notable of his speeches are those he de-
livered from time to time before the Confederate
Survivors' Association of Augusta, an organi-
zation which he formed and directed until his
death. Among the most notable of his books —
which were intelligent, careful, and, though rare-
ly inspired, always solid and dignified — are the
The Dead Tozvns of Georgia ( 1878) ; the Memo-
rial History of Augusta, Ga. (1890), reaching
only through the eighteenth century ; and History
of Savannah, Ga. (1890), covering the same
period. The two-volume History of Georgia
( 1883), which, voluminous as it is, extends only
through the Revolutionary epoch, is plainly the
most ambitious and in general the most interest-
ing of his works. He was referred to by the his-
torian Bancroft as the "Macaulay of the South."
[Article on C. C. Jones by his son C. E. Jones in
Gulf States Hist. Mag. (Montgomery, Ala.). Mar. 1903,
offering an extended bibliography ; In M cmoriam : Col.
Charles C. Jones, Jr. (1893), by the same author; \V.
J. Northen, Men of Mark in Ga., vol. Ill (1911) ; M.
L. Rutherford, The South in Hist, and Lit. (1907);
Gen. Cat. Princeton Univ. (1908); Quinquennial Cat.
. . . Harvard Univ. (1910) ; James Stacy, Hist, of the
Midway Congreg. Ch., Liberty County, Ga. (1899), pp.
1 12-13, !50 ) Report of the Eleventh Ann. Meeting, Ga.
Bar Asso. (1894); Am. Anthropologist, Oct. 1893;
Atlanta Constitution, July 20, 1893.] J D W.
JONES, DAVID (May 12, 1736-Feb. 5, 1820),
clergyman and army chaplain, was born in White
Clay Creek Hundred, New Castle County, Del.,
the son of Morgan Jones, a native of Wales and
a descendant of Morgan ap Rhyddarch. His
mother was Eleanor, daughter of Roger Evans,
who came with his parents to Philadelphia from
Radnorshire, Wales, in 1695. David's early years
were spent in agricultural life in a simple Welsh
community. At the close of his twenty-first year
he joined the Welsh Tract Baptist Church and
very soon afterward went to Hopewell Academy,
Hunterdon County, N. J., to study Latin and
Greek under Rev. Isaac Eaton. In 1761, after
being licensed to preach by his own church, he
went to study under his cousin, the learned Abel
Morgan, pastor of the Middletown, N. J., church.
He was ordained at Freehold, Monmouth Coun-
ty, N. J., on Dec. 12, 1766, and became pastor of
the church there. On Feb. 22, 1762, he had mar-
ried Anne, daughter of Joseph and Sarah Still-
well of Middletown, by whom he had several
children. Jones was a man of keen intellect and
abounding energy. Though he was faithful and
sincere in his ministry, his religious duties failed
to consume the whole of his restless energy. His
excess vitality found vent in a variety of activi-
ties. He remained farmer, minister, author,
scholar, throughout his life and became at vari-
65
Jones
ous times missionary and soldier. While at Free-
hold he conceived the idea of a visit to the
Indians of the Ohio country, a conception born
of missionary zeal not unmixed with more world-
ly "views of settling on the east bank of the river
Ohio" (Journal, post, reprint, 1865, p. viii). His
two missions, which consumed nearly a year
(May 1772-April 1773), met with little success,
and he abandoned his attempt with health and
fortune impaired. In 1774, Rhode Island Col-
lege, now Brown University, in testimony of his
scholarly work in the pulpit, conferred upon him
the honorary degree of master of arts.
As the American Revolution approached, Jones
espoused the cause of the colonies and spoke his
mind so boldly in the Loyalist community of
Freehold that his life was endangered. In April
1775 he removed to become pastor of the Great
Valley Baptist Church, Chester County, Pa., a
post which he retained for the remainder of his
life except for six years, 1786-92, spent at the
Southampton Church, Bucks County, Pa., and
several long leaves of absence while serving as
army chaplain. In the fall of 1775 he preached
to a group of Pennsylvania troops his noted ser-
mon, Defensive War in a Just Cause Sinless, in
which he took high ground for independence.
This sermon was printed (1775) and exerted
considerable influence in Pennsylvania. On Apr.
27, 1776, he was appointed chaplain of the 3rd
and 4th Pennsylvania Battalions, the 4th being
that of Col. Anthony Wayne. On Jan. 1, 1777,
he was transferred to the 1st Brigade of Gen.
Anthony Wayne's division of the Pennsylvania
line, and Jan. 1, 1783, to the 3rd Pennsylvania
Battalion. Chaplain Jones did not confine him-
self to religious duties. His influence in arous-
ing patriotic zeal outside the ranks was consider-
able, especially in the Philadelphia district.
General Wayne thought very highly of him and
General Howe even offered a reward for his
capture. At the close of the war he returned to
his farm at Easton and to the Great Valley
Church. From 1794 to 1796 he again saw serv-
ice as an army chaplain at the request of Gen-
eral Wayne, who was sent with the Northern
army to subdue the Indians of the Ohio country.
So enormous was Jones's vitality, so ardent his
patriotic zeal that when the War of 1812 came,
though seventy-six years of age, he volunteered
and served as chaplain throughout the war. The
remainder of his long life was spent in attending
to his parish duties and in writing numerous let-
ters and articles for the press. He was buried
at the Great Valley Church Cemetery.
His published works include, A Journal of
Two Visits Made to Some Nations of Indians on
I
Jones
the West Side of the River Ohio, in the Years
1772 and 1773 (1774), reprint (1865); The
Doctrine of "Laying on of Hands," Examined
& Vindicated (1786) ; A True History of Lay-
ing on of Hands upon Baptised Believers as
Such : in Answer to a Hand-bill, Intitlcd, A Brief
History of the Imposition of Hands on Baptized
Persons; Published by Samuel Jones, D.D.,
Wherein his Mistakes Are Attempted to be Cor-
rected (1805) ; Peter Edward's Candid Reasons
Examined and Answered ( 181 1 ) ; Review of Mr.
John P. Campbell's Sermon . . . on the Subject
and Mode of Baptism (1811).
[The reprint of Jones's Journal contains a bio-
graphical sketch by his grandson, Horatio Gates Jones,
Jr., who also published "The Bapt. Ch. in the Great
Valley, Tredyffrin Township, Chester County, Pa.," in
The Cambrian, Jan. 1884. See also C. J. Stille, Maj.-
Gen. Anthony Wayne and the Pa. Line (1893) ; Pa. in
the Revolution (2 vols., 1880), ed. by J. B. Linn and
W. H. Egle ; W. B. Sprague, Annals Am. Pulpit, vol.
VI (i860) ; Poulson's Am. Daily Advertiser, Feb. io,
1820.] j \y p t
A. G. T.
JONES, DAVID RUMPH (Apr. 5, 1825-
Jan. 15, 1863), Confederate soldier, was born in
Orangeburg District, S. C. He was a descendant
of Lewis Jones who emigrated from England
and settled in Massachusetts about 1635. His
father, Donald Bruce Jones, a native of Hart-
ford, Conn., moved to South Carolina and later,
to Georgia ; his mother, Mary Elvira, was the
daughter of Brigadier-General Jacob Rumph, a
famous Revolutionary captain of South Carolina.
After attending common schools, young Jones in
1842 became a cadet at the United States Mili-
tary Academy, West Point, where he showed
special ability in horsemanship and fencing. In
1846 he graduated, ranking forty-one in a class
of fifty-nine, and was appointed second lieuten-
ant, 2nd Infantry. He married Rebecca Taylor,
niece of President Zachary Taylor, and cousin
of Jefferson Davis's first wife. The year after he
graduated he participated in the siege of Vera
Cruz and was active in the campaign ending in
the capture of the city of Mexico. For gallant
and meritorious conduct he was brevetted first
lieutenant. In 1853 he was transferred to the
adjutant-general's department, and served on
the Pacific coast and at St. Louis.
He resigned from the United States Army on
Feb. 15, 1 86 1, and, proceeding to South Caro-
lina, was appointed major and chief of staff to
General Beauregard, then besieging Fort Sum-
ter. He visited Sumter, offered the terms of sur-
render, and is supposed to have hauled down the
national colors. On June 17, he was commis-
sioned brigadier-general, and assigned to a bri-
gade which he led in the battle of Bull Run on
66
Jones
July 21. It had been intended to have Jones play
a prominent part in this engagement, but owing
to mismanagement for which he was not re-
sponsible the fortunes of the battle were decided
before he attacked, late in the afternoon, only to
be forced back by artillery fire. In March 1862
he was assigned to a division and on Apr. 5 he
was appointed major-general, but the appoint-
ment was not confirmed until the following No-
vember. Temporarily commanding Magruder's
division, he successfully withdrew it from the
trenches at Yorktown. He was present during
the Peninsular campaign but without having an
active part therein until the Seven Days' Battles.
On June 29, he attacked the retreating Federals
near Savage Station, but because of lack of co-
operation, failed to obtain any success. His com-
mand next formed part of Longstreet's corps in
the second Bull Run campaign. By excellent
judgment and activity, on Aug. 27, 1862, he
seized Thoroughfare Gap, enabling Longstreet
to arrive in time to assist Jackson in defeating
the Federal army three days later. In this en-
gagement, Jones had a leading role in the coun-
ter-attack ordered by General Lee. His division
was prominent in the ensuing invasion of Mary-
land. Recalled in haste from Pennsylvania, he
arrived on Sept. 14, at South Mountain Pass, in
time to aid in repulsing the Federals. On Sept.
17, at the battle of Antietam, he was posted on
the extreme right of the Confederate army, in
front of Sharpsburg. No serious effort was
made against him until about 1 p.m., when his
advanced troops were forced from Burnside's
bridge. After this initial success the enemy
launched an overwhelming attack about 4 p.m.,
and Jones's division was driven into Sharpsburg.
The critical situation which resulted, threatening
the safety of Lee's entire army, was relieved by
the opportune arrival of Gen. A. P. Hill, who,
oriented by General Jones, assisted in a counter-
attack, which turned the scales in favor of the
Confederates. Soon after, Jones developed seri-
ous heart trouble, and after a brief illness died at
Richmond.
[War of the Rebellion: Official Records (Army), 1
ser. vols. II, XI (pts. 1-3), XII (pts. 1-3), XIX (pts.
1, 2) ; W. F. Northen, Men of Mark in Ga., vol. Ill
(1911); C. A. Evans, Confed. Mil. Hist. (1899), vol.
V ; Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (4 vols.. 1887-
88) ; F. B. Heitman, Hist. Reg. U. S. Army (1890) ;
G. W. Cullum, Biog. Reg. Officers and Grads. U. S. Mil.
Acad. (3rd ed., 1891, vol. II).] C. H.L— a.
JONES, ERNEST LESTER (Apr. 14, 1876-
Apr. 9, 1929), director of the United States
Coast and Geodetic Survey, commissioner of
the International Boundary between the United
States and Canada and Alaska and Canada, was
born at East Orange, N. J., the son of Charles
Jones
Hopkins Jones and his wife, Ada Lester. From
the schools of Orange he went to the Newark
Academy and prepared to enter Princeton Uni-
versity in the class of 1898, but, owing to ill
health, soon sought the benefits of a country life,
congenial to his general physical frailness as
well as to his tastes. In September 1897 he mar-
ried Virginia Brent Fox of Louisville, Ky., who
with two daughters survived him.
President Wilson, soon after his first success-
ful campaign, drew Jones from the rural pur-
suits of a Virginia farm near Culpeper by ap-
pointing him deputy commissioner in the United
States Bureau of Fisheries. In this capacity he
visited Alaska and, being there impressed with
the dangers besetting navigation in those waters,
he composed in an official report an appeal of
convincing clearness for the prosecution of coast
surveys and the production of mariners' charts
to promote the security of shipping and to safe-
guard the lives of seamen (Report of Alaska In-
vestigations in 1914, 1915). His striking words
stamped him as one who could be used in creat-
ing sympathy for a branch of public work needed
to serve the life of the nation, and in April 1915
he was appointed superintendent of the Coast
and Geodetic Survey. During the World War,
on furlough from his office, 1918-19, he served
as lieutenant-colonel in the Signal Corps and
later as colonel in the Division of Military Aero-
nautics in France.
When he died, at the early age of fifty-three
years, he had held the directorship of the Coast
and Geodetic Survey and membership in the In-
ternational Boundary Commission for fourteen
years without ever having claimed for himself
any scientific distinction. That he was a most
capable director is nevertheless evident from the
history of the institution which he controlled.
He took upon himself the cares of organization
and supply, and left the chiefs of his scientific
divisions unfettered freedom to pursue their
technical work. He was the link between a ser-
vice to science and the source of its support in
the appropriations of the legislature, and he
strengthened this relation by writing short and
lucid primers, telling in simple terms the meth-
ods and purposes of various aspects of the sur-
veying operations within his purview : Elements
of Chart Making (1916) ; Hypsometry (191 7) ;
Neglected Waters of the Pacific (1918) ; Safe-
guard the Gateways of Alaska (1918); "The
Evolution of the Nautical Chart" (Military En-
gineer, May-June 1924) ; Earthquake Investi-
gations in the United States (1925); Science
and the Earthquake Perils (1926); Tide and
Current Investigations of the Coast and Geodetic
67
Jones
Survey (1926). It was a part of his philosophy
of administration that the best work can be done
only when men have the proper appliances for
doing it, and so it was among his basic endeavors
to supply suitable ships and modern instruments
and equipment. In these efforts he was success-
ful, and he supplemented them by securing legis-
lation giving his organization more stability and
greater financial competence. It is not an easy
task to obtain increasing appropriations to sup-
port hydrographic and geodetic surveying on
the scale to which he expanded these operations.
His truthfulness to the legislators was met by
their confidence, and his loyalty to the Coast and
Geodetic Survey was met by the loyalty to him
of its membership. Being unpretending and
deferential, yet ready to assume responsibility,
his modest deportment was rendered all the more
becoming by a full measure of that self-respect
which springs from the aim to do the greatest
good that is practicable.
[Ann. Report of the Supt., U. S. Coast and Geodetic
Survey, 1915-19; memoir by R. L. Faris, Trans. Am.
Soc. Civil Engineers, vol. XCIV (1930) ; Jour. Wash-
ington Acad, of Sci., May 4, 1929 ; Popular Astronomy,
Aug. 1929 ; Geog. Rev. (N. Y.), July 1929 ; Geog. Jour.
(London). July 1929 ; Nature (London), May 18, 1929 ;
Who's Who in America, 1928-29 ; records of the Office
of the Secretary of Princeton Univ. ; Evening Star
(Washington, D. C), Apr. 9, 1929.] G. W. L.
JONES, EVAN WILLIAM (1852-Dec. 30,
1908), mechanical engineer, inventor of the me-
chanical underfeed stoker, was born in Mon-
mouthshire, Wales, the son of Evan Jones, an
ironworker. The father brought the family to
America in 1854 and settled in Ironton, Ohio,
where he obtained employment in the steel mills.
Young Evan attended the public schools of I ronton
until he was thirteen, when he entered the mills
as an apprentice in the machine shops, thus be-
ginning a lifetime of association with iron and
machine works. After spending his early life in
various plants in the region of Ironton and Ports-
mouth, Ohio, and Pittsburgh, Pa., he went to
Portland, Ore., in the employ of the Union Iron
Works, of which he was soon made manager and
later president. In 1888 he became interested in
the difficulties involved in burning Oregon fir,
then the cheapest available fuel for the local in-
dustries. The high moisture content of the fir
acted to deaden the fire each time a fresh supply
was thrown into the furnace, with the result that
constant high boiler pressures could be main-
tained only with great difficulty. Jones solved
the problem by building a machine that would
supply the wood to the furnace from below the
fuel bed, in effect using the green fuel as grate
bars to support the burning pieces. As a result,
the fresh fuel was gradually dried out as it was
I
Jones
pushed upward into the combustion zone of the
fire bed and the fire was not harmed by the ad-
dition of new fuel. The first machine that Jones
built was designed to force standard four-foot
lengths of wood into the furnace and was op-
erated by hand levers. This machine proved that
the idea was practicable, and Jones added a
steam ram to drive the wood and made several
machines that were operated in 1889. He then
turned his attention to the design of a stoker for
use with bituminous coal. In 1892 he obtained
permission to equip two boilers of the Portland
Cable Railway Company with his coal stokers.
These were without doubt the first power-driven
mechanical underfeed stokers to be put into op-
eration, and are the ones from which the modern
underfeed stoker developed. Tests at the Port-
land Cable Railway Company in February and
March 1892 showed a saving in fuel of 25.6 per
cent, when the stokers were used instead of hand
firing. The Under-Feed Stoker Company of
America was formed to manufacture the Jones
Stoker, and Jones obtained a block of stock for
his invention and rights. The company became
involved in litigation growing out of attempts to
infringe the patents, and the stock fell in value.
Jones then became a port engineer for the North
West Commercial Company, in charge of their
vessels and a small iron works at St. Michaels
on the Yukon. He contracted pneumonia during
a particularly trying season in the North and
died at Portland at the age of fifty-six. He was
married at Ironton, Ohio, to Margaret Helen
Abrams, also of Welsh descent, and after her
death at the age of thirty-two, he was married a
second time, to a sister of C. W. Idleman of Port-
land. His second wife survived him.
["The Jones Underfeed Stoker," Jour, of the Frank-
lin Inst., Dec. 1904; G. C. Tewksbury, "The Under-
Feed Stoker," Trans. New Eng. Cotton Mfrs. Asso.,
no. 73 (1902) ; Specifications and Drawings of Patents
Issued from the U. S. Patent Office, Aug. 1889, Mar.
1892, Oct. 1896 ; Morning Oregonian and Oregon Daily
Jour, (both Portland), Jan. 2, 1909; correspondence
with Mrs. Clarence H. Gilbert, a daughter of Jones.]
F.A.T.
JONES, FRANK (Sept. 15, 1832-Oct. 2, 1902),
brewer, capitalist, railroad executive, congress-
man, was born at Barrington, N. H., the fifth of
seven children of Thomas and Mary (Priest)
Jones. His grandfather, Peletiah Jones, had
been brought from Wales as an infant. Frank
lived on his parents' farm until he was about
seventeen, then he went to Portsmouth, N. H.,
where he worked for his brother, selling stoves
and hardware, for three years. He became his
brother's partner in 1853. In 1861 he sold out
his partnership and assumed the management of
a brewery in which he had purchased an interest.
68
Jones
He soon became the sole owner of the brewery,
to which he added a large malt house, considered
at the time (1880) to be the largest and best
equipped of its kind in America. Under the firm
name of Jones, Johnson & Company, he extend-
ed his brewery operations to Boston. In the
meantime he invested heavily in real estate in
and around Portsmouth and became the owner
of the Rockingham House, then the largest and
handsomest tourist hotel in that section of New
England. He also built and managed the Went-
worth at Newcastle, N. H. He owned a large
estate near Portsmouth known as "Gravelly
Ridge," on which he maintained a racing stable.
In politics he was a Democrat, until the latter
period of his life. He was four times nominated
as the Democratic candidate for mayor of Ports-
mouth, and was elected twice, in 1868 and 1869,
although the Republican party was in the ma-
jority at the time. Beginning in 1875, he served
two terms in Congress. He refused a third nomi-
nation, but ran for governor as a Democrat in
1880 and was defeated, although he received the
largest number of votes that ever had been given
a Democrat for that office in New Hampshire.
In 1896 he withdrew from the Democratic party
and allied himself with the Republicans.
He first became interested in railroads as the
chief promoter and first president of the Ports-
mouth & Dover Railroad. He was later inter-
ested in the old Eastern Railroad, which together
with the Portsmouth & Dover was subsequently
merged into the Boston & Maine system. He
became a director of the Boston & Maine Rail-
road in 1889 and was elected president on Dec.
31 of the same year, serving in this capacity un-
til Oct. 26, 1892, when he became vice-president
and chairman of the board. He was again elected
president in June 1893, but resigned in October
following, and at the same time severed all re-
lationship with the railroad.
On Sept. 15, 1861, he married Martha Sophia
(Leavitt) Jones, the widow of his brother, Hiram
Jones. He died in Portsmouth, N. H., at the age
of seventy.
[Granite Monthly, Mar. 1881 and Nov. 1902; Biog.
Dir. Am. Cong. (1928) ; Henry Hall, America's Suc-
cessful Men of Affairs, vol. II (1896) ; Manchester
Union, Oct. .3, 1902.] A. M.S.
JONES, GABRIEL (May 17, 1724-Oct. 6,
1806), pioneer lawyer of the Valley of Virginia,
adviser and executor for Lord Fairfax, was born
near Williamsburg, Va., of English-Welsh par-
ents, John and Elizabeth Jones. Following the
father's death when Gabriel was still in his in-
fancy the family returned to London. Here in
an English boys' school he received his prepara-
169
Jones
tory education, and subsequently served a law
apprenticeship with one John Houghton. Be-
fore reaching manhood he had returned to Vir-
ginia and at the age of twenty-one had qualified
as king's attorney for both of the newly organized
frontier counties, Frederick and Augusta. For
the thirty years between this time and the out-
break of the Revolution he rode the circuit of
these and other Valley counties as a loyal repre-
sentative of his king, and served almost con-
tinuously as a representative from some one of
them in the Virginia House of Burgesses. It
was in connection with this service that he
"found" young George Washington and spon-
sored his entry (1758) into public life as a bur-
gess from Frederick County (Barton, post, pp
23~25)- Jones is represented as having done
yeoman service among the frontiersmen in behalf
of the youthful political aspirant.
It is a tribute to the man and his integrity and
an indication of the esteem and respect in which
he was held that his lukewarmness and near an-
tagonism to the Revolutionary movement seems
to have enhanced rather than diminished his
prestige. He was allowed to continue as the at-
torney for the state (if he so desired), but ap-
parently did not continue, and a year or so later
he became the prosecutor for the new county,
Rockingham. Furthermore, in 1777 he was one
of three commissioners designated by the Vir-
ginia Assembly to ascertain for the Continental
Congress the reasons for disaffection around
Fort Pitt. Twice in 1779 he was elected by the
Assembly as a delegate to the Continental Con-
gress but did not serve. Again in 1788 his state
honored him by placing him at the head of the
list of judges of the newly organized state court
system, but he still refused to serve. His po-
litical activities after 1781 were confined to one
session of the legislature (1783) and the con-
vention of 1788 that ratified the new federal Con-
stitution.
Gabriel Jones was the pioneer as well as in
many senses the exemplar of the long line of
frontier circuit-riding lawyers. He was to these
what Daniel Boone was to the hunters and trail
blazers, what Peter Cartwright was to the cir-
cuit riders for the churches. His eccentricities
not only furnished tales and bywords but set the
pace for frontier characteristics and idiosyncra-
sies. The outbursts of temper of the "peppery old
gentleman" became classic ; the Augusta County
Records reveal that the county court once threat-
ened a jail term for one Mr. Holmes if he "did
not quit worrying Mr. Jones and making him
curse and swear so" (Grigsby, post, II, 18).
Much of the man and his motivation is portrayed
Jones
in a pamphlet Jones issued a few years before
his death. As a characteristically outspoken Fed-
eralist, he had attacked Jefferson soon after his
inauguration as president. A friend of the latter
then made a vicious attack on the character and
practices of Jones. Jones's devastating reply, A
Refutation of the Charges Made by a Writer un-
der the Signature of "Veritas" against the Char-
acter of Gabriel Jones (1804), is a gem among
the caustic political pamphlets of the time.
In 1749 he married Margaret (Strother) Mor-
ton, a widow, by whom he had four children.
She was a daughter of a prominent Tidewater
family and through her he became a close kins-
man of the Lewis family of the Valley and of the
Madisons. He died at the place that for more
than half a century had been his home on the
banks of the Shenandoah.
[For sketches see: R. T. Barton, "Gabriel Jones, the
Lawyer," IV. Va. Mag. of Hist., Apr. 1902; H. B.
Grigsby, The Hist, of the Va. Federal Conv. of 1788
(2 vols., 1890-91), being Va. Hist. Soc. Colls., n.s.,
IX, X; L. G. Tyler, Encyc. of Va. Biog. (1915), vol.
I ; T. K. Cartmell, Shenandoah Valley Pioneers and
Their Descendants (1909) ; K. G. Greene, Winchester,
Va., and Its Beginnings (1926) ; J. A. Waddell, An-
nals of Augusta County, Va. (2nd ed., 1902) ; J. W.
Wayland, Va. Valley Records (1930); J. L. Peyton,
Hist, of Augusta County, Va. (1882). Most of the data
must be gathered from the Minute and Order books of
the older Valley counties, from the Journal of the House
of Burgesses . . . of Va., 1748-64, the Journal of the
House of Delegates of the Commonwealth of Va., 1777—
88, and from W. W. Hening, The Statutes at Large;
being a Collection of All the Laws of Va., particularly
vol. IX (1821).] F.H.H.
JONES, GEORGE (July 30, 1800-Jan. 22,
1870), naval chaplain and author, was born on
a farm near York, Pa., the son of Robert and
Elizabeth (Dunnman) Jones. He graduated
from Yale College in 1823, and was awarded the
degree of A.M. in 1826. After teaching two
years in a school he organized in Washington,
he became secretary to Commodore Charles
Morris \_q.vJ\ commanding the Brandywine, and
also teacher of navigation to the midshipmen,
among whom was Matthew Fontaine Maury
[q.v.~\. After conveying Lafayette home from
his visit to the United States, the Brandywine
proceeded to the Mediterranean, where Jones was
transferred to the Constitution, Capt. David T.
Patterson [q.v.~\. An account of the cruise of this
frigate to important Mediterranean ports Jones
wrote in the form of sixty-seven letters, entitled
Sketches of Naval Life (2 vols., 1829). Return-
ing to the United States in 1828, he was for two
years a tutor at Yale, and then rector of the
Episcopal Church, Middletown, Conn., for a year,
after which poor health forced him to take em-
ployment in the open air in Indiana. In 1832 he
was able to accept Commodore Patterson's in-
Jones
vitation to become acting chaplain on the United
States, flagship of the Mediterranean Squadron.
In this frigate and the Delaware, to which he,
with Patterson, was transferred in March 1834,
he made a second Mediterranean cruise, an ac-
count of which he published after his arrival at
Norfolk in February 1836, under the title, Ex-
cursions to Cairo, Jerusalem, Damascus, and
Balbec (1836). Meanwhile, he was commis-
sioned chaplain, Apr. 20, 1833. In 1837 he mar-
ried Mary Amelia Silliman, daughter of Gold
Selleck Silliman of Brooklyn, N. Y., and niece of
the elder Benjamin Silliman [q.v.~\. After four
years at the Norfolk Navy Yard, he served for
five years on the frigates Macedonian, Columbus,
Constitution, and Brandywine in turn, doing ef-
fective temperance work among the crews and
striving to bring about the establishment of a
naval school by writing an appeal in the Naval
Magazine (May 1836), by corresponding with
various naval officers, and by interviewing Sec-
retary of the Navy Upshur in Washington. On
his return from a cruise to China in September
1845, Jones was, accordingly, ordered to the
Naval School, recently organized at Annapolis.
Here, as professor in charge of the department
of English literature, sometimes assisting in
mathematics, he remained until 1850. A chap-
laincy having been established in the Naval
School at its reorganization in October of that
year, he became the first chaplain of the United
States Naval Academy in February 1851. The
following year, Commodore Matthew Calbraith
Perry \_q.v.~\ applied for his services, declaring
he "could be useful to him" in the expedition to
Japan. After this noted cruise came to a success-
ful close, Jones was ordered by Perry to remain
in New York and assist in preparing the official
report of the expedition, his particular contribu-
tion being the observations of the zodiacal light
in Volume III of the report (M. C. Perry, Nar-
rative of the Expedition of an American Squad-
ron to the China Seas and Japan, 3 vols., 1856).
Then, obtaining leave of absence for a year, he
went to Quito, Ecuador, where he spent seven
months making observations to confirm his theory
that this astronomical phenomenon comes from
a nebulous ring round the earth. Returning
home in the spring of 1857, he again became
chaplain at the Naval Academy, for a period of
four years. After a short tour of duty on the
Minnesota, Commodore S. H. Stringham [q.v.~\,
Atlantic Squadron, he was retired for age in July
1862. During the Civil War he did voluntary
duty as chaplain and nurse in the army hospitals
in Washington and at Gettysburg. His last two
books were Life-Scenes from the Four Gospels
170
.1
ones
(1865), and Life-Scenes from the Old Testa-
ment (1868). His death occurred while he was
stationed as chaplain at the United States Naval
Asylum, Philadelphia.
[Autobiographical letter written by Jones, Feb. 5,
1864, to Librarian T. G. Ford, U. S. Naval Academy;
Navy Registers ; Park Benjamin, Hist, of the U. S.
Naval Academy (1900) ; J. R. Soley, Hist. Sketch of
the U. S. Naval Acad. (1876); Phila. Enquirer, Jan.
24, 1870.] C.L.L.
JONES, GEORGE (Aug. 16, i8n-Aug\ 12,
1891), newspaper publisher, was born at Poult-
ney, Vt., the son of John and Barbara Davis
Jones, both immigrants from Wales. He went
to country schools, worked in a country store,
and at the age of twenty went into business in
New York, marrying Sarah M. Gilbert of Troy
in 1836. Horace Greeley, whom he had known
as a boy in Poultney, asked him to become his
partner in founding the Tribune in 1841, but
Jones preferred a salaried position in the busi-
ness office, where he formed a friendship with
Henry J. Raymond [#.?'.], Greeley's chief edi-
torial assistant. The two were soon talking of
starting a paper of their own, but the plan was
not realized till 1851. Jones by that time was
living in Albany, where he had prospered as a
"free banker" dealing in the heterogeneous cur-
rency of the period ; but a law which reduced the
profits in note shaving persuaded him to give up
his business and join Raymond in the establish-
ment of the New York Tunes. Thanks in part to
his direction, it had become an extremely valuable
property when Raymond's sudden death in 1869
left it without a head.
A newspaper was still regarded as the organ
of its editor ; that the Civil War had finally made
the news department more important than the
editorial page was not yet appreciated. Jones,
though the second heaviest stockholder in the
Times and its business manager since 1856, had
no editorial experience ; he took command at first
as a sort of regent for Raymond's son, who was
still in college. But a brief and unfortunate ex-
perience with a hired editor soon compelled him
to take over the direction of the editorial policy
which was successively executed for him by
Louis J. Jennings, John Foord, and Charles R.
Miller. The successful fight against the "Tweed
ring" which followed (1871) was due chiefly to
Jones. Foord and Jennings did the work but he
took the risk; the Times was subjected to legal
attacks, suffered a considerable temporary loss
in advertising, and might have been ruined if
its campaign had failed. Tweed tried vainly to
buy control of the paper, and finally Controller
Connolly offered Jones five million dollars to
give up the crusade. This story rests, to be sure,
Jones
only on Jones's word, but Connolly was far more
capable of making such a proposal than Jones of
inventing it. Whatever contributions other men
made to the fight, it was Jones's immovable de-
termination that carried it through to victory.
The overthrow of Tweed was Jones's great
public service, but he is important in the history
of journalism as the first conspicuous instance
of the modern business-office type of newspaper
proprietor. As such, his relation to his editors
was exemplary, from the editor's viewpoint. He
always had the final word, as Jennings discov-
ered when he challenged him on the issue of a
third term for President Grant ; but Jones se-
lected editors in general agreement with his own
opinions and showed due deference to theirs. In
1884 the Times, which had been Republican since
the party was founded, bolted the presidential
ticket. This was due to the initiative of Miller
and Edward Cary, but Jones gave his assent and
cheerfully bore the heavy financial loss which
desertion of the party entailed. Four years later
he privately preferred Harrison but permitted
his editors to continue the paper's support of
Cleveland. Personally he was quiet and retir-
ing; outside his business he had no interests ex-
cept his home, his church (he became an Episco-
palian, but retained a Welsh Baptist delight in
song), and the Union League Club. It was his
pride that while he controlled the Times no man
was ever asked to subscribe to it or to advertise
in it. Such reticence became outmoded ; but he
died, rich and honored, before he found that out.
[Jones wrote almost nothing even for newspaper
publication ; and less was written about him, during or
after his lifetime, than about any other newspaper
proprietor of the period. See the obituaries in the New
York papers (fullest in the Herald), Aug. 13, 1891,
and editorial comments republished in the Times of
the following days. Other sources include : Joseph
Joslin, Barnes Frisbie, and Frederick Ruggles, A Hist,
of the Town of Poultney, Vt. (1875); and Elmer
Davis, Hist, of the N. Y. Times (1921), which draws
on the recollections of his editors, Foord and Miller.]
E.D.
JONES, GEORGE HEBER (Aug. 14, 1867-
May 11, 1919), missionary, the son of Charles
Edward and Susan (Cosser) Jones, was born at
Mohawk, N. Y. His ancestry was a mixture of
the three national stocks of Great Britain with
the Welsh predominating. He was educated in
the public schools of Utica, N. Y. As a youth of
twenty, in 1887, only three years after the com-
mencement of missionary work in that country,
Jones went to Korea under the auspices of the
Methodist Episcopal Church. His first five years
in Korea he spent largely in educational work in
Seoul in connection with the Pai Chai high school
and college. In 1892 he received the B.A. de-
gree from the American University at Harri-
171
Jones
man, Term., where he had been doing non-resi-
dent work for several years. In the same year
he went to Chemulpo where he made his head-
quarters for the next ten years, being successively
pastor and presiding elder. When he went to
Chemulpo there were no Christians in all that
region ; ten years later there were forty-four or-
ganized churches and two thousand eight hun-
dred Christians. Jones had the unusual honor of
being the presiding elder of a district, every
church of which he himself had organized and
every church member of which he had baptized.
From 1897 to 1899 and from 1907 to 1909 he was
the superintendent of the Methodist Episcopal
mission throughout Korea.
Jones was a careful student of the Korean
language, and from 1902 to 1905 he was a mem-
ber of the Board of Translators of the Bible into
Korean. He was an editor of the Korean Re-
pository from 1895 to 1898, and a founder and
editor (1900-04) of the Sin-hak Wol-po (Theo-
logical Review). From its founding until he re-
moved permanently from Korea he was vice-
president of the Korea Branch of the Royal
Asiatic Society. He was presented five times to
the Emperor of Korea, and during the days of
terror after the murder of the Queen in 1895
Jones took turns with a few other missionaries
in staying with the King for the moral support
that a foreigner could give him. With David W.
Deshler, the financial promoter, he organized the
Korean emigration movement to the Hawaiian
Islands between 1903 and 1905, during which
time eight thousand natives of the ancient Hermit
Kingdom settled in the newly acquired Ameri-
can territory. He secured the support of the Ko-
rean government for the project and roused the
enthusiasm of Koreans in his district, large num-
bers of whom were Christians.
In 1905 Jones lectured on missions at Morn-
ingside College, Sioux City, Iowa, and filled the
same lectureship in De Pauw University in 191 1
and in the Boston School of Theology (1915-
18). In 1909 he returned permanently to the
United States, and from 1913 to 1919 he was
editorial secretary and associate secretary of the
Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist
Episcopal Church. His literary work in Korean
included a volume of studies in the Old Testa-
ment, a short history of the Christian church, a
Korean Methodist hymnbook, and a Korean-Eng-
lish dictionary of scientific and technical terms.
He wrote in English Korea: the Land, People
and Customs (copyright 1907), and Christianity
and World Democracy (1918). For a time he
was Korea correspondent of the London Times.
He was a contributing editor of the Journal of
Jones
Race Development, and also a member of the
American Society of International Law, the
American Academy of Political and Social Sci-
ence, the Board of International Hospitality and
Conciliation, and of the Japan Society of New
York. He possessed an unusually genial per-
sonality and made friends among all classes and
peoples with whom he came into contact. That
his worth and services were appreciated equally
by the Korean and Japanese governments speaks
well both for his impartiality and his friendly
sympathy. On May 10, 1893, Jones was married
in Seoul to Margaret Josephine Bengel of Pome-
roy, Ohio. He died at Miami, Fla.
[The Missionary Research Library in New York
City contains much interesting material, especially
manuscripts, on the life and work of Jones. His vo-
luminous journals are held privately. "A Journey
Through Southern Korea in 1889, an Extract from the
Journals of George Heber Jones, D.D.," ed. by Harold
J. Noble, in the Korea Mission Field for Nov. 1928 and
Jan. 1929, contains a brief sketch of his life. Other
sources include: Who's Who in America, 1918-19; "A
Partial Bibliography of Occidental Literature on
Korea," Trans. Korea Branch, Royal Asiatic Soc, vol.
XX (1931) ; Christian Advocate (N.Y.), May 15, 1929;
L. G. Paik, The Hist, of Protestant Missions in Korea
(1929) ; TV. Y. Times, May 13, 1919.] H.J.N.
JONES, GEORGE WALLACE (Apr. 12,
1804-July 22, 1896), pioneer miner, merchant,
legislator, was a striking figure in the early his-
tory of Wisconsin and Iowa. He was born in
Vincennes, Ind., the son of John Rice Jones, a
Welshman, and Mary Barger of Pennsylvania.
His early education was obtained in St. Louis
and in 1825 he graduated from Transylvania
University, Kentucky. While in college he was
the protege of Henry Clay and formed lasting
friendships with Jefferson Davis and other South-
erners who greatly influenced his later career.
When the study of law impaired his health he
migrated to Sinsinawa Mound, then in Michigan
Territory, a frontier mining community. Here
he acted as storekeeper and miner for ten years.
He was married on Jan. 7, 1829, and in 1831 he
took his young wife, Josephine Gregoire, daugh-
ter of an old French family, together with seven
slaves, to Sinsinawa. He served as an aide to
Gen. Henry Dodge in the Black Hawk War and
was elected delegate to Congress from Michigan
Territory in 1835. He secured the organization
of the Territory of Wisconsin (1836), was dele-
gate to Congress from that Territory, and pro-
cured the establishment of Iowa Territory. He
failed of reelection as delegate from Wisconsin
(1838) largely because he had acted as a second
in the fatal Cilley-Graves duel. Two years later
he was appointed surveyor-general of Iowa and
Wisconsin. He was removed from office in 1841
but in 1845 he was reappointed and established
172
J
ones
himself in Dubuque, where he settled perma-
nently.
In 1848 Jones became one of the first senators
from Iowa and represented the state twelve
years. As a "Democrat in politics and a South-
erner in all his instincts," he reflected the char-
acter of Iowa which was Southern in population
and sympathies down to 1853-54. He was not
an orator, but he was highly successful in secur-
ing legislation for public improvements because
of his resourcefulness and wide acquaintance-
ship. In 1850 he got the Illinois Central Rail-
road Bill amended in such a way as to bring the
Western terminus to Dubuque, Iowa, instead of
Galena, 111., and after repeated failures he pro-
cured land grants in 1856 for railway routes
from Dubuque, Lyons, Davenport, and Burling-
ton westward to points on the Missouri. In na-
tional legislation he had the approval of his state
when he supported the compromise measures of
1850. It was not so in 1854, when, as member
of the committee on territories, he approved the
Kansas-Nebraska Bill. At this time Iowa was
undergoing a marked political change and it
was the first state to pass judgment on the bill.
In a vigorous campaign in which he denounced
"the Nebraska infamy," Grimes was elected gov-
ernor and soon after Harlan, another anti-slavery
candidate, succeeded Dodge as senator. When
Jones voted for the Lecompton Constitution he
was even deserted by his own party, which was
loyal to Douglas, and he was not renominated in
1858. It was widely charged that Jones openly
opposed Douglas in the famous senatorial cam-
paign against Lincoln but Jones categorically
denied this in a letter (Feb. 12, 1859) to Henry
Clay Dean.
On Mar. 8, 1859, President Buchanan appoint-
ed Jones minister to New Granada, where his
courtly manners and Catholic faith made him
both acceptable and successful. On his return in
December 1861, Secretary Seward ordered his
arrest, charging him with treasonable corre-
spondence with Jefferson Davis. While his let-
ters were highly indiscreet, they were probably
not treasonable since he was soon released by
Lincoln's orders. On reaching Iowa, Jones made
a public defense. He held that the Union could
endure "part slave and part free" and that the
conflict was not "irrepressible." In his judg-
ment, the only obstacle to reasonable compromise
was the "mad schemes" of the Abolitionists.
This statement got little hearing ; Iowa had
changed while Jones had not, and his political
career was ended. As time passed, however, bit-
terness subsided, and he gradually resumed his
old friendships and associations. In 1892 he was
Jones
granted a pension, and on his ninetieth birthday
he was tendered a reception by the General As-
sembly in recognition of his great services to
the commonwealth.
[J. C. Parish, George Wallace Jones (1912), con-
tains, in addition to the biography, Jones's autobi-
ography. Other sources include : E. H. Stiles, Recol-
lections and Sketches of Notable Lawyers and Pub. Men
of Early Iowa (1916) ; D. E. Clark, Hist, of Senatorial
Elections in Iowa (1912) ; Annals of Ioiva, Oct. 1897,
Jan., Apr., and Oct. 1898; Iowa Hist. Record, Apr.
1887; Dubuque Daily Herald, July 23, 1896; Jones's
correspondence in the Hist. Dept., Des Moines, Iowa.]
C. E. P.
JONES, HARRY CLARY (Nov. n, 1865-
Apr. 9, 1916), physical chemist, was born in
New London, Md., the son of William and Jo-
hanna Clary Jones. He received his preparatory
education in the county schools of western Mary-
land and entered Johns Hopkins University as
an undergraduate in 1885. His work was char-
acterized by such diligence and success that he
was awarded two undergraduate scholarships.
Upon receiving the degree of B.A. in 1889 he
immediately entered the graduate school, pur-
suing work in the department of chemistry.
Here he was the recipient of further academic
honors, and was awarded the degree of Ph.D. in
1892. During these years he formed a lasting
friendship with such masters as Ira Remsen and
H. N. Morse, the two leading spirits in investi-
gative chemistry in America at that time. Fol-
lowing his graduation, he went at once to Eu-
rope, where he worked with Ostwald at the
University of Leipzig, Arrhenius in Stockholm,
and Van't Hoff in Amsterdam, the three foremost
physical chemists of the world at this time. It
was in the laboratory of Arrhenius that he un-
dertook the study of hydrates of sulfuric acid.
The subject of hydrates in solution proved so
fascinating to him that thereafter it determined
the nature of the research which went on in his
laboratory.
Returning to the United States, he was ap-
pointed instructor in physical chemistry at Johns
Hopkins University, in 1895, and established
there the first distinctive department of physical
chemistry in America. In 1898 he was elected
associate professor of physical chemistry, which
position he held until his election to the profes-
sorship in 1903. In his research, which included
a careful study of the conductivity and dissoci-
ation of electrolytes and their temperature co-
efficients in various solvents, he was able to show
beyond doubt that the phenomenon of hydration
in solutions is a rather general one. He further
substantiated this belief by a detailed study of
the absorption spectra of solutions. Through the
generosity of the Carnegie Institution of Wash-
173
Jones
ington, he was enabled greatly to enlarge the
scope of his researches in this field. He made
numerous and important contributions to the
chemical literature of his time, publishing The
Freezing Point, Boiling Point and Conductivity
Methods (1897); The Modern Theory of So-
lution (1899) ; The Theory of Electrolytic Dis-
sociation and Some of its Applications (1900) ;
Outlines of Electrochemistry (1901) ; The Ele-
ments of Physical Chemistry (1902) , which went
through four American editions and was trans-
lated into Italian and Russian ; Principles of In-
organic Chemistry (1903); Elements of Inor-
ganic Chemistry (1903) ; The Electrical Nature
of Matter and Radioactivity (1906) ; Introduc-
tion to Physical Chemistry (1910) ; A New Era
in Chemistry (1913); The Nature of Solution
(1917), with a biographical sketch; Practical
Methods for Determining Molecular Weights
(1899), a translation of Heinrich Biltz's work.
He was also joint author of ten monographs pub-
lished by the Carnegie Institution of Washing-
ton, and contributed nearly a hundred articles to
American, French, and German chemical jour-
nals. He was associate editor of Zcitschrift fur
Physicalishe Chcmie, Journal der Chemie-Phy-
siquc, and the Journal of the Franklin Institute
of Philadelphia, and was a member of all the
leading scientific and technical societies of the
world. He was awarded the Longstreth medal
of the Franklin Institute in 1913 for scientific
discoveries.
He was a man of untiring energy and was
dominated by a consuming passion for his work ;
he was also gifted as a teacher. In music and
art he found his recreation. The son and grand-
son of farmers, he never lost his love for the
country, and at his death he was one of the suc-
cessful agriculturists of Maryland. On May 22,
1902, he was married to Harriet Brooks, the
daughter of Henry Phelps Brooks, a prominent
lawyer of Baltimore, and the grand-daughter of
Chauncy Brooks, a well-known capitalist of that
city.
[Who's Who in America, 1916-17 ; Proc. Am. Chemi-
cal Soc, July 19 16 ; Baltimore American and Sun (Bal-
timore), Apr. 10, 1916.] J.S. G.
JONES, HERSCHEL VESPASIAN (Aug.
30, 1861-May 24, 1928), journalist, bibliophile,
was born in Jefferson, Schoharie County, N. Y.,
of mixed English, Scotch, and Welsh stock. His
father, William S. Jones, a descendant of Welsh
settlers of Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1663,
kept a village store and cultivated a small farm.
His mother, Helen (Merchant) Jones, was the
daughter of a retired farmer of the village.
Jones attended the Delaware Literary Institute,
Jones
an academy of the old type, at Franklin, N. Y.
His leanings toward journalism and books were
both indicated early. There were only nine books
in the family library, but at the age of ten he
joined a subscription library. He earned the
five-dollar fee by doing odd jobs. About the same
time he began his first newspaper — a small sheet,
printed with a lead pencil, limited to six or eight
copies weekly and distributed to friends. Pre-
vailing newspaper fashions of the day were fol-
lowed by including in each issue an instalment
of a "continued story" and several complete items
composed by the youthful editor. At fifteen, his
formal education stopped and he began to work
on the staff of the Jefferson Courier at three dol-
lars a week. At eighteen he bought the paper for
$700. His grandfather gave him $250 and Jones
gave notes for the rest. In 1883 he visited a
group of western cities and selected Minneapolis
as his future home. In 1885 he sold the Jeffer-
son Courier at a profit of $700 and went to Minne-
apolis as a reporter on the Minneapolis Journal,
with which he was continuously connected until
his death. Convinced that the government fore-
casts of crops were unsatisfactory, in 1890 he
started a market and crop report service in the
Journal. Two notable predictions, one of heavy
crops in 1900 and one of wheat-rust losses in
1904, gave him a national reputation. He traveled
as much as 30,000 miles yearly gathering data
for this service. In 1901 he founded the Com-
mercial IVcst, a financial and grain news weekly.
In 1908 Jones bought the Minneapolis Journal
for $1,200,000 on an available personal fortune
of $25,000. This tested to the utmost his lifelong
theory that "credit, based on character and in-
tegrity" was more important than available cash.
In his valedictory editorial in the Jefferson
Courier, Feb. 25, 1885, he said : "To support a
party is not always to be in accord with it." In
his initial editorial as publisher of the Minne-
apolis Journal on Sept. 1, 1908, he stated: "The
principles that should govern the publication of
a newspaper are honesty and fairness." This in-
dependence was one of his chief characteristics
as a journalist. He neither held nor sought po-
litical office of any kind. He was a director of
the Associated Press and one of a group of
American newspaper editors who toured the Eu-
ropean battle-fields as guests of the British gov-
ernment.
Jones is perhaps even more widely known as a
book-collector than as an editor. His first col-
lection, comprising about six hundred volumes
of first editions of modern authors, was one of
the early first-edition collections. This was sold.
His second collection, which included about 2,-
174
Jones
ooo volumes of incunabula and early English
poetry and drama, was sold at auction in New-
York in 1 9 1 8-1 9 for about $400,000 at one of the
notable sales of its kind. His personal library
of about 3,000 volumes of standard works and
his collection of early Americana are still intact.
The latter, owned by his estate, is one of the
most notable collections of its kind still in private
ownership. His interest and taste in books and
art were wide and discriminating. He collected
chiefly as a means toward systematic self-cul-
ture. He was a trustee and benefactor of the
Minneapolis Institute of Arts to which he gave
a fine collection of prints. He bequeathed trust
funds, of $25,000 each, to the Minnesota His-
torical Society and the library of the University
of Minnesota. His rather reserved manner with
mere acquaintances sometimes hid his real friend-
liness and wide sympathy, characteristically
shown by his bequest for a fund for the relief of
widowed mothers. Jones married Lydia A. Wil-
cox, of Jefferson, N. Y., Sept. 30, 1885. Their
family included four sons and three daughters.
[J. H. McCullough, article in the Am. Mag., Jan.
1924 ; E. C. Gale, memorial in Minnesota Hist., Mar.
1929; the Minneapolis Jour., May 24, 1928; and in-
formation as to certain facts from Jones's son, Jeffer-
son Jones, and other members of his family and per-
sonal acquaintances.] p k W.
JONES, HUGH (c. 1670-Sept. 8, 1760), min-
ister, mathematician, and historian, came to Vir-
ginia in 1716. He was probably one of the sev-
eral graduates of Oxford by that name. In 1717
he was appointed to the chair of mathematics in
the College of William and Mary upon the rec-
ommendation of the Bishop of London ; during
the next few years he served at the same time as
chaplain to the House of Burgesses, minister of
Jamestown, and "lecturer" in Bruton Church,
Williamsburg. Meanwhile he found opportunity
to support Governor Spotswood in his contro-
versy with Commissary Blair and to compose
an "Accidence to Christianity," an "Accidence
to the Mathematicks," and A Short English
Grammar. An Accidence to the English Tongue,
the first English grammar written in America.
Late in 1721 (W. S. Perry, Papers Relating to
the History of the Church in Virginia, 1870, p.
249) he left the colony for England, and three
years afterward brought out in London both The
Present State of Virginia and the grammar. The
former was intended to supplement existing his-
tories of Virginia and to promote the colony's
interests. Written largely out of the author's
observation, in direct and sprightly style, it shows
remarkable perspicacity, and has proved invalu-
able to subsequent local historians for its infor-
mation concerning social, economic, and eccle-
Jones
siastical matters in the colony during the early
eighteenth century. It is further interesting for
its advanced ideas upon education, including
Jones's advocacy of a distinct chair of history
and a school of administration at William and
Mary.
Returning to America he resumed parochial
work in St. Stephen's Parish, King and Queen
County, Va., but early in 1726 removed with his
family to Charles County, Md., where for five
years he served as minister of William and Mary
Parish, eking out his salary with school teach-
ing. On Oct. 2, 173 1, through Governor Cal-
vert, he became rector of St. Stephen's (North
Sassafras) Parish, Cecil County. Here he con-
tinued until his resignation a few months before
his death, building up an estate, proving an ef-
ficient partisan of Lord Baltimore in the pro-
prietary's contest with the heirs of William Penn,
warring against Popery and Jesuitism, and guid-
ing St. Stephen's to the highest degree of pros-
perity that it ever attained as an Episcopal parish.
Learned, fearless, aristocratic, intellectually vig-
orous, he was a loyal Hanoverian and a most
zealous churchman. The testimonials of his
parishioners bear witness to his sober and exem-
plary life. Hardly less revealing is the desire,
expressed in his will, to be buried with his feet
to the westward. "He wished," he said, "to be
facing his people as they arose from their graves.
He was not ashamed of them."
[Rev. Hugh Jones has been repeatedly confused with
two other colonial ministers of the same name, both rec-
tors of Christ Church Parish, Calvert County, Md., as
the William and Mary Coll. Quart. Hist. Mag., Jan.
1902, points out. See Geo. Johnston, Hist, of Cecil
County, Md. (1881) ; W. B. Sprague, Annals of Am.
Pulpit, V (1859), 9-13; H. B. Adams, The College of
William and Mary (1887) ; E. L. Goodwin, The Colo-
nial Church in Va. (1927); Archives of Md., VI
(1888), 373, and IX (1890), 43s ; Md. Hist. Mag., June
1923, Sept. 1924] A. C.G., Jr.
JONES, HUGH BOLTON (Oct. 20, 1848-
Sept. 24, 1927), landscape painter, born at Bal-
timore, Md., the son of Hugh B. and Laura Eliza
Jones, began his art training at the Maryland
Institute and later became a pupil of Horace W.
Robbins. His first field work was done in the
vicinity of his native city, and his earliest paint-
ings were shown in Baltimore, but he sent pic-
tures to the National Academy of Design as
early as 1874. In 1876 he went to France. He
made many outdoor sketches and studies in Brit-
tany, with his headquarters at Pont-Aven,'at that
time a favorite resort of painters. In 1877 he
made a sketching tour in Spain and North
Africa. During the four years of his sojourn
in Europe he exhibited several paintings at the
Paris Salon and one at an international expo-
17$
Jones
sition in Paris. He returned to the United States
in 1880 and established himself in New York,
becoming a member of the Society of American
Artists in 1881, and a National Academician in
1883. He was also a member of six or seven
other artistic associations and three or four New
York clubs. He was a regular contributor to
the exhibitions of the National Academy for
many years. He shared a studio with his young-
er brother, Francis C. Jones, a figure painter ;
but he spent a large part of his time in the coun-
try, finding many of his best subjects in New
Jersey and New England.
His "Ferry Inn" was shown at the Centennial
Exposition, Philadelphia, 1876. His "Tangiers"
was purchased by W. T. Walters of Baltimore.
Five of his works were in the Thomas B. Clarke
collection which was sold in 1899. Medals were
awarded to him at two international expositions
in Paris and at the world's fairs in Chicago,
1893, St. Louis, 1904, and San Francisco, 191 5.
Both the Webb prize and the Shaw Fund prize
were given him at the exhibition of the Society
of American Artists in 1902. Two of his land-
scapes are in the Metropolitan Museum, New
York ; at the Corcoran Gallery, Washington, is
his "Springtime"; other works are in the Penn-
sylvania Academy and the Brooklyn Institute.
In his painting he held the mirror up to nature
with the utmost fidelity, never adding any super-
fluous embroideries. His evident enjoyment of
the beauty of spring foliage and skies was mani-
fested in many ingenuous pages of fresh and
delicate color. "Spring," given to the Metro-
politan Museum by George I. Seney, and repro-
duced in Isham's History of American Painting,
is a characteristic example. "The interest in all
the minutiae of nature which characterized the
old Hudson River school is there," observes
Isham (p. 444), "but the execution is surer and
more artistic, and the coloring in its truthfulness
and delicacy and in the absence of the brown
studio tones shows the influence of the French
open-air school." At the time of his death, which
took place at his New York home, the artist
was in his seventy-ninth year. He had never
married.
[Am. Art Annual, 1927 ; Samuel Isham, The Hist, of
Am. Painting (1905) ; Who's Who in America, 1926—
2j ; N. Y. Times, Sept. 25, 1927 ; catalogue of the Thos.
B. Clarke collection (1899) ; C. M. Kurtz, Nat. Acad.
Notes, 1884, 1885.] W. H. D.
JONES, JACOB (March 1768-Aug. 3, 1850),
naval officer, was born near Smyrna, Del. His
mother, nee McDermott, died in the child's in-
fancy, and his father, a well-to-do-farmer of
Welsh-English stock, also named Jacob, died
soon afterward. He had married again, and the
176
Jones
boy was reared by his stepmother, a grand-
daughter of Judge Ryves Holt of the Delaware
supreme court. He was educated in the acad-
emy at Lewes, Del., studied medicine for four
years under Dr. James Sykes of Dover, and af-
ter further study at the University of Pennsyl-
vania began practice in Kent County, Del. Find-
ing progress as a physician slow, he became
clerk of the Delaware supreme court. Then, af-
ter the death of his first wife, a sister of Dr.
Sykes, and in the excitement of hostilities with
France, on Apr. 10, 1799, at the age of thirty-
one, he entered the navy as midshipman in the
frigate United States, serving thus till the close
of the war. Of a quiet, thoughtful nature, well
beyond the average young officer in education
and range of knowledge, he rose quickly to lieu-
tenant, Feb. 22, 1801, and was second lieutenant
in the Philadelphia when she grounded and was
captured off Tripoli, Oct. 31, 1803. After twen-
ty months' captivity, he was released at the end
of the Tripolitan War and was in routine naval
duties until the War of 1812, being promoted
commander Apr. 20, 1810. In command of the
sloop-of-war Wasp, he left Philadelphia, Oct. 13,
1812, and near midnight of the 17th, east of Hat-
teras, he ran into a British convoy protected by
the brig Frolic, commanded by Capt. T. Whin-
yates. Having about equal broadsides, Jones at-
tacked next day and forced the enemy's surren-
der after a hard-fought, close-range artillery
duel of forty-three minutes, on converging
courses in a heavy sea (J. F. Cooper, History of
the Navy of the United States of America, 1839,
I, 182-87). The Wasp was almost stripped of
sails and rigging, but her own fire, delivered as
she sank in the seas, was lower and more ac-
curate, sweeping the enemy's decks and hull.
When the Wasp closed and boarded there was
no resistance. Of the no men in the Frolic not
twenty remained uninjured, while the Wasp had
but five wounded and five killed {The Weekly
Register, Baltimore, Dec. 5, 1812; Naval Chroni-
cle, London, January 1813). Unfortunately,
both vessels were encountered that same day by
the British 74-gun ship Poictiers, and being in
no condition to escape were captured and taken
to Bermuda ; nevertheless, his victory brought
Jones well-earned fame. Congress awarded him
a gold medal, with $25,000 for officers and crew.
Exchanged from Bermuda, he was made captain,
Mar. 3, 1813, and given the frigate Macedonian
in Decatur's squadron at New York. Owing to
the British blockade, he was transferred in April
1814 to Lake Ontario, where he commanded the
Mohawk till the close of the war. In 1815 he
was again in the Macedonian in Decatur's squad-
Jones
ron against Algiers. He commanded the Medi-
terranean Squadron, 1821-23, and, after a term
as navy commissioner, the Pacific Squadron,
1826-29. Thereafter, he was on shore duty at
the Baltimore station, 1829-39; at New York,
1842-45 ; and later in charge of the Philadelphia
Naval Asylum until his death. By a second mar-
riage he had a daughter and a son, Richard, who
rose to commander in the navy, and by a third
marriage, in 1 821, to Ruth Lusby of Cecil Coun-
ty, Md., he had three daughters and a son. He
was characterized in 1815 by Commodore John
Rodgers as "a good officer ... of far more than
ordinary information," though — perhaps because
of late entry into the service — he lacked "the
particular kinds to qualify him" for the office of
navy commissioner (C. O. Paullin, Commodore
John Rodgers, 1910, p. 302).
[M. M. Cleaver, "The Life, Character and Public
Services of Commodore Jacob Jones," Papers of the
Hist. Soc. of Del., no. XLVI (1906) ; Roland Ringwalt,
"Commodore Jacob Jones," Ibid., no. XLIV (1906);
J. M. Clayton, Address on the Life, Character and
Services of Com. Jacob Jones (Wilmington, 1851);
Benjamin Folsom, A Compilation of Biog. Sketches of
Distinguished Officers in the Am. Navy (1814) ; C. J.
Peterson, The Am. Navy (1856) ; Del. State Jour.,
Wilmington, Aug. 6, 1850.] A. W.
JONES, JAMES CHAMBERLAYNE (June
7, 1809-Oct. 29, 1859), governor and senator,
the son of Peter and Catherine (Chappell) Jones,
was born and reared near the line of Davidson
and Wilson counties, Tenn., in the immediate
neighborhood of Andrew Jackson's home, "The
Hermitage." Losing his father in infancy, he
spent his boyhood on the farm of his guardian,
attending at intervals an old-field school. On
Aug. 27, 1829, he was married to Sarah Watson
Munford of Danville, Ky., and as a farmer settled
near Lebanon, Tenn. His entrance into public
life was as a member of the General Assembly
of 1839. He demonstrated such ability as a
stump speaker that he was chosen district elector
on the Harrison ticket in 1840. To compass the
defeat of James K. Polk in his second guber-
natorial race in 1841, the Whigs chose Jones to
be his opponent, as one fitted to carry over the
enthusiasm of the "log-cabin campaign" of 1840.
"Lean Jimmy," as he was dubbed by his ad-
mirers, was tall and swarthy, with a voice deep,
flexible, and melodious. To match the method-
ical, logical, and well-trained Polk, the Whigs
chose his opposite — one whose strong point was
ability to fence, and, by the arts of a comedian,
mimicry, raillery, and humorous thrusts, to di-
vert the immense crowds that attended the joint
debates in nearly every county of the state, Jones
was elected by 3,243 votes — the first native of
Tennessee to become governor of the state.
Jones
In 1843 Polk and Jones were nominated to
renew the contest. Again Polk lost, by 3,83;
votes. The most notable achievements of the two
administrations of Jones were the commence-
ment of the present state capitol, and the estab-
lishment of a school for the blind, at Nashville,
and a school for deaf mutes, at Knoxville. In
1848 Jones was presidential elector for the state
at large for Taylor and Fillmore. In 1850 he
removed to Memphis and accepted the presi-
dency of the projected Memphis & Charleston
Railroad. In creating favorable sentiment and
procuring subscriptions from towns and indi-
viduals he was successful ; his order of ability
fitted him for the task. That success aided in his
election by a Whig legislature as United States
senator, for the term 1851-57. He was the first
senator chosen from that division of the state
known as West Tennessee. Neither by his natu-
ral endowment nor by his training was he suited
to a senatorial career ; he was comparatively in-
conspicuous in that body. He was, however,
seriously considered in 1852 for the vice-presi-
dential nomination. So competent an observer
as Salmon P. Chase, in February, thought "it
pretty certain that Scott and Jones of Tennessee
will be the nominees" {Annual Report of the
American Historical Association for the Year
1902, II, 240). Jones in the national convention
was influential in procuring the nomination of
Scott over Fillmore.
Toward the close of Jones's term as senator,
after the Whig party had disintegrated, Jones
in a speech in the Senate (Aug. 9, 1856) an-
nounced his support of Buchanan for the presi-
dency : "The Democratic party affords the best,
if not last, hope of safety and security to the
South." He canvassed Tennessee in behalf of
Buchanan. Thereafter he worked for the advance
of agriculture in the state, addressing the peo-
ple at fairs, but he made no effort to reenter pub-
lic life. Dying on his farm near Memphis at the
comparatively early age of fifty, he was buried
in Elmwood Cemetery in that city.
[J. M. Keating, Hist, of the City of Memphis (1888),
I, 294 ; O. P. Temple, Notable Men of Tenn. (1912) ;
M. W. Cluskey, The Pol. Text-Book, or Encyc. (1857) ;
A. C. Cole, The Whig Party in the South (1913) ; S.
G. Heiskell, Andreiv Jackson and Early Tenn. Hist.
(1918) ; P. E. Chappell, A Gcncal. Hist, of the Chap-
pell, Dickie, and other Kindred Families of Va. (1900) ;
A. B. Fothergill, Peter Jones and Richard Jones Geneals.
(1924) ; Morning Bulletin (Memphis, Tenn.), Oct. 30,
i859] S.C.W.
JONES, JAMES KIMBROUGH (Sept. 29,
1829-June 1, 1908), senator from Arkansas, was
the son of Nathaniel Jones and his wife Caroline
Jane, daughter of Rev. Edmund Jones of Madi-
son County, Tenn. His ancestors came from
177
Jones
Wales to Virginia in early colonial times, and
the family later moved to North Carolina. His
father and mother settled in Tennessee, but
James was born in Marshall County, Ivliss.,
while his mother was visiting there. She died
when her son was six years old, and three years
later his father moved to Arkansas and settled
on a farm in Dallas County. The boy's educa-
tion was received from tutors and in private
schools, which he attended irregularly because
his health was frail. At the outbreak of the Civil
War he enlisted in the 3rd Arkansas Cavalry
(Confederate), but ill health made it impossible
for him to give constant service, though he kept
up his military connection until the end of the
war. At its close, he engaged in farming, but
was soon admitted to the bar and opened an of-
fice at Washington, Ark. In 1873 he was elected
state senator as a Democrat and went to Little
Rock to sustain the cause of Elisha Baxter
[q.v.] in the Brooks-Baxter "war." He re-
mained in the state Senate until 1879 and was
president the last two years. In 1878 he was
elected to the lower house of Congress, and in
1885 entered the United States Senate. The
most noteworthy activity of his congressional
career was his fight for tariff reform. In 1884,
1888, and 1890 he attracted national attention by
the illuminating facts he presented and by the
keen satire which he brought to bear on the tar-
iff bills. In 1894 he was made chairman of a
subcommittee in charge of the Wilson bill. He
then took the bill to Senators Hill, Murphy,
Smith, Brice, Gorman, Blanchard, and Caffrey
to ascertain their minimum demands in the way
of higher rates. For three weeks this work went
on, and then the bill was laid before the Demo-
cratic caucus which, with Senator Hill absent,
voted to accept it. After three weeks of debate
it passed with 634 amendments. Before the vote
was taken, President Cleveland had written to
Jones, urging him, under all conditions, to get
some sort of tariff bill passed. The amendments
had been submitted to the President through
Secretary Carlisle, and Cleveland had indicated
to Jones during a personal interview that he
would do almost anything to effect a compro-
mise. While the House was discussing these
amendments, a letter was read from the Presi-
dent expressing his keen dissatisfaction with the
bill. This message was applauded in the House,
but it only stimulated Gorman and others in the
Senate to more stubborn resistance (Edward
Stanwood, American Tariff Controversies in
the Nineteenth Century, 1903, II, 336-55).
Jones felt that the President's letter was a re-
flection upon himself and ceased to visit the
,78
Jones
White House. Later the President invited him
to call, and explained that he did not mean to in-
clude him among the senators guilty of party
perfidy, but he never made the apology public
(Newberry, post, pp. 161-62). Jones received
many commendations from various parts of the
country and from members of both parties. The
Dingley tariff bill he fought both in the Com-
mittee on Finance and in the Senate, but without
avail. He early espoused the cause of free silver
and took a prominent part in the Memphis con-
vention (1895). Partly because of this advocacy
of free silver, but largely because of his promi-
nence in the Senate, a "boom" was started out-
side of Arkansas for his nomination for the pres-
idency by the Democratic party, but he discour-
aged the movement and supported Richard Bland
at Chicago until the nomination of Bryan. Both
in this campaign and in 1900, when "imperial-
ism" was the paramount issue, he served as
chairman of the National Committee. He was
interested in the Indians and sought to protect
them in their rights. He also supported the Blair
educational bill (1884-85), partly because it
would bring better educational advantages to
the negro (Congressional Record, 48 Cong., 1
Sess., App., pp. 332-38, Ibid., 51 Cong., 1 Sess.,
p. 2081). After retiring from Congress he prac-
tised law in Washington until his death, though
he always considered Arkansas his home. He
was buried in Rock Creek Cemetery. On Jan. 16,
1863, he married Sue R. Eaton, who bore him
two daughters ; and after her death, he was mar-
ried in 1866 to her cousin, Susan Somervell, who
bore him three children.
[Farrar Newberry, James K. Jones, The Plumed
Knight of Arkansas (1913), is the major account but
contains numerous errors. See also J. W. Leonard,
Men of America (1908) ; Who's Who in America, 1908-
09 ; Biog. Dir. Am. Cong. (1928) ; Journals of the Sen-
ate of Arkansas, 1874-79; Cong. Record, 1881-1903 ;
Arkansas Gazette (Little Rock), June 2, 1908.]
D.Y.T.
JONES, JEHU GLANCY (Oct. 7, 1811-
Mar. 24, 1878), congressman, was descended
from David Jones who in 1721, at the age of
twelve, emigrated from Merionethshire, Wales,
to join relatives in the "Welsh Tract," Radnor
township, Delaware County, Pa. He later moved
on to the Conestoga Valley, where, in Caernar-
von Township, Berks County, his great-grand-
son, J. Glancy Jones, was born. His parents
were Jehu Jones, a schoolmaster, and Sarah
(Glancy) Jones. Destined by them for the Epis-
copal ministry, at sixteen he entered Kenyon
College, Gambier, Ohio, and after preliminary
work there, began the study of theology in Cin-
cinnati. In 1832 he returned to Pennsylvania to
J
ones
J
ones
marry Anna Rodman (June 23), who accom-
panied him back to Cincinnati, where he con-
tinued his studies until 1834. In the summer of
that year he returned, with his family, to the
home of his wife's parents in Bensalem Town-
ship, Bucks County, Pa., and in December was
ordained deacon in the Protestant Episcopal
Church by Bishop G. W. Doane [q.r.~\. On Oct.
11, 1835, he was ordained to the priesthood in
Christ Church, New Brunswick, N. J. For about
three years he devoted his attention to the up-
building of several parishes in New Jersey and
then, in 1838, entered the mission field and es-
tablished a church at Quincy, Gadsden County,
Fla. Although he was successful in his ministry,
he felt that a mistake had been made in the choice
of his profession, and began the study of law. In
1841 he resigned his charge and completed his
legal studies in Georgia, being admitted to the
bar of that state the same year. He returned to
Pennsylvania at once and was admitted to the
bar at Easton, Pa., on Apr. 19, 1842. On the
same day he delivered an address advocating a
protective tariff before a meeting of "friends of
American Industry." He took an active part in
politics, being a Democrat by inheritance and a
personal adherent of James Buchanan. On Dec.
31, 1844, he moved his residence to Reading, Pa.,
and on Jan. 7, 1845, was admitted to the Berks
County bar. After holding a number of local
offices, in April 1847 he was appointed district
attorney for Berks County, and in May 1848 was
a delegate to the National Democratic Conven-
tion and one of its vice-presidents. He was a
delegate to the Democratic state conventions in
1848, 1849, and 1855, serving as president in
1855. In 1850 he was elected to the Thirty-
second Congress (1851-53), but declined to be-
come a candidate in 1852, desiring to return to
his legal practice. His successor, however, died
shortly after the opening of the Thirty-third
Congress and Jones consented to fill the vacancy,
taking his seat again on Feb. 13, 1854, and serv-
ing by successive elections until Oct. 30, 1858,
when he resigned. He supported the Kansas-
Nebraska bill and the Gadsden purchase, re-
ported the bill to establish the United States
court of claims, and was chairman of the com-
mittee on ways and means in the Thirty-fifth
Congress. He was again a delegate to the Na-
tional Democratic Convention in 1856, where he
took an active part in securing the nomination
of his friend Buchanan for the presidency of
the United States. In the campaign which fol-
lowed he was a leader of the Buchanan forces.
After Buchanan's victory, he was considered for
a place in the cabinet but owing to the opposition
of a faction within the party he was not appoint-
ed. He was offered and declined the post of
minister to Berlin. Unsuccessful as a candidate
for reelection to Congress in 1858, he resigned
his seat to accept appointment as minister to
Austria, in which capacity he served from Dec.
15, 1858, to Nov. 14, 186 1. Returning to Read-
ing, Pa., he withdrew from active participation
in politics and resumed the practice of law for
some ten years. Failing health then caused him
to retire and he died in Reading after a long ill-
ness. Four of his nine children survived him.
[C. H. Jones, The Life and Public Services of J.
Glancy Jones (2 vols., 1910), an uncritical biography
by his son ; E. M. Beale, Gencal. of David Jones (1903) ;
Biog. Dir. Am. Cong. (1928) ; The Twentieth Century
Bench and Bar of Pa. (1903), vol. I ; Record (Phila.),
Mar. 28, 1878.] T.H F
JONES, JENKIN LLOYD (Nov. 14, 1843-
Sept. 12, 1918), clergyman, editor, came in 1844
with his parents, Richard Lloyd and Mary
(Thomas) Jones, from Wales, where his ances-
tors, Jenkin Jones and David Lloyd, were pio-
neer Arminian ministers. Sauk County, Wis.,
afforded him a meager schooling. Enlisting Aug.
14, 1862, in the 6th Battery, Wisconsin Artil-
lery, in obedience to "conscience, not the gov-
ernment" (An Artilleryman's Diary, p. xiii), he
took part in the battles of Corinth, Vicksburg,
Chattanooga, and Missionary Ridge, and was
mustered out July 18, 1865, a confirmed oppo-
nent of war. After teaching school in Wiscon-
sin, 1865-66, he entered the Meadville Theo-
logical School, Meadville, Pa., from which he
graduated in 1870. Married to Susan C. Barber
and ordained to the Unitarian ministry the same
year, he served at Winnetka, 111., 1870-71, then
at Janesville, Wis., 1871-80. With characteristic
energy and originality he organized a mutual
improvement society, embracing literary, scien-
tific, civic, and philanthropic interests, that
served as a pattern of many similar organiza-
tions ("Unity clubs") in Unitarian churches of
the Middle West. In 1872 he began the publi-
cation of a series of Sunday School lessons for
liberal churches, radically different from all con-
temporary courses because of their emphasis
upon the evolution of man, the mythical analo-
gies and ethical harmony of the great world re-
ligions, the flowering of Christianity into a uni-
versal religion of ethical theism (Erasmus to
Emerson), and the credos in verse of great mod-
ern poets.
Into the work of the secretaryship of the West-
ern Unitarian Conference which he filled from
1875 to 1884, he threw himself with pioneer zeal,
that resulted at first in phenomenal progress
179
Jones
but later, owing to his insistence upon ethical
rather than theological unanimity as the basis
of liberal fellowship and missionary work, in the
withdrawal (1887-94) from the Conference of
many of the conservative churches. The Confer-
ence, however, has never lost the gains and the
catholic spirit of his secretaryship. In 1885 he
undertook the full ministry of All Souls Church,
Chicago, whose bond of union was his own
work : "We join ourselves together in the inter-
est of Morality and Religion as interpreted by
the growing thought and purest lives of Human-
ity, hoping thereby to bear one another's bur-
dens and to promote Truth, Righteousness and
Love in the world." This church became the
spiritual dynamo of the Abraham Lincoln Cen-
ter, founded in 1905. Its name recalls the devo-
tion to the Emancipator which led Jones, after a
pilgrimage to the Lincoln birthplace in Hodgen-
ville, Ky., 1904, to write in his paper, Unity
(Mar. 24, 1904), an editorial on "The Neglect-
ed Shrine" which, through the interest of Col-
lier's Weekly, led to the rehabilitation and dedi-
cation of cabin and farm as a national memorial.
With William C. Gannett [q.v.~\ he wrote The
Faith That Makes Faithful (copyright 1886).
Other significant publications of his include :
less: Bits of, IV ay side Gospel (1899) ; A Search
for an Infidel (1901) ; Love for the Battle-Tom
Peoples ( 1916).
His ideal of universal religion inspired not
only his founding of the Tower Hill (Wis.)
Summer School in 1889, but his general secre-
taryship of the World's Parliament of Religions,
in connection with the World's Columbian Ex-
position, Chicago, 1893. As editor, 1880-1918,
of Unity, a religious weekly dedicated to "Free-
dom, Fellowship and Character in Religion," he
advocated most of the great social reforms of
this period. He was an unrepentant member of
the Ford Peace Ship Mission (December 1915-
March 1916), while his editorial opposition to
war in general and to the United States' partici-
pation in the World War led to the suspension
of Unity in July and August 191 8 by the post-
master-general.
He was a man of immense energy and striking
appearance, stocky and sturdy, with a shaggy
head of hair, full beard, and deep-set eyes. His
first wife bore him a son and a daughter and died
in 191 1. He married Mrs. Edith Lackersteen in
I9I5-
[An Artilleryman's Diary (1914) covers Jones's
boyhood and war experiences. For his later life see
Unity: Sept. iq, 28, Oct. 10, 17, Nov. 28, Dec. 5, 12,
1918, Mar. 5, 1928. See also A Chorus of Faith, Ad-
dresses of the Parliament of Religions (Chicago,
1893) ; Wm. Kent in American Mag., July 1910 and
Public, Dec. 7, 1918; Christian Register, Sept. 26,
I
Jones
1918; Chicago Daily Tribune, and Chicago Herald
Examiner, Sept. 13, 1918.] q H
JONES, JOEL (Oct. 25, 1795-Feb. 3, i860),
lawyer, was born at Coventry, Conn., the son of
Amasa and Elizabeth (Huntington) Jones. His
father was a merchant and farmer and the first
years of his life were spent on the farm. At the
age of fifteen he entered the store of an uncle at
Hebron, Conn., as a clerk. In his spare time he
prepared himself for college, with the help of his
pastor and the encouragement of his mother,
and despite the opposition of his father and un-
cle, entered Yale College in 18 13, taking rank
from the first as a leader in his class. His fam-
ily shortly met with financial reverses, and to
support himself he tutored the sons of Judge
Bristol of New Haven. At the same time, how-
ever, he maintained his academic standing and
even pursued some medical studies outside of
his course. Graduating with second rank in the
class of 1817, he immediately entered the office
of Judge Bristol and at the same time registered
at the Litchfield Law School.
His family had removed to Wilkes-Barre, Pa.,
and as soon as his training was completed he
joined them there and was admitted to the bar of
Luzerne County, but subsequently moved to
Easton, Pa., where he developed a large practice.
He showed special ability in cases that required
research into forgotten law. Perhaps his most
famous case was that of Barnet vs. Ihrie (1
Ramie's Pa. Reports, 44, and 17 Sergeant &
Rawle's Reports, 174), in which the remedy of
assize of nuisance was revived. He took an ac-
tive interest in educational affairs and was one
of the founders of Lafayette College at Easton,
Pa. In 1830 he was appointed one of the com-
missioners to revise the civil code of the state,
and he wrote the report of the commission. In
1834 he moved to Philadelphia, and on Apr. 22
of the following year was elected associate judge
in the district court of the city and county. Ten
years later, Apr. 8, 1845, he became presiding
judge of this court, but was forced by failing
eyesight to resign in 1847. He was shortly elect-
ed (Dec. 15, 1847) as first president of Girard
College, Philadelphia, founded under the will of
Stephen Girard [?.».], and he opened the insti-
tution on Jan. 1, 1848. Since, however, the duties
of his office soon became irksome, and his edu-
cational ideas were not in accord with those of
the board of directors, he served but eighteen
months, resigning June 1, 1849. Immediately
thereafter he was elected mayor of Philadelphia.
Failing of reelection the next year, he resumed
his law practice, which he continued until his
death.
80
Jones
Jones's knowledge of the law was consider-
able, although it was derived more from the an-
cient than the modern books and for this reason
he sometimes found it difficult to apply his legal
ideas to new problems. He regarded the law as
a lofty science and its practice as the applica-
tion of ethical principles in accordance with the
rules of logic. A contributor to the American
Law Register and to several English legal pub-
lications, he was also the compiler of A Sylla-
bus of the Law of Land Office Titles in Pennsyl-
vania ( 1850). A member of the American Philo-
sophical Society and versed in seven languages,
he was a thorough scholar in Hebrew and Greek,
and a student of the Bible. He contributed to the
magazines of his day on literary, philosophic,
and religious subjects. For some time he edited
The Literalist, a religious magazine in which
he defended his belief in the literal fulfilment of
scriptural prophecies. A volume, Notes on Scrip-
ture (1861), was published after his death. For
some time he was a prominent leader in the Pres-
byterian Church. His wife was Eliza Perkins
Sparhawk of Philadelphia, whom he married
June 14, 1831. They had six children.
[Memoir in Jones's Notes on Scripture (1861) ; Proc.
Am. Phil. Soc., vol. VII (i860 ; W. B. Owen, Hist.
Sketches of Lafayette College (1876) ; J. H. Martin,
Martin's Bench and Bar of Phila. (1883) ; C. A. Her-
rick, Hist, of Girard College (1927) ; Theol. and Lit.
Jour., July i860 ; Obit. Record Grads. Yale Coll., 1859-
60 (i860); Morning Pennsylvanian (Phila.), Feb. 4,
i860.] J.H.F.
JONES, JOHN (1729-June 23, 1791), sur-
geon, author of the first surgical textbook in
the American colonies, was born in Jamaica,
L. I., of Welsh Quaker stock, the son of Dr.
Evan Jones and his wife, Mary Stephenson.
His grandfather, Dr. Edward Jones, came to
Pennsylvania in June 1682, and married Mary
Wynne, daughter of Dr. Thomas Wynne who
brought his family to Pennsylvania with Wil-
liam Penn on the Welcome later in the same
year. After a course of study at a private school
in New York, John Jones went to Philadelphia
to begin medical studies under his uncle by mar-
riage, Thomas Cadwalader \_q.vJ], but he re-
ceived most of his education abroad, studying in
London under William Hunter and Percival
Pott, and in Paris under Petit and Le Dran. He
also took courses at Edinburgh and Leyden (then
a famous medical center), and finally obtained
his degree in 1751 at the University of Rheims,
where his graduation thesis (published in New
York in 1765) bore the title Observations on
Wounds. After graduation he settled in New
York, where he soon became known as surgeon
and obstetrician. He is said to have been the first
American lithotomist, he was certainly a sue-
l8
Jones
cessful one, and his fame soon became diffused
throughout the colonies. He never required over
three minutes to complete the operation of li-
thotomy and performed it on occasion in half
that time. At the outbreak of the French and
Indian War he at once volunteered as surgeon,
and served until the close of hostilities. In 1767,
when the medical department of King's College,
New York, was organized, he became professor
of surgery and obstetrics. A little later, suffer-
ing from asthma, he made a long visit to London,
where he improved the time by fraternizing with
his former teachers and by attempting to obtain
subscriptions for a hospital for New York.
In 1770, with Dr. Samuel Bard [<?.?'.] and
others, he petitioned for a charter for the New
York Hospital, and when the institution was
opened he was made one of the attending phy-
sicians. The Revolution and the eventual de-
struction of the hospital by fire ended this enter-
prise. When New York was captured by the
British he removed to Philadelphia. Although
the frailty of his health kept him from being ac-
tive in the field, he is given credit for an im-
portant share in organizing the medical depart-
ment of the Continental Army (J. M. Toner, in
Transactions of the American Medical Associa-
tion, XXIX, 1878, p. 689). Perhaps a greater
service to his country was the publication in
1775 of his vade mecum for the native surgeons
under the title Plain, Concise, Practical Remarks
on the Treatment of Wounds and Fractures,
largely adapted from the teachings of Pott and
Le Dran. Its value was increased the following
year by binding with it the author's translation
of Van Swieten's Diseases Incident to Armies.
Having found the climate of Philadelphia favor-
able for his asthma, Jones definitely settled there
in 1780, and was at once appointed attending
physician to the Pennsylvania Hospital and
elected president of the Humane Society. He
was a personal friend of Washington, whom he
attended professionally in 1790, and was the per-
sonal physician of Franklin, whom he attended
in his last illness. He published "A Short Ac-
count of Dr. Franklin's Last Illness" in the
Pennsylvania Gazette and the Freeman's Jour-
nal, both of Philadelphia, Apr. 21, 1790. When
the College of Physicians of Philadelphia was
formed in 1787, Jones was its first vice-presi-
dent, and he contributed a paper, "A Case of
Anthrax" (read posthumously), to the first vol-
ume of its Transactions (1793). A third edition
of his book on wounds and fractures with the ti-
tle, The Surgical Works of the Late John Jones,
was brought out in 1795 by his friend Dr. James
Mease.
I
J
ones
[Memoir by Mease in the Surgical Works (1795)
mentioned above ; Am. Medical and Philosophical Reg.,
Jan. 1813 ; Trans. Coll. of Phys. of Phila., 3 ser., IX
(1887) ; Brooklyn Medic. Jour., June 1900 ; J. B. Beck,
An Hist. Sketch of the State of Am. Medicine before
the Revolution (1842) ; A Reference Handbook of the
Medic. Science (3rd ed.), rev. by T. L. Stedman, VIII
(1917), 46; Gazette of the U. S. (Phila.), June 25,
1791 ; Pa. Gazette (Phila.), June 29, 1791.] jj p
JONES, JOHN B. (Dec. 22, 1834-July 19,
1881), soldier, wars born in Fairfield District,
S. C, the son of Henry and Nancy (Robertson)
Jones. His father went to Texas in 1838, set-
tling first in Travis County, later moving to
Matagorda, and finally to Navarro. The boy at-
tended school in Texas at Matagorda, Inde-
pendence, and Rutersville, and completed his
education at Mount Zion College, Winnsboro,
S. C. Upon his return to Texas, he engaged suc-
cessfully in farming and stock raising until the
Civil War. Joining the Confederate forces, he
served as private in Terry's Texas Rangers, but
within a month he was made adjutant in the
15th Texas Infantry. In 1863 he was appointed
adjutant-general of a brigade, with rank of cap-
tain, and the following year was recommended
for the rank of major, but did not receive his
commission before the war closed. Returning to
Texas, at the request of friends, he went to
search out a location for a colony, first in Mexico
and later in Brazil, but found no place that he
could recommend. In 1868 he was elected to the
Texas legislature from Navarro, Hill, Kaufman,
and Ellis counties, but was counted out by the
Republican returning board.
His most distinguished service began on May
2, 1874, when Gov. Richard Coke appointed him
major of the Frontier Battalion with instructions
to clear the western border of Indians, and the
interior of desperadoes. He organized six com-
panies of Texas Rangers and established them
on the Indian frontier from Red River to the
Rio Grande. With a small escort he patrolled
this line from one station to another, and in
time developed the most competent corps of
ranger captains that the service has ever known.
His most notable Indian fight was that of Lost
Valley, near Jacksboro, July 12, 1874. With
twenty-eight men he attacked a band of a hun-
dred or more Indians, thought to have been Kio-
was, Comanches, and Apaches. Before the In-
dian trouble ceased, Jones turned his attention
to the suppression of lawlessness among white
men. The Horrell-Higgins feud was terrorizing
the whole section around Lampasas. Indicative
of his influence over the passions of rude men,
on July 30, 1877, tn€ Horrell faction wrote a let-
ter to the Higginses proposing a cessation of the
feud. The Higgins faction accepted the proposal.
Jones
The letters are signed by the three leading mem-
bers of the respective factions, and each letter
was witnessed by "Jno. B. Jones, Maj. Frontier
Battalion."
He knew how to use force, however. Sam
Bass [q.v.~\, after robbing the Union Pacific in
1877, made his rendezvous in Denton County,
Tex., and began a career of train robbing around
Dallas. Finally, when Bass and his men entered
Round Rock on July 19, 1878, Major Jones was
there with a troop of Texas Rangers to receive
him. Bass was mortally wounded and died two
days later. In 1877 Jones was sent to El Paso to
quell a mob that had arisen in connection with
what is known as the Salt War. Here he found
Americans surrounded by infuriated Mexicans,
who threatened to kill them. With a Catholic
priest, he went into the midst of the mob, placated
it, and got the Americans free. After he left the
trouble arose again, however, and the Ameri-
cans were killed. A commission composed of two
army officers appointed by the United States,
and Major Jones, appointed by the governor of
Texas, was asked to investigate the disturbance,
which was international in character. Jones
made a minority report in which he presented
the case of the Americans. In January 1879,
Gov. O. M. Roberts appointed him adjutant-
general of Texas. In this office he continued to
direct the activities of the Frontier Battalion
until his death. On Feb. 25, 1879, he married
Mrs. A. H. Anderson, widow of T. J. Anderson
and daughter of Samuel Holliday. Jones is
buried in Oakwood Cemetery, Austin, Tex.
[Numerous letters and official reports in office of the
adjutant-general, Austin, Tex. ; Report of the Adjutant-
General of the State of Tex., 1875-81 ; W. S. Speer and
J. H. Brown, Encyc. of the New West (1881) ; Biog.
Encyc. of Tex. (1880); Biog. Souvenir of the State
of Tex. (1889) ; Austin Daily Statesman, July 19,
1881 ; "El Paso Troubles in Texas," House Exec. Doc.
No. 93, 45 Cong., 2 Sess. (1878).] W. P.W.
JONES, JOHN BEAUCHAMP (Mar. 6,
1810-Feb. 4, 1866), journalist and author, was
born in Baltimore, Md. Part of his boyhood was
spent in Kentucky and the wilds of Missouri,
out of which pioneer existence, crowded with
vicissitude and adventure, grew several of his
novels. Seemingly he early determined upon let-
ters as his profession, for in 1841 Poe observed
that Jones, who was then editing the Baltimore
Saturday Visiter "with much judgment and gen-
eral ability," had "been connected for many years
past with the lighter literature of Baltimore"
(Autography, Virginia Edition, 1902, XV,
235). Having failed to find a publisher for his
first novel, Wild Western Scenes, Jones was
printing it serially in the Visiter at the time of
82
Jones
Poe's encomium. When in 1841 he issued it in
volume form at his own expense it proved popu-
lar, and in the next twenty years 100,000 copies
were sold. Despite its sentimentality and an oc-
casionally florid style, the book abounds in broad
humor, vigorous incident, and local color, which,
with some strong pieces of masculine character
portrayal, have deservedly made it a minor clas-
sic of the frontier.
From the Visiter Jones, somewhat to his mis-
fortune, passed to the Madisonian, organ of the
Tyler administration, of which he was editor in
1842 when Congress, "to humiliate and mortify"
the President (L. G. Tyler, Letters and Times
of the Tylers, 3 vols., 1884-96, II, 311), took the
executive printing from that periodical and let
it out on contract. Beyond his marriage in 1840
to Frances T. Custis of Accomack County, Va.,
an offer of the chargeship to Naples during
Polk's administration, and a few months of Eu-
ropean travel, the rest of his life down to 1861
is largely the record of his publications, which
include Books of Visions (1847) and a poem,
Rural Sports (1849), The Western Merchant
(1849), The Rival Belles, first published as The
Spanglers and Tingles (1852), Adventures of
Colonel Gracchus Vanderbomb (1852), The
Monarchist (1853), The Life and Adventures
of a Country Merchant ('1854), Freaks of For-
tune, or the History of Ned Lorn (1854), The
War Path (1858), and Wild Southern Scenes
(1859). Of these, only the last, an amusing and
patriotically instructive narrative of the ills of
disunion, promised to rival the popularity of his
first book ; but it was entombed by the stress
of contemporary events, and republication two
years later as Secession, Coercion, and Civil
War failed to revivify it.
In 1857 he established in Philadelphia the
weekly Southern Monitor, devoted to the inter-
ests of the South and intended to temper the ris-
ing spirit of sectionalism, and edited it until the
sailing of the expedition for the relief of Sum-
ter. He proceeded forthwith to Montgomery,
Ala., to seek and obtain clerical work in the Con-
federate War Department which might afford
him opportunity to write "a full and authentic
Diary of the transactions of the government."
The result, published in two volumes as A Rebel
War Clerk's Diary (1866), was a valuable piece
of journalism, terse, direct, and simply written
for the most part, and sensible, if uninspired. Its
historical worth is lessened by the author's prej-
udices and the vehemence of his impatience with
Confederate authorities — there are also certain
obvious later interpolations ; nevertheless, it fur-
nishes a fairly minute and extensive record of
I
Jones
one important phase of the Confederacy's inter-
nal history, along with considerable light on the
economic and social life of Richmond during
1864-65. Although Jones's industry and cheer-
fulness did not diminish, the deprivations of the
war years, coupled with an enervating disease,
had sapped his vitality, and he died at Burling-
ton, N. J. (where he had resided while editing
the Southern Monitor), while the Diary was in
the press.
[There are few records bearing on Jones's life, other
than the scattered autobiographical details in his books
and prefaces, and an obituary notice, clipped from an
unnamed New Jersey paper, now in possession of his
daughter, Mrs. Fannie E. Ladd, of Los Angeles, Cal. ;
his strictures upon the Confederate leaders made him
unpopular in the South, and he has consequently been
neglected. Gamaliel Bradford, "A Confederate Pepys,"
American Mercury, Dec. 1925, discusses the Diary at
length, but does not treat of him biographically.]
A.C.G.Jr.
JONES, JOHN PAUL (July 6, 1747-July 18,
1792), naval officer, known as John Paul until
about 1773, was born in southwestern Scotland
in the parish of Kirkbean, Kirkcudbrightshire.
His father, John Paul, who was the gardener of
William Craik, a member of the Scottish squire-
archy and owner of the estate of "Arbigland" in
Kirkbean, married Jean Macduff, the daughter
of a small farmer in a neighboring parish. John,
the fifth child of this marriage, was born in the
gardener's cottage, a small one-story stone house,
overlooking Solway Firth. After a brief period
of education at the parish school in Kirkbean,
he, at the age of twelve, crossed the Solway,
which separated his native shire from Cumber-
land, England, and entered into the service of a
shipowner of the port of Whitehaven as an ap-
prentice. His first voyage, made in the Friend-
ship, took him to Fredericksburg, Va., where
his elder brother William was established as a
tailor. During the stay of his ship at this port
he lived with his brother and employed his spare
time in studying navigation. Owing to reverses
in the affairs of his employer, his apprenticeship
was terminated and he obtained the berth of third
mate on the slaver King George. At the age of
nineteen he became first mate on the slaver Two
Friends.
In 1769-70 he commanded the merchantman
John of Dumfries and made two voyages in her
to the West Indies. While at Tobago during the
second voyage, he flogged Mungo Maxwell, car-
penter of the John, for neglect of duty, and a few
weeks later Maxwell died at sea. John Paul was
charged by Maxwell's father with the murder
of his son and was imprisoned in the tolbooth
of Kirkcudbright. Procuring his release on bail,
he subsequently obtained affidavits establishing
83
Jones
his innocence. In 1773 he found himself again
at Tobago, this time as master of the Betsey of
London. Here his crew mutinied and in a fracas
its ring-leader was killed, by rushing upon a
sword in the hand of the master — according to
John Paul's account. As the witnesses to the
killing were hostile to the master, his friends ad-
vised him to go to America incognito and to re-
main there until a court martial could be assem-
bled at the island. Accepting this advice, he pro-
ceeded to Fredericksburg, Va., and added
"Jones" to his name, probably in order to con-
ceal his identity. There is a tradition in the
family of Willie Jones [q.v.~\, of North Carolina,
and also in that of his brother Allen Jones [q.v.~\,
that the name was derived from that family, but
these traditions are unsupported by contempo-
rary evidence.
The outbreak of the Revolution found Jones
unemployed, living partly on the generosity of
strangers. The hour of opportunity had struck
and none was more likely to heed its stroke than
this young Scottish adventurer. Going to Phil-
adelphia before the Continental Congress had
organized a navy, he established friendly rela-
tions with Joseph Hewes of North Carolina and
Robert Morris of Pennsylvania, two influential
members of Congress greatly interested in naval
affairs. On Dec. 7, 1775, he was commissioned
lieutenant. Before that date he had been em-
ployed in fitting out the Alfred, the first naval
ship procured by Congress and the first to fly
the Continental flag, when hoisted by Jones on
Dec. 3. In the first navy list, Jones's name led
the lieutenants and he was the ranking officer in
that list chosen from the colonies south of Penn-
sylvania. In the first expedition of the Conti-
nental navy, early in 1776, resulting in the cap-
ture of New Providence and an engagement
with the warship Glasgow, Jones, serving as the
first lieutenant of the Alfred, had little chance
to distinguish himself. It was quite otherwise
when later in the year he was given command
of the Providence, and still later of a small fleet,
and was promoted captain. He soon established
a reputation for professional success that was
second to none in the navy. In a cruise in the
Providence, he captured sixteen prizes and de-
stroyed the fisheries at Canso and Isle Madame ;
and in a second cruise he took the transport MeU
lish, laden with a valuable cargo of soldiers'
clothing, a privateer of ten guns, and several
smaller vessels.
On Oct. 10, 1776, Congress determined the
rank of the naval captains and placed Jones
eighteenth in its list. He protested, giving ex-
cellent reasons in support of his claim to higher
Jones
rank. As a newcomer in America who had en-
tered the navy by way of the South, he was un-
popular with many of its officers, mostly from
the North, and his undisguised contempt of some
of them aggravated his unpopularity. Congress,
however, had come to place a high estimate on
his professional abilities and was disposed to
give him the best of the berths at its disposal.
On June 14, 1777, it appointed him to command
the sloop Ranger. Later the marine committee
directed him to proceed to France with this ship
and report to the American commissioners at
Paris, and assured him that he should be given
command of the frigate Indien, building on Con-
tinental account at Amsterdam — an attractive
proposal to the rising young captain as it pro-
vided an unusual chance for acquiring distinc-
tion as well as an escape from the interference
of politicians and political skippers. On arriv-
ing in France in December 1777, he suffered the
severe disappointment of failing to receive the
expected command, as the commissioners for
political reasons transferred the Indien to the
king of France.
While the Ranger was quite insufficient for
Jones's larger schemes, he decided to make a
cruise in her and accordingly on Apr. 10, 1778,
sailed from Brest for the Irish Sea and the
waters long familiar to him. First, he descended
upon Whitehaven and after spiking the guns of
its forts attempted to burn its shipping, but his
plans miscarried. Next, he visited the Scottish
coast for the purpose of seizing the Earl of Sel-
kirk, whom he proposed to hold as a hostage for
the proper treatment of American prisoners, but
failed to find the earl at home. His crew, how-
ever, seized some of the family plate, which
Jones later purchased from them and returned
to the family. Lastly, he captured the British
naval sloop Drake after a sharp action of a little
more than an hour — the chief event of the cruise.
The Ranger, which was of superior force, was
better handled and fought than the Drake. Jones
regained Brest on May 8, after an absence of
twenty-eight days, with numerous prisoners,
having taken seven prizes. From this cruise,
which greatly alarmed the British coast, dates
Jones's English reputation as a pirate or corsair.
The enemy, always bitter toward him, was in the
habit of saying that he fought "with a halter
around his neck" — an allusion to his misfor-
tunes at Tobago.
The cruise of the Ranger augmented Jones's
reputation in Paris and in June he was called
there for consultation. At Versailles he dis-
cussed with De Sartine, the French minister of
marine, various plans for his employment. On
184
Jones
Feb. 4, 1/79, De Sartine wrote to him that the
King had placed under his command the French
ship Duras of forty guns — a wornout East India-
man which Jones renamed the Bonhomme Rich-
ard (Poor Richard) as a compliment to Franklin.
A joint naval and military expedition against
some of the larger English towns, in which the
troops were to be commanded by Lafayette and
the sea force by Jones, was planned by Franklin
and the French government, but was finally
abandoned. By the end of the summer a small
squadron consisting of five naval vessels and two
privateers had been fitted out and was at L'Ori-
ent ready to sail. The fleet, composed of diverse
and discordant elements, had but one bond of
union, its commander. It sailed under American
colors, but its expense was borne by the French
government.
Jones went to sea on Aug. 14 and sailing along
the west coast of Ireland and around Scotland
reached the east coast of Yorkshire, having taken
seventeen ships and made an unsuccessful at-
tempt to reach Leith and lay it under contribu-
tion. On Sept. 23 off Flamborough Head he fell
in with the Baltic trade of forty-one sail, con-
voyed by his Majesty's ships Serapis, 44, Capt.
Richard Pearson, and Countess of Scarborough,
20, Commander Thomas Piercy. Only three of
Jones's ships took part in the engagement that
ensued. The Pallas confined her attention to the
Countess of Scarborough, which she forced to
surrender. The Alliance, owing to her disgrun-
tled commander, the eccentric Capt. Pierre Lan-
dais \_q.v.~\, fired only a few shots, which dam-
aged the Richard more than the Serapis. The
Richard, essentially a twelve-pounder, one-
decked vessel, engaged the Serapis, an eighteen-
pounder, two-decked vessel. Thus outclassed,
Jones's only hope of success lay in close action
and the use of his musketry. By skilful maneu-
vering he placed the Richard alongside the Sera-
pis and lashed the two ships together, stem to
stern, with the muzzles of their guns touching.
The engagement, which lasted more than three
hours, ranks as one of the most desperate and
sanguinary sea-fights in naval history. The
Richard was so badly damaged that she was kept
from sinking only by the steady use of her pumps.
Both ships were set on fire in various places, and
"the scene," Jones wrote, "was dreadful beyond
the reach of language." The Serapis was com-
pelled to strike her colors. "The achievement of
the victory," in the words of A. S. Mackenzie,
adopted by Admiral Mahan, "was wholly and
solely due to the immovable courage of Paul
Jones. The Richard was beaten more than once;
but the spirit of Jones could not be overcome.
Jones
. . . Pearson was a brave man . . . but, had . . .
[he] been equally indomitable, the Richard, if
not boarded from below, would, at last, have gone
down with her colors still flying in defiance"
(Mackenzie, post, I, 205-06; Scribner's Maga-
zine, August 1898, p. 213).
On Oct. 3, 1779, Jones reached the Texel,
Holland, with his squadron, but not with the
Richard, for she was so badly injured that she
sank the second day after the fight. Here he was
beset with many difficulties, as Holland was at
this time neutral. In compliance with the strict
orders of George III, the British ambassador at
The Hague requested the Dutch government to
seize the ships and crews captured by the "pirate,
Paul Jones, of Scotland, who is a rebel subject
and a criminal of the state" (Sherburne, post, p.
135). Finally, the French government took pos-
session of the prizes, the prisoners, and the fleet,
with the exception of the Alliance, to which
Jones transferred his flag. Ordered by the Dutch
to leave, he sailed in December, and, eluding
the British ships watching for him, cruised for
a week or more off Cape Finisterre and to the
southward in search of prizes before putting in
to Corunna. Thence he sailed for L'Orient,
where he arrived on Feb. 10, 1780. He began
immediately to refit the Alliance preparatory to
returning to America.
In April Jones went to Paris to expedite the
sale of his prize, hoping to obtain money for his
dissatisfied crew. His fame had preceded him
and he found the French capital, always avid
for a novelty, eager to lionize him. Fate had
cast him for a part he was delighted to play. As
the popular hero of the American Revolution,
he was everywhere received with applause and
adulation. The Masonic Lodge of the Nine Sis-
ters gave a festival in his honor and ordered a
bust of him to be executed by Houdon. The
Queen presented him with a fob chain and seal,
and the King, with a gold-hilted sword of fine
workmanship, on which was engraved an in-
scription in Latin, which may be translated, "re-
ward of Louis XVI to a strenuous defender of
the rights of the sea." As a further reward the
King sent to his minister in Philadelphia the
cross of the Institution of Military Merit, with
instructions to confer it on the naval hero after
obtaining the consent of Congress. As a young
bachelor, Jones tasted freely of the pleasures
of Parisian society. From this period date his
many friendships or flirtations with Parisian
women, usually married and sometimes titled :
with Countess La Vendahl, who painted the
miniature of him now at the Naval Academy;
with "Madame T," said to have been the nat-
85
Jones
ural daughter of Louis XV; and with "Delia,"
who wrote him impassioned letters, to which he
replied in a much lower key. He often composed
verse for his lady loves, which has been much
admired by his panegyrists.
Detained longer than he should have been by
the soft caresses of the Parisians, Jones returned
to L'Orient where, soon after his arrival, while
he was on shore, the command of the Alliance
was seized by Landais, her former commander,
supported by many of her officers and crew and
by Arthur Lee, at one time American commis-
sioner. Jones finally yielded rather than insist
on his rights at the cost of bloodshed and the
ship sailed for America without him. He next
took command of the Ariel, loaned by the French
government for the transportation of military
supplies to America. Sailing in December, he
captured the British ship Triumph, which how-
ever escaped by a discreditable ruse. A conspir-
acy among the Englishmen of the crew, he sup-
pressed by placing the leaders in irons. On Feb.
18, 1781, he arrived at Philadelphia, having been
absent from America three and a fourth years.
On Feb. 27 Congress, after expressing its
"high sense of the distinguished bravery and
military conduct" of Jones, consented to his ac-
ceptance of the cross of the Institution of Mili-
tary Merit, and soon thereafter the French min-
ister gave an entertainment attended by the prin-
cipal residents of Philadelphia and conferred on
the naval hero this decoration, which entitled
him to be addressed as "Chevalier." On Apr. 14
Congress formally thanked him. While in Phil-
adelphia he brought to the attention of Congress
his early grievance in respect to naval rank and
a committee of that body proposed to make him
a rear-admiral. Some of the older officers re-
monstrated and prevented a resolution to that
effect from passing. A compromise was agreed
to and on June 26 Jones was unanimously elect-
ed to command the America, the first and only
seventy-four in the Continental navy, then build-
ing at Portsmouth, N. H. It was at this time
that the Board of Admiralty examined him re-
specting his European enterprises and elicited
from him detailed replies, in every respect high-
ly creditable to him. Before leaving Philadel-
phia he submitted his personal accounts showing
that he had not received a dollar of pay for his
five years of service. He is said to have advanced
considerable sums on government account and
in the end to have lost by his advances.
Reaching Portsmouth late in August 1781,
Jones remained there more than a year engaged
in the disheartening task of constructing one of
the largest of naval vessels with insufficient
J
ones
means and inexperienced workmen. When at
last the America was launched, and Congress
had presented her to the French government, he
returned to Philadelphia where his friend Rob-
ert Morris, now agent of marine, had tried in
vain to procure for him a small squadron. Jones
now succeeded in obtaining the permission of
Congress to embark on board the French fleet of
Marquis de Vaudreuil, then at Boston, for the
purpose of improving himself in his profession,
and more especially in the management of fleets.
He was given quarters on the flagship Tri-
omphante. The fleet cruised four months in the
West Indies and doubtless afforded its observant
guest many new ideas, although part of the time
he was dangerously ill.
In 1783, as well as earlier, Jones gave the
American government the benefit of his knowl-
edge of naval organization and administration.
His professional writings are well composed, for
he had considerable facility with the pen, and
they contain not a few original ideas and just re-
flections. He had studied naval history, and had
observed closely naval practice. In the science
as well as in the art of his profession he was
much superior to most of the Continental cap-
tains. In his plans for the ships under his com-
mand he often disregarded his pecuniary inter-
ests and chose those enterprises that were best
adapted to winning the war. He doubtless un-
derstood his own motives when he asserted that
he fought for "glory." Few servants of the Re-
public have deserved better of it, and his achieve-
ments redound to its fame. While attached to
America and devoted to her cause, he could how-
ever profess that he was a "citizen of the world"
and that he had drawn his sword only "from
principles of philanthropy" and in support of
"the dignity of human nature" ( Sherburne, post,
PP- 59. 82).
Jones's excellences are apparent from his
achievements — indomitable courage, unfaltering
faith in himself, and ability to conceive daring
schemes and to execute them with insufficient
means. That the French and American govern-
ments were not remiss in paying him honors was
largely due to his great skill in promoting his
own interests. His defects, both of taste and
character, sprang from his indifferent breeding
and education. These he never completely over-
came, although in his maturity he associated
with superior persons and was a constant reader
of books. His principal fault was vanity. Often
obsequious to those above him, he sometimes
forgot what was due to those below him and to
his own character as an officer.
On Nov. 1, 1783, Congress, in response to an
86
J
ones
application by Jones, no longer in the navy,
which was discontinued at the close of the Revo-
lution, passed a resolution recommending him
to the American minister in Paris as agent to so-
licit, under the direction of the minister, the
payment of monies due to America for the prizes
taken in European waters by his ships. A few
days later, after giving bond to Robert Morris,
superintendent of finance, for the sum of two
hundred thousand dollars, Jones sailed for
France on the packet Washington. Soon after
his arrival at Paris, Franklin empowered him
to act as agent for the collection of prize monies.
He was cordially received by Castries, minister
of marine, who presented him to the King. The
negotiations, which were with Castries, began
on Feb. i, 1784, and an agreement was reached
in the following October, but on one pretext or
another payment was long delayed. Jones's bill
for his services was disputed by the American
board of treasury, but was allowed by Congress
in view of the difficulties of his mission.
As Jones had claims against Denmark in re-
spect to some of his prizes, he set out from Paris
in the spring of 1787 for Copenhagen, but at
Brussels he decided to postpone his mission and
return to America, where his private affairs de-
manded his attention. He therefore did not ar-
rive at Copenhagen until March 1788. He was
kindly received by the Danish minister of for-
eign affairs and was presented to the chief per-
sonages of the royal palace, but the minister re-
fused to negotiate. Before Jones left Copen-
hagen, King Christian granted him an annual
pension of fifteen hundred crowns, Danish
money, as an appreciation of the regard which
he had shown to the Danish flag during his
cruises in European waters. From delicacy, he
for a time declined to receive the pension. Three
years later, however, when in need of money, he
decided to avail himself of it, but found that the
King's promises were an empty compliment.
During Jones's last visit to America, in the
summer and fall of 1787, Congress on Oct. 16 re-
solved unanimously that a gold medal should be
presented to him in commemoration of his valor
and brilliant services, and that Thomas Jeffer-
son, the American minister in Paris, should
have it executed, with proper devices. Jones
was the only officer of the Continental navy thus
distinguished. On the same day Congress de-
livered to him a letter requesting the King of
France to permit him to embark on the French
fleets of evolution, as he was desirous of per-
fecting himself in his profession. Soon after he
reached Paris in December, however, he re-
ceived an offer from the Empress Catherine to
187
Jones
enter the Russian navy and take part in her war
with the Turks. Jones expressed his willingness
to enter the Russian service, provided he was
given the rank of rear-admiral. This was read-
ily granted. While he eagerly embraced the new
opportunity to acquire fresh fame, he wrote to
Jefferson that he could "never renounce the
glorious title of a citizen of the United States"
(Sherburne, post, p. 298). On the failure of his
mission at Copenhagen, he hastened to St. Pe-
tersburg where he was cordially received by the
Empress, upon whom he made a good impres-
sion, and was warmly welcomed by all classes
except the English. Proceeding to the Black
Sea, he on May 26, 1788, raised his flag on the
Vladimir and took command of the squadron of
sailing ships. The flotilla of galleys was com-
manded by Prince Nassau-Siegen, a French ad-
venturer, jealous of Jones. Both were responsi-
ble to Potemkin, a Russian prince, who favored
the Frenchman and opposed the American. Un-
der these circumstances, Jones's position from
the first was an impossible one. He played an
important part in several successful engage-
ments with the Turkish fleet, but the credit was
given to others. He was steadily undermined by
the intrigues of his enemies and in October was
deprived of his command. His only reward was
the decoration of the cross of the Order of St.
Anne. In the spring of 1789 his enemies circu-
lated a story that he had violated the person of
a young girl. His period of usefulness in Russia
was at an end and he was given a furlough for
two years, doubtless meant to be permanent. In
September he left St. Petersburg for Paris,
where he arrived in June 1790, having been
sounded on the way in respect to his acceptance
of a commission in the Swedish navy to fight
Russia.
No longer a popular hero, Jones, a bachelor,
spent the last two years of his life in Paris, in
comfortable lodgings, with a few faithful friends.
His health, long impaired, now slowly declined.
His disappointment over his Russian experi-
ences aggravated his bodily afflictions. He had
a few good friends in America who did not for-
get him. On June 1, 1792, Jefferson, now sec-
retary of state, wrote to him that President
Washington had appointed him commissioner to
treat with Algiers on the subjects of peace and
the ransoming of prisoners. He died, however,
before the letter reached Paris.
His will, in which he named Robert Morris
executor, was drawn up a few hours before his
death by Gouverneur Morris, the American min-
ister. He left a respectable estate from which
his heirs, after losing part of it, realized about
J
ones
$40,000. Although he detested the French Rev-
olution, the National Assembly, desirous of hon-
oring the memory of a man who had "so well
served the cause of liberty," sent a deputation
of twelve of its members to his funeral. He was
buried in the Protestant Cemetery in Paris, in a
leaden coffin in order that his remains, in case
the United States should claim them, might be
the more easily removed.
Jones was homely, small,' thin, and active.
There was little or nothing about his appearance
that attracted particular attention. His secre-
tary or clerk, Midshipman Nathaniel Fanning,
who was an excellent observer, described him
as a "man of about five feet six inches high, well
shaped below his head and shoulders, rather
round shouldered, with a visage fierce and war-
like, and wore the appearance of great applica-
tion to study, which he was fond of" ("Fanning's
Narrative," p. 117). Houdon in his statue
(1780) of Jones, one of the finest works of that
master, depicted a strong, seafaring face, prema-
turely aged, with an expression of decision and
self will.
A movement for the return of Jones's remains
to America began in 1845 when Col. John H.
Sherburne of New York wrote to Secretary of
the Navy George Bancroft requesting that they
be brought home on one of the vessels of the
Mediterranean Squadron. Although he received
no reply, Sherburne continued his efforts and in
1851 obtained an order directing Capt. Joshua
R. Sands of the St. Lawrence to receive the re-
mains at Southampton. The relatives of Jones
in Scotland interfered and Sherburne's plan was
dropped. In 1899 Gen. Horace Porter [q.v.~\,
the American ambassador in Paris, began an ex-
tensive and laborious search for the remains and
six years later cabled the government at Wash-
ington that he had found them and that the iden-
tification was complete in every particular. In
the summer of 1905 they were conveyed to An-
napolis by a squadron of American naval ves-
sels under the command of Rear-Admiral Charles
D. Sigsbee, accompanied by a French cruiser.
In the following year commemorative exercises
were held in the armory of the Naval Academy
in the presence of a distinguished audience, and
with addresses by President Roosevelt, Ambas-
sador Jusserand, and Gen. Porter. In 1913 the
remains were placed in the crypt of the chapel
of the Naval Academy, in one of the most orna-
mental and elaborate tombs in America, erected
by Congress at a cost of $75,000. Porter's proof
of identification, while not absolute, appears to
have carried conviction to most minds. He was
unfortunate however in the use that he made
I
J
ones
of the fictions of A. C. Buell's Paul Jones
(1900). Park Benjamin [q.v.], a naval writer,
Charles H. Hart [g.w.], an expert in portraiture,
and other skeptics subjected the evidence to
analysis and reached the verdict "not proven."
In 1912 a national monument to Jones, erect-
ed by the federal government, was unveiled in
Potomac Park, Washington. This memorial and
the one at Annapolis will long serve to remind
his countrymen of his name and deeds. The writ-
ings of Cooper, Dumas, Melville, Churchill, and
other novelists, who base some of their stories
upon his romantic life, will help to keep alive his
fame. One of the pithy sayings attributed to him
— his reply to Captain Pearson's "Have you
struck ?" — may even attain immortality : "I've
just begun to fight."
[J. H. Sherburne, Life and Character of the Cheva-
lier John Paul Jones (1825) ; R. C. Sands, Life and
Correspondence of John Paul Jones (1830) ; Memoirs
of Rear-Admiral Paul Jones (2 vols., 1830) ; A. S.
Mackenzie, The Life of Paul Jones (2 vols., 1841) ;
Mrs. Reginald de Koven, Life and Letters of John Paul
Jones (1913); J. F. Cooper, Lives of Distinguished
Am. Naval Officers (1846), II, 5-1 12; C. H. Lincoln,
A Calendar of John Paul Jones MSS. in the Lib. of
Cong. (1903) ; Jours, of Cont. Cong., 1775, 1777, 1781,
1783, 1787; A. T. Mahan, "John Paul Jones in the
Revolution," Scribner's Mag., July, Aug. 1898; D. C.
Seitz, Paul Jones (1917), bibl., pp. 167-327; "Fan-
ning's Narrative," Pubs, of the Naval Hist. Soc, vol.
II (19 12) ; C. O. Paullin, Diplomatic Negotiations of
Am. Naval Officers (1912), pp. 11-42; F. A. Golder,
John Paul Jones in Russia (1927) ; "John Paul Jones
Commemoration at Annapolis," House Doc. No. 804,
59 Cong., 1 Sess. ; C. H. Hart and E. Biddle, Memoirs
of the Life and Works of Jean Antoine Houdon ( 191 1),
pp. 125-54 ; Park Benjamin, "Is It Paul Jones's Body?"
in N. Y. Independent, July 20, 1905 ; Trans, and Jour,
of Procs. of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural
Hist, and Antiquarian Soc, 1007-08 (1909), pp. 179-
85] CO. P.
JONES, JOHN PERCIVAL (Jan. 27, 1829-
Nov. 27, 19 12), senator from Nevada, was born
in Herefordshire, England, of Welsh ancestry.
He was the son of Thomas and Mary (Pugh)
Jones who emigrated to the United States while
he was still an infant and settled in Cleveland,
Ohio, where the boy spent his youth and received
his formal education in the public schools. From
the Western Reserve with its invigorating pio-
neer atmosphere he turned to the gold mines of
California in the first year of the gold rush.
With several other young men he obtained a
small vessel, in which they crossed the Great
Lakes, sailed down the St. Lawrence, and around
the Horn to San Francisco. In Trinity County,
Cal., he engaged in farming as well as the new
work of mining. Here also he served as sheriff
when that was an arduous post, represented his
county in the state legislature, and, later, ran
unsuccessfully for the lieutenant-governorship.
In 1867 he followed the tide of emigration to the
88
J
ones
J
ones
Washoe country in western Nevada, became su-
perintendent of the famous Crown Point mine,
and soon was part owner. When the stock of the
company rose from two dollars to eighteen hun-
dred dollars his fortune was assured so that he
was in a position to use his qualities of leader-
ship in the political life of the new state of Ne-
vada. In 1873 he was elected by the state legisla-
ture as a Republican to succeed James W. Nye
in the United States Senate, where he continued
to sit for the next thirty years. He was an ar-
dent advocate of free-silver theories from 1875
to the close of his life, but only once, in 1897,
was he elected as a silver candidate. In 1900 he
returned to the Republican party. In the Senate
he achieved important results for the Western
states as a member of the committee on post of-
fices and post roads, but his most important ser-
vice was in the sphere of mining legislation and
on the problem of bimetallism. When, as a mem-
ber of the committee on mines and mining, he
was appointed chairman of the monetary com-
mission, organized under a joint resolution of
Congress on Aug. 15, 1876, he gave, as was his
habit of life, his most careful attention. On two
trips to Europe he had devoted himself to the
question of a standard of money, and, after
months of labor, his committee submitted an ex-
haustive report on the causes and effects of the
change that had taken place in the relative value
of gold and silver and advised the restoration of
the double standard in this country ("Report
and Accompanying Documents of the United
States Monetary Commission," Senate Report
703, 44 Cong., 2 Sess., 2 vols., 1877-79). This
report continues to be valuable for its compila-
tion of data on the history of the precious met-
als and for its reflection of the economic thought
of the period. When he was over eighty years of
age he retired from active life to spend his de-
clining years at the great house he had built in
Santa Monica, where he had been an early land
speculator and promoter.
In January 1861 he married Mrs. Cornelia
(Conger) Greathouse, the daughter of Judge
Thomas Conger of Sacramento, and some years
later he married the daughter of Eugene A. Sul-
livan of San Francisco.
[Collection of pamphlets containing Jones's speeches
in N. Y. Pub. Lib. ; statements of Roy Jones, Mrs. R. K.
Walton, and George Wharton James ; L. A. Ingersoll,
Ingersoll's Century Hist., Santa Monica Bay Cities
(1908) ; Myron Angel. Hist, of Nevada (1881) ; H. H.
Bancroft, Hist, of Nev., Col., and Wyo. (1890) ; Los
Angeles Times, Nov. 28, 19 12.] J.E. W.
JONES, JOHN PETER (Sept. 4, 1847-Oct.
3, 1916), missionary, the youngest of the eight
children of Peter and Sarah (Williams) Jones,
was born at Wrexham, Denbighshire, Wales.
There he secured his primary education, and
there, also, at the age of twelve, he went to work
in the coal mines. In 1865, he visited the United
States for a year, where, after returning to Wales
for a brief stay, he took up his residence. To-
ward the end of 1866 he went to work in the
mines of Pennsylvania and later, in those of
Ohio. At Shenandoah City, Pa., he identified
himself with a Welsh congregation, and at
Youngstown, Ohio, he often preached in his na-
tive tongue to the Welsh miners. He discovered
thereby that he had the "gift" and decided to de-
vote his life to the Christian ministry. Having
saved over a thousand dollars from his wages, he
entered the Western Reserve College, then lo-
cated at Hudson, ranking third in his class. In
the fall of the same year he entered Andover
Theological Seminary, Andover, Mass., from
which he graduated in 1878. On Aug. 13, 1878,
at Hudson, he was married to Sarah Amy,
daughter of one of the college professors, Henry
B. Hosford. Four sons and two daughters were
born to them. On Aug. 20 of the same year he
was ordained to the Congregational ministry.
During his college days his attention had been
turned toward India by the work there of a
distant relative and notable missionary, Jacob
Chamberlain \_q.vJ], and while at Andover he
had applied to the American Board of Commis-
sioners for Foreign Missions for appointment to
that field. On Sept. 7, 1878, he and his wife
sailed from New York and arrived at Madura,
South India, on Dec. 16. From the autumn of
1879 until early in 1883 Jones was stationed in
Manamadura, an important center in the native
state of Sivaganga, Madura District. There he
learned Tamil and had oversight of ten congre-
gations, three of which were composed entirely
of Christian communicants. In 1883 he was
transferred to Pasumalai (near Madura), to take
charge of the Seminary and its associated schools,
but in June of that year, owing to the death of
the Rev. John Russell, he was suddenly moved
into Madura to take charge of the station and
to serve as secretary-treasurer of the Mission.
In 1884 he opened Madura's first Christian high
school, and within two months three hundred
pupils were enrolled, many of whom came of the
best Hindu families. He continued energetically
the station's program of evangelism in the town
and among the outlying villages, instructing his
evangelists, however, to preach without abusing
the gods of Hinduism.
The last period of Jones's missionary career,
from 1892 to 1914, was spent in Pasumalai,
where a theological school had grown from one
89
J
ones
of the departments of the seminary and in 1892
had become an important institution. He served
primarily as its principal, thus assuming charge
of the training of pastors, teachers, and catechists
for the entire Mission. He collaborated with
Rev. J. C. Perkins in the introduction of annual
harvest festivals throughout the Mission, and
was chosen first president of the South India
Christian Endeavor Union (organized, Pasuma-
lai, 1897), in which capacity he traveled over
India and Burma. The management of the Mis-
sion Press fell to his lot, and the editorship of
the Mission periodical, Satyavartamani. He pro-
duced many books, including — in Tamil — an out-
line of Christian theology, a textbook on Chris-
tian evidences, and a life of Christ. Among his
English writings are India's Problem, Krishna
or Christ (1903), India, its Life and Thought
(1908), The Teaching of Jesus Our Lord
(1908), and The Modern Missionary Challenge
(1910). He was decorated by the British Gov-
ernment with the Kaisar-i-Hind medal, and in
1909 he was one of twelve "apostles" selected
from the fields of the American Board to con-
duct in America a "Together Campaign" on the
Board's behalf. He retired from the Madura
Mission in 1914 and spent the remaining two
years of his life on the faculty of the Kennedy
School of Missions, Hartford, Conn. He died
in Hartford and was buried in Oberlin, Ohio.
[Files of the Missionary Herald, esp. Nov. 1916;
alumni records of Western Reserve Univ. ; Congreg.
Yearbook, 1916; Hartford Courant, Oct. 4, 1916.]
J. C. A— h— r.
JONES, JOHN TAYLOR (July 16, 1802-
Sept. 13, 1851), first American missionary to
Siam, serving from 1833 until death, was born
at New Ipswich, N. H., the son of Elisha and
Persia (Taylor) Jones. At the academies of his
native village and of Bradford he obtained his
preparatory education. After a year at Brown
University he transferred to Amherst College,
where he graduated in 1825. He then spent three
years in Andover Theological Seminary and one
year at Newton Theological Institute. Upon
completion of his studies he accepted appoint-
ment to the mission in Burma, just then notable
because of the work of Adoniram Judson \_q.v.~].
He was married to Eliza Coltman Grew of Hart-
ford, Conn., on July 14, 1830, and on July 28
he was ordained to the Baptist ministry. With
his wife he sailed from Boston, Aug. 2, arriving
at Moulmein, Feb. 17, 1831.
After a year and a half it was decided by the
Burma mission that the two should go to Siam
and establish a new mission. They reached
Bangkok, after a six months' journey, on Mar.
Jones
25> J833. Jones was well qualified to be a pio-
neer missionary both by native characteristics
and academic attainments. He had the traits of
self-reliance, patient endurance, clear-sighted-
ness, capacity to labor in solitude, and an apti-
tude for languages. His first major task was
the conquest of the language. By the aid of Chi-
nese teachers who knew both Siamese and Eng-
lish he gained the fundamental principles. By
diligence and persistence he not only acquired
the structure of the language but, what is more
difficult, the tonal pronunciation. For the bene-
fit of English students he prepared an elemen-
tary grammar {Brief Grammatical Notices of
the Siamese Language, 1842), and together with
his wife constructed a vocabulary of several
thousand words. "He was first, of American
missionaries, to obtain a radical knowledge of
the Siamese tongue. It rested on him in great
measure to fix the Siamese usage of theological
terms. . . . Portions of the Scriptures were also
translated by Dr. Jones ; and of some of them it
may be stated, such is their accuracy and deli-
cacy of finish, that not unfrequently they are re-
curred to by the most intelligent of nobles as
among the choicest specimens of the Siamese
literature" (Missionary Magazine, March 1852).
Besides numerous religious tracts he published
in 1834 a Catechism on Geography and Astron-
omy. This catechism was the beginning of that
mode of approach for Christianity which under-
took to remove mental obstacles by disclosing
facts concerning nature previously unknown to
the Siamese. His most notable literary work,
however, was The New Testament Translated
from the Greek into Siamese, the first version of
which was published 1844, and a revised edition,
in 1850. Rev. Carl Gutzlaff had previously made
a translation by aid of interpreters, but it proved
to be so imperfect that it was not printed. Jones
combined his knowledge of the Greek with his
familiarity with the colloquial Siamese and pro-
duced a translation which for the most part
faithfully reproduced the thought of the original.
His first wife died of cholera in 1838, and dur-
ing a visit to America in 1840 he married Judith
Leavitt of Meredith, N. H., who died on a voy-
age homeward in 1846. He was married, a third
time, to Sarah Sleeper of New Hampton, N. H.,
in 1847. He died at Bangkok.
[Biog. Record of the Alumni of Amherst Coll. 1821-
1871 (1883) ; S. F. Smith, Missionary Sketches (1879) ;
Memoir of Mrs. Eliza G. Jones (1842) ; Howard Mal-
colm, Travels in South-Eastern Asia (2 vols., 1839) ;
G. B. McFarland, Hist. Sketch of Protestant Missions
in Siam (1928).] G.H.F.
JONES, JOHN WILLIAM (Sept. 25, 1836-
Mar. 17, 1909), Baptist clergyman, Confederate
TOO
Jones
soldier, and author, was born at Louisa Court
House, Va., son of Col. Francis William and
Ann Pendleton (Ashby) Jones. After prelimi-
nary training in Louisa and Orange county acad-
emies he attended the University of Virginia,
where he helped support himself by teaching
school, and upon his graduation entered the
Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. In
i860 he was ordained to the Baptist ministry,
and on Dec. 20 of that year he married Judith
Page Helm. Soon after his ordination he was
appointed a missionary to China, but the political
disturbances of the time delayed his departure
and when Virginia seceded he enlisted as a pri-
vate in A. P. Hill's 13th Virginia Regiment. He
was with the Confederate troops from Harper's
Ferry to the end of the war and won the sobri-
quet of "the fighting parson," serving in the
ranks for a year, then as chaplain of the regi-
ment, and after November 1863, as missionary
chaplain to Hill's corps. The history of the fa-
mous revival services which swept through Lee's
army during the winter of 1862-63, in which
Jones played a major part, he has recorded fully
in his valuable although somewhat discursive
volumes, Christ in the Camp (1887), and the
briefer "Morale of the Confederate Army," in
C. A. Evans' Confederate Military History
(1899), vol. XII.
After the war he became pastor of the Bap-
tist church of Lexington, Va., where as one of
the chaplains of Washington College he was
thrown into frequent contact with Gen. Robert
E. Lee. His admiration for his former chief sub-
sequently led him to write two separate biog-
raphies, Personal Reminiscences, Anecdotes, and
Letters of Gen. Robert E. Lee (1874), and Life
and Letters of Robert Edivard Lee (1906),
which are important for their sympathetic por-
trayal of the Southern leader's character and
for their detailed picture of his closing years. A
few months after Lee's death Jones resigned his
pastorate to become agent for the Southern Bap-
tist Theological Seminary at Louisville ; later
he held various other church offices, filled pas-
torates in Ashland, Va., and Chapel Hill, N. C,
did occasional teaching, and for four years rep-
resented his denomination as resident chaplain
of the University of Virginia. In his latter years
failing health compelled him to retire from the
ministry, but until his death, while visiting in
Columbus, Ga., he continued writing, lecturing,
and laboring in various ways to keep alive in-
terest in the history of the Confederacy.
An able, devoted, and eloquent servant of his
church, he maintained at the same time as ener-
getic an interest as any individual of his genera-
)
ones
tion in preserving accurate historical data of the
Civil War period and in perpetuating the ideals
which the Confederacy represented. Appomat-
tox left him a stanch though unembittered Con-
federate, and his sturdy figure and benevolent
bearded face were long familiar to those who at-
tended the annual conventions of the United
Confederate Veterans, whose chaplain-general
he was for almost nineteen years. From its or-
ganization in 1876 until July 1887, he was sec-
retary of the Southern Historical Society, edit-
ing during that period fourteen volumes of its
papers and helping to procure for the society
a mass of invaluable source material on Confed-
erate and Southern history. Besides the works
already mentioned he published a School His-
tory of the United States (1896), which was
widely adopted in the South ; edited the Army
of Northern Virginia Memorial Volume (1880)
and The Davis Memorial Volume (1889) ; and
was a frequent contributor to magazines and
newspapers on subjects dealing with the Confed-
eracy, various of his miscellaneous articles being
of hardly less historical worth than his more ex-
haustive writings. He enjoyed a considerable
sectional reputation as an author and as a lec-
turer on the Civil War, although his ability in
exhausting known sources and uncovering fresh
data was undoubtedly more pronounced than his
purely creative gift.
[Who's Who in America, 1908-09 ; L G. Tyler, Men
of Mark in Va., vol. I (1906) ; obit, notices in Rich-
mond, Va., newspapers, esp. the Times-Dispatch, Mar.
18, 1909; Confederate Veteran, May 1909.]
A.C.G.Jr.
JONES, JOHN WINSTON (Nov. 22, 1791-
Jan. 29, 1848), congressman, was born in Ame-
lia County, Va., eldest son of Alexander and
Mary Ann (Winston) Jones. Upon his fa-
ther's death in 1802, young Jones fell under the
care of his uncle, Rev. David C. Jones ; continued
his education with his guardian and in the Han-
over schools, and completed it by graduation
from the law department of William and Mary
College. For several years he taught school in
Amelia and in Lynchburg, to help provide an
education for his brother. In 18 13 he was ad-
mitted to the bar and commenced the practice of
law in Chesterfield County, settling, after his
marriage to Harriet Boisseau of that region, at
"Bellwood," near Petersburg.
His amenity, dignity, assiduity, and talents
so helped him to win the confidence and affec-
tion of his neighbors that he advanced rapidly
in his profession, and in 1818 he was appointed
prosecuting attorney for the fifth Virginia judi-
cial circuit, continuing in this office for seventeen
T.9 1
Jones
years. In 1829, against his wishes, he was nomi-
nated for membership in the state constitutional
convention and was returned senior member for
his district, in competition with William B.
Giles, Benjamin W. Leigh, Samuel W. Leigh,
Samuel Taylor, and others. In that body he per-
formed a faithful but modest and inconspicuous
part. Returning to private life upon its adjourn-
ment, in 1834 he was elected as a Democrat to
the House of Representatives. He was reelected
to the four succeeding Congresses ; served cred-
itably as chairman of the ways and means com-
mittee (1841-43) during a period of financial
stress ; and, even though his seat was then being
contested, was elected speaker of the House in
the Twenty-eighth Congress. He naturally asked
to be relieved from naming the committee on
elections : a motion that the appointment be
given to the speaker pro tempore, instead of be-
ing left to the House, was carried ; and the prec-
edent thus established has since been followed
in choosing committees in whose reports the
speaker might have a personal interest. Al-
though he "has been characterized as a clever
politician who made but an indifferent presiding
officer" (M. P. Follett, The Speaker of the House
of Representatives, 1896, p. 90), and although
John Quincy Adams refused to vote for the con-
ventional thanks to the speaker on the ground
that the testimony to Jones's impartiality "was
too broad a lie for me to swallow" {Ibid., p. 46),
it is significant that not one of his decisions as
speaker was reversed by the House.
Declining to stand for reelection in 1844, he
turned again to law and agriculture, but just a
year after his retirement from Congress he was
chosen "by the unanimous vote of the people of
Chesterfield" to represent the county in the leg-
islature. Early in the session of 1846-47 he suc-
ceeded W. O. Goode as speaker of the House of
Delegates, and the following year was returned
to the Assembly, but his health had failed so
badly that he was unable to take his seat, and
his death followed a few weeks after his resig-
nation.
[A. B. Fothergill, Peter Jones and Richard Jones
Gencals. (1924), p. 320 ; Biog. Dir. Am. Cong. (1927) ;
Jour, of the House of Delegates, 1847-48 ; W. H. Smith,
Speakers of the House of Representatives of the U. S.
(1928) ; Richmond Enquirer, Feb. 4, 1848.]
A.C.G.Jr.
JONES, JOSEPH (1727-Oct. 26, 1805), Revo-
lutionary statesman and jurist, was born in King
George County, Va., of substantial Welsh and
English stock, son of James Jones, "undertaker
in architecture" and proprietor of an ordinary
which his widow, Hester, continued to keep after
his death. Where Joseph received his early edu-
Jones
cation is unknown, but he was admitted to the
Inner Temple on Dec. 7, 1749; to the Middle
Temple, May 2, 1751 ; and on June 21, 1751, was
called to the English bar (E. Alfred Jones,
American Members of the Inns of Court, 1924,
pp. 107-08). Soon afterwards he returned to
northern Virginia and ultimately settled at Fred-
ericksburg, devoting himself to the law — in 1754
he became deputy attorney for the king — and
some time before 1758 marrying Mary, daughter
of Col. John Taliaferro of Spotsylvania.
His career in the public service of Virginia
began in 1772 with his election to the colonial
House of Burgesses. From the outset of the dif-
ferences with Great Britain he was active in the
cause of the colonies, first as chairman of the
Committee for King George County in 1774;
subsequently, on the second Virginia Commit-
tee of Safety, in all the Virginia Revolutionary
conventions, and in the House of Delegates. In
the Convention of 1776 he was a member of the
committee that framed the Virginia Declara-
tion of Rights and the state constitution. Elect-
ed to the Continental Congress for 1777-78, he
withdrew, Jan. 23, 1778, upon his appointment as
judge of the Virginia general court, but less than
two years later gave up this position to resume
his service in Congress, representing Virginia
during 1780-83 and declining to accept reelec-
tion in 1786. On Nov. 19, 1789, he was reap-
pointed judge of the general court and continued
in this office until his death. A man of character
and sensibility, an earnest and unselfish patriot,
and an upright, praiseworthy judge, he was a
figure of some eminence, although the one act
with which his name is now associated was his
leadership in preserving to the United States
the Northwest Territory when the Virginia leg-
islature considered revoking its cession. Mod-
est and self-effacing, he was never a seeker of
office, nor were his achievements of a spectacu-
lar sort; without lacking initiative, it was his
lot to execute rather than to command. His ju-
dicious and far-seeing outlook, however, made
him a valuable member of the legislative, state
and federal, both in supporting the conduct of
the war and in handling fiscal matters, for which
he kad considerable aptitude. As "confidential
friend" of Washington, correspondent and par-
tisan of Jefferson, and intimate colleague of
Madison, he filled a not unimportant role ; his
influence over and solicitude for his nephew,
James Monroe, is said to have been exceeded by
that of no man (George Morgan, The Life of
James Monroe, 192 1, p. 14) ; while his numer-
ous letters to these and other leading spirits give
a valuable picture of public affairs, but especially
I92
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ones
of Virginia politics, during the period of his
greatest activity.
[W. C. Ford, ed., Letters of Joseph Jones (1889) ;
W. C. Rives, Life and Times of James Madison (3 vols.,
1859-68) ; Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc, 2 ser., vol. XIX
(1906); Calendar of Va. State Papers, Va. Mag. of
Hist, and Biog., and Wm. and Mary Coll. Hist. Quart.,
passim; Va. Argus, Nov. 2, 1805. Most accounts of
Joseph Jones have confused him with Joseph Jones of
Dinwiddie, member of the Virginia Convention of 1788
and major-general of militia.] A. C. G. Jr.
JONES, JOSEPH (Sept. 6, 1833-Feb. 17,
1896), physician and sanitarian, was born in
Liberty County, Ga., the son of Rev. Charles
Colcock Jones and Mary (Jones) Jones, and
younger brother of the historian Charles Colcock
Jones [g.r.j. His preliminary education was
obtained by private tuition, and in 1853 he ob-
tained the degree of A.B. at the College of New
Jersey (Princeton). Three years later he was
granted the degree of M.D. by the University of
Pennsylvania. His teaching career began in
1858 with his appointment to the chair of chem-
istry in the Savannah Medical College. He was
for a time professor of natural philosophy and
natural theology in the University of Georgia at
Athens and later professor of chemistry in the
Medical College of Georgia at Augusta. With
the outbreak of the Civil War he joined the Con-
federate army in the cavalry service, but after
six months was transferred to the medical
service, with which branch he was identified
throughout the war, attaining the grade of sur-
geon-major. Following the close of the war he
settled in New Orleans. In 1872 he was given
the chair of chemistry and clinical medicine in
the University of Louisiana, which he held until
his death. He was also appointed president of
the state board of health and served from 1880
to 1884. This was before the day of federal con-
trol of quarantine, and Jones found himself im-
mediately the center of a feud with the harbor
and railroad interests in his efforts to protect
the city and state from contagious disease. A
four-years' fight resulted in a court decision that
the imposition of a quarantine was a legitimate
exercise of police powers. Even with this vic-
tory his whole career was a thankless struggle
for the sanitary improvement of New Orleans.
He was keenly interested in the study of dis-
eases of the Southern states and wrote a large
number of papers in relation to them. Other pa-
pers reflect his interest in the prehistoric anthro-
pology of the same region. His early work on
physiological chemistry was reported in his doc-
toral dissertation, "Physical, Chemical and Phys-
iological Investigations upon . . . the Solids and
Fluids of Animals" (American Journal of the
Medical Sciences, July 1856), "Digestion of Al-
Jones
bumen and Flesh" (Medical Examiner, May
1856), and "Observations on Some of the Phys-
ical, Chemical, Physiological, and Pathological
Phenomena of Malarial Fever" (Transactions
of the American Medical Association, vol. XII,
1859). Later works include "Observations upon
the Losses of the Confederate Armies from Bat-
tle Wounds and Disease" (Richmond and Louis-
ville Medical Journal, October 1869-June 1870),
Outline of Observations on Hospital Gangrene
. . . 1861-65 (1869), "Contributions to the Nat-
ural History of Specific Yellow Fever" (New
Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, January
1874), "Observations on the African Yaws and
on Leprosy" (Ibid., March 1878), "Explora-
tions and Researches Concerning the Destruc-
tion of the Aboriginal Inhabitants of America by
Various Diseases" (Ibid., June 1878), "Contri-
butions to Teratology" (Transactions of the
Louisiana Medical Society, vol. X, 1888) ; part
II of Volume II ( 1871 ) of the Surgical Memoirs
of the War of the Rebellion, published by the
United States Sanitary Commission, and Medi-
cal and Surgical Memoirs, Containing Investi-
gations of the Geographical Distribution, Causes,
Nature, Relations and Treatment of Various
Diseases (3 vols, in 4, 1876-90).
His interest in everything pertaining to his
section caused him to take a leading part in the
organization and support of the Southern His-
torical Society. Besides being an active mem-
ber of the Louisiana State Medical Society, he
held membership in the Medical Society of Vir-
ginia and an associate fellowship in the College
of Physicians of Philadelphia. He was married
in 1858 to Caroline S. Davis of Augusta, Ga.,
who died in 1868. Two years later he married
Susan Rayner Polk of New Orleans, daughter
of the Bishop of Louisiana, who with five chil-
dren survived him when he died, in New Or-
leans. His eldest son became a physician but
preceded his father in death.
[New Orleans Medic, and Surgic. Jour., 1896,
with portrait; Trans. Southern Medic. Soc. (New Or-
leans), 1896; Trans. . . . Medic. Soc. of Va., 1896;
Bull. Soc. of Medic. Hist, of Chicago, Oct. 1920;
Times-Democrat (New Orleans), Feb. 18, 1896; Daily
Picayune (New Orleans), Feb. 18, 1896, with exten-
sive list of Jones's writings.] J.M.P n.
JONES, JOSEPH STEVENS (Sept. 28,
1809-Dec. 29, 1877), dramatist, actor, son of
Abraham and Mary (Stevens) Jones, was born
in Boston in a house on land now occupied by
the Wilbur Theatre. His father was a sea cap-
tain, and his death at the hands of savages while
on one of his voyages left the boy an orphan
when he was ten years old. He received an ele-
mentary education in the Boston public schools,
!93
Jones
but was obliged to go to work at an early age,
his interest in amateur theatricals leading him
eventually into the profession that he served
through many years as actor, manager, and
dramatist. His debut on the stage was made in
Providence, R. I., at the age of eighteen, as
Crack, a low-comedy character in Knight's once
familiar play, The Turnpike Gate. He soon re-
turned to Boston and almost immediately be-
came influential in the theatrical life of that
city, with which he was exclusively identified
throughout his entire life. He acted a varied
line of characters successively at the Tremont,
the Warren, and the National theatres, also serv-
ing at the last-mentioned house as financial ad-
viser, stage manager, and playwright.
During this entire period he was writing
plays, mainly of an ephemeral nature. In 1839 he
succeeded Thomas Barry as lessee and manager
of the Tremont Theatre, but with such little
financial success that at the close of the season
of 1840-41 he relinquished his lease. For some
years he had been studying medicine, and in pur-
suance of his plan to become a practising physi-
cian he retired from the stage, making his final
appearance in the character of the Mock Duke
in John Tobin's comedy, The Honeymoon. In
1843 he received the degree of M.D. from the
Harvard Medical School. He continued to write
plays, however, until shortly before his death :
a conservative estimate credits him with one
hundred and fifty. The historical drama espe-
cially interested him, but his plays were of
all kinds, including comedies, melodramas, and
farces. They were usually temporarily popular ;
some of them were constructed for special occa-
sions and anniversaries ; some were written to
meet the immediate demands of a manager who
had nothing in stock for his audiences; some
were dramatizations of novels ; and some were
written in competition for prizes. His most fa-
mous play was The Silver Spoon, or Our Ozm
Folks, the sub-title of which was later changed
to The Member from Cranberry Centre, which
was produced at the Boston Museum Feb. 16,
1852, and in which William Warren [q.v.] be-
came famous as Jefferson Scattering Batkins,
the representative in the Massachusetts General
Court who was "agin the Boston click." It was
revived season after season for many years, and
its success there practically made Jones the un-
official dramatist of the Boston Museum. Among
his early plays were The Carpenter of Rouen,
Moll Pitcher, and The Green Mountain Boy, but
the comedy that became most familiar to the
American public outside of Boston was The
People's Lawyer, in which John E. Owens
Jones
starred for many years as Solon Shingle. His
most popular occasional play was doubtless Paul
Revere and the Sons of Liberty (1875), written
to contribute to the local excitement attendant
upon the centennial celebration of the famous
ride. More than forty years previously he had
written Liberty Tree, or the Boston Boys to ap-
peal to a public then rejoicing over the fiftieth
anniversary of the end of the Revolutionary
War. The fame of Dr. Jones, as he was uni-
versally known, was transitory and largely lo-
cal ; yet The Carpenter of Rouen and others of
his plays were acted throughout the United
States and even in England. In 187 1 he pub-
lished a novel entitled Life of Jefferson S. Bat-
kins, Member from Cranberry Centre, Written
by Himself, Assisted by the Author of The Sil-
z'er Spoon. In addition to his practice as a phy-
sician, he delivered lectures on anatomy and
physiology. One of his three sons, Nathaniel D.
Jones, was an actor.
[A Vol. of Records . . . Containing Boston Mar-
riages, 1752—1809 (1903); The Boston Medic, and
Surgic. Jour., Sept. 28, 191 1 ; W. W. Clapp, A Record
of the Boston Stage (1853) ; W. M. Leman, Memories
of an Old Actor (1886) ; William Winter, The Wallet
of Time (1913); A. H. Quinn, A Hist, of the Am.
Drama from the Beginning to the Civil War (1923) ;
J. B. Clapp, in Boston Transcript, Dec. 30, 1910 ; Bos-
ton Transcript, Dec. 31, 1877.] E. F. E.
JONES, LEONARD AUGUSTUS (Jan. 13,
1832-Dec. 9, 1909), jurist, legal writer, was
born in Templeton, Mass., the son of Augustus
and Mary (Partridge) Jones. His family was
established on American soil by Lewis Jones
who was settled in Roxbury in 1640. In boy-
hood Leonard attended Lawrence Academy,
Groton, Mass., combining his school studies with
work in his father's chair factory and on his
farm. He received the degree of bachelor of
arts at Harvard in 1855, having won in his
senior year the Bowdoin first prize for a disser-
tation on "The Nature and Limitations of In-
stinct." The following year he taught classics
in the high school in St. Louis, Mo. After de-
clining a position as tutor in Washington Uni-
versity, St. Louis, he entered the Harvard Law
School in the fall of 1856, but after a year's at-
tendance withdrew to pursue his studies in the
office of C. W. Loring in Boston, and was ad-
mitted to practice at the Suffolk bar on Feb. 1,
1858. He reentered the Law School in the
spring term of that year and received the degree
of LL.B. at the following Commencement. Dur-
ing this period he was awarded prizes for a dis-
sertation on political economy, and a dissertation
concerning property. In September 1858 he
commenced the practice of law in Boston. The
104
J
ones
next few years were apparently uneventful, not
even the crisis of the Civil War marring the
even tenor of his life. He was drafted for mili-
tary service but procured a substitute. In 1866
he went into a law partnership with Edwin Hale
Abbott, which John Lathrop later joined. In
1876 the firm was dissolved, Jones continuing
practice alone.
Two years later he commenced the publica-
tion of an exhaustive exposition of the law of
securities, consisting of A Treatise on the Law
of Mortgages of Real Property (1878), A Trea-
tise on the Law of Railroad and Other Corpo-
rate Securities, Including Municipal Aid Bonds
(1879), A Treatise on the Law of Mortgages
on Personal Property (1881), A Treatise on the
Law of Collateral Securities and Pledges ( 1883) ,
and A Treatise on the Law of Liens; Common
Law, Statutory, Equitable and Maritime (1888),
each treatise containing references to the others.
This task completed, he turned to the publica-
tion of a series of texts on certain aspects of
real property, the first of which, A Treatise on
the Laiv of Real Property as Applied between
Vendor and Purchaser in Modern Conveyancing,
appeared in 1896. A Treatise on the Law of
Easements (1898) and A Treatise on the Law of
Landlord and Tenant (1906) continued the sub-
ject. In addition Jones found time to compile
Forms in Conveyancing (1886), expanded in
later editions to include other forms ; to publish
An Index to Legal Periodical Literature (vol.
I, 1888; II, 1899), covering Anglo-American
legal journals of the period prior to 1899; and
to contribute to magazines and law reviews, as
well as to expand, revise, and reedit his earlier
treatises. He was associate editor of the Amer-
ican Law Review from 1884 to 1904, and editor
from 1904 to 1907 ; he edited American notes for
19-25 English Ruling Cases, and supervised the
publication of Conrad Reno's Memoirs of the
Judiciary and the Bar of New England, for the
Nineteenth Century (2 vols., 1900-01).
His mind may not have been that of a legal
prophet and reformer, but the section of the
law that he took as his field he covered thorough-
ly and well, as witnessed by the fact that many
of his works are still considered standard. They
show a wide erudition and a thorough under-
standing of the practical problems of the law,
and were intended not so much for the student
as for the practising lawyer who is confronted
with concrete problems, solutions to which must
be found. In this self-appointed task of clarify-
ing the existing law he succeeded eminently.
One edition of his works followed another both
during his life and after his death. As recently
Jones
as 1930 the eighth edition of his Forms appeared,
of which the preface states, "Few, if any, law
books have been more widely used and generally
approved than the successive editions of Jones
Legal Forms."
When in 1898, Massachusetts created a court
of land registration (now called the land court)
with jurisdiction to register titles to land and
to pass on other questions relating to real estate,
Governor Wolcott selected Jones as judge of this
court. This function he performed faithfully and
well until illness compelled him to resign in
January 1909. He rendered further service to
the commonwealth from 1891 to 1902, as mem-
ber from Massachusetts of the Commission on
Uniform State Laws. He was survived by his
wife Josephine (Lee) Jones, whom he had mar-
ried Dec. 14, 1867.
[W. B. Trask, Some of the Descendants of Lewis
and Ann Jones of Roxbury, Mass. (1878) ; E. M. Ba-
con, Men of Progress, . . . Mass. (1896) ; C. E. Hurd,
Representative Citizens of the Commonwealth of Mass.
(1902) ; The Report of the Secretary of the Class of
1855 of Harvard College (1865) ; Who's Who in Amer-
ica, 1908—09 ; Boston Transcript, Dec. 10, 1909 ; Am.
Law Rev., Jan.-Feb. 1907, Jan.-Feb. 1910.] t_ S
JONES, MARY HARRIS (May 1, 1830-Nov.
30, 1930), "Mother Jones," labor leader, was
born in Cork, Ireland, the daughter of Richard
Harris. Her father emigrated to America in
1835 and after becoming a citizen of the United
States sent for his family. His work as railroad
construction laborer took him to Toronto, Can-
ada, where Mary was brought up and attended
high school and normal school. After teaching
for a time in a convent in Monroe, Mich., she
opened a dressmaking establishment in Chicago,
but later returned to teaching in Memphis, Tenn.
There she was married in 1861 to a member of
the Iron Molders' Union and bore him four
children. In 1867 her husband and children died
in a yellow-fever epidemic in Memphis and in
1871 all her possessions were swept away by the
Chicago fire. In the confusion following, she
began attending meetings of the newly organized
Knights of Labor. Gradually she sank her per-
sonal life wholly in the struggle for improved
labor conditions and developed a talent for vig-
orous and moving speech, characterized by a
picturesque vocabulary, a sharp and ready wit,
and a strong sense of drama. For half a century
she appeared wherever labor troubles were
acute, a little old woman in a black bonnet, with
a high falsetto voice and a handsome face framed
in curly white hair and lighted by shrewd, kind-
ly gray eyes which could flash defiance from be-
hind their spectacles alike at distant capitalists
and at near-by company guards and militia. She
195
Jones
was in Pittsburgh during the labor riots of 1877,
in Chicago at the time of the Haymarket trag-
edy of 1886, and in Birmingham during the
American Railway Union strike of 1894. She
worked in the cotton-mills of the South to gather
material for a series of meetings against child
labor, and while canvassing for the Appeal to
Reason learned to know at first hand the labor
and living conditions of the coal miners of Penn-
sylvania. During the coal-mine strikes of 1900
and 1902, as an organizer for the United Mine
Workers, she attracted national attention by or-
ganizing marches of the wives of striking min-
ers, armed with mops and brooms. Later she
led a group of textile-mill children from Ken-
sington, Pa., to Oyster Bay in an attempt to
demonstrate to President Roosevelt the evils of
child labor. In 1903 she was sent to Colorado by
the United Mine Workers and, while posing as
an itinerant peddler, secured information which
led to a strike in the Colorado coal fields. When
this strike was called off by President John
Mitchell she violently denounced him and left
the United Mine Workers. Deported from Trin-
idad, Colo., she went West, assisted the striking
machinists of the Southern Pacific Railroad,
was active in the defense of Moyer, Heywood,
and Pettibone in Idaho (1906), and while in.
Arizona assisting the Western Federation of
Miners in a copper-mine strike, she took up the
cause of Mexican revolutionists imprisoned in
the United States. She interviewed President
Taft in the cause of the Mexicans and assisted
in securing the appointment of a congressional
investigating committee. By 191 1 she was again
an organizer for the United Mine Workers in
West Virginia. During the strike of 1912-13
she spoke at a series of mass meetings in various
cities. Later she was convicted, by a military
court set up by the state militia, of conspiracy
to murder, but shortly afterwards a senatorial
investigating committee was appointed and ul-
timately her sentence to twenty years' imprison-
ment was set aside. Toward the end of 1913 she
appeared again in southern Colorado where
another coal-mine strike had broken out and
was three times deported from Trinidad after
varying terms of confinement. In 1914 she
spoke at a series of mass meetings throughout
the country, testified before the House Commit-
tee on Mines and Mining, and interviewed Pres-
ident Wilson in protest against conditions in the
Colorado mines and against the "Ludlow massa-
cre." During 191 5-16 she was active in the gar-
ment and street-car strikes in New York City.
Her last big struggle was the steel strike of 1919,
but in 1921 she spoke at the meeting of the Pan-
I96
Jones
American Federation of Labor in Mexico City
and as late as 1923, at ninety-three years of
age, was still working among striking coal min-
ers in West Virginia. On her one-hundredth
birthday, May 1, 1930, she received many tele-
grams of congratulation from labor unions,
friends, and acquaintances throughout the coun-
try, including one from John D. Rockefeller, Jr.,
held a reception on the lawn of a humble home
at Silver Spring, Md., where friends were car-
ing for her, and made a vigorous speech for
talking-picture cameras. Six months later she
died of old age and, after a requiem mass in
Washington, D. C, was buried in the cemetery
of the United Mine Workers at Mount Olive, 111.
She was sympathetic to socialist ideals though
not a socialist, and was opposed to woman's suf-
frage and prohibition. By temperament a fiery
agitator, she always preserved a sense of humor
and a toleration and sympathy, even for her
enemies, which, with a certain native dignity,
made her beloved by thousands of rough work-
ing men and women and in the end won her gen-
eral respect and admiration.
[Autobiography of Mother Jones (1925) cannot be
wholly relied upon, especially for dates ; other sources
are her account of her life given as testimony before
the U. S. Commission on Industrial Relations, Senate
Doc. No. 415, 64 Cong., 1 Sess., vol. XI ; her speeches
at conventions of the United Mine Workers, usually
published in their Proceedings ; Elsie Gliick, John Mit-
chell, Miner (1929) ; N. Y. Times, June 1, 191 3, Dec.
1, 2, 1930 ; Current Opinion, July 19 13 ; New Republic,
Feb. 20, 1915 ; Outlook, Feb. 10, 1915; Nation, July
19, 1922; United Mine Workers Jour., Dec. 15, 1930;
Labor (Washington, D. C), Dec. 9, 1930; Labor's
News, Dec. 13, 1930; Labor Age, Jan. 1931 ; Labor
Clarion (San Francisco), Dec. 5, 1930.] H S W
JONES, NOBLE WYMBERLEY (c. 1724-
Jan. 9, 1805), Revolutionary patriot, was born
near London, England, the son of Noble Jones
who moved to the Georgia colony very early in
its existence and became a member of the coun-
cil and the treasurer of the province. Young
Jones grew up in Savannah, where he came un-
der the patronage of Oglethorpe, who early made
him a cadet in his regiment and, later, promoted
him to be a first lieutenant. He was too young
to take an active part in Oglethorpe's attack on
St. Augustine in 1740, but, a decade later, he
commanded a force of dragoons ready to meet
a threatened uprising of the Cherokee. Follow-
ing the profession of his father, he studied medi-
cine and soon became virtually physician to the
colony, prescribing for the prisoners in jail and
for others dependent on the government. With
a wife (Sarah Davis, daughter of John Davis of
Georgia), six children, and twenty-seven slaves
to care for he added, in 1771, eighteen hundred
acres of land to the holdings he already pos-
J
ones
j
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sessed. Later he succeeded to his father's prince-
ly estate, the present "Wormsloe."
In 1755 he was elected to the commons house
of Assembly, where he remained almost continu-
ously until the outbreak of the Revolution. In
1768 he was unanimously elected speaker. The
next year he was again unanimously elected. In
1771 his election was vetoed by the royal gov-
ernor, and the following year, when the Assem-
bly elected him again, the governor again ve-
toed his election. The Assembly, in a bellicose
mood, immediately reelected him only to receive
another veto. A few months later, when the As-
sembly insisted on another reelection, he refused
to serve on account of professional duties. The
royal displeasure had come from his outspoken
opposition to the policies of the King. He had
in 1765 been "a distinguished opposer of the
stamp act," and by 1771 "he began to enjoy the
honour of being hateful to tyrants" (Georgia
Republican and State Intelligencer, Jan. 13,
1805). In 1768 he had signed a list of griev-
ances to be sent to the King. Beginning in 1774
with his call for a meeting to protest against the
King's treatment of Boston, his swing into re-
bellion was rapid. He was elected to the Second
Continental Congress but, out of respect for his
father, who remained loyal to Great Britain, he
refused to go. At the outbreak of the Revolu-
tion, however, he became a member of the Coun-
cil of Safety and of the various provincial con-
gresses that were held. On May 11, 1775, with
others, he broke open the powder magazine,
which his father had helped to construct, and
seized six hundred barrels of powder. He con-
tinued to be a powerful force in directing revo-
lutionary affairs until the capture of Savannah
in 1778, when he fled to Charleston. At the fall
of the latter city he was seized and imprisoned
in the old Spanish fort at St. Augustine. Being
exchanged the next year he moved to Philadel-
phia, where he began to practise medicine.
While there he was appointed by Georgia to
serve in the Continental Congress. He returned
to Georgia in 1782, was immediately elected to
the Assembly, and made speaker.
He had professional interests in Charleston
for the next five years, but by 1788 he had be-
come definitely identified with Savannah. In
1 79 1 he was chairman of the committee to wel-
come President Washington to Savannah ; in
1795 he was made president of the state consti-
tutional convention ; and, the year before he died,
he became the president of the Georgia Medical
Society.
[The Colonial Records of the State of Ga., ed. by
A. D. Candler, vols. VII, IX-XIX (1906-11); The
Revolutionary Records of the State of Ga., ed. by A. D.
Candler (1908), vols. I, III ; W. B. Stevens, A Hist, of
Ga., vol. II (1859) ; C. C. Jones, Jr., Biog. Sketches of
the Delegates from Ga. to the Continental Cong.
(1891); Hugh McCall, The Hist, of Ga. reprinted in
one vol. (1909) ; W. J. Northen, Men of Mark in Ga.,
vol. I (1907) ; Wm. Harden, Hist, of Savannah and
South Ga. (1913), vol. II; L. L. Knight, Ga. Land-
marks, Memorials and Legends (2 vols. 1913-14) ; Ga.
Republican and State Intelligencer (Savannah), Jan.
10, 13, 1805.] E.M.C.
JONES, SAMUEL (July 26, 1734-Nov. 25,
1819), lawyer, was born at Fort Hill, Long Isl-
and, the son of William and Phoebe (Jackson)
Jones. His grandfather, Major Thomas Jones
of Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1692
was in Jamaica, where he held a privateer's com-
mission from James II. In that year also he ap-
peared in Rhode Island, where he married Free-
love Townshend. Three years later with his
father-in-law, Captain Townshend, he bought
approximately a thousand acres of land from the
Indians at Oyster Bay, Long Island, and settled
there. Samuel Jones, after a limited education
at Hempstead, became a sailor in the merchant
service and made several voyages to Europe.
Tiring of the sea, he entered the office of Judge
William Smith [q.v.] to study law. In 1765 he
married Eleanor, daughter of Cornelius Turk,
a merchant, and on her death he married in
1768 Cornelia Haring (also spelled Herring),
whose grandfather was later a member of the
Congress which adopted the Declaration of In-
dependence. Jones's association with Judge
Smith and his connections through marriage led
him to espouse the cause of the colonists, though
his father remained loyal to the Crown. In the
days of agitation preceding the Revolution, he
served as a member of the Committee of One
Hundred, a provisional war committee whose
object was to support the actions of the Con-
tinental Congress. He did not take up arms in
the war, however, but spent most of his time at
West Neck, Long Island, caring for his law
practice. Conditions were described by John
Morin Scott, in a letter dated Nov. 15, 1775:
"Every office shut up almost but Sam Jones',
who will work for 6/ a day and live accordingly"
(C. B. Todd, The Story of the City of New
York, 1888, p. 292). At the close of the war he
rapidly gained repute as a real-estate lawyer.
In 1782 Jones and Richard Varick were ap-
pointed to collect and reduce into proper form
for legislative enactment all such statutes of
Great Britain as were continued in force under
the constitution of 1777. The revision of Jones
and Varick became authoritative and "may be
regarded as the only comprehensive digest or re-
vision of the laws of New York down to 1800"
(J. G. Wilson, The Memorial History of the
197
Jones
J
ones
City of New York, vol. II, 1892, p. 622). From
1786 to 1790 Jones represented Queens County
in the New York Assembly, and he was in the
Senate from 1791 to 1797. "His learning was
vast. His principles . . . were ultra conserva-
tive. . . . He was the man above all others to
adapt the system of laws to the new condition
of things, . . . and on every subject of that de-
scription the Legislature followed him implicit-
ly, while upon any subject connected with poli-
tics, they were sure to be on the other side, with
entire unanimity" (New York Legal Observer,
October 1853, p. 323). In 1788 he was a dele-
gate to the state convention which ratified the
new federal Constitution. At first opposed to
the Constitution, he was won over by Hamilton
(Ibid.), and he was influential in securing the
assent of Governor Clinton and his party. He
held the office of recorder of New York City
from 1789 to 1796. He was appointed by Gov-
ernor Jay to draft the law for establishing and
regulating the office of comptroller, which of-
fice he filled from 1797 to 1800. In 1806 and
1807 he was unsuccessful as Federalist candi-
date for the state Senate.
Retiring from public life to his farm at Oyster
Bay, he wrote for the New York Historical So-
ciety several critical and valuable letters on the
early history of New York (Collections of the
New York Historical Society, 1 ser. Ill, 1821).
Though not so well known today as some of his
more famous contemporaries he was an outstand-
ing figure in the public life of his time. Accord-
ing to Chancellor Kent, "no one equalled him in
his accurate knowledge of the technical rules and
doctrines of real property, and in familiarity
with the skillful and elaborate but now obsolete
and mysterious black letter learning of the com-
mon law" (Jones Family, p. 109). His son
Samuel Jones, 1770-1853 [q.v.], was also a dis-
tinguished member of the legal profession.
[E. A. Werner, Civil List and Constitutional Hist,
of the Colony and State of N. Y. (1889) ; J. H. Jones,
Jones Family of Long Island (1907) ; B. F. Thompson,
Hist, of Long Island (1839 ; 3rd ed., 1918) ; F. B. Dex-
ter, Biog. Sketches Grads. Yale Coll., vol. II (1896) ;
W. A. Duer, Reminiscences of an Old New Yorker
(1867) ; J. W. Francis, Old New York (1866) ; N. Y.
Evening Post, Nov. 26, 1819.] D. V. S.
JONES, SAMUEL (May 26, 1770-Aug. 9,
1853), New York jurist, was the second son of
Samuel Jones [q.v.~\, whose name lives in New
York legal history in connection with the first
revision of its laws. His mother was Cornelia,
daughter of Elbert Haring (later spelled Her-
ring), a prosperous descendant of an old Dutch
family. Jones was born in the city of New York,
where he spent practically his entire life. On
June 17, 1770, he was baptized in the "Old Dutch
Church" in Garden Street. His early education
was obtained at Hempstead, Long Island, where,
at the classical school of Rev. Leonard Cutting,
he formed a life-long friendship with David B.
Ogden [g.T.]. After nearly completing the course
of studies at Columbia, he entered the senior
class at Yale, where he graduated in 1790. Co-
lumbia bestowed upon him an ad eundem degree
in 1793. He studied law in his father's office,
where DeWitt Clinton [q.r.] was a fellow stu-
dent. Admitted to the bar at the earliest pos-
sible age, he commenced a legal career which
was unbroken, except for periods of judicial serv-
ice, until two months before his death. He was
particularly eminent in real-estate and maritime
law and in chancery practice.
In February 1797 the legislature created a
special justices' court in New York City to
which he was one of the first appointees, but he
sat for only a brief period. From 1809 to 1817
he served six terms as assistant alderman. He
drafted the act which consolidated numerous laws
relating to the city (Revised Laws of 1813).
From i8i2to i8i4he was one of the represen-
tatives from the city in the state Assembly.
Although early in his career he had been a Fed-
eralist, after the War of 1812 he supported Clin-
ton on the policy of internal improvements, later
voted for Jackson, and remained a Democrat. In
1823 he was appointed recorder of the City of
New York and sat about a year. On Jan. 27,
1826, Governor Clinton nominated him as chan-
cellor of the state ; the Senate confirmed the
nomination unanimously. He resigned Apr. 19,
1828, and was shortly thereafter appointed first
chief-justice of the newly created superior court
of the city of New York, which office he held
until he was elected justice of the supreme court
of the state under the constitution of 1846. He
became an ex-officio member of the court of ap-
peals, assisted in its organization, and sat there
from 1847 to 1849, then returned for a few
months to the circuit and term duties of the su-
preme court until his office expired, Dec. 31,
1849. Though eighty years old, upon retirement
from the bench he resumed his practice. He died
at the residence of his brother, Maj. William
Jones, at Cold Springs, Long Island.
On Jan. 27, 1816, Jones was married to Catha-
rine Schuyler, daughter of Philip J. Schuyler
and grand-daughter of Maj. -General Schuyler of
Revolutionary fame. Of his five children, his only
son, Samuel, was a judge of the superior court
of New York City and later reporter of the same
court. Devoted to his country and to his church
(he was a warden of the Church of the An-
98
J
ones
j
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nunciation from the forming of the parish),
temperate in his habits, of unquestioned in-
tegrity, Jones was not rich in this world's goods
but in the esteem of his professional brethren
and of the community.
[New York Legal Observer, Sept.-Nov. 1853; F. B.
Dexter, Biog. Sketches Grads. Yale Coll., vol. Ill
(1907) ; J. H. Jones, The Jones Family of Long Island
(1907) ; N. Y. Tribune, Aug. 10, 1853.] A. S. M.
JONES, SAMUEL PORTER (Oct. 16, 1847-
Oct. 15, 1906), evangelist, son of John J. and
Nancy (Porter) Jones, was born in Chambers
County, Ala. Both parents were of pioneer
Methodist-preacher stock : one grandmother,
who much impressed the child, had "read the
Bible through thirty-seven times, on her knees"
and ofttimes at church "gave vent to her feelings
by shouting the praises of God" (Life and Say-
ings, p. 42). In 1856 the family moved to Car-
tersville, Ga., where, the mother having died, the
father remarried and engaged in a successful but
unregenerative practice of law until he entered
the war as a captain. In the local schools the
child Sam was deemed bright and fun-loving and
clever at reciting pieces. Left head of the family
in his father's absence, he began to drink (be-
cause of nervous indigestion, his wife asserts) ;
and when the family fled the approaching armies,
he somehow became separated from them and
was swept into Kentucky. Here he met Laura
McElwain, whom he married in November 1868
just after setting up as a lawyer in Cartersville.
He began well as a lawyer ; but the new and
flattering associations increased his inebriety.
He moved to Texas, then to Alabama, then (at
his father's request) back to Cartersville. Here
he lived in a cabin and, having abandoned the
law, worked as a day laborer. Neither the de-
scent of his wife from affluence to penury nor the
coming of a child, whom he adored, could stop
his drunkenness. In 1872, however, having
promised his dying father to reform, he became
an itinerant preacher of the North Georgia Con-
ference of the Methodist Episcopal Church,
South, equipped with "a wife and one child, a
bobtail pony and eight dollars in cash" (Ibid.,
p. 62). During eight years here he improved his
economic condition little but kept sober and won
a wide reputation because of the fire, force, and
overflowing humor with which he attacked the
inconsistencies of Christians. Then he was made
agent of the Methodist North Georgia Orphans'
Home and charged with raising funds, in which
task he was eminently successful. Called, be-
cause of his Georgia reputation, to Memphis for
evangelistic work in 1884, he succeeded so well
that he was engaged by T. DeWitt Talmage
[q.v.] for similar work in Brooklyn, in January
1885. In that year also came a "memorable meet-
ing" (Ibid.,chs. XII, XIII) in Nashville. There-
after until 1900 he was a national evangelist op-
erating in almost all the large cities for from
three to six weeks, speaking several times daily,
often to ten thousand or more with many others
unable to obtain seats. His success seems to have
rested almost entirely on his mastery of audi-
ences— a mastery so long and so often proved
as to compel his recognition as perhaps the fore-
most American public speaker of his generation.
The secret of his mastery seems to have been in
part his physical and moral courage and in part
his intuitive apprehension of the common man's
dislike of sham and hypocrisy and delight in
hearing them exposed and condemned in homely
words and epigrammatic style. Though his ex-
aggerations and his crudities always offended
the sensitive and often made him a target for
the secular press, the sentiment which he was
able to evoke among the rank and file crushed
all opposition and eventually compelled an al-
most unanimous approval from all classes. His
preaching and lecturing, though never capital-
ized, are estimated to have brought him $750,-
000. After 1900 his evangelistic energies were
given entirely, but unreservedly, to the South.
His funeral in Georgia was an affair of state.
[The Life and Sayings of Sam P. Jones (1907), by
his wife; Sam Jones' Sermons (2 vols., 1886); At-
lanta Journal, Oct. 15, 16, 1906; Raleigh News and
Observer, Oct. 16, 21, 1906.] q Qp
JONES, SYBIL (Feb. 28, 1808-Dec. 4, 1873),
Quaker preacher, was born at Brunswick, Me.,
the third of the nine children of Ephraim and
Susanna (Dudley) Jones, and the seventh in de-
scent, on her mother's side, from Thomas Dud-
ley [#.f.]. Her parents and grandparents were
members of the Society of Friends. After attend-
ing the Friends' Institute at Providence, R. I.,
1824-25, she taught for eight years in public
schools and on June 26, 1833, married Eli Jones
(1807-90), a Quaker preacher and teacher of
China, Kennebec County, Me., by whom she had
three sons and two daughters. Richard Mott
Jones (1843-1917), headmaster of the William
Penn Charter School in Philadelphia, was their
third child. Soon after her marriage Sybil Jones
was acknowledged by the Friends' churches as a
gospel minister. In 1840 she was liberated to
attend meetings and to do religious work in
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, thus begin-
ning a career that was one of the principal fac-
tors in the great revival of her sect during the
next four decades. She was a woman of deep
religious sensibility, and there is abundant testi-
199
Jones
mony to the extraordinary power that her sim-
ple, earnest preaching exercised over her hearers
in the United States and in many countries of
Europe. She visited the New England meetings
in 1842, and in 1845 a^ the yearly meetings in
Ohio, Indiana, Baltimore, and North Carolina.
Her travels in the South aroused her solicitude
for the spiritual welfare of the negroes, and in
1850 she felt summoned, in spite of her frail
health, to preach to the blacks of Liberia. Ac-
companied by her husband, she sailed from Bal-
timore June 20, 1 85 1, and returned to that port
in December. She and her husband were kindly
received by President Roberts at Monrovia, and
she preached to many eager to hear her, but the
chief effect of the mission was on her own inner
life. A much more important mission was her
visit to the meetings in Great Britain, Ireland,
Norway, Germany, Switzerland, and France in
1852-54. She was in the South again in i860
and during the Civil War was engaged in work
among the sick and wounded in Union hospitals.
In 1867 and again in 1868 she and her husband
visited Syria and Palestine, where their meeting
with Theophilus Waldmeier was especially sig-
nificant for his future work. Mrs. Jones en-
deavored to explain the Quaker principle of the
equality of the sexes to Moslem women ; though
she realized that her doctrine could not be put
in practice, she had unwavering faith in the value
of making it heard. Her most effectual work
was accomplished, undoubtedly, in the United
States, but she also did much to awaken interest
in foreign missions. Her missionary zeal was a
novel element in the Quakerism of her genera-
tion, and probably owed something to the influ-
ence on her, in her early years, of the Methodists
of Maine. During her last years her strength
failed gradually, and she died at her home on a
farm near Augusta, Me.
[Friends' Rev. (Phila.), Twelfth Month 20, 1873,
and First Month 17, 1874; Biog. Cat. . . . London
Friends' Institute (1888); Dean Dudley, Hist, of the
Dudley Family (11 pts., 1886-94); R- M. Jones, Eh
and Sybil Jones: Their Life and Work (1889) and The
Later Periods of Quakerism (2 vols., 1921).]
G.H.G.
JONES, THOMAS (Apr. 30, 1731-July 25.
1792), jurist, Loyalist, was born at Fort Neck,
South Oyster Bay, Long Island, where his
grandfather, Thomas, the first of the family in
America, had acquired about six thousand acres
of land. The younger Thomas, first cousin of
Samuel Jones, 1734-1819 [q.v.], was the son of
David and Anna CWillet) Jones. His father
was a man of influence in the province, long
member of the Assembly from Queens County,
and justice of the supreme court. Thomas was
Jones
graduated in 1750 from Yale College, an insti-
tution which he looked upon later as "a nursery
of sedition, of faction, and republicanism" (His-
tory, post, I, 3). He probably studied law with
his father and with Joseph Murray of New York
City, and was appointed clerk of the court of
common pleas of Queens County, Feb. 8, 1757.
His contacts with various officials in 1778 as
executor of the will of Joseph Murray, who be-
queathed his library to King's College, later Co-
lumbia, led to his employment as attorney for
that institution and later to membership on its
board of governors. By his marriage, Dec. 9,
1762, to Anne de Lancey, daughter of Chief Jus-
tice James de Lancey [q.z>.~\, he became con-
nected with several influential families. Three
years later he built a fine residence, "Mount
Pitt," on the highest point in lower Manhattan.
J. F. D. Smyth, in A Tour in the United States
of America (London, 1784, II, 376), speaks of
it as one of the three or four "uncommonly beau-
tiful" seats on the island. Five years later his
father built for him a magnificent country place
at Fort Neck. From 1769 to 1773 he served as
recorder for New York City. When in the latter
year his father resigned as supreme court jus-
tice, Thomas was appointed to succeed him. He
presided at the last court under the Crown at
White Plains in 1776. "Extremely social and
hospitable . . . polite in manner, dignified in
bearing," he "naturally commanded respect"
(History, vol. I, Introduction, p. lxxiii).
At this stage of his career he had attained to
a position of honor and influence in his profes-
sion, his life was cast amid surroundings that for
the time were luxurious, and his friends and as-
sociates were prominent in the affairs of the gov-
ernment. With the outbreak of the Revolution,
however, his position in the service of the Crown
and his other affiliations laid him open to the
suspicions of the patriots and led to his arrest
at Fort Neck, June 27, 1776. He was released
upon parole to appear before the committee of
the New York Provincial Congress upon reason-
able notice. That body, on Aug. 11, voided such
parole and the same day Jones was surprised,
captured, and as a prisoner of the colonial army
was soon sent to Connecticut. After four months
he was paroled by Governor Trumbull and for
about three years remained undisturbed at Fort
Neck. During this period of inactivity he busied
himself recording events with comments. This
manuscript, edited by Edward F. de Lancey, was
published over a hundred years later under the
title, History of New York during the Revolu-
tionary War, and of the Leading Events of the
other Colonies at the Period (2 vols., 1879). It
200
Jones
is the only history of the war from the stand-
point of a Loyalist.
Jones's parole was again disregarded, Nov. 6,
1779, and he was stealthily conveyed to Newfield
(now Bridgeport), Conn., and held there to serve
as an exchange for Gen. G. S. Silliman who had
been captured by the Loyalists. The exchange of
the men, formerly fellow students at Yale, was
not effected until April 1780. In 1781 Jones and
his family sailed for Europe, and since he was
named in the Act of Attainder which became
effective at the close of the war, he was prevent-
ed from returning to the United States under
penalty of death. Such of his American estates
as were not entailed were confiscated. In com-
pensation for these losses the British govern-
ment paid him $5,447, probably less than half
their value. He died at Hoddesdon, in Hert-
fordshire, England. The Judge and his wife had
no children of their own but adopted Mrs.
Jones's niece, Anne Charlotte de Lancey, who
became the second wife of John Loudon Mc-
Adam, engineer and road-builder (see Diction-
ary of National Biography).
[Memoir by E. F. de Lancey in Jones's Hist, of N.
Y. during the Rev. War mentioned above ; H. P. Johns-
ton, Observations on Judge Jones' Loyalist Hist, of the
Am. Rev. (1880) ; Lorenzo Sabine, Biog. Sketches of
Loyalists of the Am. Rev. (1864), vol. I ; J. H. Jones,
The Jones Family of L. I. (1907) ; B. F. Thompson,
Hist, of L.I. (1839)-} A.E. P.
JONES, THOMAS AP CATESBY (Apr. 24,
1790-May 30, 1858), naval officer, second son of
the seven children of Major Catesby and Lettice
Corbin (Turberville) Jones, was born at his
maternal grandfather's estate, "Hickory Hill,"
Westmoreland County, Va. He was of Welsh
and English ancestry, a descendant of Capt.
Roger Jones who emigrated from London to
Virginia in 1680. Orphaned, he was taken by
his uncle, Meriwether Jones of Richmond, and
sent to school. Becoming a midshipman Nov.
22, 1805, he began his career under Hull and
Decatur at Norfolk. Afterwards, at the New Or-
leans Station, he served for seven years under
Captains Porter, Shaw, and Patterson, suppress-
ing the slave trade, smuggling, and piracy, and
enforcing neutrality laws. He became a lieu-
tenant May 24, 1812. In an attack on the pirates
at Barataria Sept. 16, 1814, according to Patter-
son's report, "Jones particularly distinguished
himself by boarding one of the schooners which
had been fired and extinguishing the fire after it
had made great progress ; a quantity of powder
being left in her open cabin, evidently designed
to blow her up." With five gunboats and two
small schooners, he then opposed the entrance
into Lake Borgne of Vice-Admiral Cochrane's
fleet transporting General Pakenham's army
Jones
against New Orleans. On Dec. 14, 1814, about
a thousand British in forty barges, bearing forty-
two cannon, attacked Jones's squadron, with its
twenty-three guns and 175 men, and after a des-
perate engagement lasting two hours captured
the gunboats, Jones being dangerously wounded.
The British, however, lost ninety-four men ; the
Americans, only forty-one. For his gallantry,
Jones received a sword from Virginia and high
praise from a court of inquiry. Recovering his
health, he spent three years in the Mediter-
ranean Squadron under Chauncey and five years
at the Washington Navy Yard and as inspector
of ordnance. Meanwhile, he became master
commandant Mar. 28, 1820, and married, July
1, 1823, Mary Walker Carter, daughter of
Charles B. Carter of "Richmond Hill," Virginia.
Commanding the Pacific Squadron in 1825, he
visited in his flagship, the Peacock, the Sand-
wich (now Hawaiian) Islands to collect debts
and look after deserters from American mer-
chantmen. Here he supported the party led by
American missionaries against the English con-
sul's claim of British sovereignty over the islands.
After five years as inspector of ordnance, Jones,
a captain since Mar. 11, 1829, was appointed,
June 28, 1836, to command the South Seas Sur-
veying and Exploring Expedition. Unable to
agree with Secretary of the Navy Dickerson as
to the equipment and personnel of his ships, he
resigned his command, Dec. 5, 1837, ill from
worry and exasperation. After four years of in-
active service, in 1842 he was again placed in
command of the Pacific Squadron. The British
frigate Dublin was maneuvering suspiciously
off Callao, and Jones, thinking war had begun
between the United States and Mexico, hastened
north with two ships, Oct. 19, 1842, and took
possession of Monterey. For this indiscretion he
was relieved of his command, to conciliate
Mexico, but was not censured by his govern-
ment. Two years afterwards, he commanded the
Pacific Squadron for the third time. After the
Mexican War, he transported 300 refugees out
of Lower California, paying the expenses from
the military contributions levied at Mazatlan.
For this the Secretary of the Navy commended
him; but for later using this fund for "an im-
proper and unauthorized" purpose, a general
court martial in February 1850 suspended him
from the service for five years with loss of pay
for half that period. This suspension was re-
mitted by President Fillmore, in 1853. Jones
saw no further active service and was placed on
the reserved list in 1855. On May 30, 1858, he
died at Sharon, Fairfax County, Va., survived
by four children.
20I
Jones
[L. H. Jones, Capt. Roger Jones of London and Va.,
Some of His Antecedents and Descendants (1891) ; of-
ficial papers in naval records and library of the Navy
Department; Navy Register, 1806-58; reports of the
Secretary of the Navy ; /. F. Cooper, The Hist, of the
Navy of the U. S. A. (1839), vol. II; Daily National
Intelligencer (Washington, D. C), June 1, 1858.]
C. L. L.
JONES, THOMAS GOODE (Nov. 26, 1844-
Apr. 28, 1914), governor of Alabama, jurist,
was the son of Samuel Goode and Martha Ward
(Goode) Jones, first cousins, and a descendant
of Maj. Peter Jones of Virginia who aided in
punishing Indian depredations in 1676. He was
born in Macon, Ga., but when he was still young
the family moved to Montgomery, Ala. His fa-
ther, a graduate of Williams College (1837),
was a pioneer railroad constructor in the South,
having built one of the first railroads in Georgia.
Jones's early education was obtained in the
schools of Montgomery and the academies of
Charles Minor and Gessner Harrison in Vir-
ginia. When the Civil War opened, he was a
cadet in the Virginia Military Institute. Leav-
ing there to enter the Confederate army as a
private in an Alabama regiment, he rose to the
rank of major, served as an aide to Generals
Early and Gordon, participated in many of the
decisive battles in Virginia, and acted as bearer
of a flag of truce at Appomattox.
At the conclusion of the war, Jones returned
to Montgomery, engaged in agriculture, studied
law, and was admitted to practice in 1868. From
that time to his death he was almost constantly
in public service and was generally engaged in
sharp controversies. From June to November
1868 he edited the Daily Picayune, a Democratic
paper published in Montgomery. He was con-
nected with the municipal government for many
years ; was the reporter of the decisions of the
Alabama supreme court from 1870 to 1880 (43-
60 Alabama Reports) ; served in the lower house
of the legislature and was the speaker of that
body for two terms ; and was colonel of the state
troops from 1880 to 1890. In a bitter factional
fight between the conservative democracy and
the radical Farmers' Alliance group, he was
elected governor in 1890. Renominated in 1892,
he successfully withstood the vigorous attacks of
the Farmers' Alliance men, now calling them-
selves Jeffersonians, under the leadership of his
old political opponent, Reuben F. Kolb \_q.vJ].
This era constituted one of the stormiest periods
in Alabama politics ; there was much friction and
recrimination, and Governor Jones was bitterly
assailed in many quarters. He had large busi-
ness capacity and his administration was notable
for its constructive policies as well as for its
vigor. In the Alabama constitutional convention
Jones
of 1 90 1 he played an important part and was
instrumental in having placed in the new con-
stitution a provision for the removal of sheriffs
recreant to duty in the face of mobs. In the same
year he was appointed by President Roosevelt a
federal judge for the northern and middle dis-
trict of Alabama. In his judicial capacity he
was closely connected with the railroad rate
fight in Alabama and in his decisions upheld the
constitutional rights of corporations to appeal
rate regulations to the federal court, when Gov.
B. B. Comer [q.v.~\, elected on an anti-railroad
platform, sought by state legislation to deny this
right to common carriers. Many of his decisions
struck at the system of peonage in the state. He
was a man of great ability, forcefulness of char-
acter, and aggressiveness. As a controversialist,
he was unsparing and singularly incisive. His
career covered a transition period, and his long
and bitter fight with Comer over railroad mat-
ters constituted an epoch in Alabama politics.
He was married, Dec. 20, 1866, to Georgena
Caroline Bird of Montgomery and was the fa-
ther of thirteen children. He died in Mont-
gomery shortly before his scheduled retirement
from the federal bench.
[W. B. Jones, John Burgwin, Carolinian, John Jones,
Virginian (1913) ; J. B. Gordon, Reminiscences of the
Civil War (1903) ; A. B. Moore, Hist, of Ala. and her
People (3 vols., 1927) ; T. M. Owen, Hist, of Ala. and
Diet, of Ala. Biog. (4 vols., 1921) ; Proc. . . . Ala. State
Bar Asso. (1914) ; Who's Who in America, 1914-15;
material from the scrapbooks of Jones's son, Judge W.
B. Jones, and files of the Montgomery Advertiser,
Birmingham Age-Herald, and Birmingham News, in
the last of which, May 31, 1914, appears a full-page
sketch of Jones's career, by J. W. DuBose.]
T.H.J.
JONES, THOMAS P. (1774-Mar. 11, 1848),
editor, was born in Herefordshire, England.
Little is known of his early life except that he
emigrated to the United States as a young man
and settled in the South. Later he went to New
York City, where he became associated with C.
S. Williams in publishing the American Me-
chanics' Magazine, founded February 1825, of
which he was editor. In August 1825 he became
sole owner, and in December, he was appointed
professor of mechanics and natural philosophy
in the Franklin Institute for the Promotion of
Mechanic Arts, Philadelphia, entering upon his
duties Jan. 4, 1826. At the same time he was
placed in charge of its journal, with which he
merged his own periodical, the name becoming
The Franklin Journal and American Mechanics'
Magazine with the issue of January 1826. He
undertook publication on his own account but
with the assistance of the members of the In-
stitute. This arrangement continued until the
close of the year 1827, when the Institute as-
202
Jones
sumed the sole responsibility for the continuance
of the Journal. With the issue of January 1828
it became the Journal of the Franklin Institute,
continuing as such with various subtitles, until
the present time (1932). On Apr. 12, 1828,
Jones was appointed superintendent of the United
States Patent Office, in Washington, but at the
meeting of the Franklin Institute held that
month, a resolution was passed appointing him
editor of the Journal during his life. The rest of
his years were spent in Washington, where in
addition to his official duties, he continued his
editorial work. When the Patent Office was re-
organized under the Act of July 4, 1836, he was
appointed an examiner (July 4, 1837), from
which position he resigned Dec. 22, 1838.
Under his editorship of twenty-two years, the
Journal of the Franklin Institute became a valu-
able repository of information concerning sci-
entific and engineering subjects. An important
feature for many years (1826-59) was the list
of patents, with descriptions, which had been
filed in the government Patent Office. Jones's
interest in the progress and development of in-
ventive talent in the United States, as well as in
the general improvement of the artisan classes,
continued until his death. In his editorial ca-
pacity he was "always ready to recognize and
warmly encourage genuine invention" ; but "was
equally watchful and uncompromising in show-
ing the defects he believed to exist in any patented
invention, especially in those cases in which the
invention embodied no possible gain or advan-
tage to the public" (Fowler, post, p. 5). He
edited the eighth edition (1834), °f tne Young
Mill-Wright & Millers Guide (1st ed., 1795),
by Oliver Evans [q.v.~] ; and editions (1826 and
1831, respectively) of Mrs. Jane (Haldimand)
Marcet's Conversations on Natural Philosophy
and New Conversations on Chemistry. He died
in Washington, D. C.
[F. Fowler, "Memoir of Thomas P. Jones," Journal
of the Franklin Institute, July 1890; Commemorative
Exercises at the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Franklin
Institute (1874) ; F. L. Mott, A Hist, of Am. Maga-
zines (1930); VV. H. Wahl, The Franklin Institute
. . . A Sketch of Its Organisation and History (1895) ;
Daily National Intelligencer (Washington), Mar. 13,
'848.] J.H.F.
JONES, WALTER (Oct. 7, 1776-Oct. 14,
1861), lawyer, a descendant of Capt. Roger
Jones who came from England with Lord Cul-
peper in 1680, was born at "Hayfield," North-
umberland County, Va. His mother's name was
Alice Flood. His father, Dr. Walter Jones, an
Edinburgh-trained physician of prominence in
his day, was a delegate to the state constitutional
convention of 1788 and a congressman from
Virginia in 1797-99 and 1 803-1 1. From a
Jones
Scotch tutor named Thomas Ogilvie, Walter
Jones received the classical education which
characterized all his later work. He read law
in Richmond under Bushrod Washington and
was admitted to the bar of Virginia in May 1796,
before he became of legal age. He practised
first in the courts of Fairfax and Loudoun coun-
ties and in 1802 was appointed by President Jef-
ferson, who was a friend of his father, as United
States attorney for the District of Potomac, and
in 1804, for the District of Columbia. In May
1808 he married Ann Lucinda Lee, daughter of
Charles Lee, 1758-1815 [q.v.~], attorney-general
under Washington and Adams, by his first wife,
Anne, daughter of Richard Henry Lee \_q.v.~\,
the Signer.
From the time of his marriage, which eventu-
ally resulted in three sons and eleven daughters,
Jones made his home in Washington. He re-
signed his federal attorneyship in 1821, but until
his last illness continued with distinguished suc-
cess the practice of law before the United States
Supreme Court as well as in the courts of Mary-
land and Virginia. In the famous case of Mc-
Culloch vs. Maryland (4 JVheaton, 316), argued
in 1819, he was associated with Luther Martin
and Joseph Hopkinson on behalf of Maryland,
in opposition to William Pinkney, Daniel Web-
ster, and William Wirt, who represented the
Bank of the United States. Other important
cases in which he participated actively were
Ogdcn vs. Saunders, 1827 (12 Whcaton, 213),
in which, with Edward Livingston, David B.
Ogden, and William Sampson, he won the de-
cision against Webster and Wheaton ; Binney
vs. Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company, 1835 (8
Peters, 201), in which he was associated with
Webster and Francis Scott Key ; Mayor of the
City of New York vs. Miln, 1837 (11 Peters,
102) ; and Groves vs. Slaughter, 1841 (15 Peters,
449), concerning the respective powers of the
federal and state governments over the intro-
duction of slaves within the border of a state, in
which he was associated with Daniel Webster
and Henry Clay against Henry D. Gilpin and
Robert J. Walker. With Daniel Webster he was
employed by the heirs to attempt to break the
Girard Will (Vidal et al. vs. Philadelphia, 2
Howard, 127). Although he was unsuccessful in
this case (1844), in which he was opposed by
Horace Binney and John Sergeant, he won great
praise from Rufus Choate for his "silver voice
and infinite analytical ingenuity and resources"
(Addresses and Orations, 1878, p. 228, quoted
in L. H. Jones, post). He was of counsel for
Myra Clark Gaines in much of the litigation over
the will of her father, Daniel Clark [q.v.].
203
Jones
The law was not his only field of achievement.
He took part in the battle of Bladensburg, in
1821 was commissioned by President Monroe as
brigadier-general of militia, and at the time of
his death was major-general of the militia of the
District of Columbia. In 1835 he supervised the
quelling of mob incendiarism and riot in Wash-
ington (Daily National Intelligencer, Aug. 13,
1835; Daily Globe, Aug. 14, 1835). Late in
1816, he was associated with Rev. Robert Fin-
lay [q.v.~\, John Randolph, Bushrod Washing-
ton, Henry Clay, and others in founding the
American Colonization Society "for the purpose
of colonizing the free people of colour in the
United States of America, in Africa, or else-
where" (Alexander, post, p. 89), being a mem-
ber of the committee to prepare a constitution
and rules for the society and a member of the
committee to present a memorial to Congress re-
questing support of the colonization proposal.
He was also a founder of the Washington Na-
tional Monument Society.
Small of stature and eccentric in dress, he was
unimpressive in the court room. A contempo-
rary newspaper-man wrote of him : "He speaks
slowly and in a low tone, but with great purity
of diction and clearness of thought. There is,
however, a great want of force in his manner
and few listen to him." "A rival of Pinkney,
Wirt and Webster . . .," wrote the same cor-
respondent, "as a common law counsellor he ex-
celled them all in depth and variety of learning.
. . . He is universally respected, and by those
who know him, warmly beloved." (Quoted by
Warren, post, II, 344.) He was possessed of
such rare conversational powers and personal
charm that he was socially in great demand,
and he was generous and sympathetic to a fault.
He died at Washington after an illness of eight
or ten days. Although a Virginian by birth, he
was devoted to the Union and held the secession
movement in Virginia a double treason, first, to
the United States, and second, to the Common-
wealth of Virginia.
[L. H. Jones, Capt. Roger Jones of London and Va.
(1891) ; F. L. Jones, "Walter Jones and His Times,"
Records of the Columbia Hist. Soc., vol. V (1902) ;
Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in U. S. Hist. (3
vols., 1922) ; Va. Law Reg., Aug. 1901 ; W. B. Bryan,
A Hist, of the National Capital, vol. II (1916) ; Archi-
bald Alexander, A Hist, of Colonization on the Western
Coast of Africa (1846) ; Daily National Intelligencer
(Washington), Oct. 15-18, 1861.] H.F.W.
JONES, WILLIAM (Oct. 8, 1753-Apr. 9,
1822), Revolutionary soldier and Federalist gov-
ernor of Rhode Island during the War of 1812,
was born at Newport, R. I. His grandfather,
Thomas Jones, came from Wales, and his father,
William, was first lieutenant of the privateer
J
ones
Duke of Marlborough in the French and Indian
War. William, senior, died in 1759, leaving a
widow, Elizabeth (Pearce) Jones, and five chil-
dren, of whom his namesake was the fourth.
Not much is known of the son's early life ; but
he must have had a fair education and given
evidence of character and ability, for he re-
ceived a lieutenant's commission from the Gen-
eral Assembly in January 1776, and was made
a captain about the time his regiment joined the
main army in September. His brigade saw serv-
ice in the battle of White Plains, the retreat to
New Jersey, and the battle of Princeton. Jones
left the army in February 1777. Just a year later
he became captain of marines on the Providence,
a frigate of twenty-eight guns built in Rhode
Island, which sailed on Apr. 30, 1778, to carry
the first dispatches to the commissioners in Paris
after the conclusion of the treaty with France.
On arrival near Nantes, Jones was chosen the
messenger to Paris, and was probably the first
officer to wear the American uniform there. His
journal tells of seeing the sights and of dining
with Adams, Lee, and Franklin. In 1779 the
Providence made a successful cruise for prizes
off Newfoundland, and later went to Charleston,
S. C, where her crew and guns were landed to
strengthen the batteries and were surrendered
May 12, 1780. Jones returned to Rhode Island
on parole and went into business in Provi-
dence.
He was a man of integrity and good sense, and
his faithful performance of religious and other
duties (he was a justice of the peace) won him
the esteem of his townsmen. They made him a
representative in the General Assembly, 1807-
11 ; in 1808 he presented a petition from Provi-
dence against the Embargo, speaking forcibly of
its dire effects upon the industrial and shipping
interests of the town; in 1809 he became speaker
of the Assembly, and in 181 1 governor of Rhode
Island on the Federalist ticket. He was re-
elected annually until 1817 by the opponents of
the national government, while its supporters
charged him with loving trade better than his
country, and called him such names as "a haber-
dasher of British hardware" (Field, post, I,
295). Under his leadership Rhode Island, like
Massachusetts and Connecticut, maintained a de-
fiant attitude toward the national government
throughout the War of 1812. The Governor's
messages called the war unjust, asserted final
authority in the use of the state militia, com-
plained of defenseless coasts, and early in 1814
practically threatened secession. The making of
peace meant ultimate loss of office, but his last
campaign was a warm one, in which a prudent
204
Jones
and economical administration was set against
the "mourning and misery" brought on by
twelve years of "misconduct" on the part of the
government at Washington.
Jones was married on Feb. 28, 1787, to Anne
Dunn of Providence, who, with an only daugh-
ter, survived him. He was a member of the Cin-
cinnati, a president of the Peace Society and of
the Rhode Island Bible Society, and a trustee of
Brown University.
[W. J. Hoppin, "Memoir of Governor William Jones,"
Proc. R. I. Hist. Soc. 1875-76 (1876); S. H. Allen,
"The Federal Ascendency of 1812," Narragansett Hist.
Reg., Oct. 1889; Edward Field, State of R. I. and
Providence Plantations at the End of the Century, vol.
I (1902) ; To the Freeman of the State of Rhode-Island,
&c. &c. (pamphlet, Mar. 6, 1817), by "a citizen"; The
Biog. Cyc. of Representative Men of R. I. (1881);
Providence Gazette, Apr. 10, 13, 1822 ; R. I. American,
Apr. \2, 16, 1822.] E. M. S.B.
JONES, WILLIAM (1760-Sept. 6, 1831),
congressman, cabinet officer, was born in Phila-
delphia. Little is known of his childhood except
that at the age of sixteen he joined a company
of volunteers and participated in the battles of
Trenton, Dec. 26, 1776, and Princeton, Jan. 3,
1777. Later he served as a third lieutenant on
the Pennsylvania private ship St. James under
Captain (later Commodore) Thomas Truxtun
[q.v.]. In 1781, he was promoted to first lieu-
tenant for gallantry. During his service he was
twice wounded and twice taken prisoner. Be-
tween 1790 and 1793 he served in the merchant
marine, making his headquarters at Charleston,
S. C. In 1793 he returned to Philadelphia, where
he became a shipping merchant and, taking an
active interest in politics, was elected as a
(Democrat) Republican to the Seventh United
States Congress (1801-03). He was elected a
member of the American Philosophical Society
on Jan. 18, 1805, and he read a number of papers
before that body. On Jan. 12, 1813, he accepted
the post of secretary of the navy in the cabinet
of President Madison and served until Dec. 2,
1814, when he resigned in order to devote him-
self to business. He also served as acting sec-
retary of the treasury from May 1813 to Feb-
ruary 1814. In July 1816 he was elected as the
first president of the second United States Bank,
more for political reasons than because he pos-
sessed any particular ability as a banker. His
administration of the bank's affairs was char-
acterized by mismanagement, stock speculation,
and fraud ; and he was forced to resign the presi-
dency in disgrace in January 1819. Investiga-
tion revealed, however, that he had been the tool
of others in their efforts to manipulate the price
of the bank's stock in the open market as well as
in the adoption of an unsound system of branch-
Jones
bank management ; and he regained some of his
lost prestige. In 1827 he was appointed collec-
tor of customs in Philadelphia, serving until
1829. He died in Bethlehem, Pa., and was buried
in the Moravian Cemetery there.
Jones appears to have been hopelessly ineffi-
cient in positions of great authority. His ad-
ministration of the Navy Department during the
War of 18 12 was open to criticism even though
Madison, in a letter written in February 1827,
refers to him as "the fittest minister who had
ever been charged with the navy department,"
adding, "With a strong mind, well stored with
the requisite knowledge, he possessed great en-
ergy of character and indefatigable application
to business" (Letters and Other Writings of
James Madison, 1865, III, 563). His work as
acting secretary of the treasury between the
resignation of Albert Gallatin [q.v.] and the ap-
pointment of George W. Campbell [q.v.] has
also been severely criticized. Ignorance, how-
ever, was probably the chief factor in his mis-
management of the second United States Bank.
[J. T. Scharf and Thompson Westcott, Hist, of Phila.
(1884), I, 585; E. P. Oberholtzer, Phila.— A Hist, of
the City and Its People (n.d.), vol. II ; W. W. Bronson,
The Inscriptions in St. Peter's Church Yard, Phila.
(1879); Biog. Dir. Am. Cong. (1928); Writings of
James Madison, ed. by Gaillard Hunt, VIII (1908),
32on., IX (1910), 278-7gn. ; R. C. H. Catterall, The
Second Bank of the U. S. (1903) ; D. R. Dewey, "The
Second U. S. Bank," pub. as Sen. Doc. 571, 61st Cong.,
2nd Sess., and as Pubs, of the Nat. Monetary Commis-
sion, vol. IV (1911) ; C. O. Paullin, "Naval Adminis-
tration under Secretaries of the Navy Smith, Hamil-
ton, and Jones, 1 801-14," Proc. U. S. Naval Inst.,
Dec. 1906 ; Poulson's Am. Daily Advertiser, Sept. 8,
l83i-I J.H.F.
JONES, WILLIAM (Mar. 28, 1871-Mar. 29,
1909), Indian ethnologist, was born on the Sac
and Fox Indian reservation in what is now Okla-
homa. He inherited from his father, Henry Clay
Jones, and his mother, Sarah (Penny) Jones, a
mingling of English and Welsh blood with Fox.
His mother died in his infancy and he was cared
for by his Indian grandmother, who for nine
years saw that he had a real Indian education.
At ten he was placed in the Indian school at
Newton, Kan., and later spent three years in the
Friends' Indian boarding school at Wabash, Ind.
Returning to Indian Territory he became a cow-
boy. In 1889 at the age of eighteen he went to
Hampton Institute, proving himself a prize pu-
pil ; thence to Phillips Academy at Andover,
Mass., where through the advice of Prof. F. W.
Putnam [q.i>.] he entered Harvard in 1896. In
the ensuing year he spent the summer season
collecting data among the Sauk and Fox In-
dians near Tama, Iowa. Life at Harvard had
rewards for Jones. He wrote for the Harvard
Monthly and became editor. Graduating A.B.
205
Jones
in 1900, he pursued graduate work at Columbia,
and during this period, under the auspices of the
Bureau of American Ethnology and the Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History, carried on ex-
ploratory work among the Sauk and Fox In-
dians. Receiving the degree of Ph.D. in 1904,
he commenced investigations among the north-
ern Algonquian tribes. The Field Columbian
Museum of Chicago utilized his services in 1906,
and among the assignments offered him he chose
that of investigating the uncivilized tribes of the
Philippines, where three years later, in the sav-
age jungle, he was fatally wounded by the Ilon-
gots.
Jones's contributions to science were almost
exclusively on Algonquian language and lore,
particularly on the Fox branch from which he
sprang and to whose secrets his Indian connec-
tion gave him full access. His chief papers were :
"Episodes' in the Culture-Hero Myth of the Sauks
and Foxes" (Journal of American Folk-Lore,
October-December 1901); "Some Principles
of Algonquian Word-Formation" (American
Anthropologist, n.s., vol. VI, no. 3, Supple-
ment, 1904), his doctor's thesis; "The Algonkin
Manitou" (Journal of American Folk-Lore,
July-September 1905) ; "Central Algonquin"
(Annual Archaeological Report, Ottawa, Canada,
I9°5) ; "An Algonquin Syllabary" (Boas Anni-
versary Volume, 1906) ; "Mortuary Observances
and the Adoption Rites of the Algonkin Foxes
of Iowa" (Congres International des Ameri-
canist es, Quebec, 1906, 1907) ; "Fox Texts"
(Publications of the American Ethnological So-
ciety, vol. 1, 1907) ; "Notes on the Fox Indians"
(Journal of American Folk-Lore, April-June
191 1 ) ; Algonquian (Fox) , an Illustrative Sketch
(Bulletin 40, pt. 1, Bureau of American Eth-
nology, 191 1 ). Dr. Franz Boas said of his "Fox
Texts" : "This collection is the first considerable
body of Algonquian lore published in accurate
and reliable form in the native tongue, with
translation rendering faithfully the style and
contents of the original. In form, and so far as
philological accuracy is concerned, these texts
are probably among the best North American
texts that have ever been published" (American
Anthropologist, January-March 1909, p. 138).
In addition to the technical papers listed above,
which were intended only for specialists, Jones
wrote magazine articles of lighter cast, and popu-
lar lectures.
Possessing in a high degree the reserve of the
Indian, he nevertheless made many friends, and
was held in high regard by his co-workers in
anthropology. He was of medium height, with
brown eyes and hair. In appearance he took
Jones
after his Indian forebears rather than his white
ancestors. He never married.
[H. M. Rideout, William Jones (1912) ; Harvard
Grads. Mag., June 1909 ; Harvard College, Class of 1900,
Twenty-fifth Anniversary Report (1925); Am. An-
thropologist, Jan.-Mar. 1909.] -yy pj
JONES, WILLIAM ALFRED (June 26,
1817-May 6, 1900), author, was born in New
York City, the son of Judge David Samuel Jones
and his first wife, Margaret, daughter of Dr.
Thomas Jones of New York and grand-daughter
of Philip Livingston \_q.vJ]. He graduated from
Columbia in 1836, and studied law with Daniel
Lord, but finding this profession uncongenial, he
soon gave it up for a literary career. For some
years he contributed frequent essays and literary
criticisms to New York periodicals, notably the
American Monthly Magazine, Arcturus, Broad-
tvay Journal, United States Democratic Review,
and American Whig Review. He was for a
time associated with Rev. Francis Lister Hawks
in the editorship of the Church Record, with
Charles Fenno Hoffman in the Literary World,
and with his brother-in-law, Rev. Samuel Sea-
bury, in The Churchman. He was a friend and
correspondent of Irving, Bryant, Halleck, Dana,
and many other literary men of his day. In 1840
he published The Analyst; in 1847, Literary
Studies; and in 1849, Essays upon Authors and
Books. These volumes consisted almost wholly
of essays and reviews reprinted from periodicals.
His Characters and Criticisms (2 vols., 1857)
was a reprint of most of the material in his
previous volumes, with a few additions. These
writings, distinctly eighteenth-century in flavor,
received high praise from Irving and Poe (S. A.
Allibone, A Critical Dictionary of English Lit-
erature, vol. I, 1858, p. 995).
Jones was appointed librarian of Columbia
College in 1851, succeeding Dr. Lefroy Raven-
hill. He held this position until 1865 and, with
the exception of Nathaniel Fish Moore [q.v.],
was the most active and efficient librarian the
college had had up to that time. As librarian, he
published a "Statement" in the volume of in-
vestigations into the affairs of the college, 1857
(Statements, Opinions and Testimony Taken by
the Committee of Inquiry. 1857) ; an article,
"The Library of Columbia College" (University
Quarterly, January 1861) ; and a Report in 1862.
His sketch, "The First Century of Columbia
College" (Knickerbocker, February 1863), calls
attention to many interesting little-known alum-
ni. Jones took great pride in his ancestry, and
published a genealogy of his family in his Me-
morial of the Late Hon. David S. Jones (1849).
In i860 he published a catalogue of his personal
206
Jones
Jones
library, and in 1863 an address, Long Island,
delivered before the Long Island Historical So-
ciety. In 1867 he retired to Norwich Town,
Conn., the home of his first wife, Mary Eliza-
beth Bill, where he spent the remainder of his
life. His wife died in 1872, and the following
year he married Mary Judith Davidson, who
survived him. He had no children. A small oil
portrait of him, painted at one sitting, Oct. 3,
1853, by William Sidney Mount, and exhibited
at the National Academy in 1854, is now in the
Library of Columbia University. He was small
in stature ; and in manner, brisk and animated.
Jones was a man of great disappointment. His
early life had been full of promise, and he had
some hope of becoming an important literary
figure. He had also entertained hopes of in-
heriting a large fortune from one of his relatives,
but he was ignored in that relative's will, and
thereafter was a broken man. He was not bitter,
but his disappointment was so severe that he had
no energy to open new fields for himself, and for
over thirty years he lived a retired, eccentric,
idle life, keeping much to himself, and complete-
ly out of touch with the times, an interesting
man, but without interests.
[J. H. Jones, The Jones Family of Long Island
(1907) ; James Grant Wilson in N. Y. Geneal. & Biog.
Record, July 1900 ; Norwich Bulletin and Norwich
Record, May 7, 1900 ; F. L. Mott, A Hist, of Am. Mags.
(1930) ; manuscript minutes of the trustees of Colum-
bia, and of the meetings of the library committee, 1851-
65 ; personal recollections of Henry Watson Kent.]
M.H.T.
JONES, WILLIAM PALMER (Oct. 17,
1819-Sept. 25, 1897), physician, psychiatrist,
was born in Adair County, Ky. He was a
great-grandson of David Jones, who emigrated
from Wales to Maryland, and the son of William
Jones, who fought with Jackson at New Orleans.
His mother was Mary, daughter of Maj. Robert
Powell, a Virginian who fought in the Revolu-
tionary War. The death of her husband left her
with nine children to rear. Young Jones grew
up on the farm and at the age of twenty began
to study medicine at the Louisville Medical In-
stitute. He took his degree in 1840 from the
Medical College of Ohio (Cincinnati), and later
received another degree from the Memphis
Medical College. He began practice at once in
Edmonton, Ky., but within a year removed to
Bowling Green in the same state and in 1849
removed permanently to Nashville, Tenn. In
1851 he was married to Jane Elizabeth Currey,
by whom he had nine children. In addition to
his medical practice, Jones founded, in 1852, and
conducted for some years a popular journal, the
Parlor Visitor. During the period 1853-56, he
was also co-editor of the Southern Journal of the
Medical and Physical Sciences, and edited the
Tennessee School Journal. In 1858 he was a co-
founder of the Shelby Medical College, where
he held the chair of materia medica. At the out-
break of the Civil War, he chose to support the
Union, and was placed in charge of the Academy
Hospital, the first Federal hospital to be estab-
lished in Nashville. From 1862 to 1869 he was
superintendent of the Tennessee Hospital for
the Insane, and in this capacity was instru-
mental in getting an appropriation for erecting
near Nashville a special institution, the Central
Hospital for the Insane, for colored patients. In
1876 he was made president of the faculty of the
Nashville Medical College, which three years
later became the medical department of the
University of Tennessee. He was president of
the medical faculty for twenty years, or nearly
to the time of his death, and held also the chair
of medicine and the chair of psychology and
mental hygiene. He was prominent in the local
political life, was postmaster of Nashville for
many years, and was on the city council and
board of education. In 1873 he was elected a
state senator and worked especially for the
enactment of a public-school law which sought
to end racial discrimination, and to secure nor-
mal schools and additional insane asylums.
Jones was but little known to the general medical
public, and the three series of the Index Cata-
logue of the Surgeon-General's Library contain
no mention of any work from his pen nor of any
biographical sketch or portrait — the sole refer-
ence to him being a mention of his editorship of
the Southern Journal of the Medical and Phys-
ical Sciences. He was, however, a member of
the American Medical Association, the Ameri-
can Association for the Advancement of Sci-
ence, and the Association of Medical Superin-
tendents of American Institutions for the Insane.
[H. A. Kelly and W. L. Burrage, Am. Medic. Biogs.
(1920) ; Jour. Am. Medic. Asso., Oct. 2, 1897; W. B.
Atkinson, The Physicians and Surgeons of the U. S.
(1878); H. M. Hurd, The Institutional Care of the
Insane in the U. S. and Canada, IV (1917), 432 ; Nash-
ville American, Sept. 26, 1897.] E. P.
JONES, WILLIAM PATTERSON (Apr.
23, 1831-Aug. 3, 1886), educator and United
States consul, was a native of Philadelphia, the
second son of William Patterson and Ursula
(Linderman) Jones, his ancestors having come
from England with the first group of Lord Bal-
timore's colonists. His father, who was build-
ing contractor for Girard College, was forced
by the panic of 1837 to remove to the West,
where he continued as a builder both in St. Louis
and Alton, 111., and interested himself in the
newly established McKendree College at Leba-
207
Jones
non, 111. The son graduated at Rock River Sem-
inary, Mount Morris, 111., in 1849, and from
Allegheny College, Meadville, Pa., in 1853. He
immediately became an enthusiastic supporter
of the higher education of women, and deter-
mined to establish a college "where," to use
his own words, "all that was taught at Yale and
Harvard should be placed within the reach of
womanhood" (Ward, post, p. 59). In order to
popularize his plan, he went about the country
speaking wherever opportunity offered. To
finance these journeys, he and his brother ex-
hibited daguerreotypes of the Far West, en-
larged by means of a pantoscope. On one of
these tours, he met Matthew Vassar, who urged
him to join him in his plans for Vassar College,
and Henry Fowle Durant, later the founder of
Wellesley College, with whom he discussed his
theories.
In 1855, with gold obtained through the Cali-
fornian mining adventures of his brother, J.
Wesley Jones, he bought land in Evanston, 111.,
then a hamlet in the wilderness, where North-
western University was about to be established,
and with the help of his father and two young
brothers, he erected a building which was dedi-
cated Jan. 1, 1856. Under the name Northwest-
ern Female College, the institution had opened
in October 1855 with eighty-three girls in at-
tendance. As was the case with many colleges in
the West at the time, the preparatory department
contained the greater number of pupils ; the col-
lege classes were always small. Jones's educa-
tional methods, however, were considered at the
time little less than revolutionary. Inspired with
the idea that the school must be adapted to the
pupil, he made development through individual
instruction the basis of his method. The young
women practised student self government and
the honor system and, in order to cultivate self
expression, even published a tiny newspaper.
As a result, many self-reliant, individualistic
women of the mid-nineteenth century are num-
bered among the graduates of the college, the
most notable being Frances E. Willard \_q.v."],
who used Jones's methods in her own teaching
experience, and May Wright Sewall [<?.?'.]. In
1869 he transferred the college to a group of wo-
men, by whom it was operated under the name
of Evanston College for Ladies, in conjunction
with Northwestern University, by which insti-
tution it was finally absorbed.
In 1862 Jones was appointed United States
consul at Macao, later at Amoy and then at Can-
ton. Returning to the United States in 1868,
he lectured in many parts of the country with
the hope of bringing about a better understand-
20
Jones
ing of conditions in China. He also took an ac-
tive part in promoting the plan, originated by
the United States minister, Anson Burlingame,
but never adopted, to use the surplus of the
Chinese Indemnity Fund of 1856-57 to estab-
lish an American University for the Chinese at
Peking (House Report No. 113, 45 Cong., 3
Sess.). Jones was an enthusiastic student of In-
dian lore and produced two epic poems based
on Indian legends, one of which, The Myth of
Stone Idol, was published in 1876. He was co-
author with R. P. Porter and Henry Gannett of
The West: from the Census of 1880 (1882). He
also wrote extensively for the Chicago news-
papers on education. On Feb. 22, 1857, he mar-
ried Mary Elizabeth Hayes, who was his earli-
est assistant at Northwestern Female College.
His death occurred at Fullerton, Nebr. For the
last two years of his life (1884-86) he had been
president of the normal school at Fremont, in
that state.
[Published material includes F. E. Willard, A Clas-
sic Town: the Story of Evanston (1892), Glimpses of
Fifty Years (1889), and Nineteen Beautiful Years
(1864) ; E. F. Ward, The Story of Northwestern Univ.
(1924); A. H. Wilde, Northwestern Univ., A Hist.
1855-1905 (1905), vol. II; The Canton Indemnity
Fund (1871) ; A. D. Field, Memorials of Methodism in
the Bounds of the Rock River Conference (1886);
Daily Inter Ocean (Chicago), Aug. 5, 7, 1886; a biog-
raphy of Jones by Lydia J. Trowbridge is in course of
preparation.] E. F.W.
JONES, WILLIAM RICHARD (Feb. 23,
1839-Sept. 28, 1889), engineer, steelman, was
the son of the Rev. John G. Jones who came to
the United States from Wales in 1832. The fa-
ther's calling took the family from Pittsburgh to
Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, and finally Hazleton,
Pa., where William was born. Owing to his fa-
ther's poor health, the boy began to work at the
age of ten as an apprentice to the molder's trade
at the Crane Iron Company in Catasauqua, Pa.
Passing from foundry to machine shop, he was
receiving at the age of fourteen the customary
wages of a journeyman machinist. Upon learn-
ing the trade, he left Catasauqua and entered
the employ of James Nelson at Janesville. The
years preceding the panic of 1857 being very un-
favorable to manufacturing, he went from place
to place and job to job — to Philadelphia and the
machine shop of J. P. Morris & Company, to
Tyrone, working as a lumberman, as raftsman,
and as farmhand. In 1859 ne was employed at
the Cambria Iron Company in Johnstown, Pa.
The following year, as master mechanic, he went
to Chattanooga, Tenn., to erect a blast furnace,
but the menace of secession caused his return to
Johnstown. On July 31, 1862, he enlisted as a
private in Company A, 133rd Pennsylvania Vol-
8
Jones
unteers, even though he had married on Apr. 14
of the previous year. His wife was Harriet
Lloyd and four children were born to them.
During the nine months for which he was en-
listed, he became a sergeant and took part in the
campaigns at Fredericksburg and Chancellors-
ville, serving with distinction and refusing to
leave the regiment, though he was badly wound-
ed at the crossing of the Rapidan. His term of
enlistment having expired, he returned to Johns-
town, but reenlisted during the Gettysburg cam-
paign. He raised Company F, 194th Pennsyl-
vania Regiment of Emergency Men, and became
its captain July 31, 1864. He was finally mus-
tered out June 17, 1865. His commanding of-
ficer, Gen. Lew Wallace, said of him that he
had one of the best-disciplined and best-drilled
companies in the service. With the close of the
war, Jones returned to Johnstown and in 1872
became assistant to the general superintendent
of the plant. When the superintendent died, he
went to Pittsburgh as a master mechanic for
the Edgar Thomson Steel Company and helped
in the erection of the steelplant and rolling-mills
at Bessemer. In 1875 he was made the general
superintendent of this company at Braddock,
Pa., a position which he held until his death. In
1888 he became consulting engineer to Carnegie,
Phipps & Company.
Characterized as "probably the greatest me-
chanical genius that ever entered the Carnegie
shops" (Bridge, post, p. 79), he was quick to
discard a tool or a method as soon as he learned
of something better. Among the devices and
processes he himself patented were : a method of
operating ladles in the Bessemer process; im-
provements in hose-couplings ; designs for Bes-
semer converters ; washers for ingot molds ; hot
beds for bending rolls ; apparatus for compres-
sing ingots while casting ingot molds; feeding
appliance for rolling-mills; the making of rail-
road bars ; apparatus for handling, setting, and
removing rolls ; and, most important of all, the
Jones mixer (1889), for mixing molten iron
from the blast furnaces for the converter. His
royalties each year amounted to some fifteen
thousand dollars, and, coupled with the "thun-
dering big salary" of thirty-five thousand dol-
lars which he chose in preference to an interest
in the company, made his income tremendous for
those days. It has been said that he gave ten
thousand dollars a year to charity. He was a
member of the leading technological societies
and contributed frequently to their publications,
but would never read a paper at a meeting nor
accept an office. His fame led the owner of the
great Krupp steel works at Essen to invite him
Jones
to inspect the factory ; he was the first Ameri-
can to be so honored.
Jones's preeminence as a steel-mill superin-
tendent was due in part to his inventive genius
and engineering skill, but primarily to his abil-
ity as a manager of men. Himself a master of
all the details in the steel-making process, he
was quick to recognize exceptional work. His
experience enabled him to see the difficulties be-
tween employer and employed from the points
of view of both, and his reports to the officers of
the company contained discerning analyses of
the human as well as the engineering problems of
the mills. During the great strike at Braddock,
it is said that he attended a meeting of the
men and after reading his proposition to them,
said : "There it is for you now, you can do what
you please with it. I am going to Pittsburgh to
the ball game." His high regard for others and
his qualities of leadership were notably mani-
fested during the Johnstown Flood, which caused
the death of over three thousand people. At the
first news of the flood, which followed the break-
ing of a dam ten miles from the city, Jones load-
ed and delivered three box cars of provisions.
In addition he gathered three hundred men and
took them to Johnstown to aid in the rescue
work. Later, when hundreds of other volunteers
arrived, he assumed the task of feeding them and
directing their activities. His work won for him
a lasting name in Johnstown and the city held a
memorial meeting after his death. He was fatal-
ly injured, in September 1889, by the explosion
of a furnace which he was helping his men to
repair, and two days later he died in the Homeo-
pathic Hospital at Pittsburgh. On the day of
his funeral the great mill at Braddock was shut
down ; all the stores and the schools, both public
and parochial, were closed ; and the whole city
was draped in mourning. An unusual tribute was
paid him in the resolutions of the Carnegie Com-
pany to the effect that never had it lost "an of-
ficer whose services were more valuable, or to
whom it was more deeply indebted for the suc-
cess which has attended its operations."
[Trans. Am. Inst. Mining Engineers, vol. XVIII
(1890); Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Engineers, vol. X
(1890) ; Mil. Order of the Loyal Legion of the U. S.,
Commandery of the State of Pa., Circular No. I, Ser.
of 1800 ; F. Connelly and G. C. Jenks, Official Hist, of
the Johnstown Flood (1889) ; Hist, of Allegheny Coun-
ty, Pa. (1889) ; A Biog. Album of Prominent Pennsyl-
vanians, 3 ser. (1890) ; D. S. Goddard, Eminent Engi-
neers (1906); Jour. Iron and Steel Inst. (London),
1890; Bull. Am. Iron and Steel Asso., Oct. 2, 1889;
Iron Age, Oct. 3, 1889 ; J. H. Bridge, The Hist, of the
Carnegie Steel Co. (1903) ; Specifications and Drawings
of Patents Issued from the U. S. Patent Office, Dec.
1876, Apr., June. Aug., Nov. 1877, Sept., Oct. 1878.
July 1881, Oct. 1883, Sept. 1885, Apr., May, Oct. 1886,
209
Jones
j
ones
May, June, Aug. 1888, Jan., June 1889; Pittsburgh
Dispatch and Pittsburgh Press, Sept. 27-30, 1889.]
A.I.
JONES, WILLIE (c. 1741-June 18, 1801),
Revolutionary leader, was born in Northampton
County, N. C. His Christian name is pro-
nounced Wylie. His great-grandfather, Robert
or Robin Jones, emigrated to Virginia from
Wales in the middle of the seventeenth century,
and his father, the third Robert or Robin ap
Jones, went to North Carolina as attorney and
agent for Lord Granville. His mother was Sa-
rah, the daughter of Robert Cobb of Virginia.
With his older brother, Allen Jones [q.r.], he
was sent to England to be educated, and both
spent some years at Eton. He traveled on the
Continent for a time and returned to North Car-
olina in the early sixties. He loved society, hunt-
ing, racing, and cards, and he built in the town
of Halifax a handsome house, "The Grove,"
which became a center of lavish entertainment
and, later, of political discussion and council.
There, on June 27, 1776, he took his beautiful
and charming bride, Mary Montfort, sister of
Eliza Montfort who married John Baptista Ashe
[q.v.~\. According to a well-established family
tradition, unsupported, however, by contempo-
rary documentary evidence, it was out of grati-
tude for hospitality at "The Grove" and at the
home of Allen Jones across Roanoke River, that
John Paul assumed the name of Jones (see John
Paul Jones). Willie Jones prospered as a plant-
er and business man and acquired what was in
that day a large fortune. He became increasing-
ly well known in the province and, long before
he held office, was a man of wide influence. He
was an aide to Governor Tryon in the Alamance
campaign against the Regulators.
From the beginning of the quarrel with the
mother country he was an ardent supporter of
colonial rights, and nothing else, probably, could
have drawn him into politics. For that cause he
labored untiringly and unceasingly. In 1.774 he
was recommended by the Board of Trade for a
place on the colonial council but naturally was
not appointed, serving instead as chairman of
the Halifax Committee of Safety. He threw his
influence in favor of the call of the first Provin-
cial Congress in 1774, and, from either the bor-
ough or the county of Halifax, was elected a
member of each of the five provincial congresses,
but he could not attend the fourth because the
Continental Congress had appointed him super-
intendent of Indian affairs for the southern col-
onies. Yet he exerted a great influence in that
Congress, which was attempting to draft a con-
stitution. His group was in a majority but post-
poned action in the hope of a compromise that
would reconcile the conservative element led by
Samuel Johnston [q.v.~\. At the fifth Congress,
again with a liberal majority, Jones served on
the committee to draft the constitution, which
was a compromise satisfactory to all but the con-
servative extremists. He was influential in de-
termining its form and character, and by many
has been credited with its authorship.
For the next dozen years Jones was politically
the most powerful man in the state, the undis-
puted leader of the democratic element, which
was in the ascendant; yet no man ever used
power more moderately. He was a member of
the House of Commons from the borough of Hal-
ifax in 1777 and 1778, and from the county in
1779 and 1780. He was senator in 1782, 1784, and
1788. In 1 78 1 and 1787 he was a member of the
Council of State. In 1780 he was elected to the
Continental Congress and served a year. He was
elected a delegate to the federal convention but
declined to accept, and, when the Constitution
was submitted, he led the opposition to its rati-
fication. A close and devoted friend of Jefferson,
he agreed enthusiastically to his suggestion that
four states should decline to ratify until a bill
of rights was obtained, but, when Jefferson
changed and favored unanimous ratification,
Jones, if aware of the change, did not follow him.
His objections to the Constitution were funda-
mental ; Jefferson's only incidental. He was a
delegate to the convention of 1788, and behind
him was a majority of one hundred against rati-
fication. He favored a vote without debate but
yielded to the desire of his opponents for a full
discussion. He spoke seldom and briefly, exert-
ing his influence off the floor and talking to
the members in terms of popular understand-
ing. When the debate was over the convention
by a majority of one hundred refused to ratify,
recommended twenty-six amendments and ad-
journed.
Jones favored a delay of some years in ratifi-
cation, but the tide set the other way. He was
elected to the convention of 1789 but did not at-
tend. His public life was over. He was a mem-
ber of the first board of trustees of the Univer-
sity of North Carolina, and was one of the com-
mission which located the capital and provided
for building a statehouse. A county and a street
in Raleigh bear his name. He built a home in
Raleigh and, dying there after a long illness,
was buried there in a grave, by his own request
unmarked.
He was a man of superior ability and was a
political organizer of genius. As a leader he
was cool-headed and temperate and, in those re-
spects, a striking contrast to his political op-
2IO
Jordan
ponents, who hated him as the Federalists later
hated Jefferson and for the same reasons, and
who covered him with the same scandalous
abuse. While an aristocrat in social life, he had
a genuine passion for political democracy. From
the first he saw in the struggle with Great Brit-
ain a democratic movement and was determined
to embody its ideals into the resulting govern-
ment. His opposition to the Constitution was
not, as his opponents described it, due to wrong-
headedness nor yet to mere particularism, but
was inspired by his fear of checking the develop-
ment of liberal government. Personally he was
a man of culture and great charm, warm-heart-
ed and affectionate, a devoted husband and fa-
ther. In religion he was a free-thinker and in
his will (recorded in Halifax County, N. C.)
directed that "no priest or any other person is
to insult my corpse by uttering any impious ob-
servations over it."
[Colonial Records of N. C, esp. vols. IX, X (1890) ;
State Records of N. C, esp. vols. XII, XVII, XIX,
XXV (1895-1906); G. J. McRee, Life and Corre-
spondence of James Iredell (2 vols., 1857-58); J. S.
Jones, A Defence of the Revolutionary Hist, of the
State of N. C. (1834) ; W. C. Allen, Hist, of Halifax
County (copr. 19 18) ; R. D. W. Connor, "The Colonial
and Revolutionary Periods," Hist, of N. C, vol. I
(1919) ; J. H. Wheeler, Hist. Sketches of N. C. (2 vols.,
1851); Cadwallader Jones, A Geneal. Hist. (1900);
S. A. Ashe, Hist, of N. C, vol. II (1925) ; D. H. Gil-
patrick, Jeffersonian Democracy in N. C. (1931) ;
South Atlantic Quart., Oct. 1905, Jan. 1906.]
J.G.deR.H.
JORDAN, DAVID STARR (Jan. 19, 1851-
Sept. 19, 1931), naturalist, teacher, university
president, peace advocate, was born on a farm
near Gainesville, N. Y., and died at his home,
"Serra House," Stanford University, Cal. His
parents were Hiram Jordan (1809-88) and
Hulda Lake Hawley (1812-99). The Jordans
came to America from Devon, England, and the
Hawleys, also originally from England, were
among the early settlers in Connecticut. The
name of the latter family had been Holly, but in
the time of Jordan's grandfather one line changed
it (Days of a Man, I, 5). The ancestry on both
sides was made up largely of farmers, teachers,
lawyers, and preachers of New England stock.
Jordan's early education was received at home
and in the local ungraded school. When fourteen
years old he was one of two boys who were en-
rolled for a time in the Gainesville Female Semi-
nary, where he studied algebra and geometry, and
learned to read French about as readily as Eng-
lish. When only seventeen years old he taught
the unruly village school at South Warsaw, a
few miles distant from his home, and managed
to hold the position until the close of the term
in March 1869, when, having won through com-
Jordan
petitive examination a scholarship in Cornell
University, he entered that institution.
During his boyhood on the farm he began to
make lists of the species of plants he found and
to study not only their structural resemblances
and differences but their ecological relations
also ; when he was only a junior at Cornell his
knowledge of botany was such that he was ap-
pointed an instructor in that department. His
interest in zoology and in animal breeding also
was great. His first papers were one on "Hoof-
rot in Sheep," published in the Prairie Farmer
in 1871, and another on "The Flora of Wyoming
County," never published, which was his grad-
uating thesis for the degree of master of science
at Cornell in 1872. Following his graduation at
Cornell, he went to Lombard University (now
College), Galesburg, 111., as professor of natural
science. His duties included classes in half a
dozen branches of science, political economy, evi-
dences of Christianity, and, incidentally, German
and Spanish. He was given charge of the week-
ly "literary exercises," had a class in Sunday
School, and served as pitcher of the student ball
team.
At the end of one year he resigned and went at
once to Penikese, in Buzzard's Bay, where he
joined the summer school of science that was
established by the elder Agassiz [q.z'.~\ the sum-
mer before his death. Jordan spent also the sum-
mer of 1874 at Penikese. In the meantime, he
had spent one year (1873-74) as principal and
teacher of science and modern languages in the
Collegiate Institute and Scientific School at Ap-
pleton, Wis. While there, he prepared and pub-
lished, with Balfour Van Vleck, A Popular Key
to the Birds, Reptiles, Batrachians and Fishes of
the Northern United States, East of the Missis-
sippi River (1874) ; of this, as Dr. Elliott Coues
remarked (Days of a Man, I, 131 ) , "the less said
the better," except that it prepared the way for
the excellent Manual of the Vertebrates of the
Northern United States (1876). Many editions
of the Manual appeared, under slightly varying
titles, and it is doubtful if any other work has had
so great an influence in the study of the species
of vertebrate animals of America. In the fall of
1874, Jordan went to Indianapolis as a teacher
of science in the high school of that city. The
next year he received the degree of M.D. from
Indiana Medical College. It was "scarcely earned,"
he says, but he had done some medical study for
the sake of teaching physiology (Days of a Man,
I, 145-46). On Mar. 10, 1875, ne married Susan
Bowen of Peru, Mass., whom he had met at
Penikese and who was assistant professor of bot-
any at Mount Holyoke Female Seminary. She
211
Jordan
died Nov. 15, 1885, and on Aug. 10, 1887, Jordan
married Jessie L. Knight of Worcester, Mass.,
sister of Austin M. Knight [g.z\], later a rear-
admiral in the navy. From the Indianapolis High
School, Jordan went in 1875, as professor of
natural history, to Northwestern Christian Uni-
versity (now Butler College), where he remained
four years. In the fall of 1879 he went to In-
diana University, where he succeeded Richard
Owen as head of the department of natural sci-
ence. On Jan. 1, 1885, he became president of
Indiana University; in this position he remained
until 1891, when he went to California as the
first president of the recently established Leland
Stanford Junior University. After twenty-two
years as president of Stanford (1891-1913) he
was relieved of administrative duties and made
chancellor of the university ; he was chancellor
emeritus from 1916 until his death.
David Starr Jordan was, first of all, a natu-
ralist and explorer. In his boyhood days he be-
gan, in the proper and natural way, to study the
kinds of animals and plants he found about him,
and their structural and ecological relations, with
the result that he soon became a systematic bota-
nist, then a systematic vertebrate zoologist, and
finally, the greatest living authority in ichthyol-
ogy, using that term in its broadest sense. Ever
eager to see Nature under different aspects, he
became a traveler and an ardent student of the
problems of geographic distribution of animal
and plant species. His wide observation and
study of Nature in her varied forms and in many
lands, together with his breadth of scholarship,
made him more than a zoologist or botanist; he
became a philosophical biologist in the broadest
sense. As a teacher he owed much to Agassiz ;
for, as Darwin had "walked with Henslow" at
Cambridge, so Jordan "walked with Agassiz" at
Penikese and learned how to "know Nature when
he met her in the woods and fields." His strength
as a teacher lay in his first-hand knowledge of
the subject, his constant and intelligent use of
specimens for the students to examine, his sim-
plicity and earnestness of expression, and his
felicity of illustration. His readiness to have his
special students share with him the investigation
of research problems and the authorship of the
resulting papers was a stimulus of the greatest
inspiration to them.
Until 1885 Jordan's interest lay chiefly in sci-
entific research and in teaching, though an ever-
increasing number of executive duties came to
him. His election to the presidency of Indiana
University was an outcome as undesired by him
as unexpected. He accepted the responsibility
temporarily, at the same time filing a letter of
Jordan
resignation to take effect, if desired, at the close
of the academic year. His great abilities as an
organizer and executive soon became apparent.
A more or less apathetic legislature was induced
to increase the income of the university and to
make a special appropriation for a new building.
Very popular as a public speaker, he carried the
message of higher education into every county
in the state, and the attendance at the university
began to increase rapidly. Important changes
were effected whereby the curriculum was made
more elastic so that the special aptitudes of the
students could be met; subjects elementary in
their nature were relegated to the first two years,
and each third-year student was required to
choose, with the advice and consent of his major
professor, a specialty or "major subject."
The selection of David Starr Jordan for the
presidency of Leland Stanford Junior Univer-
sity was largely due to his old teacher, Andrew
D. White, whom Governor and Mrs. Stanford
had consulted regarding the matter (Autobi-
ography of Andrew D. White, 1905, II, 447-48;
Days of a Man, I, 354). His acceptance of the
offer, in March 1891, was a momentous decision,
profoundly affecting the remainder of his life.
Stanford University was formally opened Oct. 1,
1891. Jordan announced, as "Circular No. 3,"
certain guiding principles to be observed (Days
of a Man, I, 357-58). The statement of these, he
felt, marked an epoch in his own experience, if
not in the history of higher education in Amer-
ica. He set as his first object the selection and
retention of a faculty of talented teachers, also
successful in original investigation. Applied sci-
ence was to be stressed, along with pure science
and the humanities. No fixed curriculum was
contemplated, but large freedom of election was
to be permitted. The professorship rather than
the department was to be the unit of faculty
organization. The "major-professor" system,
which had been in successful operation at In-
diana University for five years but was still gen-
erally regarded as an innovation, was to be in-
troduced. The choice of a major subject was
originally made at Stanford at the beginning of
the first year, though it was later changed to the
third year, as at Indiana.
In forming a faculty, Jordan found it difficult
to attract to the Far West men of established
reputation in the East, and, drawing considerably
upon the institutions with which he himself had
been associated, he commonly selected younger
men, trusting his own judgment as to their fu-
ture development (Ibid., I, 396-97). The death
of Leland Stanford in 1893 kft tne university in
desperate financial straits. The settlement of the
212
Jordan
estate was delayed because of business conditions
and a suit brought by the federal government to
recover Stanford's share of the loan to the Cen-
tral Pacific Railway Company, which was not
decided in favor of the university until 1896.
Furthermore, because of a technical defect in the
enabling act, the trustees were unable to receive
endowments until an amendment to the state con-
stitution was passed in 1900 (Ibid., I, 493-510).
In 1906, the year of the California earthquake,
Jordan declined the secretaryship of the Smith-
sonian Institution, feeling that he could not leave
the university at such a time. He turned to the
heavy task of physical reconstruction, realizing
that he must abandon certain "intensive educa-
tional schemes" he had hoped to develop and de-
vote the rest of his administration chiefly to the
solidifying of what already had been accom-
plished (Ibid., II, 174, 177).
Despite his heavy executive duties at Indiana
and to a much greater extent at Stanford, Jor-
dan responded to many calls from the federal
government and various organizations to serve
on important special commissions. In particular
he studied and reported on fisheries from the At-
lantic to the Pacific, in Alaska, the Hawaiian
Islands, and Samoa, and thus rendered valuable
service to his government and to science. He
doubtless knew more kinds of fishes at sight and
intimately than any other man ever knew. Among
his notable publications in the field of ichthyology
may be cited the following : Guide to the Study
of Fishes ( 1905) ; Fishes ( 1907, 1925) ; and, with
Barton W. Evermann, The Fishes of North and
Middle America (4 vols., 1896-1900) and Amer-
ican Food and Game Fishes (1902). The factors
and principles determining the geographic dis-
tribution of animals and plants had a strong ap-
peal to him and he was always eager to study
different species in their physical and biological
environment. One of his most valuable contri-
butions to the subject of geographic distribution
of species, called "Jordan's Law" by Dr. J. A.
Allen, is as follows : "The nearest relative of any
given form is usually not found in exactly the
same region, nor at a distance, but just on the
other side of some barrier to distribution" (Days
of a Man, I, 329).
Early in 1898 Jordan made his first public ad-
dress on international arbitration as a means of
adjusting differences among different countries,
and during the remaining years of his life this
was almost a religion to him and he became an
indefatigable crusader for international peace.
At times the cause seemed hopeless and there
was considerable ridicule of his efforts, but, never
losing hope as to the final outcome, he fought
Jordan
only the harder and more continuously. He de-
livered addresses on international relations and
world peace in practically every state of the union
and in many foreign countries (see For Inter-
national Peace: List of Books, Reviews, and
other Articles in the Interest of Peace, Friend-
ship, and Understanding between Nations, by
David Starr Jordan, 1898 to 1927). In his pub-
lic addresses and in his published books, especial-
ly in The Human Harvest (1907), he stressed
the biological effects of war, but when the United
States entered the World War he said : "I would
not change one word I have spoken against war.
But that is no longer the issue. We must now
stand together in the hope that our entrance into
Europe may in some way advance the cause of
Democracy and hasten the coming of lasting
peace" (Days of a Man, II, 735). In 1925 Jor-
dan received the Raphael Herman prize of $25,-
000 (award made Dec. 7, 1924) for the best
working plan to create and maintain interna-
tional peace (A Plan of Education to Develop
International Justice and Friendship, 1925).
Jordan was an imposing figure ; more than six
feet three inches tall and well built in proportion,
he was athletic in a rather ponderous way. He
had a marvelous memory for names, places, and
dates. His knowledge of the classics as well as
of modern languages was remarkable. His style
was simple and direct, often epigrammatic ; with
a keen sense of humor and a rich mellow voice
he was an attractive speaker. He was a versatile
and prolific writer ; a complete bibliography of
his books and other publications has not yet been
completed but the number of titles will exceed
one thousand. In addition to the works already
named, the following may be cited as typical : in
science, with Vernon L. Kellogg, Evolution and
Animal Life (1907); and on educational and
social topics, The Care and Culture of Men
(1896), The Voice of the Scholar (1903), Life's
Enthusiasms (1906), and The Higher Foolish-
ness (1925). In 1922 he published his autobi-
ographical work, The Days of a Man. In this he
said (I, vii) that for half a century he had been
a "very busy man, living meanwhile three more
or less independent lives ; first, and for the love
of it, that of naturalist and explorer ; second, also
for the love of it, that of teacher ; and third, from
a sense of duty, that of minor prophet of De-
mocracy." He added that, if he had his life to
live over, he would again choose all of the three.
[The principal source is Jordan, The Days of a Man ;
Being Memories of a Naturalist, Teacher, and Minor
Prophet of Democracy (2 vols., 1922). This was re-
viewed by Vernon L. Kellogg in Science, Mar. 23, 1923.
See also Isaac Russell, "David Starr Jordan," in
World's Work, Apr. 1914; San Francisco Examiner,
213
Jordan
Sept. 20, 1 93 1 ; A^. Y. Times, San Francisco Chronicle,
Sept. 20, 2i, 1931 ; Science, Oct. 2, 1931 ; Who's Who
in America, 1930-31. G. T. Clark, Leland Stanford,
War Gov. of Cal., Railroad Builder and Founder of
Stanford Univ. (1931), contains little that is new about
Jordan but much about the plans of the university.]
B.W.E.
JORDAN, EBEN DYER (Nov. 7, 1857-Aug.
1, 1916), merchant, patron of music, a descend-
ant of Rev. Robert Jordan who came from Eng-
land to the coast of Maine about 1641, was the
son of Eben Dyer and Julia M. (Clark) Jor-
dan. His father, country born and bred, had
established through strenuous efforts the Boston
drygoods firm of Jordan, Marsh & Company.
Eben, junior, was born in Boston in the year of
the panic which ruined many merchants but
which his father weathered successfully and with
enhanced prestige. After attending Boston pub-
lic schools he was sent to Adams Academy,
Quincy, where he was prepared for Harvard
College. He entered in 1876 with the class of
1880, but trouble with his eyes compelled him to
leave college in his freshman year. After a jour-
ney to California he entered his father's store.
The impress of the younger Jordan's person-
ality on Jordan, Marsh & Company was soon
evident. A less picturesque figure than his father,
concerning whom many stories and legends per-
sist in Boston, he was not less effectual and far-
seeing. He started in a humble job, packing and
unpacking as a "lumper." Having earned pro-
motion into the retail department, he went to
Europe as a buyer. Thereafter for several years
he made two trips overseas annually, gaining an
expert knowledge of British and Continental
manufacture and methods of merchandising. On
Feb. 1, 1880, he was admitted to partnership.
During several years prior to his father's death,
which occurred Nov. 15, 1895, he carried most
of the operating responsibility of the store. As
president, after 1895, he continued to give close
attention to the expansion of the business, des-
tined to become, after his death, the foremost
unit of a great department-store chain.
Jordan was married, Nov. 22, 1883, to Mary
Sheppard of Philadelphia, by whom he had two
children. His tastes, like hers, were strongly
domestic. At their Boston home they built up
gradually and unostentatiously a considerable
collection of American and European paintings
and other works of art. They maintained for
many years a summer residence surrounded by
a large landed estate at Chiltonville, near Plym-
outh. Here were reared the fine carriage horses
and race horses with which Jordan captured
many ribbons and other prizes at American
horse shows. In 1909 the Jordans leased for a
summer Inverary Castle, in Argyllshire, Scot-
Jordan
land. The family so greatly enjoyed their ex-
periences on a Scottish estate that for several
successive seasons they leased Drummond Castle,
Perthshire, one of the show places of Great
Britain.
Jordan's active interest in musical projects was
due both to personal inclination and public spirit.
As a young man he had lessons in singing, and
he developed so good a voice that but for his
wealth and many responsibilities he might have
sung professionally. His father was long a trus-
tee and principal supporter of the New England
Conservatory of Music, founded by Dr. Eben
Tourjee in Boston in 1867. After the elder Jor-
dan's death the son was urged to take a place on
the Conservatory board. He acceded, at first re-
luctantly, but he presently found the problems
of the school absorbingly interesting. During
the period of uncertainty following Dr. Tourjee's
death in 1891, Jordan personally had visited the
studio of George W. Chadwick and secured him
as director. Jordan was later among those re-
sponsible for placing the Conservatory's business
management in the capable hands of Ralph L.
Flanders. He aided materially in removing the
school from Franklin Square to a better location
at Huntington Avenue and Gainsborough Street,
near Symphony Hall, and he made it possible to
include in the new building a fine concert audi-
torium, which was named Jordan Hall in his
honor. In 1903 he was elected president of the
Conservatory trustees and he served until his
death.
His special fondness for vocal music made it
natural for him to support a project, initiated in
1909, to establish opera in Boston. Mainly
through his aid was erected, at cost of about $1,-
000,000, the present Boston Opera House, in
which the Boston Opera Company gave its first
performance, a superb presentation of La Gio-
conda, on Nov. 8, 1909. For several seasons,
until the World War made it impossible to se-
cure singers and the Boston company was dis-
banded, Jordan valiantly made good its deficits.
He died at West Manchester, Mass., from a
paralytic stroke, and after impressive services
at Trinity Church, was buried at Forest Hills
Cemetery.
[Sketch by John Woodbury, secretary of the Class
of 1880, in Harvard Grads. Mag., Sept. 1916; Harvard
Coll. Class of 1880, Fortieth Anniv. Report (1920);
obituary and editorial in New Eng. Conservatory Mag.-
Rev., Sept.-Oct. 1916 ; obituary by W. H. Luce, in
Musical America, Aug. 12, 1916; Boston Transcript,
Nov. 9, 1909, Aug. 2, 1916; Boston Daily Globe, Aug.
2, 1916; Memorial Tributes to Eben D. Jordan, Oct.
jj„ 1822-Nov. 15, 1895 (1896) ; T. F. Jordan, The Jor-
dan Memorial (1882) ; H. M. Dunham, The Life of a
Musician Woven into a Strand of History of the New
Eng. Conservatory of Music (1931).] F.W. C.
214
Jordan
JORDAN, JOHN WOOLF (Sept. 14, 1840-
June II, 1921), librarian, editor, antiquary, was
a descendant of Frederick Jordan of Kent, Eng-
land, who settled in New Jersey in the second
half of the eighteenth century, and the eldest son
of Francis and Emily ( Woolf ) Jordan. He was
born in Philadelphia, where his father was a
prominent merchant, a member of the grocery
and chemical house of Jordan & Brother. After
preliminary education in private schools of his
native city, John was sent to Nazareth Hall Mili-
tary Academy near Bethlehem, Pa., where he
graduated in 1856. After leaving school he was
taken into his father's office to learn the business,
and when he had reached his majority, was
made a member of the firm. In 1863, when
Pennsylvania was invaded by the Confederates,
he served as quartermaster-sergeant in Starr's
battery, attached to the 32nd Regular Pennsyl-
vania Militia. He retired from business later,
and in 1885 became assistant librarian of the
Historical Society of Pennsylvania. In 1903 he
was elected librarian, and retained that office
until his death.
His most significant work was done as editor
of the Society's quarterly magazine, the Penn-
sylvania Magazine of History and Biography,
which he conducted from 1887 until his death.
For its pages he edited many important manu-
script sources, including a number of Revolu-
tionary orderly books, "Narrative of John
Heckewelder's Journey to the Wabash in 1792"
(January, April, July 1888), "Notes of Travel
of . . . John Heckewelder ... to Gnadenhuetten
on the Muskingum . . . 1797" (July 1886), and
"Spangenburg's Notes of Travel to Onondaga in
1745" (1878, 1879). He was the author of a
number of historical papers, published in the
Magazine, among them being "Bethlehem dur-
ing the Revolution" (January-April 1889), "The
Military Hospitals at Bethlehem and Lititz dur-
ing the Revolution" (July 1896), and "Franklin
as a Genealogist" (April 1899). He edited W.
C. Reichel's Friedensthal and Its Stockaded
Mill, 1749-67 (1877) and A Red Rose from the
Olden Time (1883), and did most of the work
of editing Extracts from the Diary of Jacob
Hiltzheimer (1893), issued by Jacob Cox Par-
sons. His name appeared as chief editor of
Historic Homes and Institutions and Genealogi-
cal and Personal Memorials of the Lehigh Valley,
Pa. (1905), and from 1914 until his death, as
chief editor of the Encyclopedia of Pennsylvania
Biography (vols. I-XIII, 1914-21) ; with these
works, however, he had comparatively little to
do. He edited and contributed to Colonial Fam-
ilies of Philadelphia (2 vols., 1911), and Colonial
Jordan
and Revolutionary Families of Pennsylvania (3
vols., 191 1 ). To his editorial work he brought
learning and sure knowledge of Pennsylvania
history, particularly of the Revolutionary period,
and of the Moravian settlements, in both of which
fields he was regarded as an authority. He was
well informed on American history generally,
and was held in high regard by historical writers
who consulted him, but as a historian he made
no positive impression.
In 1888 Jordan was one of the founders of the
Pennsylvania Society of the Sons of the Revo-
lution, of which he was registrar until his death.
He was vice-president of the Colonial Society of
Pennsylvania; vice-president of the Swedish
Colonial Society ; honorary member of the Penn-
sylvania Society of the Cincinnati ; founder and
first president of the Pennsylvania Federation of
Historical Societies ; secretary of the Valley
Forge Park Commission ; a member of the Com-
mission for the Preservation of Public Records
of Pennsylvania ; a member of the state commis-
sion in charge of preparing the history of Penn-
sylvania's part in the World War ; and a mem-
ber of the Baronial Order of Runnymede.
Lafayette College, in 1902, gave him the degree
of LL.D. He was married on May 19, 1883, to
Anne Page, daughter of Alfred and Rebecca
Page, and had issue, two sons and a daughter.
[Strangely enough, the Pa. Mag. of Hist, and Biog.
published no obituary. See New Eng. Hist, and Gcncal.
Reg., Apr. 1923, supp. ; Encyc. of Pa. Biog., vol. II
(1914) ; Who's Who in Pa. (1904); Who's Who in
America, 1918-19 ; Public Ledger and North American,
both of Phila., June 13, 1921.] j j
JORDAN, KATE (Dec. 23, 1862-June 20,
1926), novelist, playwright, was born in Dublin,
Ireland, the daughter of Michael James and
Katherine Jordan. Her father was a professor,
and his people, who traced their descent from an
artist in the Court of Henry VIII, were nearly
all artists, singers, writers, or professors. She
came with her family to New York in childhood
and was educated at home by tutors. True stories
of her childhood are related in her book Tro-uble-
the-Housc. When she was only twelve her first
story was published and this success made her
determine to be a writer. She continued to con-
tribute stories and poems to magazines and
gradually won many readers. One of her most
popular tales was "The Kiss of Gold," published
in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine in October
1892. In 1897 she married Frederic M. Ver-
milye, a broker, of New York City, who died
some time before her own death. She had no
children. After her marriage she continued to
write under her maiden name, and soon began to
compose plays as well as stories. She traveled
215
Jordan
all over the world and lived for long periods in
England and France. In London she was a mem-
ber of the Pen and Brush Club, the Lyceum, and
the Writers' Club, and in the United States, of
the Society of American Dramatists and the Au-
thors' League of America. Her published novels
include The Other House (1892) ; A Circle in
the Sand (1898) ; Time the Comedian (1905) ;
The Creeping Tides (1913) ; Against the Winds
(1919) ; The Next Corner (1921) ; Trouble-the-
House (1921). Her most popular plays were
A Luncheon at Nick's (1903) ; The Pompadour's
Protege (1903) ; Mrs. Dakon (1909) ; and The
Right Road (1911).
She was a woman of vivid personality who
won the admiration and devotion of friends. She
understood human, especially feminine, moods
and suffering, and she interpreted character with
a measure of skill. Her plots are sophisticated
and have abundant incident ; her backgrounds
are varied, as far apart as Paris and "Bates
Crossing" or "Lanetown." In her plays she
showed an understanding of dramatic technique
and of popular demand. She was in failing
health for several years, suffering from insomnia
and worrying because she was unable to finish a
novel on which she was at work. In the spring
of 1926 she left her home in New York and spent
some months with a niece at Mountain Lakes,
N. J. Here, one Sunday morning, in the woods
near her niece's home, she committed suicide by
taking poison. Her body was cremated and her
ashes were buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery.
[Who's Who in America, 1922-23; Bookman, June
1913 ; Publishers' Weekly, June 26, 1926 ; N. Y. Times,
June 24, 1926; N. Y. Herald Tribune, June 22, 1926;
information as to certain facts from Mrs. Vermilye's
niece, Mrs. George A. Reeder, Mountain Lakes, N. J.]
S.G.B.
JORDAN, THOMAS (Sept. 30, 1819-Nov. 27,
1895), soldier, journalist, son of Gabriel and
Elizabeth Ann (Sibert) Jordan, was born at
Luray, Va. A maternal grand-uncle, a Withers
of South Carolina, served on General Sumter's
staff in the Revolution, and it was a family tra-
dition that the Jordans and the Washingtons
were kinsmen in England. After a common-
school education, young Jordan entered the
United States Military Academy in 1836, and
graduated four years later in a class which in-
cluded William Tecumseh Sherman (his room-
mate) and George H. Thomas. Commissioned
as a lieutenant in the 3rd Infantry, he served in
the Florida war and took part in the surprise
and capture of the Seminole chieftain, Tiger
Tail, near Cedar Keys, in November 1842. He
was promoted first lieutenant, June 18, 1846, and
distinguished himself at Palo Alto and Resaca
Jordan
de La Palma in the war with Mexico, his bat-
talion being the first to cross the Rio Grande in
advance of General Taylor's army. He was later
appointed captain and quartermaster and at
Vera Cruz had charge of the final withdrawal
from Mexico by land and sea of some 35,000 men
of Scott's army. For this service he was com-
mended by General Twiggs. He served as a
staff quartermaster during the second uprising
of the Seminoles, 1848-50 and then on the Pacific
Coast, notably during operations against hostile
Indians in what is now the state of Washington.
While stationed at Fort Dalles, Ore., 1856-60,
he is said to have introduced steam -navigation
on the Columbia River above that point, and also
to have initiated a successful irrigation project
(Marrin, post).
On May 21, 1861, under a sense of loyalty to
his native state, he resigned his commission and
entered the Confederate army, first as a lieu-
tenant-colonel of Virginia troops, and later as
adjutant-general of the forces which fought the
first battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861. As Beaure-
gard's chief of staff, he took part in the battle
of Shiloh, being promoted brigadier-general for
gallantry on the field ; and subsequently partici-
pated in the Corinth campaign. Later, he served
as Beauregard's chief of staff in the operations
around Charleston, S. C, until the end of the
war.
On leave of absence, 1860-61, he had written
The South, Its Products, Commerce, and Re-
sources (1861), and at the close of the war he
returned to writing, publishing in Harper's
Magazine (October 1865) an article on Jeffer-
son Davis which aroused wide-spread interest
and comment. It was markedly censorious of
the Southern leader, depicting him as imperious,
narrow, and so lacking in the gift of organization
and in statesmanship as to have been unfitted for
the administration of the Confederacy. Soon
after the appearance of this article Jordan be-
came editor of the Memphis Appeal (1866).
With J. B. Pryor he published The Campaigns
of Lieutenant -General N. B. Forrest in 1868.
In the year 1869 he became chief of staff and
later commander of the Cuban insurgents, and
in January 1870 he met and defeated a superior
Spanish force at Guaimaro, Cuba. At this time,
Spain is said to have placed a price of $100,000
on his head. Recognizing the impracticability of
reorganizing the Cuban army, and with his war
supplies becoming exhausted, he resigned his
command in February 1870 and returned to the
United States and to his literary pursuits. Ir.
the same year he became the founder as well a.
editor of the Financial and Mining Record o_
2l6
Jordan
New York, a journal devoted to the interests of
the free coinage of silver, which he conducted
until ill health forced him to abandon the under-
taking in 1892. He contributed "Notes of a Con-
federate Staff Officer at Shiloh" to Battles and
Leaders of the Civil War (vol. I, 1887). As a
soldier, Jordan's most conspicuous quality was
his organizing ability, for which General Beaure-
gard gave him high praise. As a writer and
journalist, his work was marked by clearness of
diction as well as vigorous style. He was mar-
ried to the daughter of Edmund Kearny, of Key-
port, N. J., who had been a captain in the British
navy; his wife died in the year 1884. A son and
a daughter were born to them.
[Jordan's Civil War career is well covered by nu-
merous references in Battles and Leaders of the Civil
War (vols. I and IV, 1887-88), while many details of
his private life are related by his friend and counsel,
W. j. Marrin, in Ann. Reunion Asso. Grads. U. S. Mil.
Acad., 1896. See also C. A. Evans, Confcd. Mil. Hist.
(1899), vol. Ill; L. G. Tyler, Encyc. of Va. Biog.
(1915), vol. V; Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper,
Feb. 26, 1870; TV. Y. Times, Nov. 28, 1895.] c. D. R.
JORDAN, WILLIAM GEORGE (Mar. 6,
1864-Apr. 20, 1928), editor and author, was
born in New York City, a son of Henry and
Mary Moat Murdock Jordan. His higher school-
ing was obtained in the College of the City of
New York, but he did not graduate. In 1886-87
he was the editor of Book Chat and later of Cur-
rent Literature and of the Saturday Evening
Post (1898-99). Meanwhile he had developed
a keen interest in educational reform and for a
time withdrew from editorial work to lecture on
"Mental Training by Analysis, Law, and Anal-
ogy." In 1905-06 he was editor of the Search-
Light and, observing the need of greater uni-
formity in state legislation, he proposed the or-
ganization of the state executives into a House
of Governors to work for that object (see his
brochure, The House of Governors, 1907). At
the conference of governors on conservation
called by President Roosevelt in May 1908, a
committee was named to arrange for a perma-
nent organization and the first meeting of the
actual House of Governors was held two years
later. The project, as it was actually worked out,
however, was described by the Nation (May 21,
1908) as "merely one of those devices to collect
and express public opinion and to forward good
causes, in which American political genius has
always been fruitful."
Jordan wrote and published a series of homilies
that attained a greater popularity than is usually
the lot of essays on such hackneyed topics — The
Kingship of Self -Control (1899), The Power of
Truth (1902), The Crown of Individuality
( 1909) , Little Problems of Married Life ( 1910),
Joseffy
The Trusteeship of Life (1921), The Vision of
High Ideals (1926). His treatment of these and
kindred themes was characterized by simplicity
and clarity of statement, often by humor. All his
books had a good sale for years. In 1919 he
brought out a pamphlet summarizing objections
to America's joining the League of Nations
(What Every American Should Know About
the League of Nations). He retained to the last
his convictions, formed early in life, as to the
essential inconsistency and wastefulness of the
American educational system and contributed to
the Forum March-June 1923) four articles that
summed up his thought on the subject. His at-
tacks on the evils of cramming with indigestible
facts and the ignoring of true intellectual disci-
pline were supported by not a few educationists ;
but he lacked a program that appealed to school
administrators as constructively practical. On
May 6, 1922, he married Nell Mitchell of New
York, who survived him.
[Who's Who in America, 1926-27 ; Who's Who in
N. Y^, 1924 ; N. Y. Times, Apr. 21, 1928.] W. B. S.
JOSEFFY, RAFAEL (July 3, 1852-June 25,
1915), concert pianist, teacher, and editor, was
born in Hunfalu, Hungary, but in early child-
hood was taken by his parents to Miskolcz, not
far from Budapest. He was the only child of
Vilmos and Cecilia (Lang) Joseffy, both Hun-
garian Jews. The father was a learned rabbi, a
man of culture, and a teacher of Oriental and
European languages. He early recognized his
son's talent for music, and while the boy was in
no sense a prodigy his early efforts at the piano
were indicative of sufficient talent to gain for
him thorough training. When he was eight years
old his father took him to Budapest and placed
him under Brauer, who had been the teacher of
Stephen Heller, and when he was fourteen he
entered the Leipzig Conservatorium. Here he
became a student of E. F. Wenzel, though he
also had some lessons from Moscheles. He re-
mained in Leipzig for two years, after which, in
1868, he went to Berlin for further study under
Tausig. The last-named teacher was by far the
most potent influence in shaping the young pian-
ist's ideas and in developing his brilliant tech-
nique. While he spent two summers (1870 and
1871) at Weimar with Liszt, who doubtless de-
veloped his artistic side, Liszt's influence upon
him was by no means as great as was that of
Tausig. How highly Liszt estimated the youth's
abilities is evidenced by the fact that among
Joseffy's many autograph letters of Liszt, there
is one in which the master speaks of him as "my
successor and heir."
He made his debut in Berlin in 1872 and won
217
Joseffy
immediate recognition. There followed concerts
in Vienna and other large music centers with
similar success. He was at once recognized as a
virtuoso with a remarkable technique. Hanslick
acclaimed him as being an unusually brilliant
performer, whose technique, quality of tone, and
clean-cut phrasing showed clearly the influence
of Tausig, though he had not as yet developed
the poetic side of his genius. Another critic
spoke of the "elegance and sparkle" of his runs,
and added "such brilliant delicacy, such elegant
fluency . . . has not been heard since the time of
Tausig and Liszt" (quoted in Mathews, post, p.
126). He made concert tours through Holland,
Germany, Italy, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and
Russia, everywhere meeting with marked suc-
cess. After several years spent in touring Eu-
rope, he came to America in 1879, making his
first appearance in New York soon after his
arrival with an orchestra conducted by Dr. Leo-
pold Damrosch [g.t'.]. He was immediately
hailed as one of the greatest concert pianists.
Soon afterward he played with the Philharmonic
Orchestra and subsequently appeared in New
York and elsewhere with the Theodore Thomas
Orchestra. Notwithstanding his sensational suc-
cess, Joseffy withdrew from the concert stage
and for five years studied intensively to discover
the deeper meaning of his art and to make his
splendid technique the vehicle for the expression
of the poetic, imaginative content of music. When
he returned to the concert platform there ap-
peared a mature Joseffy, his old superb technical
skill now enriched with a new depth and warmth
of tone-quality. While he excelled as a player of
Bach and Mozart, he was equally impressive in
presenting the impassioned works of Beethoven,
Schumann, Chopin, Liszt, and Brahms. He was
a pioneer in America in making known the
works of Brahms ; indeed, he was one of the first
to give frequent renditions of the Brahms "Con-
certo No. 2."
At the height of his success, weary of constant
travel, he withdrew entirely from public per-
formance and devoted himself thenceforth to
teaching and writing, living much of the time at
his summer home at Tarrytown, N. Y. From
1888 to 1906 he was professor of piano at the
National Conservatory in New York. His ideas
on piano technique and interpretation, drawn
from his experience as teacher and virtuoso, are
embodied in two comprehensive and elaborate
works: School of Advanced Piano Playing
(1902), which was translated into German, and
First Studies (1913), a work of even larger
scope. He edited many standard works (some
pieces by Liszt and a collection of the works of
Joseph
Brahms), but his largest editorial contribution
was his Complete Works of Chopin (1915), in
fifteen volumes. Unlike most virtuosi, he was a
deep student and possessed in a marked degree
the ability of self-analysis, which enabled him to
bring his own great technical and interpretative
powers to the service of his pupils' needs. His
influence as a pedagog was far-reaching. He
was a graceful figure at the piano and exacted
from his students similar grace and simplicity.
While conscious of his own value as a teacher,
he was generous in acknowledging good work
done by others. In his youth he wrote some
salon pieces, but his work as composer is not
significant. He was married in September 1890
to Marie Gumere, who had been his housekeeper.
He died at his home in New York City and his
body was cremated at Union Hill, N. J.
["Rafael Joseffy's Contribution to Piano Technic,"
Musical Quart., July 19 16, by Edwin Hughes, a former
student ; certain personal information from Mr. Hughes
and from Joseffy's friend and student, Sigmund Herzog,
Esq. ; James Huneker, "The Rare Art of Rafael
Joseffy," N. Y. Times, July 4, 1915, pt. IV, p. 14;
"Rafael Joseffy," Musical Observer, Aug. 1915; W. S.
B. Mathews, A Hundred Years of Music in America
(1889); Frcund's Music and Drama, Dec. 25, 1890;
N. Y. Times, June 26, 1915 ; personal recollections of
Joseffy's pianism.] F L G C
JOSEPH (c. 1840-Sept. 2i, 1904), a Nez Perce
chief, generally regarded as the greatest of In-
dian strategists, was born probably in the Wal-
lowa Valley, Ore. His Indian name, Hinmaton-
Yalaktit, means "thunder coming from the water
up over the land." His mother was a Nez Perce
and his father a Cayuse, also known as Joseph.
On his father's death, in 1873, young Joseph be-
came chief of the "non-treaty" Nez Perces, who
refused to recognize the agreement of 1863 ced-
ing three important regions to the government
and confining the tribe to the Lapwai reservation
in Idaho. In 1876 the government, after thirteen
years' delay, determined to enforce the treaty.
Gen. O. O. Howard, commander of the district,
sought to prevent war by negotiations with
Joseph. The difficulty of the situation was in-
creased, however, by the fact that the squatters
had committed repeated outrages upon the In-
dians, and on June 13, 1877, the favorable prog-
ress of Howard's negotiations was stopped by
the outbreak of a small band of Indians who
terrorized the countryside and killed twenty
whites. Reluctantly Joseph was drawn into the
hostilities, in which he displayed signal ability.
Realizing, however, that he could not cope with
the military, he resolved to escape to Canada.
Gathering fewer than two hundred warriors,
burdened with three times as many women and
children, he began his brilliant retreat, which oc-
2l8
Joseph
cupies a unique place in the annals of Indian war-
fare. With Gen. John Gibbon at Fort Shaw in
front of him, General Howard behind him, and
numerous detachments summoned by the white
man's telegraph to menace his flank, he eluded
Howard, defeated Gibbon in a desperate battle
at Big Hole (Wisdom) River, Mont., on Aug. 9,
and fled for more than a thousand miles through
southwestern Montana, a corner of Idaho, the
Yellowstone Park, and along Clark's Fork to the
Yellowstone River. On the north side of the
river he pushed aside Gen. S. D. Sturgis and
gained the Bear Paw Mountains, only thirty
miles from the safety of the Canadian boundary.
There, believing that he had outdistanced his
pursuers, he rested. On Sept. 30, however, Gen.
Nelson A. Miles, who had made a cross-country
dash from Fort Keogh, threatened him, and Jo-
seph had only the choice of escaping by aban-
doning his wounded and helpless, accepting cap-
ture, or giving battle. With the military genius
which is highly praised by those most competent
to judge, he intrenched himself in a way that
suggested the work of a professional engineer
and from the shelter of the rifle pits faced his
enemy. After five days of siege he surrendered
on Oct. 5. With his band, comprising eighty-
seven warriors (forty of whom were wounded)
and their women and children — a total of 431 —
he was taken to Fort Leavenworth, Kan. In July
1878 they were transferred to the Indian Terri-
tory, where many of them sickened and died.
Subsequently about half of the remainder were
returned to Lapwai. Joseph, however, with about
one hundred and fifty of his followers, was sent
to the Colville reservation, in Washington. He
stoically accepted his lot, keeping the vow made
at the time of his surrender, never again to take
arms against the whites, giving his best efforts
to the work of educating the children, fostering
industry, and discouraging drunkenness and
gambling. In 1903 he visited the President and
General Miles in Washington. He died at Nes-
pelim, on the Colville reservation, far away from
the beautiful valley of his youth.
Joseph was six feet tall, of erect carriage, and
with handsome and impressive features. His
expression was serious, even somber, and he sel-
dom smiled. He was noted for his humaneness
in warfare. Although some outrages were com-
mitted by members of his band, he did not coun-
tenance them ; he bought supplies which he might
have confiscated, saved property which he might
have destroyed, and spared hundreds of lives
which most other Indians would have taken.
{Ann. Report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
1859, pp. 4i5ff.; Ibid., 1873, pp. is8ff., 245; Ibid.,
1^75, PP- 72, 260-61 ; Ibid., 1877, pp. gff., 13, 81, 211-
Josselyn
17; Ibid., 1878, pp. xxxiv, xxxv, 33; Ann. Report of
the Secretary of War, 1877, pp. ngff., 576ff. ; O. O.
Howard, Nez Perce Joseph (1881) ; Nelson A. Miles,
Personal Recollections (1896); 14 Ann. Report, Bu-
reau of Am. Ethnology, pt. II (1896) ; Century, May
1884; C. T. Brady, Northwestern Fights and Fighters
(1907); G. O. Shields, The Battle of the Big Hole
(1889).] W.J.G.
JOSSELYN, JOHN (fl. 1638-1675), traveler
and writer, published two volumes dealing with
New England, based on his observations made
during two visits to that region. His first, New-
Englands Rarities Discovered, was licensed for
publication, at London, on June 24, 1672 (Ed-
ward Arber, The Term Catalogues, vol. I, 1903,
p. 112). It contained a wealth of information
relating to the animals and plants of the country,
being the first systematic account of the botanical
species of this portion of English America {Pub-
lications of the Colonial Society of Massachu-
setts, vol. Ill, 1896, p. 184). Josselyn's book was
immediately noticed with approval in the pages
of Philosophical Transactions (issue for July 15,
1672), the organ of the Royal Society. Thus
encouraged, Josselyn turned to his desk and
wrote An Account of Two Voyages to New-Eng-
land, which was published first in 1674 and again
in 1675. Though this work was dedicated to the
Fellows of the Royal Society, no official notice
of it was taken. Both volumes were considered
worthy of inclusion, however, in the library then
being gathered by the Plantation Office at Lon-
don {New-England Historical and Genealogical
Register, July 1884, p. 262). The Two Voyages
is the more ambitious work : it is a rather strange
compound of scientific lore, suggestions for set-
tlers, bits of local history, and much general ob-
servation. Its tone, by and large, is fair, but scat-
tered through it are to be found some statements
that are slyly hostile to the inhabitants of Massa-
chusetts Bay. This occasionally unfriendly at-
titude is most probably explained by the circum-
stance that the author's brother, Henry Josselyn,
was for many years a principal representative in
eastern New England of the interests of the
Mason and Gorges heirs, which were endangered
by the Bay Colony's expansion into Maine. Of
John Josselyn but little is known. He was a
bachelor, the second son of Sir Thomas Josselyn,
Knight, of Torrell's Hall in Willingale-Doe, Es-
sex, and his second wife, Theodora (Cooke)
Bere, of a Kentish family {Ibid., July 1917, p.
248). His writings furnish ample evidence that
his was an educated mind, and that he was not
without a degree of curiosity in matters scien-
tific, as he was likewise not without an element
of occasional credulity in judging of them. One
infers that he had been trained as a surgeon and
physician. He first came to New England in the
219
Joubert
summer of 1638, and after visiting John Cotton
and John Winthrop in Boston and staying some
months at his brother's place in Black Point
(now Scarborough, Me.), he departed in Oc-
tober 1639. His second visit extended from July
1663 till August 1671. He appears to have spent
these years as a student and observer rather than
as a gentleman-planter, and was again with his
brother in the eastern country. His writings
show him as a jovial companion, fond of good
cheer, and it is not a surprise to learn that while
in Maine he was twice presented by the grand
jury for not being a regular attendant at divine
service (Province and Court Records of Maine,
I> 237> 334)- After his return to England he
perhaps came to enjoy a royal pension, if we may
accept literally a statement in the Tzvo Voyages
(edition of 1865, p. 117). The rest is silence.
Excerpts from his second work were slightly
revised, and, with a map by Seller, hydrographer-
royal, were published as A Description of New-
England at some time between 1680 and 1682.
[New Englands Rarities was reprinted wth notes by
Edward Tuckerman in Trans. Am. Antiq. Soc, vol. IV
(i860), and, with revised notes, was issued separately
in 1865. Art Account of Two Voyages was reprinted
in Mass. Hist. Soc. Colls., 3 ser. Ill (1833) and sepa-
rately in 1865. See also, in addition to authorities
mentioned above, J. P. Baxter, Doc. Hist, of the State
of Me., Ill (1884), 140; Province and Court Records
of Me., vols. I, II (1928-32), ed. by C. T. Libby ; Ful-
mer Mood, "Notes on John Josselyn, Gent.," to be
published in Colonial Soc. of Mass. Pubs., probably in
vol. XXX : H. W. Felter, The Genesis of the Am. Ma-
teria Medica, Including a Biog. Sketch of "John Jos-
selyn, Cent." (1927).] F.M — d.
JOUBERT DE LA MURAILLE, JAMES
HECTOR MARIE NICHOLAS (Sept. 6,
1777-Nov. 5, 1843), Roman Catholic priest,
member of the Society of Saint Sulpice, and
founder of the Oblate Sisters of Providence, was
born of noble lineage at Saint Jean d'Angely on
the western coast of France. The destruction of
church and family records which accompanied
the revolutionary outbursts in the French prov-
inces have left no documentary trace of his par-
entage. Orphaned at an early age he found shel-
ter with kind-hearted relatives in Beauvais. As
a youth he was enrolled in the school of Rebois-
en-Brie to prepare for a military career, but later
he abandoned his studies in order to take up a
position in the French tax department. Sent
overseas in 1800, he was assigned similar duties
in the French West Indian island of Santo Do-
mingo, where a paternal uncle, C. Joubert de
Maine, was engaged in business. In September
1804 an uprising of slaves took place in which
some of his relatives were massacred. Both uncle
and nephew escaped, and eventually reached Bal-
timore, Md. De Maine became a teacher and
Joubert
De la Muraille, under the guidance of his fellow
countrymen, the priests of Saint Sulpice, entered
St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, as a student
for the priesthood.
Joubert completed his ecclesiastical studies
and was ordained priest by Archbishop Carroll
in 1810. The same year he was admitted by his
teachers as a member of their Society and as
such consecrated his life to the education and
training of the clergy. He was appointed teacher
of French and of geography at St. Mary's Col-
lege, established by the Fathers of St. Sulpice
with the hope that it would both develop candi-
dates for the Church and aid materially in the
sustenance of the ecclesiastical Seminary of St.
Mary's. It became, however, a select school to
which were sent the children of prominent non-
Catholic families from Maryland, from distant
states of the Union, and from the French and
Spanish West Indies. Father Joubert became
successively disciplinarian and vice-president.
All the former experiences of his life united to
make him an efficient teacher, a popular and kind,
yet firm, head-master, and a successful admin-
istrator.
In 1827 he began work among the French
West Indian negroes who had followed their
masters in exile to Baltimore. They had settled
around the seminary, worshipped in its chapel
and, speaking only French, were ministered to
by the Fathers of the seminary. Father Joubert
was given the charge of catechizing them. Pity-
ing their ignorance, he thought of establishing
a school where the little ones could at least be
taught to read and write and receive religious
instruction. He lacked, however, all means, nor
could he look forward to any future help. His
ecclesiastical superiors approved his plans but
could offer no material aid. Eventually he dis-
covered two Catholic negro women of West In-
dian birth, Elizabeth Lange and Marie Magda-
len Balas, who were conducting a little school for
negro children. They were capable and willing,
but were about to close the school for lack of
funds. Father Joubert then conceived the idea
of founding a religious society of colored women
for the education of children of their race. With
the moral support of the Archbishop of Balti-
more in 1828 he established the new community,
which consisted of four, in a little rented house
on George Street. Later with the scant but
whole-hearted aid of a few lay Catholic men and
women he moved them to a larger one on Rich-
mond Street. He drew up a rule of life for the
prospective Religious which was approved by
Archbishop Whitfield of Baltimore in 1829, and
the Sacred Congregation of the Propaganda in
220
Jouett
Rome gave confirmation to the new society, the
Oblate Sisters of Providence, by a rescript under
date of Oct. 2, 1831. The society now (1932)
counts fifteen different establishments in the
United States, besides the academy and an or-
phanage at the mother-house in Baltimore. In
1838 Father Joubert began to fail in health, but,
as best he could from his room in the Seminary,
he continued to encourage and care for his spir-
itual children till his death.
[Father Joubert's journal (MS.) ; Necrologie des
Messieurs de Saint Sulpice (MS.) ; Register of St.
Mary's College (MS.) ; C. G. Herbermann, The Sulpi-
cians in the U. S. (1916) ; H. J. Duffy, "The Centenary
of the Oblate Sisters of Providence" (dissertation for
the degree of M.A., 1925), in library of St. Mary's
Seminary, Baltimore ; Grace H. Sherwood, The Ob-
lates Hundred and One Years (1931) ; The Metropoli-
tan Cath. Almanac, 1844; the Sun (Balitmore) and
the Baltimore Clipper, Nov. 8, 1843.] jj g_
JOUETT, JAMES EDWARD (Feb. 7, 1826-
Sept. 30, 1902), naval officer, was the son of
the painter, Matthew Harris Jouett [q.v.~], and
Margaret Henderson Allen. He was born near
Lexington, Ky., and was appointed a midship-
man in the United States Navy on Sept. 10, 1841.
In the so-called "Berribee War" on the coast of
Liberia in 1843 he served on the Decatur in the
squadron under Matthew C. Perry [q.v.] ; in the
Mexican War he was on the John Adams on the
east coast of Mexico, being one of those landed
to defend Point Isabel. After about a year at
the new Naval School at Annapolis, he was made
a passed midshipman and sent to the Mediter-
ranean in the St. Lawrence. During the early
fifties he cruised in the Pacific on the Lexington
and the St. Mary's. In 1858-59 he served as a
lieutenant on the steamer M. IV. Chapin in the
Paraguay expedition.
At Pensacola at the beginning of the Civil
War he was captured by the Confederates, but
was given a document stating that he had given
his "parole of honor not to bear arms against
the state of Florida," and permitted to leave. He
disavowed the statement, escaped North, and
was sent to the Galveston blockade. Here he
distinguished himself on Nov. 7-8, 1861, by head-
ing a boat party from the Santee which captured
the armed schooner Royal Yacht, guarding the
harbor entrance at Galveston. Though wounded
several times, Jouett brought off the crew as
prisoners and set fire to the vessel. For this
achievement he was given command, first of the
Montgomery (December 1861), and then of the
fast steamer R. R. Cuyler off Mobile (April
1863). In his blockading work he attracted the
favorable attention of Farragut and in Septem-
ber 1863 was put in command of the Metacomet,
the fastest gunboat in the squadron.
Jouett
In the battle of Mobile Bay (August 1864),
the Hartford and the Metacomet were lashed to-
gether. At the critical moment, Farragut in the
port shrouds of the Hartford gave the historic
command to Jouett on the starboard wheelhouse
of the Metacomet : "Damn the torpedoes ! Four
bells ! Captain Drayton, go ahead ! Jouett, full
speed!" A little later the Metacomet was sent
after the Confederate gunboats, and by a fast
pursuit and hazardous navigation in shoal water
Jouett riddled the Gaines and captured the
Selma. His dashing exploits secured high com-
mendation from Farragut but no special reward
except nearly a hundred thousand dollars prize
money from blockade runners captured ( Clark,
post, p. 98). In 1880 Jouett's efforts to secure
promotion over the heads of sixteen of his sen-
iors created much ill feeling. His most impor-
tant command did not come till 1884, when he
was put in charge of the North Atlantic Squad-
ron. Here he is credited with inaugurating the
custom of all hands saluting the colors when
they are raised or lowered. In 1885 he command-
ed the American naval force of eight ships and
2,648 men which was sent to Aspinwall (now
Colon) to reopen transit across the Isthmus of
Panama, lately interrupted by a revolt against
Colombia. By vigorous measures he established
free passage for the trains of the Panama Rail-
road and thus brought about the failure of the
insurrection.
Jouett was retired in 1890 with the rank of
rear admiral, and by an act of Congress, Mar. 3,
1893, was allowed full pay for life. His closing
years, except for a short period in Orlando, Fla.,
were spent at "The Anchorage," his home near
Sandy Spring, Md. In his later days he was a
great lover of fox hunting and a racy raconteur
of his naval experiences. In 1852 he had mar-
ried Galena Stockett of Howard County, Md.,
who survived him. He was buried in the Na-
tional Cemetery at Arlington.
[See sketch by Alfred Pirtle, in United Service, Dec.
1896, Jan. 1897 ; War of the Rebellion : Official Records
(Navy), 1 ser. IV, 59 ff., XVI, 755-62, XXI, 442 ff. ;
Army and Navy Jour., Mar. 6, 13, 20, 27, June 12, 19,
1880, Oct. 4, 1902; J. M. Morgan, "Jim Jouett," in
C. E. Clark, Prince and Boatswain (19 15); George
Baber, in Ky. State Hist. Soc. Reg., May 1914; Loyall
Farragut, The Life of David Glasgow Farragut ( 1879) ;
Evening Star (Washington), Oct. 1, 1902. The date
of Jouett's birth in the Navy Department record is
Feb. 27, 1828, but the family Bible as cited by Pirtle
shows Feb. 7, 1826, and the date 1826 is on Jouett's
tombstone at Arlington.] W.B.N.
JOUETT, JOHN (Dec. 7, i7S4-Mar. 1, 1822),
Revolutionary patriot, was born in Albemarle
County, Va., a descendant of Daniel de Jouet
who settled in Rhode Island in 1686, and the sec-
ond son of Capt. John Jouett, later proprietor
221
Jouett
of the Swan Tavern in Charlottesville, and his
wife, Mourning Harris. Little is recoverable
concerning his early manhood save that he was
a dead shot and, despite his gigantic stature —
he stood six feet four inches and weighed over
two hundred pounds — an expert rider, fond of
the chase ; that he was one of a group of Albe-
marle citizens who signed an oath of allegiance
to the commonwealth in 1779; and that he held
a captain's commission in the Virginia militia.
Although his name is closely associated with
the beginnings of Kentucky's statehood, his chief
claim to remembrance lies in his daring and
dramatic ride of more than forty miles to save
Governor Jefferson and the Virginia legislature
from capture.
On June 3, 1781, Cornwallis detached two
hundred and fifty splendidly mounted horse un-
der his "hunting leopard," Tarleton, to cover in
twenty-four hours the seventy miles between his
position in Hanover County and Charlottesville,
whither the legislature had fled from Richmond,
with the aims of seizing Jefferson, dispersing
the Assembly, and destroying certain stores.
Jouett was at Cuckoo Tavern, some miles beyond
Louisa, when Tarleton's troopers swept along
the main road shortly before midnight. Divin-
ing their purpose, he skirted the enemy's bivouac,
rode through the night across the countryside or
over circuitous, disused byways and footpaths,
and reached "Monticello" before sunrise. After
warning Jefferson he hastened on to spread the
alarm, so that when Tarleton, who had been
purposely delayed at the home of Dr. Thomas
Walker, reached Charlottesville two hours later
he found his quarry flown. Several members
of the Assembly were taken, and only a further
ruse of Jouett's saved Gen. Edward Stevens;
but those most sought by the British — Richard
Henry Lee, Benjamin Harrison, Nelson, Henry,
and Jefferson — were safely beyond reach. The
legislature, reconvening in Staunton, promptly
voted Jouett "an elegant sword and pair of pis-
tols" in appreciation of his activity and enter-
prise, even though they neglected to deliver the
sword to him until 1803.
The year following his history-making ride
Jouett moved to Mercer County (now in Ken-
tucky) ; married, Aug. 20, 1784, Sallie Robards;
entered actively into local affairs, and rose rap-
idly to prominence. Hospitable, attractive, and
high-spirited, he entertained lavishly and made
friends readily, numbering among his intimates
Clay, Jackson, the Breckinridges, and the Mar-
shall. He represented Lincoln (1786-87) and
Mercer (1787-88, 1790) counties in the Virginia
Assembly ; took a leading part in the Danville
Jouett
Convention, and was strongly influential in or-
ganizing Kentucky as a separate state ; repre-
sented Mercer in the Kentucky legislature for
one term, and, after moving to Woodford Coun-
ty about 1793, thrice served as its representative,
winning reputation the while as an able and pro-
gressive statesman of the Jeffersonian school.
His advocacy, in later life, of importing fine
breeds of foreign cattle is said to have been
largely instrumental in enabling Kentucky to
become a great stock-raising center. One of his
sons, Matthew Harris Jouett [q.z'.~\, attained dis-
tinction as a portrait painter, and a grandson,
James Edward Jouett [q.r.~\, was one of Far-
ragut's officers at the battle of Mobile Bay.
[The fullest account of Jouett is by Virginius Dab-
ney, "Jouett Outrides Tarleton," Scribncr's Mag., June
1928; other valuable material is contained in the un-
published address (based on family records and MSS.)
by E. S. Jouett of Louisville, delivered at the unveiling
of a tablet to Jouett at Cuckoo, Va., Sept. 6, 1926.
Most early notices of Jouett's ride, apparently confus-
ing identities of name and military rank, attribute it
to John Jouett, Sr., but recent researches indicate con-
clusively that the credit belongs to "Young Jack" and
not to his father. See also John Burk, Skelton Jones,
and L. H. Girardin, The Hist, of Va., vol. IV (1816) ;
H. S. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson (1858) ;
P. L. Ford, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson (1897),
VIII, 363 ff. ; Edgar Woods, Albemarle County in Va.
(1901); W. C. Ford, ed., Letters of Joseph Jones
(1889), p. 82; S. W. Price, Old Masters of the Blue-
grass (1902) ; J our. of the House of Delegates, passim.]
A.C.G.Jr.
JOUETT, MATTHEW HARRIS (Apr. 22,
1787-Aug. 10, 1827), painter, father of James
Edward Jouett [q.v.~\, was born near Harrods-
burg, Mercer County, Ky., the second son of
John [q.v.~\ and Sallie (Robards) Jouett. As a
young boy, "before he could count one hundred
or repeat the Lord's Prayer" (Price, post, p. 12),
Matthew drew likenesses which astonished his
family. Art, however, was not thought of as a
possible profession at that time. Captain Jouett,
a practical farmer, one day called together his
several sons and announced that he would try to
make one of them a gentleman. Matthew was
chosen for this honor. In 1804 he was entered
at Transylvania University, from which he was
graduated four years later with honors. In ac-
cordance with his parents' wishes he then studied
law with Judge George M. Bibb of the Kentucky
appellate court. He had begun to practise when
the War of 1812 stirred patriotic fervor in his
state. Enlisting in the 3rd Mounted Regiment
of Kentucky Volunteers he was presently ap-
pointed by President Madison first lieutenant
and paymaster of the 28th United States Infan-
try. On July 13, 181 4, he became captain, resign-
ing Jan. 20, 1815.
On his return from the army Jouett decided
not to follow the law but to become a portrait
222
Jouett
painter, and he established himself at Lexington.
This choice of occupation disgusted his father
who said : "I sent Matthew to college to make a
gentleman of him and he has turned out to be
nothing but a d — d sign painter" (Ibid., p. 21).
Jouett's profession was not a bad business ven-
ture, however, since he began at once to paint on
an average three portraits a week at twenty-five
dollars each, a good income for the town and
the time. He had married in 1812 Margaret
Henderson Allen, daughter of William Allen of
Fayette County. In 1816 Jouett set out on horse-
back for the Atlantic coast, intending to study
in Europe, but his journey extended only to
Boston, where from July to October he stud-
ied with Gilbert Stuart [q.v.~]. He made a fa-
vorable impression on the veteran artist, who
called him familiarly "Kentucky" and advised
against his going abroad. Jouett accordingly
returned to Lexington where, calling himself a
pupil of Stuart, he doubled his prices. When
work was slack in Kentucky he painted at New
Orleans, Natchez, and other Southern cities. He
executed with graceful, facile technique at least
334 portraits (catalogued by Price, post). The
most celebrated of these, though not artistically
the most successful, is the likeness of Lafayette
now at the capitol, Frankfort. He painted Henry
Clay at least three times and left records of near-
ly all the other celebrities of the region. His
portraits of children were particularly pleasing.
Contemporary artists held his work in high es-
teem ; John Neagle [q.v.'] once traveled to Lex-
ington thinking to settle there but was surprised
to find in Jouett "a good and well instructed art-
ist" with whom he could not hope to compete.
Jouett's social graces qualified him for a suc-
cessful career as a portrait painter. He was tall
and handsome, gifted in music, and well ground-
ed in literature. He was also deeply religious, a
good husband and father, and was adored by his
eight children. As he reached his fortieth birth-
day he seemed to have many years of creative ac-
tivity before him, but he succumbed a few months
later to an illness contracted on a painting trip.
While his portraits have long been treasured in
Southern homes, he was not nationally known
until, in 1892, C. H. Hart (post), as organizer of
a retrospective American exhibition for the Chi-
cago Exposition, "discovered" Jouett's likenesses
of Gen. Charles Scott and John Grimes. The lat-
ter canvas is now at the Metropolitan Museum,
New York.
[Ky. Reporter (Lexington), Aug. 15, 1827; William
Dunlap, A Hist, of the Rise and Progress of the Arts
of Design in the U. S. (1918), ed. by F. W. Bayley and
C. E. Goodspeed; H. T. Tuckerman, Book of the Art-
ists (1867) ; C. H. Hart, "Kentucky's Master-Painter,"
Joutel
Harper's Mag., May 1899, and "Jouett's Kentucky
Children," Ibid., June 1900; S. W. Price, The Old
Masters of the Bluegrass (1902), Filson Club Pubs,
no. 17; I. M. Cline, Art and Artists in New Orleans
during the Last Century (1922).] F W C
JOUTEL, HENRI (c. 1645-after 1723), was
a native of Rouen, a contemporary of La Salle
[q.v.], and the journalist of his last expedition
to America and of his last days and death. Jou-
tel's father was a gardener for an uncle of La
Salle. Henri had a fair education for his time
and served for sixteen or seventeen years in the
French army. He was at home in Rouen when
in 1684 La Salle visited there while arranging
for an expedition to form a settlement at the
mouth of the Mississippi. Joutel was easily per-
suaded to join the party and become La Salle's
confidential subordinate — "intendant" he called
himself. They sailed from La Rochelle in July
1684 with four ships, carrying a contingent of
colonists and plentiful supplies. After a stormy
passage of over four months in which one vessel
was taken by Spanish corsairs, the flotilla en-
tered the Gulf of Mexico, but by mistaken reck-
oning passed the Mississippi mouth and landed
on the coast of Texas in Matagorda Bay. There
a colony was begun on a site on Lavaca Bay.
After the commander of the largest ship had
sailed for France, La Salle discovered his mis-
take and made several efforts to find the Missis-
sippi. During these journeys, Joutel was fre-
quently left in charge of the camp and with great
difficulty controlled the growing dissatisfaction
of the colonists. Twice they plotted to kill him
and seize the control, but the conspiracy was
found out and thwarted. Finally La Salle deter-
mined to abandon the place and make a final ef-
fort to reach the Mississippi. They left Jan. 12,
1687, and journeyed northeasterly until on Mar.
19, after crossing the Brazos River, near the
present city of Navasota, Tex., La Salle was set
upon by conspirators and foully murdered. Jou-
tel was absent from camp at the time, and when
he returned and learned the facts he expected to
meet a like fate ; but he and a brother and nephew
of La Salle were spared and allowed to escape.
With a little company of six he crossed what is
now Arkansas and at Arkansas Post found two
of Tonty's men in charge of a hunting station.
They escorted the retreating party to the Mis-
sissippi, where friendly Indians agreed to take
them to Tonty's fort on the Illinois River.
When Joutel and Jean Cavelier (La Salle's
brother) reached Fort St. Louis on the Illinois
in August, Tonty was absent on a war expedi-
tion. When he returned in October the adven-
turers for several reasons concealed from him
the fact of La Salle's death. They passed the
223
Joy
winter at the Illinois post, leaving in May for
Quebec via the Great Lakes and Ottawa River
route. From Quebec Joutel late in 1688 sailed
for France and thereafter lived at Rouen until
his death.
While on his arduous and adventurous jour-
ney he took notes of all that passed and on his
return to France cast his notes into the form of
a narrative, which was published in 1713 and
appeared the next year at London as A Journal
of the Last Voyage Perform'd by Monsr. de la
Sale to the Gulph of Mexico to Find out the
Mouth of the Missisipi River. Joutel complained
that his published journal was changed from the
original. It was prepared by one Michel, prob-
ably Jean Michel, who in 1687 was at Lachine,
Canada. Charlevoix met Joutel at Rouen in
1723 and spoke of his straightforward nature —
"a very upright man" (Stiles, post, p. 30). Jou-
tel's narrative is like his character. He was sim-
ple, loyal, practical, resourceful, and prudent.
For fullness of detail and exactness of statement
his is the best description of La Salle's last expe-
dition, while his journey from Texas to Quebec
as an exploit has seldom been surpassed.
[Joutel's full narrative is published in Pierre Margry,
Decouvertes et £.tablissements des Francois dans I'Ouest
et dans le Sud de I'Amerique Septentrionale (1878);
his journal was reprinted in facsimile by the Caxton
Club (1896). H. R. Stiles edited a reprint (1906).
Joutel's journal is also printed in I. J. Cox, The Jour-
neys of Rene Robert Cavelier Sieur de la Salle (1905),
vol. II. The latest authority is Baron Marc de Villiers,
L'Expedition de Cavelier de la Salle dans le Golfe du
Mexique (Paris, 1931). On the sites of La Salle's
Texas colony and the place of his murder see H. E.
Bolton in Miss. Valley Hist. Rev., Sept. 19 15.]
L.P.K.
JOY, AGNES ELIZA [See Salm Salm,
Agnes Eliza Joy, Princess, 1840-1912].
JOY, JAMES FREDERICK (Dec. 2, 1810-
Sept. 24, 1896), lawyer, railroad builder, was
born at Durham, N. H., son of James and Sarah
(Pickering) Joy, and a descendant of Thomas
Joy [q. ■?'.]. He received his early education in
his native town, and after a couple of years as
clerk in a store, graduated from Dartmouth Col-
lege in 1833 at the head of his class. He then
entered the Harvard Law School. He was com-
pelled to interrupt his studies to teach school,
but in 1836 he completed his course and was ad-
mitted to the bar. The same year he moved to
Detroit, and the following year formed a part-
nership with George F. Porter.
The year 1837 was a momentous one in the
history of Michigan, for it witnessed the author-
ization of a loan of $5,000,000 for the construc-
tion of three railroads across the state. Of these
the state constructed only a few miles of the
Michigan Southern Railroad and that part of the
J°y
Michigan Central Railroad between Detroit and
Kalamazoo. The panic of 1837 made it impos-
sible for the state to borrow enough to complete
them, and Joy urged their sale to a private com-
pany. In conjunction with John W. Brooks, su-
perintendent of the Auburn & Rochester Rail-
road, he interested a group of New York and
Boston capitalists, headed by John Murray
Forbes [q.v.~\, in the purchase of the Michigan
Central Railroad from the state, and in 1846
drew up the charter under which the sale was
made. The new company paid $2,000,000 and
made Forbes the first president. The road was
now extended toward Chicago, but in order to
obtain an entrance into that city made an ar-
rangement with the Illinois Central for the use
of its tracks. Joy had charge of the litigation
involved, and Abraham Lincoln, employed first
by Joy in 1850, assisted him at Springfield.
The next problem which was presented was
that of extensions west of Chicago. For this pur-
pose the Chicago & Aurora branch railroad was
purchased in 1852, of which the following year
Joy was made president. In 1856 he combined
it with the Central Military Tract Railroad, of
which he was president also, and gave them the
name of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. In
this same year the Burlington & Missouri River
Railroad, stretching west from Burlington, re-
ceived a federal land grant of 350,000 acres, and
after the panic of 1857 Joy was able to purchase
this road at a low figure. By the outbreak of the
Civil War he had built the road as far as Ottum-
wa ; in 1866 he was elected president and by 1869
had pushed it on to Council Bluffs on the Mis-
souri. A charter and a federal land grant were
obtained for the extension of the road across Ne-
braska and in 1873 it reached Fort Kearny, where
a junction was effected with the Union Pacific.
Meanwhile, Joy had acquired the Hannibal &
St. Joseph Railroad, which gave control of
southern Iowa and northern Missouri. The ter-
mini of the two lines were connected by building
the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs
Railroad, of which Joy was president from 1870
to 1874, and branches were constructed to Atchi-
son and Kansas City. Having in mind a possible
route to the Gulf, Joy with the aid of his Boston
backers, bought the Kansas & Neosho Valley
Railroad. This he reorganized under the name
of the Missouri River, Fort Scott & Gulf. By
1870 it was completed to the southern boundary
of Kansas. He also acquired the Leavenworth,
Lawrence & Galveston, which he built only as
far south as Coffeyville, near the southern
boundary of the state, obtaining thereby a part of
the Kansas land grant. The "Joy system" was the
224
Joy
first important western railroad combination.
Sale of control of the Hannibal & St. Joseph, the
"key link," to Jay Gould by Boston interests in
1870, upset Joy's plans for a line to the Pacific
over part of the Santa Fe route. The remainder
of the roads in the "Joy system" in Kansas were
disposed of to other interests or absorbed by the
Burlington.
In organizing and carrying out these plans
Joy was inevitably led into many positions of
power and responsibility. In 1852 he became the
counsel general for the Michigan Central and
in 1853 for the Illinois Central, serving the lat-
ter for only one year. He became president of
the former road in 1867 and practically rebuilt
it; later he took over the Wabash, St. Louis &
Pacific, of which he was president from 1884 to
1887, and arranged an eastern connection for it.
He was one of the incorporators of the St.
Mary's Falls Ship Canal Company, which, under
contract with the state of Michigan, built the
first ship canal at Sault Ste. Marie (1853-55).
For a short time he was president of the Detroit
Post and Tribune (1881-84), and was long a di-
rector of the Detroit National Bank. He was
a member of the Michigan legislature in 1861-
62, and was floor-leader of the House. A Whig
in his early politics, Joy later became a Repub-
lican, assisting in the election of Lincoln and
vigorously defending his policies as president.
He was twice married, first, Aug. 12, 1841, to
Martha Alger Reed of Yarmouth, Mass., by
whom he had four children ; and second, Dec.
12, i860, to Mary Bourne of Hartford, Conn., by
whom he had three children. He died at his
home in Detroit.
[J. R. Joy, Thomas Joy and His Descendants (1900) ;
Colls, and Researches of the Mich. Pioneer and Hist.
Soc, vols. XXII (1894), XXX (1906); Otto Fowle,
Sault Ste. Marie and Its Great Waterway (1925) ; R.
E. Riegel, The Story of the Western Railroads (1926) ;
H. G. Pearson, An Am. Railroad Builder: John Mur-
ray Forbes (1911) ; H. V. Poor, Manual of the Rail-
roads of the U. S., 1868-69 to 1887 ; Detroit Free Press
and Detroit Tribune, Sept. 25, 1896 ; letter from Henry
B. Joy Historical Research, Detroit, Mich.] E. L. B.
JOY, THOMAS (c. 1610-Oct. 21, 1678), ar-
chitect, builder, was born in England, although
the probability that his native place was the vil-
lage of Hingham in Norfolk has not been made
a certainty by definite evidence. His name first
appears in the records of the town of Boston in
New England on Feb. 20, 1636, o.s., when he re-
ceived leave to purchase land of Robert Turner,
and "to have it upon the usuall Condition of in-
offensive Carryage." In 1637 ne married Joan
Gallop, daughter of John Gallop, a shipmaster
and trader whose name is still borne by one of
the islands in Boston Harbor. Joy's occupation
J°y
seems to have brought him early prosperity, and
his name appears in the list of Boston property
holders, although he was not yet a freeman. In
1646, however, he took part in the agitation for
the extension of the suffrage, and his fortunes
suffered as a consequence. Only members of
Puritan congregations could vote, and a petition
to Governor Winthrop to remedy this condition
being rejected, Joy was active in securing signa-
tures to an appeal to the British Parliament. He
was arrested and kept in irons for his contumacy,
and though he recanted and was released, he re-
moved to Hingham, twelve miles from Boston,
where he seems to have maintained himself and
his family with some difficulty for about ten
years, chiefly from his interest in a grist and
saw mill. By 1656 he had again become promi-
nent in Boston, his early radicalism having been
either forgiven or forgotten ; and in 1657 he re-
ceived the contract for the erection of the most
pretentious building yet undertaken in the col-
ony. Capt. Robert Keayne left three hundred
pounds in his will for a structure to house the
markets, courts, town council, and other public
bodies, and the bequest was more than doubled
by public subscriptions. Joy designed the build-
ing, although for its construction he had an asso-
ciate, Bartholomew Bernad, in the contract. It
was on the site now occupied by the "Old State
House," a Georgian building of brick; but this
"pine statehouse," as Emerson calls it in his
"Boston Hymn," was of wood and pronouncedly
Tudor in character. It was sixty-one feet long,
thirty-six feet wide, and set upon twenty-one
pillars ten feet from pedestal to capital. The
building projected three feet beyond the pillars,
on all sides. It was of three stories, with three
dormer windows on the north and south sides of
the upper one, and a "walke upon the Top four-
teen or 15 foot wide with two turrets, & turned
Balasters and railes round about the walke" (Joy,
post, p. 22). Completed in 1658, it was burned in
171 1, but was an outstanding architectual fea-
ture of the colony while it stood. Joy became
very active in the town's development, and no
doubt exerted considerable influence on its early
architecture ; but he was perhaps equally remark-
able for his liberal political opinions and the
courage to profess them at a time when both
were rather rare. Of his ten children five sur-
vived him, and through them his descendants
are very numerous.
[J. R. Joy, Thomas Joy and His Descendants (1900) ;
C. C. Joy Dyer, A Brief Hist, of the Joy Family (1876) ;
Second Report of the Record Commissioners of the City
of Boston . . . 1634-1660, and the Book of Possessions
(1902) ; Re-dedication of the Old State House, Boston
(l893)-I S.G.
225
Joyce
JOYCE, ISAAC WILSON (Oct. n, 1836-
July 28, 1905), bishop of the Methodist Episco-
pal Church, was born in Colerain Township,
Hamilton County, Ohio, the son of James Wil-
son and Mary Ann Joyce. His father's ances-
tors were Irish, and his mother's, German. Un-
til 1863 he spelled the family name "Joice."
When he was thirteen years old his parents mi-
grated to Tippecanoe County, Ind., and settled
north of Lafayette. They were poor, struggling
people, with only a two-room log house for a
home, and Isaac worked on the farm summers
and attended the district school winters. The de-
termining event of his youth occurred while he
was on a coon hunt. Separated from his com-
panions in the woods, he was drawn by the sound
of singing to a schoolhouse on the road. Enter-
ing, he found a revival conducted by a United
Brethren preacher in progress, and was con-
verted. Later he was baptized through a hole
cut in the ice on the Wabash River. There fol-
lowed a desire for an education and the work of
the ministry, two years in Hartsville College,
a United Brethren school in Bartholomew Coun-
ty, where he supported himself by the humblest
forms of labor, and then his licensure as a local
preacher. In 1858, while he was teaching in
Rensselaer, Ind., Rev. Granville Moody per-
suaded him that the Methodist Church offered
him greater opportunity for usefulness, and he
joined that denomination. This same year the
Northwest Indiana Conference gave him work
as a "supply," on the Rolling Prairie Circuit.
Equipped with a horse and two dollars and
twenty-five cents, the gift of his father, and with
a few clothes, Bible, Discipline, and hymnal in
his saddlebags, he set out for his field of labor
one hundred and fifty miles away, beginning a
ministry destined to be world-wide in extent.
His rise to influence and prominence was rapid.
By assiduous study he added much to his educa-
tion. In 1859 he was admitted to the Conference
on trial, ordained deacon in 1861, and elder in
1863. On Mar. 20, 1861, he married Caroline
Walker Bosserman of La Porte, Ind. After
strenuous circuit work, in 1866 when he was but
thirty, he was appointed to the Ninth Street
Church, Lafayette. In this city he remained ten
years, serving also as presiding elder of the dis-
trict, and as pastor of Trinity Church. Poor
health caused him to take a supernumerary re-
lation in 1876-77, during which time, however,
he supplied Bethany Church, Baltimore. From
1877 to 1880 he was pastor of Roberts Chapel,
Greencastle, the seat of Indiana Asbury Univer-
sity (De Pauw). In the latter year he was a
delegate to the General Conference. Transferred
Joynes
to the Cincinnati Conference in 1880, he was
stationed eight years in that city as pastor of St.
Paul's and Trinity. In 1886 he was fraternal
delegate to the Methodist Church of Canada,
and two years later was elected bishop. His first
episcopal residence was at Chattanooga, Tenn.
(1888-96). For five years during this period,
as chancellor, he guided U. S. Grant University
through a critical period of its history. From
1896 until his death his residence was at Minne-
apolis.
His influence and renown came primarily from
his abilities as a preacher and pastor. The Irish
in him displayed itself in his fervor, sense of
humor, quick sympathies, and generous impulses.
Using the language of the common people and
speaking with abandon and evangelistic zeal, he
sometimes held great audiences for the space of
two hours. Religious awakenings invariably at-
tended his ministry. To the board of bishops he
brought capacity for hard work, sound judgment,
and well-balanced character and powers ; and
his associates delegated to him some of their most
important duties. In 1892 he presided over the
conferences in Europe ; in 1894 supervised Meth-
odist work in Mexico; spent two years (1896-
98) with the churches in China, Japan, and In-
dia, giving a great stimulus to missionary activ-
ity; and in 1903 and 1904 made episcopal tours
in South America. From 1900 to 1904 he also
presided over the Epworth League. While
preaching at a camp meeting at Red Rock, Minn.,
in July 1905, his activity was brought to a close
by a cerebral hemorrhage, and he died a few
weeks later.
[W. F. Sheridan, The Life of Isaac Wilson Joyce
(1907); Meth. Rev., Jan. 1907; Minneapolis Tribune,
July 28, 30, and Aug. 1, 1905; Zion's Herald, North-
western Christian Advocate, Western Christian Advo-
cate, Aug. 2, 1905 ; Christian Advocate (N. Y.), North-
ern Christian Advocate, Aug. 3, 1905 ; Who's Who in
America, 1903-05.] H. E. S.
JOYNES, EDWARD SOUTHEY (Mar. 2,
1834-June 18, 1917), Southern educator and
writer, was born in Accomac County, Va., a son
of Thomas Robinson and Ann Bell (Satchell)
Joynes, and a grandson of Maj. Levin Joynes of
the Continental Army, whose ancestors were
among the earliest English settlers of Virginia.
His father was an able and successful attorney.
After preparatory training at Delaware College
and at Concord Academy, Fredericksburg, Va.,
Edward entered the University of Virginia in
1850. He received the degree of B.A. in 1852
and that of MA. the following year. Upon his
graduation he was appointed assistant professor
of ancient languages, a position which he filled
until 1856. He then went to Berlin for two years'
26
Joynes
study at the University, where his instructors
were the most noted scholars then living, Haupt,
Bopp, and Benary. Of this period of his life he
wrote most interestingly ("Old Letters of a
Student in Germany," Magnolia, Richmond,
1863-64, reprinted 1916, as a bulletin of the
University of South Carolina). While in Berlin
he was elected professor of Greek and German
at the College of William and Mary. He held
this position for three years, in 1859 marrying
Eliza Waller Vest, of Williamsburg.
When the Civil War began, Joynes became
chief clerk in the Confederate War Department,
Richmond, serving in this capacity until 1864.
In 1864 and 1865 he taught English at Hollins
Institute, Va., and in 1866 continued the same
work at Washington College, Lexington, Va.,
under Gen. Robert E. Lee. Later, in 1875, he
became a member of the faculty of Vanderbilt
University ; in 1878 of the faculty of the Uni-
versity of East Tennessee. After four years he
was made professor of modern languages and
English in South Carolina College, Columbia.
He taught there until 1908 when, after fifty-five
years in educational work, he was made profes-
sor emeritus and received a retiring allowance
from the Carnegie Foundation for "unusual and
distinguished service as a professor of Modern
Languages."
Throughout his life Joynes devoted himself to
the upbuilding of the schools and the colleges of
the South and of the teaching profession. His
vigorous addresses before the Tennessee As-
sembly were a potent factor in the organization
of the University of Tennessee. His Concern-
ing the University of South Carolina (1905),
addressed to the state legislature, performed a
similar service in that state. He directed, in
1880, the first teachers' institute ever held in
South Carolina. He helped to organize and later
became a member of the board of trustees of the
state normal and industrial school for women,
now Winthrop College, Rock Hill, S. C. He
zealously advocated better training for teachers,
more public schools, new methods of teaching in
Virginia, Tennessee, and South Carolina. The
long series of textbooks which he wrote and ed-
ited put his principles into practice. His publish-
ers thought his ideas too radical but his judgment
has been vindicated by the fact that many of his
texts in German and French are still in use.
Among the best known of these are an edition of
Schiller's Maria Stuart (1880), A German
Grammar for Schools and Colleges Based on the
Public School German Grammar of A. L. Meiss-
ner (1887), and Minimum French Grammar and
Reader (1892). Many of the negro schools in
Judah
South Carolina today are directly traceable to
the enthusiasm with which he sponsored educa-
tion for all classes.
[Lib. of Southern Lit. (16 vols., igog), vol. VII,
which contains bibliog. to 1909; A Tribute to Dr. Ed-
ward Southcy Joynes on His Eightieth Birthday, Bull,
of the Univ. of S. C, 1914; The State (Columbia, S.
C), June 19, 1917] H.S.Jr.
JUDAH, SAMUEL (July 10, 1798-Apr. 24,
1869), lawyer, was born in New York City, of a
Hebrew family, the son of Dr. Samuel Bernard
Judah, and a grandson of Samuel Judah who
emigrated to America from London about 1760
and was active in the American Revolution. His
mother, Catherine Hart Judah, was the daugh-
ter of Aaron Hart who accompanied Amherst to
Canada in 1760, served as commissary general
on Haldimand's staff, and settled in Three Rivers.
Young Samuel graduated from Rutgers College
in 1816, was admitted to the bar, and in 1818
moved to Indiana and established himself in Vin-
cennes, where he practised his profession until
his death. His father visited him in 1872 and
kept a journal, which was published in the In-
diana Magazine of History, December 192 1 ("A
Journal of Travel from New York to Indiana in
1827"). Judah participated in politics and was a
member of the state House of Representatives in
1827-29 and 1837-41, being elected speaker in
1840. He was originally a Democrat and was
one of the committee that wrote the address of
the Jackson convention in 1824. For some time
he was United States attorney, but he lost his
position in 1833 and the following year was op-
posing Jackson. In 1839 ne presided over the
Whig legislative caucus. In local politics he was
a leader in the internal improvements party, was
chairman of the canal committee of the Assembly,
and reported in favor of canals, but the bill for
their construction was defeated.
It was as a lawyer, however, that he was best
known ; he was considered one of the ablest in
Indiana, and his practice extended beyond state
lines and to the Supreme Court of the United
States. To a deep knowledge of the law he joined
great cleverness in the management of his cases.
His most notable case was undertaken in 1842 in
behalf of Vincennes University, the question at
issue being the right of that institution to certain
lands granted by act of Congress in 1804 but
later taken by the state and in part sold. Judah
procured the passage of a bill through the legis-
lature granting the institution the right to bring
suit against the state for the recovery of the
property. Suit was brought in the Marion Coun-
ty court, and the university obtained a judgment
for $30,099.96 and interest amounting to $5,-
227
Judah
428.87. The supreme court of Indiana reversed
the decision, but the Supreme Court of the
United States upheld the university's claim.
Ultimately, in 1855, the state legislature passed
a bill providing for the payment to the univer-
sity of $66,585, out of which Judah retained for
fees and expenses $26,728.23. The board of trus-
tees of the school brought suit to compel him to
make an accounting, and in his answer, among
other things, he stated that he had used $4,500
in procuring the passage of the act of 1855. The
trustees opposed this item, alleging that the mon-
ey had been fraudulently and corruptly expend-
ed "in hiring persons to aid him in influencing
members of the legislature and in bribing
members to procure the passage of said act."
The courts, however, sustained Judah's claim.
Echoes of the case continued to be heard for half
a century, and in 1909 the state paid the univer-
sity another large sum to satisfy its claim.
Judah was learned outside the law and during
his long career maintained a love for science and
the classics. His proficiency in Greek and Latin
was well known and he possessed an interesting
general library. In 1825 he married Harriet
Brandon of a prominent family in Corydon, Ind.
Six of their children reached maturity.
[A Biog. Hist, of Eminent and Self-Made Men of
the State of Ind., vol. I (1880) ; A Hist, of Vincennes
Univ. (1928) ; J. P. Dunn, Indiana and Indianans (5
vols., 1919) ; Logan Esarey, A Hist, of Ind., vol. I
(1913) ; Compilation of Laws, Records, and Hist. Mat-
ter Relative to Claim of Vincennes Univ. against State
of Ind. (Indianapolis, 1909) ; Am. Jewish Hist. Soc.
Pubs., I (1892), 117, XIX (1910), 34, XXVII (1928),
490 ; J. A. Woodburn, Higher Education in Ind.
(1891); A. A. Leonard, ''Personal Politics in Ind.,
1816 to 1840," Ind. Mag. of Hist., Mar., June, Sept.
I023-] P. L.H.
JUDAH, SAMUEL BENJAMIN HEL-
BERT (c. 1799-July 21, 1876), author, play-
wright, was born in New York City, the son of
Benjamin S. and Elizabeth Judah. He was a
descendant of an old colonial Jewish family that
had settled in New York early in the eighteenth
century. His father was a prominent merchant
who was ruined by the War of 18 12. Samuel at-
tended the New York schools and acquired some
knowledge of the classical languages and French.
As a very young man he showed great interest in
the theatre, and with more ambition than dra-
matic ability he wrote three plays that were ac-
cepted by the producers of his day. The Moun-
tain Torrent (1820) was first performed at the
Park Theatre on Mar. 1, 1820. Odell, in his An-
nals of the New York Stage (II, 557), charac-
terizes it as "but an attempt to pour sour Euro-
pean wine into American bottles." A wholly
worthless production, it met with no success. His
next piece, The Rose of Arragon; or, the Vigil
Judah
of St. Mark (1822), was produced at the Park
Theatre on Apr. 18, 1822. The author boasts that
he wrote this play in "about two days," and the
reader has no reason to doubt him. Like The
Mountain Torrent, it is a highly inflated piece of
writing which has a strong flavor of French
melodrama. In his third and last play to be per-
formed Judah tried his hand upon a native theme,
an event of the Revolution. This was A Tale of
Lexington (1823), first performed at the Park
Theatre on July 4, 1822. Since the author tells
us that he spent but four days in its composition,
we cannot be surprised at the verdict of Odell,
who calls it "the most ridiculous thing conceiv-
able" (Ibid., Ill, 29). In 1822, Judah published
Odofriede, the Outcast, a lugubrious dramatic
poem of eighty-nine pages, a copy of which he
sent to Thomas Jefferson. Probably embittered
by his failure as a dramatist, he published in 1823
Gotham and the Gothamites, a book of versified
satire of a highly libelous character, in which he
attacked over a hundred people more or less
prominent in New York City. The work was
devoid of any literary merit and was written to
vent his spleen. For this publication he became
involved in a libel suit. He was found guilty,
fined $400, and sent to prison, where he spent
almost five weeks before he was pardoned by the
governor because of ill health. Not sufficiently
chastened by this experience, he published The
Buccaneers, a Romance of our Own Country
(1827), under the pseudonym of Terentius Phlo-
gobombos. This contains a preface from which
certain libelous passages were cut after the book
had been printed ; it is stated that no copy is
known which preserves these missing pages.
Judah's last publication was The Maid of Midian
(J833), a dramatic poem in four acts.
In 1825, he was admitted to the bar as an at-
torney and counsellor of the supreme court, and
for many years he practised law. Commenting
upon Judah's later years, Judge Charles P. Daly
says, "As an attorney, a gentleman who had much
to do with him in the transaction of business
described him to me as acute, cunning, technical,
and not very reliable ; notwithstanding which he
was able to obtain what, in those days when im-
prisonment for debt was allowed, was called a
collecting business, by which he was able to se-
cure an ample competency, on which he lived for
the rest of his life" (post, pp. 144-45). Judah, it
appears, was a vain and shallow man. He never
married, and he died in New York City.
[Details of the life of Judah are meager, and no ac-
count is entirely accurate. The Jewish Encyclopedia
contains a brief biography and a few misstatements of
facts ; the longest and most revealing account is found
in C. P. Daly, The Settlement of the Jews in North
:28
Judah
America (1893). A criticism of Judah's plays is found
in A. H. Quinn, A Hist, of the Am. Drama from the
Beginning to the Civil War (1923), and in G. C. D.
Odell, Annals of the N. Y. Stage, vols. II (1927), III
(1928). A complete list of his writings is found in the
Am. Jewish Hist. Soc. Pubs., no. 30 (1926). The date
of his death and the spelling of his third name are
taken from the records of the congregation Shearith
Israel, N. Y. City.] jj \y 5 r.
JUDAH, THEODORE DEHONE (Mar. 4,
1826-Nov. 2, 1863), engineer, railroad builder,
was born in Bridgeport, Conn., the son of an
Episcopal clergyman, Henry R. Judah. He stud-
ied at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy,
N. Y., and on May 10, 1847, married Anna Fer-
ona Pierce, daughter of a local merchant in
Greenfield, Mass. After leaving the Institute he
was employed by the New Haven, Hartford &
Springfield Railroad, the Connecticut River Rail-
way, and the Erie Canal. He also erected a large
bridge at Vergennes, Vt., planned and built the
Niagara Gorge Railroad, and was for a time in
charge of construction on the line of the Buffalo
& New York Railway, now a part of the Erie
system. In 1854 he was called to the Pacific
Coast as chief engineer of the Sacramento Val-
ley Railroad, a local project completed in 1856
from Sacramento east to the town of Folsom.
Leaving the employ of this road shortly before
the line reached Folsom, he engaged for a time
in engineering and construction work for other
railroad companies. During these years he was
frequently in the California mountains, and
considered plans for a railroad which should
run from California eastward to an ultimate
junction with the railroad systems of the Mis-
sissippi Valley states. The desirability of such
an enterprise was recognized upon the Pacific
Coast, and the location of its western termi-
nus, the general character of the route to be
followed, and the extent to which the federal
government might be induced to provide funds
for its completion were subjects discussed in the
state legislature, in the press, and in conventions
called for this specific purpose in 1853 and in
1859. Judah published a pamphlet in 1857 upon
the subject of a transcontinental railroad that
was circulated among members of Congress at
Washington. He was a prominent figure in the
Pacific Railroad Convention of 1859 and was its
accredited agent at the national capital in 1859
and i860. In the latter year, after his return to
California, he announced that he had discovered
a practicable railroad route across the Sierras,
and solicited private subscriptions to enable him
to perfect the organization of a company which
should undertake the work. The following year
he was able to persuade Collis P. Huntington,
Leland Stanford [qq.v.], and certain of their
Judd
friends to join him in the organization of the
Central Pacific Railroad Company, and to con-
tribute to the expenses of an instrumental survey
across the mountains. The survey proved satis-
factory, Judah was again sent to Washington to
seek national support, and after the passage of
the federal act of July 1, 1862, he returned to
California to direct construction.
Judah, rather than Huntington, Stanford,
Hopkins, or Crocker is to be credited with the
initiation and successful promotion of the first
realized plan for the construction of a railroad
across the Sierra Nevada mountains. He did
not, unfortunately, survive to see the completion
of his undertaking, and it is possible that he
would not have remained with the Central Pa-
cific even if he had lived. Friction between Judah
and the Huntington group appears to have led
the "Big Four" to buy the former out in 1863 for
the sum of $100,000, at the same time that they
gave him an option to purchase their respective
shares for a similar amount each. Judah sailed
for the East to seek other financial support, but
contracted typhoid fever while crossing the Isth-
mus, and died soon after his arrival at New
York. His record gives evidence of imagination
and capacity for sustained enthusiasm, and also
of a high degree of technical ability. Though
he never had opportunity to display adminis-
trative talent in the management of a large en-
terprise, he is properly credited with a leading
part in the early stages of a great railroad proj-
ect which other men brought to a successful con-
clusion.
[C. I. Wheat, "A Sketch of the Life of Theodore D.
Judah," Cat. Hist. Soc. Quart., Sept. 1925 ; W. E.
Curtis, in Los Angeles Times, Nov. 19, 1909; Stuart
Daggett, Chapters on the Hist, of the Southern Pacific
(1922) ; T. H. Hittell, Hist, of Cal., vol. IV (1897) ;
H. H. Bancroft, Hist, of Cal., vol. VII (1890) ; C. C.
Goodwin, As I Remember Them (19 13). The Bancroft
Library at the Univ. of Cal. contains a manuscript let-
ter by Mrs. Judah and a considerable body of pamphlet
material bearing upon Judah's activities upon the Pa-
cific Coast.] s_ j)_
JUDD, GERRIT PARMELE (Apr. 23, 1803-
July 12, 1873), Hawaiian statesman, was born
at Paris, Oneida County, N. Y., the eldest son of
Dr. Elnathan Judd, Jr., and Betsey Hastings
Judd, and a descendant of Thomas Judd who
was living in Cambridge, Mass., in 1634. At an
early age he began the study of medicine in his
father's office and afterwards attended a medical
school at Fairfield, Herkimer County, graduating
in 1825. Converted in 1826, he decided to be-
come a missionary, and in the fall of 1827 was
appointed physician to the Sandwich Islands
Mission of the American Board of Commission-
ers for Foreign Missions. On the eve of his
229
Judd
departure for his distant field of labor he was
married to Laura Fish, a young woman of good
education and much strength of character. They
had nine children.
Judd's service in the Mission extended over a
period of fourteen years. In his professional
capacity he was constantly brought into contact
with the King and chiefs, won their implicit con-
fidence, and gained an accurate insight into the
Hawaiian character. Having a perfect command
of the language, he was, from about 1833, drawn
gradually into the councils of the nation by act-
ing as interpreter and translator, and was on
many occasions called upon for advice on mat-
ters of state. In 1842 the affairs of the kingdom
came to a crisis — the native race seemed doomed
to extinction and the independence of the island
government was in jeopardy. Before this time
Judd had assisted in introducing system into the
business of the government ; he now separated
himself from the Mission and took service under
the King, first as a member of the treasury
board, then as recorder and translator, and final-
ly, in 1843, as secretary of state for foreign af-
fairs, while still holding his former offices. He
was the trusted adviser of the King, and under
his guidance a policy was devised whose under-
lying principle was a union of natives and for-
eigners as subjects and supporters of the inde-
pendent native monarchy, which should be
organized on a constitutional basis, so as to gain
for the nation the benefits of foreign intercourse
without allowing the native race to be over-
whelmed by a flood of aliens. This policy drew
into the government, as ministers or subordinate
officials, a number of the best-qualified foreigners,
in order that the administrative and judicial pro-
cedure might conform to the standards of civi-
lized governments. The plan was effective in
saving the nation, but the policy and many of the
details of its working out brought Judd and other
members of the government into collision with
certain of the foreign residents who disliked the
idea intensely. During a large part of his of-
ficial career, Judd was a subject of violent criti-
cism. A man of positive convictions, he acted
with decision in critical moments and did not
shirk the responsibility for his acts. He was
minister of foreign affairs, 1843-45 ; minister of
the interior, 1845-46; minister of finance, 1846-
53 ; and during all this time he was the prime
minister in fact if not in name. In 1849 he un-
dertook a diplomatic mission abroad with the
objects of obtaining reparation from France for
acts of the French consul and French admiral at
Honolulu in August 1849, and of making new
treaties with the United States, Great Britain,
Judd
and France. The first object was not accom-
plished, but toward securing the treaties some
progress was made. Judd represented the King
(Kamehameha III) on the committee which
drew up the liberal constitution of 1852. In the
following year he was forced out of the govern-
ment by opposition which threatened the over-
throw of the monarchy.
During the remaining twenty years of his life
he devoted himself to his profession and to the
agricultural development of the islands, but he
always took a lively interest in politics and in the
moral and religious welfare of the nation. He
was a member of the legislature of 1858 and of
the constitutional convention of 1864; during the
sessions of the convention he strongly opposed
the efforts of Kamehameha V to increase the
power and prerogatives of the crown. He was
one of the original members (1863) of the board
of the Hawaiian Evangelical Association and
served on that board until his death.
[Printed sources include : Laura Fish Judd, Honolulu
. . . from 1828 to 1861 (1880, reprinted 1928) ; Frag-
ments: Records of the House of Judd (5 vols., printed
for private circulation, 1903-30) ; G. R. Carter, A Rec-
ord of the Descendants of Dr. Gerrit P. Judd of Hawaii
(1922) ; Sylvester Judd, Thomas Judd and His De-
scendants (1856) ; reports of the Hawaiian minister of
foreign relations, 1845-55, of finance, 1846-54, of the
interior, 1845-46 ; The Story of Hawaii and Its Build-
ers (1925) ; ed. by G. F. Nellist ; Honolulu Polynesian,
Apr. 12, 1845 ; Pacific Commercial Advertiser, July
19, 1873 ; The Friend, Aug. 1873 ; A. G. M. Robertson,
in Centenary Service Commemorating the Landing . . .
of the Third Company Sent to the Sandwich Islands
Mission by the A.B.C.F.M. (1928). Criticism of Judd
is most fully set forth in unpublished dispatches of
the American commissioner and British consul gen-
eral in Hawaii during the years 1844-53 ; A. Haole (G.
W. Bates), Sandwich Island Notes (1854), prints some
documents bearing on Judd's retirement from the gov-
ernment ; in preparing the present sketch, use has also
been made of Honolulu newspapers and of unpublished
materials in the Archives of Hawaii.] R S K
JUDD, NORMAN BUEL (Jan. 10, 1815-
Nov. 11, 1878), lawyer, congressman, diplomat,
was born to Norman and Catherine (Van der
Heyden) Judd at Rome, N. Y. The father, a de-
scendant of Thomas Judd who was living in
Cambridge, Mass., in 1634, was a potter by trade
and an early settler of Oneida County, while the
mother was a member of an old Dutch family
settled at Troy. Norman, after a high-school
education at Rome, made successive and unsuc-
cessful efforts to find a niche as a merchant, a
newspaperman, and a medico. The law finally
claimed him and he was admitted to the New
York bar, but, attracted by the possibilities of
the new West, he migrated to Chicago in 1836.
He arrived in time to draft the city's first char-
ter, using that of Buffalo as a model, and this
service was rewarded by his choice as first at-
torney of Chicago in 1837 and 1838. He was
230
Judd
elected to the board of aldermen (1842) and in
1844, as a Democrat, began sixteen years of
service in the state Senate. In 1844 also he mar-
ried Adeline Rossiter.
The subsequent years found him increasingly
identified with railroad operation and litigation,
a connection in which his political position was
doubtless no drawback. Between 1848 and i860
he served as president, attorney, or director with
the following railroad enterprises : Peoria &
Bureau Valley, Railroad Bridge Company of
Rock Island, Michigan Southern & Northern
Indiana, Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago,
Mississippi, Missouri & Chicago, Milwaukee &
St. Paul. He was prominent in the legal ma-
nipulations by which several of these roads were
consolidated into the Rock Island system and be-
came first attorney for the new organization.
His railroad interests whetted his enthusiasm
for politics, and in May 1856 he was one of the
Anti-Nebraska delegates to the Bloomington
convention at which Illinois Republicanism was
launched. The new party chose him as first
chairman of its state central committee, a po-
sition which he held until i860. He helped to
make the arrangements leading to the Lincoln-
Douglas debates, was Lincoln's manager in the
campaign for the nomination in i860, and led
the Illinois forces in the election race. He had
hoped and expected to be the choice of his party
for the governorship, but was sidetracked in fa-
vor of Richard Yates, who, it was thought, could
draw more votes from certain of the central
counties and thus secure at once the success of
Lincoln and the election of a legislature which
would return Lyman Trumbull to the Senate. A
personal and political feud of long standing with
"Long John" Wentworth of Chicago, a rival Re-
publican leader, likewise hurt his chances.
Following the election, after some unsuccess-
ful angling for a cabinet position, he was chosen
by Lincoln as minister to Prussia, a post which
he filled capably but without particular distinc-
tion from 1861 to 1865. After Lincoln's reelec-
tion he re-rented his house for four years and
ordered new furniture on the supposition that his
berth would be continued — an expectation which
was sadly disappointed by Johnson's request for
his resignation. Writing to Trumbull, June 12,
1865, of this circumstance, he commented: "A
certain writer who usually signs himself 'J. W.'
[Wentworth] has rather prompt revenge . . ."
(Trumbull Papers). Wentworth was then in
Congress. Judd returned to Chicago, and in 1866
was able to supplant his old rival in the Fortieth
Congress. He served in this and the succeeding
Congress (1867-71), interesting himself in the
judd
local needs of his city and in various legislative
projects the desirability of which had become
evident to him during his diplomatic service.
He was pensioned by the Grant administration
in the post of collector of customs at Chicago
(July 17, 1872), a position which he occupied
until failing health, leading finally to his fatal
illness, forced his retirement in 1876.
[Scattered letters from and concerning Judd in the
Lyman Trumbull Papers, Lib. of Cong. ; Sylvester
Judd, Thomas Judd and His Descendants (1856) ; A.
T. Andreas. Hist, of Chicago, vol. II (1885) ; The Biog.
Encyc. of III. in the Nineteenth Century ( 1875) ; Arthur
Edwards, Sketch of the Life of Norman B. Judd (n.d.) ;
L. O. Leonard in Rock Island Mag., May 1926 ; Chicago
Daily Tribune, Nov. 12, 1878 ; files of the Tribune and
of the Springfield Daily Register.] L. E. E.
JUDD, ORANGE (July 26, 1822-Dec. 27,
1892), agricultural editor and publisher, was
born near Niagara Falls, N. Y., one of the ten
children of Ozias and Rheuama (Wright) Judd,
and a descendant of Thomas Judd who settled
at Cambridge, Mass., about 1634. The boy's in-
herited bent for education took him, after attain-
ing self-support, to Wesleyan University at Mid-
dletown, Conn., where he graduated in 1847. He
became a teacher at Wilbraham Academy in
western Massachusetts, but shortly developed an
interest in agricultural chemistry and pursued
that subject as a graduate student from 1850 to
1853 at Yale. His persistence in his researches
at a time when the relation of chemistry to farm-
ing had received little or no attention in Amer-
ica seems to entitle Judd to rank among the
pioneers, even in the absence of any single dis-
covery placed to his credit.
In 1853 he removed to New York City to be-
come joint editor of the American Agriculturist
with Anthony Benezet Allen [q.v.], thus making
a definite transition from a career of scholarship
to one of active journalism, which was to end
only with his death, forty years later. At first he
did all the office work on the Agriculturist and
wrapped and addressed by hand the entire edition.
Within three years he was owner and publisher,
as well as editor, and between 1856 and 1864 he
raised the circulation of the journal (changed
from a weekly to a monthly) from less than 1,000
to more than 100,000. He was also the agricul-
tural editor of the New York Times from 1855
to 1863. His articles were brief, practical, and
addressed to definite farm problems. Before the
Department of Agriculture had begun to publish
extensively and before the land-grant colleges
were operating, the farm journal was almost the
sole medium for providing the farmer with a
sound scientific knowledge of his calling. Be-
longing to the once disparaged group of "book
2^1
Judd
farmers," Judd always had the needs of the "dirt
farmer" in mind and was one of the few agri-
cultural writers of his time who had a first-hand
acquaintance with both the farm and the labora-
tory.
The Civil War interrupted his editorial labors.
He was with the United Christian Commission
at Gettysburg, and with the Sanitary Commis-
sion followed the fortunes of the Army of the
Potomac from the Rapidan to Petersburg. After
the war his publishing interests in New York
rapidly expanded. Besides the Agriculturist he
controlled Hearth and Home from the end of its
second year (1870-73), and owned the copy-
rights of many agricultural books. He devised
the crop-reporting percentage system later adopt-
ed by nearly all nations.
As he gained wealth his thoughts turned to the
possibilities of establishing scientific instruction
at Wesleyan University. In 1871 his ideals were
partially embodied in the Orange Judd Hall of
Natural Science, which he gave to the Univer-
sity. His interest in his alma mater was also
shown in the alumni catalogue, Wesleyan Uni-
versity, Middletown, Conn., Alumni Record,
1833-1869 (1869), which he laboriously com-
piled. Meanwhile he had become internationally
known through his crop-reporting system and
the Agriculturist had acquired a substantial cir-
culation among farmers in the Middle West. By
his tender of $1,000 the establishment of the first
of the State Agricultural Experiment Stations
at Wesleyan University, serving the State of
Connecticut, was made possible (A. C. True in
Year Book of the Department of Agriculture,
1899, 1900, p. 516). Years before, in 1857-58,
he had imported sorghum seed into the United
States and distributed it gratis, thus helping to
initiate a new industry.
He was president of a railroad built to connect
Flushing, L. I., with New York City, and his
losses in the venture, coupled with unfortunate
real-estate speculations, brought about his fail-
ure in 1883. Retiring from the Agriculturist he
went to Chicago and there edited the Prairie
Farmer from 1884 to 1888. In the latter year he
bought the St. Paul Farmer, and moved it to Chi-
cago where, as both editor and business manager,
he conducted it as the Orange Judd Farmer un-
til his death. For many years thereafter his
name was carried at the head of various farm
papers.
On Oct. 10, 1847, Judd married Sarah L. Ford,
who died in 1854; and on May 1, 1855, he took
as a second wife Harriet Stewart. Two sons
were associated with his publishing enterprises.
As one of his side occupations he early busied
Judd
himself with a series of weekly Sunday-school
lessons, Lessons for Every Sunday in the Year
(4 vols., 1862-65), which served as a pattern for
the famous International Lessons.
[Sylvester Judd, Thomas Judd and His Descendants
(1856) ; Am. Agriculturist, Feb. 1893 ; Harper's Week-
ly, Jan. 7, 1893; Orange Judd Farmer, Jan. 7, 1893;
F. L. Mott, A Hist, of Am. Magazines, 1741-1830
(1930); Wesleyan Univ., Middletown, Conn., Alumni
Record (3rd ed., 1883) ; N. Y. Times, N. Y. Tribune,
and Chicago Daily Tribune, of Dec. 28, 1892.]
W.B.S.
JUDD, SYLVESTER (July 23, 1813-Jan. 26,
1853), Unitarian clergyman, author, was born
in Westhampton, Mass., the son of Sylvester
and Apphia (Hall) Judd, and a descendant of
Thomas Judd who came to Cambridge, Mass.,
from England about 1634, moved to Hartford,
Conn., in 1636, and later was one of the first
settlers of Farmington, Conn. Sylvester grew
up in his native town and in Northampton, Mass.,
where in 1822 his father, a man of antiquarian
tastes who achieved some reputation as a local
historian, became editor of the Hampshire Ga-
zette. His schooling was interrupted when he
was about sixteen years old and he worked for a
time as clerk in Greenfield and Hartford stores.
He then prepared for college at Hopkins Acad-
emy, Hadley, Mass., graduated from Yale in
1836, and later taught a private school in Tem-
pleton, Mass. In 1837, having become a Uni-
tarian, he entered the Harvard Divinity School,
graduating in 1840. During the second year of
his course he wrote for the Christian Register a
series of letters upon the change in his religious
views under the title "Familiar Sketches," which
the American Unitarian Association published
as Tract No. 128, A Young Man's Account of
his Conversion from Calinnism. On Oct. 1, 1840,
he was ordained in Augusta, Me., as pastor of
the church and society known as East Parish,
and the following year, Aug. 31, he married Jane
Elizabeth, daughter of Hon. Reuel Williams
[q.v.~\, then United States senator from Maine.
His early death limited his professional career
to less than twelve years, during all of which
period his home was in Augusta. The influence
he exerted as preacher and pastor was extended
by his activities as a Lyceum lecturer and writer.
An idealist, sometimes more visionary than prac-
tical, he devoted himself ardently and unselfishly
to bettering human relations. He worked for the
adoption of his idea of the "birthright church,"
maintaining that family, church, and state are
divine institutions in which all individuals by
birth become members; and he outlined an ec-
clesiastical year with a unique array of monthl>
festivals. His opposition to war and his advo-
cacy of non-resistance cost him in 1842 his po-
232
Judge
sition as chaplain to the Maine legislature. He
deplored slavery, but did not sympathize with
the belligerent attitude of the abolitionists ; he
supported the temperance movement, but had no
faith in the Maine Law as a remedy for the evils
it was intended to suppress ; and he condemned
capital punishment as both unchristian and in-
expedient. His religious and social views are
set forth in two novels, Margaret (1845) and
Richard Edncy and the Governor's Family
(1850); and in a didactic poem, Philo, an
Evangcliad (1850). The novels attracted con-
siderable attention, and received both praise and
ridicule. They are lacking in literary form and
are full of eccentricities, but delineate certain as-
pects of New England life faithfully and effec-
tively, and contain descriptive passages of rare
excellence. James Russell Lowell in A Fable for
Critics refers to Margaret as "the first Yankee
book with the soul of Down East in't." A revised
edition in two volumes was issued in 1851. Af-
ter his death, The Church in a Series of Dis-
courses (1854) was published, and he left in
manuscript a five-act drama, "The White Hills,
an American Tragedy."
[Sylvester Judd, Thomas Judd and His Descendants
(1856) ; Hist, and Biog. Record of the Class of 1836
in Yale Coll. (1882) ; F. B. Dexter, Biog. Notices of
Grads. of Yale Coll. (191 3) ; Arethusa Hall, Life and
Character of Rev. Sylvester Judd (1854) ; W. B.
Sprague, Annals Am. Unitarian Pulpit (1865) ; No.
Am. Rev., Jan. 1846, Apr. 1850, Apr. 1851, Apr. 1855;
Christian Examiner, Jan. 1855 ; Eraser's Mag., July
J867-] H.E. S.
JUDGE, WILLIAM QUAN (Apr. 13, 1851-
Mar. 21, 1896), theosophist, was born in Dublin,
Ireland, one of the seven children of Frederick
H. Judge, a prominent Freemason, and Alice
(Quan) Judge. He developed normally until his
seventh year when, after a serious illness, he be-
gan to show signs of "queerness" and very early
plunged into a precocious study of mesmerism,
magic, and Rosicrucianism. In 1864, Frederick
Judge, after the death of his wife, brought his
large family to America and settled in Brooklyn,
N. Y. William Judge studied law in the office of
George P. Andrews, later justice of the New
York supreme court, and was admitted to the bar
in 1872. He entered into partnership with Henry
Steel Olcott [q.v.] in the firm of Olcott, Gon-
zalez & Judge. As a lawyer he was noted for
his industry, thoroughness, and pertinacity. In
1874 he was married to Ella Smith of Brooklyn.
Introduced by Olcott to Mme. H. P. Blavatsky
[q.v.j, he became a charter member of their
Theosophical Society in September 1875. In
1878 he acted as legal counsel for Mme. Blavat-
sky in her divorce from M. C. Betanelly. After
the departure of Olcott and Mme. Blavatsky for
Judge
India in the latter year, the New York branch of
the Theosophical Society went to pieces, but it
was reorganized by Judge in 1883 as the Aryan
Theosophical Society, with himself as president.
At first his organization enjoyed but a precarious
existence. Sometimes the only member present,
he would nevertheless formally open the meeting,
read a chapter of the Bhagavad-Gita, and enter
the minutes. His faith was eventually rewarded.
Despite the exposure of Mme. Blavatsky by the
London Society for Psychical Research in 1885,
the theosophic movement began to spread in
America, and during the next few years Judge,
appointed vice-president by Olcott, succeeded in
establishing branches in every large city of the
country. In 1886 he began the publication of
The Path, a theosophical monthly which he edited
until his death. In 1889 he crushed the formid-
able revolt of Elliott Coues [q.v.], against whom,
together with the New York Sun, he brought a
libel suit in July 1890 on behalf of Mme. Blavat-
sky which was terminated two years later by the
Sun's abject apology (Sun, Sept. 26, 1892). In
1893 he gave up his legal practice in order to
devote all his time to the work of the Society.
In the following year, however, he was formally
charged by Mrs. Annie Besant with having fab-
ricated letters in his own praise supposed to
have been "precipitated" from the Mahatmas of
the Himalayas. There is evidence that he had
come to believe he was himself "the Mahatma
K. H." (Alice Cleather, H. P. Blavatsky: Her
Life and Work for Humanity, Calcutta, 1922, pp.
121-22). The affair caused an ugly scandal (Ed-
mund Garrett, "Isis Very Much Unveiled,"
Westminster Gazette, Oct. 29-Nov. 8, 1894).
As a result of the controversy, the American
section withdrew from the Theosophical Society
and formed itself into an independent organiza-
tion, Judge being elected president. At the time
of his death, a year later, this organization was
estimated to have 400,000 members.
Judge was the author of The Yoga Aphorisms
of Patanjali; an Interpretation (1889, reprinted
1912), Echoes from the Orient (1890), The
Ocean of Theosophy (1893), Notes on the
Bhagavad-Gita (published posthumously, 1918).
He was one of the few who remained loyal to
Mme. Blavatsky. It was he who went to India
on her behalf in 1884 and destroyed her tell-tale
shrine before it could be inspected by the repre-
sentative of the Society for Psychical Research,
and it was he who assisted in establishing the
Esoteric Section which restored her influence in
1888. Although apparently not averse to trick-
ery, he was of genuinely mystical temperament
and believed thoroughly in the occult teachings
233
Judson
of theosophy. His personal kindness, gentleness,
and earnestness of purpose aroused intense de-
votion among his followers.
[The record of Judge's activities as a theosophist is
scattered through the pages of the Theosophist, Lucifer,
The Path, and other theosophical magazines ; the an-
onymous history entitled The Theosophical Movement
1875-1925 (1025) is largely devoted to an account and
vindication of him ; there is a laudatory biographical
sketch by Julia Keightley in Letters that Have Helped
Me, compiled by Jasper Niemand (vol. II, 1918) ;
obituaries appeared in the Irish Theosophist, the Sphinx,
and the Lamp for Apr. 1896, the N. Y. Sun, N. Y.
Tribune (portr.) for Mar. 22, 1896, the N. Y. Times,
Mar. 23, 1896.] E. S. B.
JUDSON, ADONIRAM (Aug. 9, 1788-Apr.
12, 1850), Baptist missionary, son of Adoniram
and Abigail (Brown) Judson, was descended in
the fifth generation from Joseph Judson who
with his father, William, emigrated from York-
shire, England, to America, settling at Concord,
Mass. The elder Adoniram Judson was a Con-
gregational minister. Born at Maiden, Mass.,
young Judson lived in turn in Wenham, Brain-
tree, and Plymouth, where his father held suc-
cessive pastorates. With the ordinary schooling
of these small communities, he entered Brown
University as sophomore at the age of sixteen
and was graduated as valedictorian of his class
in 1807. He had developed skeptical tendencies,
but after a year of teaching at Plymouth, during
which he published two textbooks, Elements of
English Grammar and The Young Lady's Arith-
metic (both 1808), he entered the second-year
class at Andover Theological Seminary. It was
several weeks before he considered himself defi-
nitely a Christian and dedicated himself to the
ministry. He became associated with the Wil-
liams College group, by this time at Andover,
and soon was a leader in the movement resulting
in the organization of the American Board of
Commissioners for Foreign Missions. He drew
up the petition presented to the General Asso-
ciation at Bradford and was selected as messen-
ger to England to consult with the London Mis-
sionary Society. On the voyage the vessel was
captured by a French privateer and he was held
a prisoner at Bayonne for a short time. When
he reached London, although he was cordially
received, he found opinion adverse to joint con-
trol of the missionary enterprise. Returning to
America, he was appointed on Sept. 19, 181 1, as
one of four missionaries to Burma or other fields
which might open. He was already betrothed to
Ann Hasseltine (see Ann Hasseltine Judson)
and on Feb. 5, 1812, they were married. The fol-
lowing day he was ordained to the Congrega-
tional ministry at Salem and on Feb. 19 the
Judsons, with Samuel Newell and his wife, em-
barked there for Calcutta.
Judson
During the voyage, since he expected to meet
English Baptist missionaries and might need to
justify his own views and practices, Judson
studied the question of baptism, and by the time
they reached Calcutta, both Judson and Mrs. Jud-
son were in serious doubt as to pedobaptism,
though Judson had advanced nearer to the Bap-
tist position than had his wife. After further
study, late in August he wrote to the English
missionaries requesting baptism, and on Sept. 6,
1812, both the Judsons received believers' im-
mersion at the hands of Rev. William Ward.
This change in views cut them off from treas-
ured early associations and from their financial
support. Judson at once communicated with the
American Board and with Thomas Baldwin of
Boston and Lucius Bolles of Salem, to whom he
had already suggested the organization of a Bap-
tist foreign mission society. These two men were
subsequently leaders in the organization of the
Baptist Triennial Convention which in 1814 as-
sumed the support of what had become a Baptist
missionary enterprise. The officials of the East
India Company ordered the Judsons to America,
but after days of anxiety, they finally received a
pass permitting them to board a ship bound for
the Isle of France. After a further voyage of six
weeks they reached Port Louis and there learned
of the death of Mrs. Newell. Four months later
they sailed to Madras, hoping to go from there
to some suitable location in the Straits of Ma-
lacca. They found a vessel about to sail for Ran-
goon, and embarking, finally reached the land
which had been most specifically their desired
destination.
Judson set about the task of learning Burmese
in order to preach to the natives and to translate
the Scriptures into their tongue. Both his chief
biographers give full particulars of his method
of evangelization and the discouragingly slow
progress that was made. His linguistic ability
was extraordinary, however, and his translations
and his construction of an English-Burmese dic-
tionary are recognized as monuments of highest
scholarship. From Aug. 21, 1821, till Dec. 13,
1823, while Mrs. Judson was absent on her only
return to the homeland, he applied himself as-
siduously to the translation of the Bible (com-
pleted in 1834), though he also took advantage
of every opportunity for evangelistic work. Upon
his wife's return, they transferred their station
to Ava. Almost immediately the war with Eng-
land began and Judson and others were seized
on June 8, 1824. For eleven terrible months he
was confined at the Ava prison, and then for six
months which were possibly even worse, at the
prison pen of Oung-pen-la. The horrors of the
234
Judson
experience, hardly touched upon by Judson in
his writings, have been described explicitly by
some of his fellow prisoners, and most thrillingly
by Mrs. Judson in a letter to her brother. Re-
lease came when the progress of British arms
made negotiations for peace necessary and Jud-
son and his colleague, Dr. Price, were desired
as interpreters.
After the establishment of peace, Judson de-
clined a relatively large salary offered him if he
would continue as interpreter. Resuming his
missionary work, he removed to Amherst where
there was British protection. Later, encouraged
by Mrs. Judson and hoping to secure liberty for
religious work in Burma, he accompanied a Brit-
ish embassy to Ava. While on this mission the
tidings reached him of the death of his beloved
wife (Oct. 24, 1826). The infant daughter, born
during her father's imprisonment at Ava, sur-
vived her mother only six months. Their first
child had died, after seven months of life, in 1816.
Despite the poignancy of his grief, Judson hardly
faltered. He soon transferred his work to Maul-
main, which was to become for some time the
center of American Baptist activities in Burma
and the chief stage of his later career. During
this period he showed a tendency toward as-
ceticism and also, under the influence of the writ-
ings of Madame Guyon, toward mysticism. In
1829, he renounced the degree of doctor of di-
vinity which Brown University had conferred
upon him six years before.
On Apr. 10, 1834, he married Sarah Hall
Boardman (see Sarah Hall Boardman Judson),
widow of George Dana Boardman, another mis-
sionary in Burma. There followed a marital as-
sociation of over eleven years, quite as remark-
able in its intellectual and spiritual compatibility
as the first marriage had been. Eight children,
including Adoniram Brown Judson and Edward
Judson [qq.v.], were born of this marriage, but
three died in infancy. The condition of Mrs.
Judson's health compelled them to start for
America in 1845, w>th the three older children.
They were encouraged by a temporary improve-
ment, but Mrs. Judson died on Sept. 1, just after
reaching St. Helena. Judson continued the voy-
age, reaching Boston Oct. 15, 1845. He was
shown much attention and traveled to many places
to give missionary addresses, although the frailty
of his health and the condition of his voice made
it usually necessary to have another speaker con-
vey his words to the audience. In America he
met and was attracted to a young writer, Emily
Chubbuck, whom he married, June 2, 1846 (see
Emily Chubbuck Judson). On July II, follow-
ing, they embarked at Boston, reaching Maul-
Judson
main Nov. 30 ; a daughter was born there in De-
cember 1847. Judson resumed his missionary
work and in January 1849 had completed his
Dictionary, English and Burmese, published that
same year. The Burmese-English part, which
he left unfinished, was completed by his col-
league, Edward A. Stevens, and appeared as A
Dictionary, Burmese and English in 1852. Bur-
dened by recurring sickness in his home, Jud-
son's own health soon gave way. In April 1850
he undertook a sea voyage, which seemed the
only chance for his recovery ; but four days after
the vessel sailed he died, and his body was buried
at sea.
[There are two fairly adequate biographies : Francis
Wayland, Memoir of the Life and Labors of the Rev.
Adoniram Judson (2 vols., 1853), and Edward Judson,
Life of Adoniram Judson by His Son (1883). See also
Wm. Cothren, Hist, of Ancient Woodbury, Conn.
(1854); How Judson Became a Baptist Missionary
(1913), by his son Adoniram Brown Judson and the
obituary in Missionary Mag., Oct. 1850. There are nu-
merous popularly written biographies, and the story of
Judson's earlier Burman years until his second mar-
riage is presented in a historical novel, The Splendor of
God (1929), by Honore Willsie Morrow.] \fy". H.A
JUDSON, ADONIRAM BROWN (Apr. 7,
1837-Sept. 20, 1916), surgeon, brother of Ed-
ward Judson [q.v.~\, was born in Maulmain, Bur-
ma, a son of the well-known missionary, Adoni-
ram Judson, and his second wife, Sarah (Hall)
Boardman Judson [qq.v.']. His early years were
spent in Burma, but in 1845 ne was taken to the
United States, where he was educated. He re-
ceived a degree in arts from Brown University
in 1859 and had begun the study of medicine at
Harvard when the outbreak of the Civil War
led him to apply for appointment as assistant
surgeon in the United States navy. Despite the
fact that he was an undergraduate, he passed the
required examination and in 1864 was promoted
to passed assistant surgeon. In 1865 he took his
first degree in medicine from Jefferson Medical
College, Philadelphia, and in 1868 a second, ad
eundem, from the College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York. He then resigned from
the navy and settled in the metropolis. He was
an inspector on the board of health of New York
City from 1869 to 1877, when he resigned to take
the post of pension examining surgeon. In 1873
he published papers on the epizootic in horses
and on the epidemic of cholera in the Mississippi
Valley, but at a later period he decided to devote
himself to the then new specialty of orthopedic
surgery, and thenceforth the great majority of
his papers dealt with that subject. Although he
never secured a position on any of the medical-
college faculties nor in the special orthopedic
hospitals, he made good use of the orthopedic
class of the New York Hospital Out-patient De-
235
Judson
partment, of which he was the head from 1878 to
1908. In 1887 he was instrumental in the for-
mation of the American Orthopedic Association
and in 1891 became its president. He was al-
ways active in having its papers published not
only in American but in European journals, and
thus was instrumental in making American
orthopedics well-known abroad. Although Jud-
son was a prolific writer — he published more
than fifty papers — he wrote no books and his
name was never associated with any new opera-
tion or surgical device. His practice was not so
large as to monopolize his best hours, for in
1901 he secured the post of medical examiner of
the New York State Civil Service Commission
and in the same year was again appointed pen-
sion examining surgeon. He gradually with-
drew from the work of the American Orthopedic
Association and concentrated on that of the sec-
tion of orthopedics of the New York Academy
of Medicine, of which he was for many years the
chairman. Here, as in his earlier office, he was
instrumental in having the work of members
published at home and abroad. Greatly interest-
ed in the Academy of Medicine, he was its statis-
tical secretary from 1886 until the time of his
death, and prepared memoirs of all its numerous
fellows. He was nearly eighty when he died of
diabetes, from which he had suffered for many
years. Judson was a friendly, companionable
man of unusual modesty. For many years he
was an active member of the Judson Memorial,
the Baptist church of which his brother Edward
was pastor. He was married, Nov. 19, 1868, to
Anna Margaret Haughwout of New York.
[N. Y. Medic. Jour., Oct. 14, 1916; Medic. Record,
Sept. 23, 1916; Jour. Am. Medic. Asso., Oct. 7, 1916;
Who's Who in America, 1916-17 ; H. A. Kelly and W.
L. Burrage, Am. Medic. Biogs. (1920), N. Y. Times,
Sept. 2i, 1916; personal acquaintance.] E. P.
JUDSON, ANN HASSELTINE (Dec. 22,
1789-Oct. 24, 1826), missionary to Burma,
daughter of John and Rebecca (Barton or Bur-
ton) Hasseltine, was born at Bradford, Mass.
She was named Nancy but later changed her
name to Ann. Educated at the well-known acad-
emy in Bradford, for a short time she taught
in nearby towns. Her own account of her early
religious experience (Knowles, post) reads like
a continuation of the Great Awakening. In this
religious experience one can discern that mis-
sionary spirit which found its opportunity in her
marriage, Feb. 5, 18 12, to Adoniram Judson
\_q.v.~\, who was about to embark as a pioneer
American missionary to Burma. Although her
personal qualities would have carried her far in
a social career, she chose the life of a missionary
Judson
and she was the first woman dedicated to the
evangelization of the heathen to leave America.
With exceptional courage and devotion she
made her husband's tasks her own, supplement-
ing his great talents in many ways. Her expe-
riences were full of pain and difficulty : the sever-
ing of old associations caused by conversion to
the Baptist faith ; perils of travel ; perils of child-
birth without medical attendance ; the death of
her infant son ; and her own impaired health. In
1822-23 she returned for her only visit to Amer-
ica, and while here published her Account of
the American Baptist Mission to the Burman
Empire (1823). She rejoined her husband only
to undergo a series of terrible experiences dur-
ing his seventeen months of imprisonment with
other foreigners at Ava and Oung-pen-la. It was
especially while he was a prisoner and she her-
self completely isolated from the civilized world
that Mrs. Judson showed in its perfection that
blend of worldly tact and other-worldly spirit
which is discernible throughout her life. When
relief at last came and the missionaries took up
again their task in a new field at Amherst, in
Burma, she did not have the reserve of strength
to resist the ravages of a severe tropical fever,
and she died during the absence of her husband,
leaving an infant daughter who survived her but
six months.
[J. D. Knowles brought together some of the letters
of Mrs. Judson and portions of her journals (though
many of her papers she had destroyed at Ava) in his
Memoir of Ann H. Judson, Missionary to Burmah
(1829) ; most later biographies depend primarily upon
this material, supplemented by the biographies of Jud-
son. A sketch by Arabella W. Stuart appears in The
Lives of Mrs. Ann H. Judson and Mrs. Sarah B. Jud-
son, with a Biog. Sketch of Mrs. Emily C. Judson, Mis-
sionaries to Burmah (1851). For genealogy see W. B.
Lapham, Geneal. Sketches of John Hazelton and Some
of His Descendants ( 1892). The story of Mrs. Judson's
life appears in popular form in W. N. Wyeth, Ann H.
Judson: a Memorial (1888) ; in E. D. Hubbard. Ann
of Ava (19 13) ; and in the historical novel, The Splen-
dor of God (1929), by Honore Willsie Morrow.]
W.H.A.
JUDSON, EDWARD (Dec. 27, 1844-Oct. 23,
1914), Baptist clergyman, brother of Adoniram
Brown Judson [q.v.~\, was born of missionary
parents, Adoniram Judson and Sarah (Hall)
Boardman Judson [qq.v.~\, in Maulmain, Burma.
Left motherless when only a few months old, he
was cared for temporarily in the home of Edward
A. Stevens, one of his father's colleagues, and
then by his stepmother, Emily Chubbuck Judson
[q.z>.~\. Upon the death of his father in 1850 the
family went to America, where Edward, not
quite seven, saw for the first time two older
brothers and a sister. Most of the remaining
years of his boyhood were spent in Hamilton,
N. Y. After his stepmother's death, he lived for
136
Judson
some time in the home of Dr. Ebenezer Dodge
[q.v.~\, while preparing for college in the acad-
emy at Hamilton. He spent one year at Madi-
son (now Colgate) University, then transferred
to Brown University, where he was graduated
in 1865, ranking high in scholarship. Having
served two years as principal of Leland and Gray
Seminary at Townshend, Vt, he returned to
Madison University, first as instructor in lan-
guages and from 1868 to 1874 as professor of
Latin and modern languages. In 1871, he mar-
ried Ellen Antoinette Barstow, daughter of the
Congregational minister at Lebanon, N. Y. Fol-
lowing a year of study and travel abroad with
his wife, in ^875 he became pastor of the North
Orange Baptist Church, Orange, N. J. Here he
found a most congenial field, in a community of
wealth and refinement, where he could expect
considerate treatment and great opportunity for
the enjoyment of the quiet tastes of his mind
and his spirit.
He was much impressed, however, by the re-
ligious needs of great cities, being particularly
aware of the necessity for readjustment in the
relations of the down-town city church with its
immediate community. Because of his interest
in this problem he accepted, in 1881, the call of
the Berean Baptist Church in New York, at a
salary of only $1,000, far less than he was receiv-
ing at Orange. This sacrificial act, which at-
tracted attention and brought some financial sup-
port to the enterprise, was only the beginning of
the continued self-sacrifice, loyally shared by his
wife, through which alone the work was main-
tained for the remaining thirty-three years of his
life. In 1890 the church moved into the Judson
Memorial, on Washington Square, one of the
first institutional church buildings in the coun-
try. The principles of adjustment to the field
which he elaborated in The Institutional Church
(1899) came to be widely adopted as a practical
basis for the work of city churches. He made
his own church a laboratory and in part a clinic
for religious workers. For about ten years the
senior class from Colgate Theological Seminary
spent its winter term in New York under his in-
struction. Though other important institutions
for social amelioration developed, he continued
to believe that upon the local church must re-
main the primary responsibility for meeting the
needs of individuals and of groups in its own
community. He contributed a monograph, "The
Church in its Social Aspect," to the Annals of
the American Academy of Political and Social
Science, November 1907.
Gifted as a teacher — he lectured on pastoral
theology at the University of Chicago, 1904-06,
Judson
and on Baptist principles and polity at Union
Theological Seminary, 1906-08 — he was offered
several professorships ; with a wide knowledge
of the best in literature and a memory rich in
its store of poetry, he was sought constantly as
a preacher and pastor. He was importuned by
both universities in which he had been a stu-
dent to become president. He had committed
himself, however, to the church in Washing-
ton Square, built as a memorial to his father ;
and it became as well a memorial to the son
whose life went into its upbuilding and mainte-
nance. In 1883 he published a biography of his
father, The Life of Adoniram Judson, and in
1892, with C. S. Robinson, he edited The New
Laudes Domini. A man of quiet demeanor, with
humor now sparkling and now subtle, he was a
charming personality; association with him was
both delightful and memorable.
[C. H. Sears, Edward Judson, Interpreter of God
(1917) ; Who's Who in America, 1914-15 ; Watchman-
Examiner, Oct. 29, Nov. 12, 1914; N. Y. Times, Oct.
24, 1914.] W. H. A.
JUDSON, EDWARD ZANE CARROLL
(Mar. 20, 1823-July 16, 1886), writer, adven-
turer, known also by his pen-name of Ned Bunt-
line, was born at Stamford, Delaware County,
N. Y., the son of Levi Carroll Judson and the
great-grandson of Samuel Judson, a scion of the
Fairfield, Conn., family, who was one of the
founders of Stamford in 1789. His father was
a schoolmaster at Bethany, Wayne County, Pa.,
1826-36; was admitted Oct. 22, 1836, to the Phil-
adelphia bar ; and compiled several volumes on
patriotic, moral, and Masonic themes. Edward,
while still a youngster, ran away to sea as a cabin
boy ; became an apprentice in the navy ; and, for
heroism displayed when a boat capsized in the
East River, was rewarded Feb. 10, 1838, with a
midshipman's commission. As in strength, ac-
tivity, and capacity for mischief he was already
the equivalent of his weight in wild cats, his
nautical career was correspondingly eventful.
An account of one escapade he published, over
the signature of Ned Buntline, as The Captain's
Pig (no copy known), which attracted the at-
tention of Lewis Gaylord Clark \_q.v.~\ and later
gained him entree to the Knickerbocker Maga-
zine. On June 8, 1842, he resigned from the
navy. During the next two years he is supposed
to have soldiered in the Seminole War and then
to have gone to the Yellowstone region as an
employee of a fur company. In spare hours he
was writing fiction. At Cincinnati, in 1844, he
began Ned Buntline' s Magazine but speedily
gave it up. With the trustful, altruistic Lucius
A. Hine for a partner, he edited six numbers
237
Jud
son
(November 1844-April 1845) of the Western
Literary Journal and Monthly Magazine and
then decamped, leaving Hine to pay the bills. At
Eddyville, Ky., in November, he set out alone in
pursuit of three men wanted for murder and cap-
tured two of them, thereby securing a bounty of
$600. Next, he started a sensation sheet, Ned
Buntline's Own, at Nashville, Tenn. On Mar.
14, 1846, he shot and fatally wounded Robert
Porterfield, with whose wife he was alleged to
be carrying on an intrigue. While he was being
arraigned in the courthouse, Porterfield's broth-
er opened fire on him. Judson bolted through a
window and was pursued, amid a hail of pistol
shots, to the third story of the City Hotel, whence
he leaped to the ground. He was then jailed.
That night a mob hanged him in the square, but
some one cut the rope and smuggled him back to
the jail, his neck still unbroken. The grand jury
failing to indict him, Judson removed to New
York, where he was welcomed by the group of
congenial souls that centered around William
Trotter Porter [g.r.] of the Spirit of the Times.
In New York Judson revived Ned Buntline's
Own, taking Marcus Cicero Stanley of the Na-
tional Police Gazette as his assistant, and made
his paper the organ of a rowdy, jingoistic, na-
tivistic patriotism. He was out of the city for a
short time during the Mexican War, in which he
claimed to have participated. In 1848 he ex-
plored a cavern, a half mile in length, extending
beneath Eddyville, Ky. Applying native Amer-
ican principles to dramatic criticism, he became
a partisan of Edwin Forrest and on the night of
the Astor Place riot (May 10, 1849) led the mob
that showered the theatre with cobblestones. In
September of that year he was convicted of in-
citing and fomenting the outbreak and was sen-
tenced to a year's imprisonment on Blackwell's
Island and to a fine of $250. On his release he
was escorted home in a parade and banqueted
by various patriotic and political organizations.
He was next heard from in St. Louis, where in
the spring of 1852 he was indicted for causing an
election riot in which several citizens were slain,
two houses burned to the ground,, and much
other property destroyed. He escaped by jump-
ing his bail. By this time he was one of the
chief organizers of the Know-Nothing party,
and he is credited with devising the tactics that
gave it its name (Scisco, post). Unfortunately,
because of his criminal record, he was himself
unable to run for office. His personal popularity
was very great. After the collapse of the Know
Nothings, in 1856, he bought some land in the
Adirondacks and devoted his leisure to hunting
and fishing.
Judson
Ever since 1846 he had been engaged con-
stantly in writing cheap sensational fiction. He
was in fact the first of the dime novelists, having
invented the technique and brought it to perfec-
tion some twelve years before the firm of Beadle
& Adams, with their editor Orville J. Victor
[q.v.], popularized the form. Typical Ned Bunt-
line Stories were: The Mysteries and Miseries
of New York ( 1848) ; The Bhoys of New York ;
The Gals of New York ; War Eagle, or Ossiniwa
the Indian Brave; Ned Buntline's Life Yarn
(1848) ; Navigator Ned; Cruisings Afloat and
Ashore from the Log of Ned Buntlinc; Stella
Delorme, or The Comanche's Dream (i860).
Of many of his earlier stories he was his own
hero ; later he took to exploiting various more
or less authentic Westerners ; but he also pro-
duced a great variety of other tales of adventure
— 400 in all — innumerable articles on hunting
and fishing, much miscellaneous journalism, some
plays, the rituals of various patriotic secret or-
ders, temperance lectures and tracts, a number
of poems, and at least one hymn. He was well
paid for his work, lived affluently, and was gen-
erous to needy friends. For a time he sported a
steam yacht on the Hudson. On Sept. 25, 1862,
he enlisted in the 1st New York Mounted Rifles,
became a sergeant of Company K, was reduced
to the ranks and transferred to the 22nd Vet-
erans' Reserve Corps, and was finally discharged
Aug. 23, 1864, on War Department Special Or-
ders 268, Aug. 12, 1864, his record being thor-
oughly discreditable. On his return to New
York, he gave out that he had been "Chief of
the Indian Scouts with the rank of Colonel," and
as Colonel Judson he was thereafter known.
In 1869 he went to Fort McPherson, Nebr.,
made the acquaintance of William Frederick
Cody \_q.v.~\, and, conferring on him the name
"Buffalo Bill," began a series of dime novels in
which Cody was the ostensibly historic hero.
Three years later he persuaded Cody and J. B.
Omohundro ("Texas Jack") to come to Chicago
and go on the stage as the heroes of his play,
The Scouts of the Plains, which was later re-
named Scouts of the Prairies. The play opened
in Chicago Dec. 16, 1872, reached Niblo's Gar-
den, New York, via St. Louis Mar. 31, 1873, and
was a huge success. Cody was dissatisfied, how-
ever, with $6,000 as his share of the season's
profits, and broke with his exploiter. Thereafter
Prentiss Ingraham [q.v.~\ was Cody's authorized
biographer, and Judson took up other subjects.
In 1871 he returned to Stamford, N. Y., built a
comfortable house, and lived there, a busy, re-
spected citizen, until his death. He was married
four times : in 1845 to a Southern woman, "Se-
■38
Judson
berina," who died at Clarksville, Term., a few
weeks before the killing of Porterfield ; in the
winter of 1848-49 to Annie Bennett of New
York, who divorced him in 1849 and secured the
custody of their child; about 1857 to Marie
Gardiner, who had been his housekeeper in the
Adirondacks and who died shortly after ; and in
1871 to Anna Fuller of Stamford, N. Y., who
bore him two children, survived him, and mar-
ried his journalistic partner, E. Locke Mason.
During his last years he suffered from the nu-
merous wounds received in campaigns and gun
scrapes, from several unextracted bullets, sci-
atica, and heart trouble, but he remained per-
sonally cheerful, even genial, and wrote steadily
until his death. He died at his home and was
buried at Stamford.
[See T. H. S. Hamersly, Gen. Reg. of the U. S. Navy
and Marine Corps (1882) ; Ann. Report of the Adj.-
Gen. of the State of N. Y., 1895, p. 667 ; W. H. Venable,
Beginnings of Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley
(1891); The Knickerbocker, or New-York Monthly
Magazine, XXIV (1844), 102, 582-83 ; XXVII (1846),
277. 376-77, 466-67 ; L. D. Scisco, Political Nativism
in New York State (1901), p. 88; Lewis and R. H.
Collins, Hist, of Ky. (1874), II, 490-91 ; N. Y. Herald,
Sept. 20-Oct. 3, 1849, July 18, 1886; Hist, of Dela-
ware County, N. Y. (1880), ed. by C. D. Lathrop, pp.
294-97, 363 ; F. E. Pond, Life and Adventures of "Ned
Buntline" (1919) ; R. J. Walsh, The Making of Buffalo
Bill (1928); N. Y. Times, Apr. 1, 1873; St. Louis
Globe, Dec. 27, 28, 1872; The Extraordinary Public
Proceedings of E. Z. C. Judson, alias Ned Buntline,
against Thomas V. Paterson for an Alledged Libel,
etc. (1849) ; Republican Banner (Nashville), Mar. 18,
1846; Tri-Weekly Nashville Union, Mar. 17, 19, Apr.
9, 1846; Republican Banner and Nashznlle Whig, Oct.
13, 1849. Several minor sources have also been used.]
G.H.G.
JUDSON, EGBERT PUTNAM (Aug. 9,
1812-Jan. 9, 1893), inventor and manufacturer
of explosives, was born at Syracuse, N. Y., the
son of William and Charlotte (Putnam) Judson.
Very little is known of his early life beyond the
facts that he was educated as a civil engineer and
joined the rush to the California gold fields in
1850. He is said to have founded the first assay
works in San Francisco in 1852, and about 1867
was one of the organizers of the San Francisco
Chemical Works (Judson & Sheppard). In Au-
gust 1867 three pounds of dynamite were made
at this plant and used in a trial blast of boulders.
This is considered to be the first instance of the
manufacture and use of dynamite in the United
States after the invention of that explosive by
Alfred Nobel in 1866. The trial was successful
and led to the formation of the Giant Powder
Company in the same month. Judson, a director
of the Giant company, continued to operate the
San Francisco Chemical Works which supplied
acid to the Giant company, and shortly after-
wards formed the Judson Powder Company at
Kenvil, N. J. On June 3, 1873, he patented his
Judson
"Giant Powder, No. 2" (patent no. 139,468),
which was manufactured successfully by both
companies. This powder consisted of forty parts
nitroglycerine, forty parts sodium nitrate, six
parts sulphur, six parts rosin, and eight parts
kieselguhr, and was essentially a blasting pow-
der. "Giant powder" was for a long time a syn-
onym for dynamite in the United States.
Judson was the first to meet the need for an
explosive which, though powerful, would be
more "gentle" in action than a blasting powder,
producing a heaving rather than a shattering ef-
fect. The first such explosive was patented by
him on Oct. 31, 1876 (patent no. 183,764, reis-
sued 4, 568). As it was particularly well suited
for moving banks of rock and earth in railroad
construction, it was marketed as railroad pow-
der or "Judson's RRP," in various grades desig-
nated by number. Railroad powder as a class de-
veloped from this invention.
Judson was interested in many successful min-
ing enterprises, including the Alaska Treadwell
Gold Mining Company and the Anaconda Min-
ing Company ; and he founded the Judson Fuse
Works, Judson Iron Works, Judson Candle
Works, and Butterworth & Judson Chemical
Works. He was a man of aggressive character
and great business ability. At the age of seventy-
eight, as a final gesture, he sold his interest in
the Giant Powder Company when that company
stopped buying acid from his chemical works,
and promoted the Judson Dynamite & Powder
Company, a $2,000,000 concern, which competed
successfully with the Giant company. At the
time of his death, which occurred in San Fran-
cisco, he was president of the Judson Manufac-
turing Company and the California Paper Com-
pany. He never married.
[See A. P. Van Gelder and Hugo Schlatter, Hist,
of the Explosives Industry in America (1927) ; Specifi-
cations and Drawings of Patents Issued from the U. S.
Patent Office, June 1873, Oct. 1876; J. C. Trautwine,
The Civil Engineer's Pocket-Book, 9th ed. (1885) and
subsequent editions ; Arthur Marshall, A Short Ac-
count of Explosives (London, 19177 ; San Francisco
Morning Call, Jan. 10, 1893. Mrs. Frank (Pearl Jud-
son) Somers supplied the names of Judson's parents.]
F.A.T.
JUDSON, EMILY CHUBBUCK (Aug. 22,
1817-June 1, 1854), writer, missionary, daugh-
ter of Charles and Lavinia (Richards) Chub-
buck, was born at Eaton, near Hamilton, N. Y.,
where her parents, coming from New Hamp-
shire, had settled in 181 6. She was descended
from John Chubbuck, who emigrated to America
from Wales about 1700. Charles Chubbuck and
his wife, always poor, were people of character
and intelligence. Emily, their fifth child, was
frail from birth, and the circumstances of her
239
Judson
Judson
early years did not aid her chance of health. The
family lived in many poor homes near and in
Hamilton, and the mother and daughters per-
formed all sorts of drudgery, including the col-
lecting of firewood from snowy fields, while the
father attempted to earn a living in various
ways. Emily combined different occupations
with attendance at district schools, at one time
working in a woolen factory, at another assist-
ing her mother in taking boarders. The family
were Baptists and Emily, having read of the
work of Rev. Adoniram Judson in Burma, de-
cided to be a missionary ; but under the influence
of a teacher who was a student of Voltaire and
Tom Paine, her faith in the Bible was shaken.
Later she set herself to learn refutations for infi-
del arguments, in preparation for a missionary
life. From 1832 to 1840 she taught at Nelson
Corners, Morrisville, Smithfield, Brookfield,
Syracuse, Hamilton, and Prattsville, carrying
on her own studies all this time. Though she had
always been abnormally religious, she underwent
conversion in 1834. In J&40 tne Misses Sheldon,
of Utica Female Seminary, assisted her to enter
their school for advanced study. Here she over-
worked, attaining high scholarship and writing
sketches and verses for a Hamilton paper in or-
der to help her parents. In 1841 she became
teacher of English at the Utica Seminary and
published a Sunday-school book, Charles Linn,
or How to Observe the Golden Rule. Other
books of the same type followed : The Great
Secret, or How to be Happy (1842), Allen
Lucas, or the Self -Made Man (1842), John
Frink (1843). With $400 from her meager
earnings she bought a house for her parents in
Hamilton. In 1844 she wrote a humorous letter
to N. P. Willis, editor of the New York Mirror,
asking for literary work, and thus became a reg-
ular contributor, under the name of Fanny For-
ester. She used personal experiences in her
sketches, which are conversational and quietly
humorous. Many of them were published in two
volumes: Trippings in Author-Land (1846)
and Alderbrook : a Collection of Fanny Fores-
ter's Village Sketches, Poems &c (1847).
The winter of 1845-46 she spent in Philadel-
phia and there met the hero of her girlhood, Rev.
Adoniram Judson \_q.v.~\, home temporarily from
Burma. Though he disapproved of her writing
on frivolous subjects, he proposed marriage to
her soon after their first meeting and also asked
her to write a memoir of his second wife, Sarah
Hall Boardman Judson \_q.v.~], who had just
died. On June 2, 1846, Judson and Emily Chub-
buck were married ; they sailed for Burma July
II, and reached Maulmain in November. In Feb-
ruary 1847 they went to Rangoon, where living
conditions were so wretched and the natives so
hostile that they remained only seven months,
returning to Maulmain, where in December a
daughter was born. The Memoir of Sarah B.
Judson, Member of the American Mission to
Burmah was published in 1848. The record of
Mrs. Judson's next two years is one of continu-
ous illness, and in April 1850, her husband died.
Her second child, a boy, was born ten days after
his father's death and died almost immediately.
Her own health entirely broken, she left India
with her child and two step-children on Jan. 22,
1851. Arriving in Boston, she made arrange-
ments for the three elder Judson children already
in America and began preparations for a memoir
of her husband. In May 1852 she purchased a
house in Hamilton, N. Y., which was her home
during the two years of life remaining to her.
Hemorrhages from her lungs warned her that
her condition was serious, and she hastened to
finish some writing and to make financial ar-
rangements for her parents, her own child, and
Judson's children. She published An Olio of
Domestic Verses (1852), The Kathayan Slaz'e,
and Other Papers Connected with Missionary
Life (1853), and My Two Sisters (1854).
Early in 1854 she attempted an abridged memoir
of her husband but was unable to finish it. She
died at Hamilton in June.
[A. C. Kendrick, The Life and Letters of Mrs. Emily
C. Judson (i860) ; Arabella W. Stuart, The Lives of
Mrs. Ann. H. Judson and Mrs. Sarah B. Judson, with a
Biog. Sketch of Mrs. Emily C. Judson (1851) ; W. N.
Wyeth, Emily C. Judson: a Memorial (1890) ; Edward
Judson, The Life of Adoniram Judson (1883) ; Francis
Wayland, A Memoir of the Life and Labors of the Rev.
Adoniram Judson (2 vols., 1853).] S. G. B.
JUDSON, FREDERICK NEWTON (Oct.
7, 1845-Oct. 18, 1919), lawyer, legal writer,
throughout his formative years was a resident of
New England. His birthplace was St. Mary's,
Ga., where his father, Frederick Joseph Judson,
with a medical training from Yale, had gone to
practise, and where his mother, Catherine, the
daughter of Isaac N. Chapelle, lived before her
marriage; but in 1846 the family moved to
Bridgeport, Conn., where Dr. Judson became
prominent both in the medical profession and in
leadership for the educational advancement of
the community. The son was tutored for college
in part by his father and in part by the Rev.
Henry Jones of Bridgeport. A few months of
teaching in the district school and a little taste
of journalism on a local paper added to his prep-
aration. He entered Yale in 1862, early won
scholarships and honors, and received the bache-
lor's degree in 1866. For the next few years he
24O
Judson
was a teacher of classics and other subjects suc-
cessively in the Hopkins Grammar School of
New Haven, Conn., the city high school of Nash-
ville, Tenn., and the Montgomery Bell Academy
of the University of Nashville. During these
years he made occasional contributions to news-
papers and did some reading in the field of law.
In 1871, after a year in residence, he completed
the work for the degree of LL.B. in the St. Louis
Law School (now a part of Washington Uni-
versity). For two years after his graduation he
served as the private secretary of Gov. B. Gratz
Brown of Missouri. On Feb. 8, 1872, he mar-
ried Jennie W. Eakin of Nashville, Tenn.
Early in 1873 he began the practice of law in
St. Louis, and gradually achieved a reputation
and a place of distinction which brought him na-
tional recognition. While his practice was gen-
eral in its range, it was as corporation attorney
that he was most successful. Important cases
and large fees were for him the normal lot. Yet,
in spite of his connection with the big corpora-
tions, in 1903 he won the everlasting goodwill
of labor, as well as a national renown, through
his skilful and victorious defense of the strikers
in the injunction case of The Wabash Railroad
Company vs. Joint J. Hannahan ct al. in the cir-
cuit court of the United States for the Eastern
District of Missouri.
His interest in education continued through-
out his life. As member and president of the
board of education of St. Louis he was a con-
structive leader for the four years 1878-82 and
again in 1887-89. From 1892 to 1910 he was a
lecturer in the law school of Washington Uni-
versity. In 1913 he delivered the William L.
Storrs lectures at Yale University. While he
sought no public office and was largely independ-
ent and unpartisan in politics (although by af-
filiation and doctrine a Democrat), as a private
citizen he responded graciously and with digni-
fied generosity to the many calls made upon him
by the government during the last two decades
of his life. In 1905 and in 1910 he served as spe-
cial counsel of the United States in important
railway rebate and rate cases. In 1910 he was a
member of President Taft's commission to in-
vestigate the power of regulating the issue of
railway securities. In 1912 he served on a spe-
cial railway arbitration board. During the World
War he served on President Wilson's Labor
Board as the alternate of William Howard Taft.
He was the chairman of the State Tax Commis-
sion of Missouri in 1906, a member of the Mis-
souri Code Commission in 1914, and a member
of the Charter Commission of St. Louis in 1913.
He was also connected with an impressive iist of
Judson
unofficial reform associations and learned and
professional societies. He was a stanch support-
er of the policies and proposals of President
Wilson and made his last public appearance in
behalf of the League of Nations.
Aside from a variety of printed addresses, Jud-
son's writings consist of a number of legal trea-
tises, primarily descriptive and analytic but in a
few instances also critical and constructive. In
1900 appeared A Treatise upon the Law and
Practice of Taxation in Missouri; in 1903 came
the more comprehensive and standard Treatise
on the Power of Taxation, State and Federal, in
the United States (revised in 1917) ; in 1905,
The Law of Interstate Commerce and Its Fed-
eral Regulation (revised in 1906, 1912, and
1916). His annotated edition of the Federal
Rate Bill and Negligence Act of 1906 was pub-
lished in 1907. In 1913, the Storrs lectures were
published under the title of The Judiciary and
the People. The day after Judson's death in St.
Louis, the Netv York Times referred to him as
"one of the most prominent attorneys and legal
authors in the country."
[Obituary notices and editorial comments in the St.
Louis Globe-Democrat, Oct. 19, St. Louis Post Dis-
patch, Oct. 18 and 19, 1 9 19 ; The Bench and Bar of St.
Louis . . . and Other Missouri Cities (1884) ; J. W.
Leonard, The Book of St. Louisans (1912); Who's
Who in America, 1 901-19; Yale Univ. Obit. Record,
1920; references in the text above.] A.T.L.
JUDSON, HARRY PRATT (Dec. 20, 1849-
Mar. 4, 1927), educator, was born at James-
town, N. Y., the second son of Lyman Parsons
Judson and Abigail Cook Pratt. His father was
a descendant of William Judson, a Yorkshire-
man, who came to Massachusetts with his wife
and son soon after its founding, and settled at
Concord ; his mother was also descended from
early New England ancestors. His schooling
was gained at the Classical and Union School
at Geneva, N. Y., and at the Lansingburg Acad-
emy. He was a student at Williams College in
the later years of Mark Hopkins' presidency.
Having graduated from college in 1870, he was
for fifteen years a teacher and principal of the
Troy, New York, high school. From Troy he
went to the University of Minnesota (1885),
where he served for seven years as professor of
history.
When William Rainey Harper [q.v.~\ was at
work upon the foundations of the University of
Chicago, he found need for the assistance of a
man of experience with capacity for organiza-
tion and a respect for methodical detail. This
man he found in Judson, who was appointed in
January 1892 dean of the colleges and professor
of history in the new university. The two men
241
Judson
admirably supplemented each other. Judson was
essentially practical and judicious, but by no
means incapable of appreciating the enthusiasm
and vision of the President. He at once took
upon his shoulders a very large portion of the
preliminary administrative labors. Till the death
of President Harper in 1906, this happy and for-
tunate relationship continued, with results bene-
ficial to the University. Soon after his appoint-
ment, Judson's title was changed to professor of
political science and head dean of the colleges,
and this title sufficiently indicates his position
and work till he became acting president in 1906.
Till he retired from all active service in 1923,
he continued in charge of the department of po-
litical science, devoting his teaching especially
to international law, a subject in which he took
great interest.
After a year of service as acting president he
was installed in the permanent position. One of
the pressing tasks awaiting him was so to man-
age affairs that the University could and would
live within its income. This task he almost im-
mediately accomplished. It was necessary to
concentrate the institution's energies. This was
done. The years of his presidency are usually
and justly called conservative ; but the word
should not connote an absence of progress. The
development of the University went on in many
substantial ways. The President never lost sight
of the importance of research or the demand for
effective teaching. Funds for healthy expansion
came into the treasury, never empty but always
yearning; students increased in numbers. Un-
questionably a part of this development is at-
tributable to the wisdom and good sense of the
administration. As an executive officer, Judson
was not characterized by creative imagination ;
but he disposed of administrative questions
quickly and with understanding ; he was straight-
forward as well as sympathetic in dealing with
the problems of faculties and individual profes-
sors ; he clung tenaciously to the ideals of frank-
ness and freedom and to the development of the
intellectual interests of the University, which
gained much from his steadying hand and his
sagacious judgment.
Interest in public affairs inevitably led to Jud-
son's being summoned to service beyond college
walls. From 1906 till his death he.was a member
of the General Education Board; from 1913 to
1924 a member of the Rockefeller Foundation.
As chairman of the China medical commission
he went to China in 1914 to report upon condi-
tions. In 1918 he visited the Near East as direc-
tor of the American-Persian relief commission
and to report on conditions for the American
Judson
commission to negotiate peace. He was decorat-
ed by various foreign governments and received
in 1920 the gold medal of the National Institute
of Social Sciences. Among his published works
are Europe in the Nineteenth Century ( 1894,
1901); The Growth of the American Nation
(1895); Our Federal Republic (1925). From
1895 to 1902 he was one of the editors of the
American Historical Rcviciv. A member of the
Baptist Church and of deep religious faith, in
this matter as in others he was free from osten-
tation and broad in his intellectual sympathies.
In manner he was reserved, but not self-effac-
ing ; those who knew him best often spoke of his
unselfish interest in others and his devotion to
his friends. His death came suddenly and un-
expectedly, Mar. 4, 1927. He was survived by
his daughter and by his wife, Rebecca A. Gil-
bert, whom he had married in 1879 and who had
been of great assistance to him in carrying the
social responsibilities of his position.
[This sketch is written on the basis of personal
knowledge, supplemented by manuscript material. Pub-
lished sources include T. W. Goodspeed, A Hist, of the
Univ. of Chicago — The First Quarter-Century (1916) ;
Univ. of Chicago Mag., Apr. 1927 ; Who's Who in
America, 1926-27 ; C. B. Whittelsey, The Ancestry and
the Descendants of John Pratt of Hartford, Conn.
(1900); Chicago Daily Tribune, Mar. 5, 1927. The
work of the presidency is disclosed in the annual re-
ports to the trustees.] A. C. McL.
JUDSON, SARAH HALL BOARDMAN
(Nov. 4, 1803-Sept. 1, 1845), missionary to
Burma, was the eldest of thirteen children of
Ralph and Abiah O. (Hall) Hall. Born at Al-
stead, N. H., she spent her girlhood at Salem,
Mass., where household duties and meager re-
sources hindered her education. Intellectually
ambitious, however, she used various means of
self-improvement and cultivated her not incon-
siderable poetic talent. Her religious experience
united from the first with interest in foreign mis-
sions. A poem she wrote upon the death of
James Colman, a young missionary to Burma,
attracted the attention of George Dana Board-
man, who had volunteered to take Colman's
place in this field, and led to their marriage, July
4, 1825, after an engagement somewhat pro-
longed in order that Boardman might have ad-
ditional preparation for his work. Sailing from
Philadelphia on July 16, 1825, they reached Cal-
cutta, Dec. 2. Held here for over a year by the
war in Burma, they began the study of Burmese
under native teachers. Here their first child
was born. In the spring of 1827 they were able
to proceed to lower Burma, and soon transferred
from Amherst to Maulmain, a new and thriving
city. The first four years in Burma were filled
with tragic circumstances : robbery of most of
242
Juengling
their valuables, a state of siege in Tavoy, whither
they had moved in 1828, with peril from gun-
fire and impending massacre ; recurring tropical
sickness assailing all members of the family ;
the birth of a very frail son (George Dana
Boardman, Jr., who became an eminent minister
in Philadelphia) ; the death of the first-born and
the birth of another son, who lived less than a
year; Boardman's frequent absences on evan-
gelizing tours, and his failing health. On his
death, Feb. II, 1831, Mrs. Boardman remained
at her post to continue the missionary task, not-
withstanding urgent reasons for returning to
America. Her missionary method was largely
the founding of small village schools, which be-
came models for the government schools later es-
tablished. On Apr. 10, 1834, she was married
to Adoniram Judson [g.z'.], and with him soon
took up her work in Maulmain. Eight children
were born of this marriage ; one dying immedi-
ately and two others in infancy ; two sons, Adoni-
ram Brown Judson and Edward Judson [qq.v.],
lived to attain distinction, one as a surgeon, the
other as a minister. In spite of her frail health
and many domestic duties, Mrs. Judson was
of great assistance to her husband, especially
through her knowledge of the Burmese language.
She herself translated The Pilgrim's Progress
into Burmese and several tracts into Burmese or
Peguan. Sailing for America in search of health
in May 1845, she was accompanied by her hus-
band and the three older children. At Mauritius
her improvement encouraged him to think that
he might return to Burma, but a relapse caused
Judson to continue with her, and she died while
the vessel was anchored in harbor at St. Helena.
She was buried on that island.
[Emily C. Judson, Memoir of Sarah B. Judson
(1848) ; Arabella W. Stuart, The Lives of Mrs. Ann
H. Judson and Mrs. Sarah B. Judson, with a Biog.
Sketch of Mrs. Emily C. Judson (1851) ; D. B. Hall,
The Halls of New England (1883) ; W. N. Wyeth,
Sarah B. Judson, a Memorial (1889) ; Missionary Mag.,
Nov. 1845.] W.H.A.
JUENGLING, FREDERICK (Oct. 18, 1846-
Dec. 31, 1889), wood-engraver, was born in Leip-
zig, Saxony, and attended the common schools
there. He was apprenticed to a printer but aban-
doned that trade for wood-engraving. In 1866
he came to New York, where he worked first for
Frank Leslie [q.v.~\ but later opened an engrav-
ing shop with several employees, making cuts
for the American Agriculturist, the Fireside
Companion, and other publications. An attempt
to combine a printing office with his engraving
establishment failed disastrously in the late sev-
enties, and he thenceforth gave his attention
wholly to his own work, becoming "one of the
Juengling
most impassioned advocates of individualism in
wood-engraving" (Koehler, post, p. 2). In 1877,
with the publication in Scribner's Monthly of
his cuts after drawings by James E. Kelly, he
took his place as a leader of the "new school" of
American wood-engravers whose effort was to
reproduce, rather than to "interpret," the work
of the artist. It was this school, condemned
at first by such conservatives as W. J. Linton
[q.v.~\, which under the sponsorship of Scribner's
Monthly, The Century, and Harper's, elevated
American wood-engraving to the high level
which it reached between 1876 and 1896.
In 1879 Juengling entered the Art Students'
League, where his impetuosity and enthusiasm
made him a favorite. He wanted his name pro-
nounced "Youngling," but his intimates preferred
the metallic sound of the first syllable and one
day on entering the League room he found a
large placard : "Look out for the engine at the
Juengling of the bells." He afterward became
president of the League. His paintings and wa-
tercolors appeared in exhibitions, but were few
because of his devotion to engraving. He also
produced some excellent etchings. He was the
first American wood-engraver to be recognized
in the Paris Salon, where he received honorable
mention in 1881, and in 1883 he was awarded a
gold medal by King Ludwig of Bavaria for his
contribution to the International Exhibition at
Munich.
For Juengling to be at his best he needed sub-
jects congenial to his own plain, rugged nature,
such as the peasant scenes of Jean Francois Mil-
let or the negro subjects of his friend Alfred
Kappes. Prettiness in art did not appeal to him.
A butcher in his shop, a girl ironing clothes, a
farmer with his pipe, an immigrant, these were
subjects that he liked. A few of the best of his
engravings are : "The 'Longshoreman's Noon,"
by J. G. Brown ; "Edison in His Workshop," by
H. Muhrman ; "John Brown Going to Execu-
tion," by Thomas Hovenden ; "Poe's Raven," by
G. Dore; "Good Morning," by Walter Shirlaw;
"Poe's Cottage at Fordham," drawn by Jueng-
ling himself; landscapes by Charles H. Miller,
A. H. Wyant, George Inness, and Bruce Crane.
He fretted more than most engravers over the
petty insistences of critics. Many of his blocks
were greatly weakened by recutting due to such
criticisms. His first proofs often contained more
of the true nature of the original than the fin-
ished result. In beauty and exactness of line
he could not compete with Cole, King, and some
others, but his line had a peculiar charm and his
beautiful stipple was purely his own. His devo-
tion to his work was absorbing. Life outside of
243
Juilliard
his art meant little to him. It was difficult for
his wife to drag him to an entertainment or even
to meals. At the dining table he sometimes had
a block propped up where he could study it. His
nervous temperament and tendency to overwork
lessened his resistance to the disease, diabetes,
which caused his death. After a vain trip to
Carlsbad for treatment in the fall of 1887, he
made a tour through Europe with his wife, and,
returning to New York late in 1889, succumbed
to a cold on the last day of the year. He left no
children.
[S. R. Koehler, Frederick Juengling (1890); G. H.
Whittle, "Frederick Juengling," Printing Art, Oct.
1917 ; Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Exhibition of the
Soc. of Am. Wood-Engravers (1890); W. J. Linton,
The Hist, of Wood-Engrainng in America (1882) ; G.
E. Woodberry, A Hist, of Wood-Engraving (1883);
Frank Weitenkampf, Am. Graphic Art (1912) ; N. Y.
Times, Jan. 2, 1890; N. Y. Herald, Jan. 1, 2, 1890;
personal acquaintance.] C. W. C.
JUILLIARD, AUGUSTUS D. (Apr. 19, 1836-
Apr. 25, 1919), merchant, capitalist, patron of
music, was a son of Jean Nicolas and Anna
(Burlette) Juilliard. He was born at sea while
his parents, French Protestants, were on the
three-months voyage in a sailing vessel to Amer-
ica from Burgundy. In Stark County, Ohio, the
children were reared in the Lutheran faith. Au-
gustus left home at an early age, got work, and
while still a youth made his way to the city of
New York and found employment in a textile
house, where in due time he was advanced to a
place of trust and responsibility. The financial
crash of 1873 threw the business into bankruptcy.
Juilliard was made receiver. In that capacity his
management of affairs was skilful and success-
ful in conserving the firm's assets. After the re-
vival of trade he was able to organize his own
dry-goods commission company, the beginning
of a prosperous business that made for him a
lifelong career. Later he became heavily inter-
ested in the manufacture of woolens, silk, and
cotton, particularly in the Atlantic Mills at Provi-
dence, R. I., the Standard Silk Company, Phil-
lipsburg, N. J., cotton mills at Aragon, Ga., and
Brookford, N. C, and the New York Mills Cor-
poration.
Meanwhile he gradually became an outstand-
ing figure in the New York banking and invest-
ment field. At his death he was a director in the
Guaranty Trust Company, the Bank of America,
the Mercantile Insurance Company of America,
and other financial institutions. He was also a
trustee of the Central Trust Company, the Title
Guaranty & Trust Company, the New York Life
Insurance & Trust Company, and the Mutual
Life Insurance Company. At the same time he
held a directorship in the Atchison, Topeka &
Julia
Santa Fe Railroad. In politics he was never es-
pecially active except in the sound-money cam-
paign of 1896, when he supported McKinley. He
was always a high-protectionist.
From the early years of the Metropolitan Opera
House in New York, Juilliard was an active
supporter of that enterprise. When he died, he
was president of the Metropolitan Opera &
Real Estate Company, the holding corporation.
He was a regular attendant at the performances ;
in fact, he had been present at the opera early in
the evening of Apr. 19, 1919, on which he came
down with the attack of pneumonia that caused
his death, less than six days later. His will pro-
vided that the bulk of his great fortune should
go to a fund to establish musical departments in
American colleges, provide musical education at
home or abroad for promising students, encour-
age musical composition, and produce operas of
merit. The Juilliard Foundation maintains a
school of music in New York and a number of
fellowships in other institutions, and has con-
tributed to the support of the Metropolitan Opera
Company and the summer Stadium concerts.
In 1877, Juilliard married Helen Marcelus
Cossitt (Nov. 16, 1847-Apr. 2, 1916), daughter
of Frederick H. and Catherine (Andrus) Cos-
sitt of New York. She was for many years a
member of the managing board of the Lincoln
Hospital and Home for colored persons. She
endowed St. John's Guild, which in summer
transported mothers and children from the New
York tenements to Coney Island for rest and re-
freshment ; gave the Guild its first boat, the
Helen C. Juilliard, and later, with her husband,
gave the Guild a hospital ship. For Colorado
College she built the Frederick H. Cossitt Me-
morial, designed to serve as a center of social
and athletic life for the men of the college. She
also made a bequest of $50,000 to the American
Museum of Natural History, of which her hus-
band was a trustee for over twenty years and to
which he left $100,000 by his will in addition to
numerous gifts in his lifetime.
[Information as to certain facts from Mrs. Wilda
W. Krabill of Louisville, Stark County, Ohio (a niece
of Augustus D. Juilliard) ; John Danner, Old Land-
marks of Canton and Stark County, Ohio (1904) ; Tex-
tile World Jour., May 3, 19 19 ; Who's Who in America,
1918-19; obituary of Mrs. Juilliard in N. Y. Times,
Apr. 3, 1916 ; Pearl S. Cossitt, The Cossitt Family
(1925) ; editorial, TV. Y. Times, June 28, 1919 ; Musical
America, July 5, 1919 ; Musical Courier, Aug. 7, 1924;
Inst of Musical Art of the Juilliard School of Music,
Calendar, 1931-32.] W. B. S.
JULIA, Sister (Feb. 13, 1827-Nov. 12, 1901),
educator, a daughter of Neil and Catherine (Bon-
ner) McGroarty, small respectable farmers, was
born at Inver, County Donegal, Ireland, and
244
Julia
christened Susan. In 183 1 her family emigrated
by way of Quebec to Cincinnati where Mrs. Mc-
Groarty's brother, Hugh Bonner, was a success-
ful medical practitioner. Buying land at Fayette-
ville, Neil McGroarty farmed, but soon engaged
in turnpike and railroad contracting. Moving to
Cincinnati, he was succeeding in business when
in 1838 he fell a victim to pneumonia, leaving a
widow with ten children who were dependent on
the Bonners for support. Susan's early training
in a Protestant private school and a Catholic
academy had been so wretched that at eleven
years she was unable to read. Encouraged by
Bishop Purcell [q.v.], however, she displayed
more interest in her studies at the newly estab-
lished Sixth Street academy of the nuns of
Notre Dame de Namur, whom the bishop had
brought from Belgium ; but at best her education
was only fragmentary when she became a 'pos-
tulant, Jan. 1, 1846. A few months later, she
took the habit and on Aug. 3, 1848, she was pro-
fessed as Sister Julia, in the meantime teaching
the infant school.
In charge of the academy's day school, she dis-
played an aptitude for teaching and won the full
confidence of Sister Superior Louise. Six years
later, she was assigned as mistress of boarders
to the Academy of Notre Dame, Roxbury, Mass.,
where she stayed until i860, when she was made
superior of a new convent and academy in Phila-
delphia. During the Civil War her happiness
was shadowed by the deaths of three brothers in
the service. As the community she was serving
grew, she built a school on Rittenhouse Square
(1867), where the patient nuns silenced the op-
position of exclusive neighbors who disapproved
of a convent in their midst. In 1868-69 sne made
the first of many visits to Namur. She had the
art of winning friends in all stations, numbering
among them Archbishops Wood and Ryan and
society women like Katherine Drexel, who was
interested in her free school for negroes (1877-
82). In 1885, she somewhat regretfully left
Philadelphia to become assistant to the aged Su-
perior in Cincinnati, whom she succeeded two
years later.
As superior, Sister Julia was a kind, if firm,
mother of the community. In 1888 she assisted
in the election of the mother-general at Namur,
and visited the European convents in an effort
to improve her own academies. She built an im-
posing novitiate at Waltham, Mass., in 1889, a
large convent and school at The Summit, Grandin
Road, Cincinnati, and at least thirteen other
foundations. She visited the Notre Dame schools
on the Pacific Coast which were placed under
her management in 1892, and with the aid of
Julian
Judge M. P. O'Connor she founded an institute
for orphans at San Jose, Cal. She improved the
parochial schools taught by her sisters, who num-
bered 1,500, and standardized their thirty acad-
emies by preparing an outline of studies and gen-
eral examinations whose results were sent to the
provincial -house.
Her most arduous labor, however, was the
establishment of a college for higher education
of Catholic women in the vicinity of the Catholic
University of America — a move which was not
favored by the mother-general and was openly
condemned by some Catholic leaders on the
grounds that the school, at the very gate of the
university, was really a venture in coeducation.
Supported by Cardinal Gibbons, by the rector of
the university, and by Apostolic Delegate Mar-
tinelli, she persisted nevertheless, and built Trin-
ity College (1899-1900) — though not without
direct papal approbation. Today this college is
her monument, but the worry occasioned by the
undertaking no doubt hastened her death, which
occurred at the Notre Dame convent in Peabody,
Mass. Her remains were brought back to the
provincial-house in Cincinnati from which she
was buried with a requiem mass by Archbishop
Elder in the community chapel at The Summit.
[Sister Helen Louise, Sister Julia (1928), a full and
satisfactory biography ; An Hist. Sketch of Trinity Coll.,
Washington, D. C. ( 1925), by a Sister of Notre Dame ;
Catholic World, June 1904; Trinity College, for the
Higher Education of Women (brochure, 1898) ; Boston
Transcript, Nov. 13, 1901 ; Cincinnati Enquirer, Nov.
14, 18, 1901.] RJ.P.
JULIAN, GEORGE WASHINGTON (May
5, 1817-July 7, 1899), abolitionist leader, son of
Isaac and Rebecca (Hoover) Julian, was born
in a log cabin a mile and a half south of Center-
ville, Wayne County, Ind. His father, descended
from Rene St. Julien, a Huguenot who came to
America about the end of the seventeenth cen-
tury, was a soldier in the War of 18 12 and at
one time a member of the Indiana legislature.
His mother, of German descent, was a Quaker,
whose paternal ancestors were also those of Her-
bert Hoover. Isaac Julian died when George
was only six years old, but by hard work and fru-
gality the widowed mother managed to bring up
the family of children. George attended the com-
mon schools, at eighteen taught a district school,
presently studied law, and in 1840 was admitted
to the bar, practising successively in Newcastle,
Greenfield, and Centerville. In 1845 ne was
elected to the state legislature as a Whig, but
voted with the Democrats against the repudia-
tion of the Wabash and Erie Canal bonds. About
the same time he began to write newspaper ar-
ticles attacking slavery. Defeated in 1847 in an
245
Julian
attempt to secure the Whig nomination for state
senator, he presently joined the Free-Soil party
and the next year attended the Buffalo conven-
tion that nominated Van Buren. His activities
as an abolitionist had caused him to be ostracized
by many former friends and associates and had
even brought about the dissolution of a law
partnership with his brother, but the political tide
presently turned in his favor and in 1848, having
been nominated for Congress by the Free-Soil-
ers, he was elected, with the assistance of many
Democratic votes. As a member of the little
group of anti-slavery men in Congress he vigor-
ously opposed the compromise measures of 1850.
Beaten for reelection in that year, he resumed
the practice of law but continued his advocacy of
abolition both in speeches and in the press. In
1852 he was nominated for the vice-presidency
by the Free-Soil party and took an active part in
the campaign.
Julian's real opportunity came with the rise of
the Republican party, of which the Free-Soil
party had been a forerunner. In 1856 he par-
ticipated in the Pittsburgh convention that for-
mally organized the new party, and was chosen
one of the vice-presidents and chairman of the
committee on organization. His earnest fight for
human freedom brought reward at last when in
i860 he was elected to Congress. Four times
reelected, he speedily won a prominent place in
legislative deliberations, and among the commit-
tees on which he served was the very important
committee on the conduct of the war. He early
began to urge the emancipation of slaves as a
war measure, advancing the argument of John
Quincy Adams, that such a step would be within
the war powers of the president and Congress.
As chairman of the committee on public lands he
had an important part in the passage of the cele-
brated Homestead Act, a measure he had urged
in 185 1. Though he thought Lincoln too slow in
some respects and opposed his reconstruction
plan, Julian refused to join in the attempt in
1864 to nominate Chase in Lincoln's stead. Julian
favored punishing Confederate leaders and con-
fiscating their lands and early advocated the
granting of the suffrage to the freedmen. He
stood, therefore, with the Radicals in their bat-
tles with President Johnson, and in 1867 was one
of the committee of seven appointed by the House
to prepare the articles of impeachment against
the President. In 1868 he proposed an amend-
ment to the Constitution conferring the right of
suffrage upon women, a reform he continued to
champion to the end of his life.
Failing of renomination in 1870, he devoted
much of his time to recuperating his broken
Jumel
health and to compiling a volume of Speeches on
Political Questions, published in 1872. He had
come to be out of sympathy with the influences
that dominated the Republican party nationally
and in Indiana, and joined the Liberal Repub-
lican movement, presiding during parts of two
days over the Cincinnati convention (1872) that
nominated Horace Greeley. The next year he
removed to Irvington, a suburb of Indianapolis,
and for some years was occupied with writing
and championing reform measures. He sup-
ported Tilden in the campaign of 1876, and two
million copies of his speech, The Gospel of Re-
form, were distributed by the Democratic Na-
tional Committee. In the years that followed he
contributed notable articles on politics, the public
lands, and other subjects to the North American
Review and other periodicals. Meanwhile he
was writing his Political Recollections 1840-
1872, published in 1884. After the election of
Cleveland in that year he was appointed surveyor
general of New Mexico, a post for which he was
particularly fitted. During his administration
(July 1885-September 1889) he brought to light
many flagrant frauds in connection with public
land grants. In 1889 he published a volume,
Later Speeches on Political Questions with Se-
lect Controversial Papers, edited by his daughter.
His last important literary work was The Life
of Joshua R. Giddings (1892). In 1896 he sup-
ported the Gold Democrats. He died at his home
in Irvington in the summer of 1899.
Julian was twice married. His first wife was
Anne Elizabeth Finch of Centerville, who died
in November i860, a few days after his election
to Congress. His second wife, whom he married
Dec. 31, 1863, was Laura Giddings, daughter of
Joshua R. Giddings [q.v.~]. She died in 1884.
[Consult Julian's own Political Recollections (1884) ;
George W . Julian (1923), by his daughter, Grace Julian
Clarke ; and Indianapolis Sentinel, July 7, 1899. Julian
also left an unpublished diary, containing much inter-
esting and important historical material, which is in the
possession of his daughter, Grace Julian Clarke, In-
dianapolis.] P L H
JUMEL, STEPHEN (c. 1754-May 22, 1832),
wine-merchant, known chiefly as the husband of
the charming but unscrupulous Mme. Jurnel who
later became Mrs. Aaron Burr, came from a
family of Bordeaux merchants. He first appears
in American history in 1795 when he landed in
New York, having come by way of St. Helena
from Haiti, where he had been driven from his
coffee plantation by the insurrection of the blacks.
Just before leaving he had shipped a cargo of
coffee to New York, and with the proceeds of its
sale he laid the foundations of a highly successful
wine business. He was soon naturalized and
246
June
J
went into partnership with Jacques Desobry. His
commercial correspondence reveals the cunning
mind which piled up a considerable fortune in
the years during which American commerce was
interrupted. While the Embargo was in force,
for instance, he doled out his wine in small quan-
tities, knowing that the price would continue to
rise, but as soon as word came of its repeal, he
rushed a cargo to New Orleans, instructing the
captain to go up the river alone to dispose of the
cargo before the crew could spread the news
which would lower its value. During the period
of non-intercourse with France, he had wine
carried overland from Bordeaux to San Sebas-
tian, taking care that Spanish labels were sub-
stituted for the French. His agents in the Span-
ish port were told that when a ship flying his
house flag appeared, they were to fly a white flag
if the coast was clear, but a red-and-white flag
if the officials were making seizures, and all his
captains were provided with safe "dummy" in-
structions in addition to the real ones.
Jumel has been described as a "handsome,
graceful giant" with a generous and impulsive
nature. The fortune which he amassed was ulti-
mately lost through his marriage on Apr. 7,
1804, with Eliza Brown, otherwise known as
Betsey Bowen, "a beautiful blonde with a superb
figure and graceful carriage" with whom he had
been living for several years. In 1810 he pur-
chased for her the Roger Morris house, at one
time Washington's headquarters, now preserved
as a museum. After a vain attempt to force his
wife upon New York society, he sailed with her
to France in 1815 and is said to have offered to
bring Napoleon to America after Waterloo. The
Jumels were more successful socially in Paris
than in New York, but in 1826, Mme. Jumel re-
turned to the latter city bearing a power of
attorney with which she gained control over most
of the property of her husband, who returned
two years later in reduced circumstances. Joseph
Bonaparte and Louis Napoleon were friends of
the Jumels at this period. Jumel died as the re-
sult of a fall from a wagon in 1832 and on July 1,
1833, his widow married Aaron Burr.
[Meade Minnigerode, Lives and Times (1925), an
impressionistic sketch ; Wm. H. Shelton, The Jumel
Mansion (1916); J. C. Pumpelly, "The Old Morris
House, Afterwards the Jumel Mansion : Its History
and Traditions," N. Y, Gcneal. and Biog. Record, Apr.
1903 ; J. A. Scoville, The Old Merchants of N. Y. City,
vol. I (1863) ; letter book of Jumel & Desobry in the
manuscript collections of the N. Y. Pub. Lib. ; papers
of the brig Eugenia in the collection of High Court of
Admiralty, Prize Cases, N. Y. Ships, vol. I, in the same
library; N. Y. Standard, May 24, 1832; obituary of
Mme. Jumel in N. Y . Times, July 18, 1865.] R G A.
JUNE, JENNIE [See Croly, Jane Cunning-
ham, 1829-1901].
uneau
JUNEAU, SOLOMON LAURENT (Aug.
9. 1793-Nov. 14, 1856), founder of the city of
Milwaukee, was a native of L'Assomption, Can-
ada, near Montreal, whither his parents, Fran-
qois and Therese Galerneau Juneau dit La Tu-
lipe, had come from Alsace four years earlier.
The family had had representatives in Canada
since the seventeenth century. Solomon, who was
the second son, was well educated for his day
and when he entered the fur trade he was articled
as a clerk (commi), not as a voyageur. He ar-
rived in Mackinac in 1816 where he engaged
with Jacques Vieau a trader from Green Bay,
who had several posts along the western shore of
Lake Michigan. In 1818 Juneau began operations
at Milwaukee, where Vieau had long traded, and
after marrying his principal's daughter, Josette,
he built a house at Milwaukee and became the
agent there of the American Fur Company. He
was tall — six feet, four inches — with dark curly
hair, fine features, and an engaging, courteous
manner. He was very popular with the Indi-
ans among whom he traded, who called him
"Solomo," and with whom he was allied through
his wife, whose grandmother was an Indian.
In 1831 Juneau took out papers of naturaliza-
tion and began to learn English. Two years later
he entered into partnership with Morgan L. Mar-
tin, an American of Green Bay, to plat a town
on the Milwaukee River. This was accomplished
in 1835 when Juneau entered his claim as a
preemption and began to sell lots in the new
town. He was its first postmaster, and the first
president of the village. As settlers came in he
aided them by every means in his power. As
resident partner, he with Martin gave a square
for a court house and land for a lighthouse, and
later Juneau gave lots for the Catholic cathedral
and for the Protestant Milwaukee Female Col-
lege. At one time he was reputed to be worth
at least a hundred thousand dollars, but the panic
of 1837 and his personal generosity reduced his
fortune. None the less, he was recognized as a
leading citizen by the Easterners who flocked to
Milwaukee. He built the first store, the first inn,
and when the city was incorporated in 1846, be-
came its first mayor. He retained his interest in
the Indians and after the treaty of 1849 entered
his wife and children as halfbreeds of the Me-
nominee nation.
In 1852, at his wife's instance, Juneau retired
from Milwaukee and went to live on a plat of
ground in Dodge County where he founded the
village of Theresa, named for his mother. There
Mrs. Juneau died in 1855. The next year Juneau
served as delegate to the Democratic convention
that nominated James Buchanan. Before Bu-
247
Jungman
chanan took his seat Juneau had died on the
Menominee Indian reservation, whither he had
gone to a "payment." When he was buried, at
Milwaukee, six Menominee chiefs acted as pall-
bearers. "He was always the same unselfish, con-
fiding, open-hearted, genial, honest and polite
gentleman" ( Wisconsin Historical Collections,
XI, 1888, 405-07), wrote his former partner,
who testified that he was the soul of honor, and
that their accounts, though kept verbally, were
settled without difficulty (Buck, post, I, 40-41).
Milwaukee contains many memorials of Juneau
in the names of streets, a park, and a fine statue
presented in 1887 to the city and placed in Juneau
Park on the lake front. In the mayor's office is
an original portrait by Samuel M. Brooks, or-
dered by the city and painted from life. He left
a large family of whom there are many descend-
ants.
[Joseph Tasse, Lcs Canadicns de I'Oucst (Montreal,
1878), I, 213-23 ; J. S. Buck, Pioneer Hist, of Milwau-
kee, vol. I (1876) ; Isabella Fox, Solomon Juneau; a
Biog., with Sketches of the Juneau Family (copr.
1916) ; Unveiling of the Juneau Monument, July 6th,
1887 (1887) ; Daily Milwaukee News, Nov. 18, 1856.]
L. P.K.
JUNGMAN, JOHN GEORGE (Apr. 19,
1720-July 17, 1808), Moravian missionary, was
born at Hockenheim in Baden, a descendant of
French Protestants. His mother's death when he
was less than five affected him deeply, making
him unnaturally serious. His father, a cooper by
trade, was probably that Johann Dietrich Jung-
mann who landed in Philadelphia May 15, 1732
(I. D. Rupp, A Collection of . . . Names of
German . . . Immigrants in Pennsylvania, 1876,
p. 71). He taught his son the rudiments of
arithmetic and "singing from notes," and encour-
aged characteristics of piety and diligence. When
Jungman was eleven years old the family under-
took to emigrate to Pennsylvania, landing in
Rhode Island after twenty-five weeks at sea. His
stepmother and three sisters succumbed to the
extreme privations of the journey; the survivors
were fed by Indians, who thus won from the boy
a gratitude which resulted in a lifelong devotion
to their race. When the Jungmans at last ar-
rived in Philadelphia, friends cared for their
needs until they were settled on their own land
in Oley. The lad soon carried the responsibility
of the farm while the father practised his trade.
In 1742 the young man first came in contact with
the Moravians, and was, as he tells us, "awak-
ened" to a new religious life. After trying in
vain to reconcile his father to his plan, he de-
cided to join the community at Bethlehem. In
1743 he took his first Holy Communion, and
two years later was appointed teacher in the
children's school. In the latter year (Aug. 24,
Junkin
1745) he married Anna Margaret (Bechtel)
Biittner, daughter of Rev. John Bechtel and
widow of Rev. Gottlob Biittner. From that time
until her death forty-eight years later she was
his companion in all his missionary enterprises.
For a year after his marriage Jungman kept
a school at Falkner's swamp, but in 1 746 he be-
gan his labors at Gnadenhutten on the Maho-
ning, a community established by the Moravians
for the Christian Indians. In 1754 he was trans-
ferred to Pachgatgoch, a similar community near
the present town of Kent in Connecticut. During
the French and Indian War, as in the period of
the Revolution, the work of the Moravians was
hindered because their pacifism caused both par-
ties to suspect them of treachery. In 1758 the
Jungmans left Connecticut, and after short pe-
riods of service at Christiansbrunn, Wyalusing,
and Lanuntutenmunk on the Beaver River, they
entered a new field at Schonbrunn on the Mus-
kingum in Ohio. In 1777, because of the con-
fusion due to Indian uprisings, they returned to
Bethlehem, but in 1781 they were back on the
Muskingum. In that same year they with other
missionaries and their Indian converts were cap-
tured by the Hurons under English direction,
and were driven into the wilderness of the Upper
Sandusky. In the following year, although the
leaders had satisfactorily answered the charges
brought against them, the missionaries were all
ordered to Detroit. Under the patronage of the
Detroit commander, they attempted to establish
their mission on the Clinton River. In 1785,
however, the Jungmans returned to Bethlehem
and retired from active service. Anna Jungman
died on Nov. 22, 1793, and her husband, July 17,
1808. They had suffered both the hardships of
the pioneer and the trials of the missionary. The
account of Jungman's teaching, preaching, and
labor among the Indians is told with character-
istic humility in his autobiography.
[Sources include: "The Narrative of the Life of
John George Jungman" from his own MS., in Peri-
odical Accounts Relating to the Missions of the Church
of the United Brethren, vol. VI (1814) ; Diary of David
Zeisberger (2 vols., 1885), ed. by E. F. Bliss; John
Heckewelder, A Narrative of the Missions of the United
Brethren among the Delaware and Mohcgan Indians
(1820) ; Trans. Moravian Hist. Soc, I (1876), 356 and
V (1899), I29i 161; Poulson's Am. Daily Advertiser
(Phila.), Aug. 2, 1808. The name is spelled Jungman
in the Periodical Accounts and Jungmann in Zeisberg-
er's Diary and the Transactions.] j) m. C.
JUNKIN, GEORGE (Nov. 1, 1790-May 20,
1868), Presbyterian clergyman, educator, was a
descendant of Scotch Covenanters who fled to
Ireland under the persecution of the Stuarts. His
grandfather, Joseph, emigrated from Antrim,
Ireland, about 1735, and acquired five hundred
acres of land in what is now Cumberland County,
248
Junkin
Pa. Here George was born, the son of Joseph
and Eleanor (Cochran) Junkin, and the sixth
of their fourteen children. He received such in-
struction as the log schoolhouses of the frontier
afforded until 1806, when the family moved west-
ward and settled in Mercer County. For the
next three years he was farmer, lumberman, car-
penter, cabinetmaker, miller, and wool-carder.
In 1809, however, he entered the grammar school
of Jefferson College, and in 1813 graduated from
that college, with the reputation of being a grave,
reserved youth, intent upon study. He developed
into an austere, unyielding man, a strict disci-
plinarian, one who held to any course upon which
he entered with Scotch-Irish tenacity. Immedi-
ately after his graduation he went to New' York
where he studied theology in the seminary estab-
lished by Rev. John Mitchell Mason [q.v.~\, and
in September 1816 he was licensed to preach by
the Associate Reformed Presbytery of Mononga-
hela. For three years he was engaged in mis-
sionary work, being in the meantime ordained,
June 29, 1818, by the Associate Reformed Pres-
bytery of Philadelphia. On June 1, 1819, he mar-
ried, at Philadelphia, Julia Rush Miller, daugh-
ter of John and Margaret Miller.
His first and only pastorate was at Milton, Pa.,
where he was installed on Oct. 17, 1819. Here
for eleven years he devoted himself zealously to
the interest of religion, did pioneer work in be-
half of temperance, and became increasingly in-
terested in problems of education. Through his
exertions Milton Academy was established. He
also started and edited a fortnightly paper, The
Religious Farmer, which was issued from Jan. 1,
1828 to Jan. 1, 1830. In 1826 the General Synod
of the Associate Reformed Church having united
with the General Assembly of the Presbyterian
Church a few years earlier, he was sent as a
commissioner to that body, and thereafter became
prominent in the councils and controversies of
his denomination. He resigned his church at
Milton in 1830, and began a long career as head
of educational institutions by becoming princi-
pal of the Manual Labor Academy of Pennsyl-
vania at Germantown. He remained in this po-
sition but two years, and then became the first
president of Lafayette College, Easton, Pa. The
institution had been chartered in 1826, but had
no property or funds. The trustees hired a farm ;
the manual-labor system, of which President
Junkin was an earnest advocate, was adopted;
and former pupils at Germantown constituted
the student body. Through his untiring efforts
money was secured, a permanent site obtained,
and the first building completed in May 1834.
For nine years he devoted himself to the upbuild-
Kafer
ing of the college, resigning in 1841 to become
president of Miami University, Ohio. In the
meantime, during the strife which resulted in the
division of the Presbyterian Church in 1837-38
he had been one of the uncompromising leaders
of the Old School party, and had instigated the
trial of Albert Barnes [q.v.] for heresy. He was
also a vigorous opponent of abolitionism, al-
though opposed to slavery and an advocate of
compensated emancipation. These facts together
with some local difficulties interfered with his
success at Miami, and in 1844 he again became
the head of Lafayette College, continuing as such
until 1848, when he assumed the presidency of
Washington College, Lexington, Va. This posi-
tion his loyalty to the Union compelled him to
resign in 1861. Thereafter he resided in Phila-
delphia. In 1863 he published Political Fallacies :
An Examination of the False Assumptions and
Refutation of the Sophistical Reasonings Which
Have Brought on the Civil War. A week be-
fore his death he completed A Commentary
upon the Epistle to the Hebrews (1873). Among
his other publications are The Vindication, Con-
taining a History of the Trial of the Rev. Albert
Barnes . . . (1836) ; The Integrity of American
National Union vs. Abolitionism . . . (1843) ;
A Treatise on Justification (1849) ; A Treatise
on Sanctification (1864) ; The Tabernacle, or
the Gospel According to Moses (1865) ; Sab-
batismos (1866). One of his daughters, Eleanor,
was the first wife of Gen. Thomas J. Jackson
[q.v.], and another, Margaret Junkin Preston
[g.fc'.J, became widely known as a writer of po-
etry.
[D. X. Junkin, The Reverend George Junkin, D.D.,
LL.D. (1871); Alfred Nevin, Encyc. of the Presbyt.
Ch. in the U. S. of America (1884) ; W. L. Tobey and
W. O. Thompson, The Diamond Anniversary Volume
Miami Univ., 1824-1899 (n.d.) ; Lafayette College,
Some Pages of its Past, Pictures of its Present, and
Forecast of its Future (n.d.) ; Public Ledger (Phila.),
May 2i, 1868.] H.E. S.
KAFER, JOHN CHRISTIAN (Dec. 27,
1842-Mar. 30, 1906), engineer, educator, was
born in Trenton, N. J., and was appointed from
his native state as a third assistant engineer in
the United States Navy on Jan. 16, 1863. From
that time until the close of the Civil War he was
constantly at the front, taking part in the James
River campaign and the first attack on Fort
Fisher. He was warranted second assistant engi-
neer May 28, 1864. Following the war he was
assigned to sea duty on the Kearsarge, then on
the Susquehanna, and in 1868 became an in-
structor in steam engineering at the Naval Acad-
emy. He was engaged in this duty twice ( 1868-
74, 1876-82), an aggregate of nearly ten years.
Every class but one of the separate course for
249
Kafer
engineers came at some time under his tuition.
He was a successful teacher, adding to his tech-
nical proficiency a great interest in young men.
His pupils continued his friends through life. He
taught before the development of the great engi-
neering schools, at a time when much of the
instruction had to be the original work of the
instructor, and he was generally considered the
ablest of them all. In 1885 he declined a pro-
fessorship of engineering at Cornell University.
For a time he was assigned to the practice ship
Despatch, and later, to the Bureau of Steam
Engineering, where he was principal assistant to
Engineer-in-Chief C. H. Loring and also, for
a short time, to Engineer-in-Chief G. W. Mel-
ville [qq-v.]. He had just previously been Mel-
ville's chief aid in the design of new machinery.
Kafer suffered for years from varicose veins,
and in 1888 he was retired for physical disability.
After his retirement he was general manager and
vice-president of the Morgan Iron Works (John
Roach & Sons) in New York and later vice-
president of the Quintard Iron Works. A few
weeks before his death he formed with two of his
old pupils the firm of Kafer, Mattice & Warren,
consulting engineers. He died at Trenton in his
sixty-fourth year.
Kafer's service in the navy covered the period
when the "Line and Staff" controversy was at
its worst. His ability and professional pride
marked him out as one of the leaders of the
Staff. Among the broad-gauge men of both sides,
however, this dispute was not personal, and
Kafer counted some of his warmest friends
among his opponents. It is gratifying to record
that he lived to see the end of the strife and the
dawn of increased efficiency as a result of the
amalgamation of the iine and the engineer corps
in 1899, brought about largely by the ability of
the younger men whom he had trained. He was
active as a member of the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers and also of the Society of
Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, and
was senior American member of the Institute of
Naval Architects of Great Britain. He was for
a time a manager and vice-president of the first
of these societies and was a member of council
of the second from its organization. He took an
active part in the discussion of professional
papers. He was also one of the most valued and
useful members of the Engineers' Club of New
York, was for many years a governor and for
three years (1901-04), president. He was in-
strumental in the first removal of the Club from
West Twenty-ninth Street to Fifth Avenue, and
furthermore, realizing that the organization
should have its own home, he secured at his own
Kah-Ge-Ga-Gah-Bowh— Kahn
risk options on the Fortieth-Street site of the
present edifice, which is the gift of Andrew
Carnegie to his fellow members. Kafer was
treasurer of the building fund for the Club and
also for the United Engineering Building on
Thirty-ninth Street, another gift from Carnegie.
In a sense the club building is a monument to
Kafer, although he died not long before its com-
pletion. He was never robust, but was an inde-
fatigable worker, and immensely popular in every
relation.
[W. M. McFarland in Jour. Am. Soc. Naval Engi-
neers, May 1906; Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Engineers,
vol. XXVII (1906) ; Army and Navy Jour., Army and
Navy Reg., Apr. 7, 1906; Navy Registers, 1864-1906;
N. Y. Times, Apr. 1, 1906; True American (Trenton),
Apr. 2, 1906.] W. M.M.
KAH-GE-GA-GAH-BOWH [See Copway,
George, 1818-c. 1863.]
KAHN, JULIUS (Feb. 28, 1861-Dec. 18,
1924), congressman, was born in Kuppenheim,
Baden, Germany. His parents, Herman and
Jeannette (Weil) Kahn, emigrated to America
when he was five years old, settling first in Cala-
veras County, Cal., and afterwards moving to
San Francisco. There he attended the public
schools until reaching the age of sixteen. After
two years' work in a clerical capacity, he went
on the stage, and for about ten years followed the
theatrical profession, playing in companies with
Joseph Jefferson, Edwin Booth, Tomasso Sal-
vini.and other hardly less well-known stars. His
last role was that of Baron Stein in Diplomacy.
While still active on the stage, he commenced
the study of law, but before completing his legal
studies he was elected to the California Assembly
(1892). He served one term in that body, and
at the end declined a nomination for the state
Senate. In 1894, he was admitted to the bar and
began the practice of law in San Francisco,
where he soon became a member of the firm of
Foote & Coogan. In 1898, he was elected as a
Republican to the national House of Representa-
tives. Reelected in 1900, he was defeated two
years later, but in 1904 he won back his seat,
which he retained until his death in 1924. He
served twelve terms in all, a longer period than
any other representative from the Pacific Coast
up to that time, and was elected for a thirteenth
the month before he died. In his later elections,
he ran without opposition, and sometimes even
had the Democratic indorsement.
Appointed a member of the committee on mili-
tary affairs in 1905, twice its chairman, Kahn
was ranking minority member at the commence-
ment of the World War. Long an advocate of
military preparedness, he had helped to organize
250
Kahn
the National Defense League in 1913, and later
became its chairman. Convinced of the unpre-
paredness of the country, he labored in season
and out, and against heavy odds, to impress the
committee with the need of planning for the
emergency which might arise. The National De-
fense Act of 1 91 6 was one result of his efforts.
By this measure, at least a skeleton organization
for defense was outlined. When finally the
United States entered the War, it fell to Kahn,
owing to the lack of Democratic support for
President Wilson's program, to formulate and
carry out the military policy of the government.
The outstanding piece of legislation with which
his name soon became identified, was the Se-
lective Draft Act (1917), carried in the face of
very strong opposition which included the Dem-
ocratic speaker, the floor leader, and even the
chairman of the committee on military affairs.
Kahn also took an important part in the amend-
ment of the Army Emergency Increase Act (Au-
gust 1918), providing for a reservoir of men not
included in the Selective Draft Act. He was
likewise keenly interested in the development of
aviation, in both the army and the navy. His
last big piece of legislation was the National De-
fense Act (1920), which reorganized the whole
military establishment.
Kahn displayed exceptional ability to secure
legislation favorable to San Francisco and the
state of California, such as large appropriations
for development projects, and laws for the pro-
tection of fruit and other agricultural products
from the ravages of insect pests. He was instru-
mental in preventing the closing of the San
Francisco mint, and in the Sixty-first Congress
( 1 909-11), he successfully led the campaign to
hold the Panama-Pacific International Exposi-
tion at San Francisco in 1915. Other measures
of more distinct national interest with which his
name was prominently associated include the in-
sertion in the Panama Canal Act of the clause
providing free tolls for American ships — the re-
peal of which he afterwards vigorously opposed
— and the extension of the federal publicity
statutes, applicable to campaign funds, to cover
primaries as well as elections.
In 1899, Kahn married Florence Prag, who,
upon his death, was almost immediately elected
to succeed him in the House. Two sons also sur-
vived him. He was of the Jewish faith, and a
member of numerous fraternal organizations.
Amiable, genial, open-hearted, he was one of the
best-loved figures on the political stage of the
past generation.
[The main facts of Kahn's career have been obtained
in part from his widow, and in part from extended arti-
cles in the San Francisco Chronicle and the San Fran-
Kaiser
cisco Examiner for Dec. 19, 1924. The Congressional
Record for the Congresses in which he was a member
(56-57, 59-68 Cong.), gives some idea of his work in
that body. See also Biog. Dir. Am. Cong. (1928);
Who's Who in America, 1922-23 ; "Memorial Address
Delivered in the House of Representatives in Memory
of Julius Kahn," House Doc. No. 672, 68 Cong., 2
Sess. ; Manual and Review of the National Defense
League (1917?) ; Outlook, Dec. 31, 1924.] P.O.R.
KAISER, ALOIS (Nov. 10, 1840- Jan. 5, 1908),
synagogue cantor and composer, was born in
Szobotist, Hungary, the son of David Loeb
Kaiser. He received his education in the Real-
schule, the Jewish Teachers' Seminary, and the
Conservatory of Music in Vienna. At ten years
of age he entered the synagogue choir of the re-
nowned cantor, Solomon Sulzer, in which for
some time he was leading soprano. After eight
years in that choir, having gained a thorough
familiarity with Sulzer's cantillation and choral
music and having developed a rich baritone
voice, he was chosen in 1859 as assistant cantor
to the Fiinfhaus synagogue, in the outskirts of
Vienna. In 1862 he married Caroline Fould.
He served as cantor in the Neusynagogue in
Prague from 1863 until 1866, when he came to
America to be cantor of the Oheb Shalom syna-
gogue in Baltimore, a position which he filled
until his death. In America, he was the leading
cantor of the school of Sulzer, a school in which
Jewish musical tradition was modified by the
standards of Teutonic oratorio, operatic, and
choral music. For several years he was presi-
dent of the Society of American Cantors. An
unusual compliment was paid to his character
and scholarly musicianship when in 1895 ne was
elected an honorary member of the Central Con-
ference of American Rabbis. For nineteen years
before his death, as president of the Hebrew Edu-
cation Society of Baltimore, he won the affection
of his congregants and the respect of all who
knew him.
Among his published works, besides a cantata,
many hymns, and music for special services, is A
Collection of the Principal Melodies of the Syn-
agogue, from the Earliest Times to the Present
(1893), which he compiled with William Spar-
ger as a souvenir of the Jewish Women's Con-
gress held under the auspices of the World's
Parliament of Religions at Chicago. This use-
ful collection contains fifty traditional syna-
gogue melodies with accompaniments and Eng-
lish texts, sixteen modern compositions, and a
prefatory historical survey of synagogue music.
Between 1871 and 1886 Kaiser, together with
others, issued Zimrath Yah, a more ambitious,
but less valuable collection of synagogue music.
These four volumes contain little that is tradi-
tionally Jewish, the bulk of the material being
251
Kalanianaole
either compositions by the editors or by Chris-
tian composers, marked by an intricate or a Ger-
man melodic style. Kaiser edited The Union
Hymnal (1897) for the Central Conference of
American Rabbis, contributing about forty
hymns, the majority of the rest being adapta-
tions from Christian composers.
This hymnal is characteristic of the dual char-
acter of Kaiser's work. On the one hand, he
freely introduced into the Synagogue sacred and
secular music of non-Jewish character ; on the
other, he pleaded for the retention of traditional
Jewish music in American Reform Jewish tem-
ples. In their reaction from the historical tra-
ditions of the synagogue service the Reform con-
gregations tended strongly to dispense with the
cantor and thereby with most of the traditional
synagogue music ; thus Kaiser could truthfully
say of American Reform temples that they had
borrowed so much from the church, the opera,
and the concert stage that in some Jewish houses
of worship Jewish melodies had almost entirely
disappeared. When he pleaded for the retention
of the old music, however, he was of opinion that
themes reduced to the fixed rhythm of hymns
and anthems were all that could be preserved.
For the rest, he believed that the traditional
modal chanting of the Synagogue with its
uniquely Jewish character and amazing melis-
matic richness of coloratura and free improvisa-
tion, which is so vigorously alive and develop-
ing today, was already in his time a thing of the
past.
[Adolph Guttmacher in Year Book of the Central
Conference of American Rabbis, vol. XVIII (1909);
American Jewish Year Book, 1903-04; A Third of a
Century in the Service of God and the Oheb Shalom
Congregation of Baltimore (1899); A. Z. Idelsohn,
Jewish Music in Its Historical Development (1929);
The Jewish Encyc, vol. VII (1925) ; Jewish Comment
(Baltimore), Jan. 10, 17, 1908; Sun (Baltimore), Jan.
6- I0°8-] D.deS.P.
KALANIANAOLE, JONAH KUHIO (Mar.
26, 1871-Jan. 7, 1922), delegate to Congress
from Hawaii, was born at Kauai, a descendant of
the last independent king of that island. His fa-
ther was High Chief David Kahalepouli Piikoi;
his mother, Princess Kinoiki Kekaulike. He
was a cousin of King Kalakaua and a nephew
by marriage and was created a prince by royal
proclamation in 1883. He was educated in the
best public and private schools of Honolulu, at
St. Matthew's School in California, and at the
Royal Agricultural College in England, finish-
ing with a business course. Before the over-
throw of the monarchy in 1893 he held some
minor offices in the government. In 1895 he
was arrested, convicted, and served a prison
sentence for complicity in the royalist uprising
Kalanianaole
against the Republic of Hawaii. The following
year he was married to Elizabeth Kahanu
Kaauwai, a young woman of rank. The abroga-
tion of the monarchy and subsequent annexation
of Hawaii to the United States cut off the career
to which the young prince had been looking
forward. Some years of uncertainty followed,
during which he traveled abroad, hunted big
game in South Africa and accompanied the
British army as a kind of observer during the
Boer War. He thought for a time of residing
permanently away from his native country, but
finally returned to Hawaii at the end of 1901,
frankly accepted the new order of things, and
began to take his part in public affairs as a
loyal American citizen.
His first political affiliation was with the
Home Rule party, but he soon became dissatis-
fied with the narrow racial policies and undem-
ocratic practices of that party. In the summer
of 1902 he led a revolt of younger Hawaiians
against the party management, in the interest
of governmental efficiency and a sincere accept-
ance of American citizenship, and in the fall of
that year joined the Republican party. He was
named as the party candidate for delegate to
Congress and was triumphantly elected. Al-
though frequently at variance with his party
leaders on questions of policy and faced with
strong opposition at the polls, he was reelected
at each succeeding election until his death. Be-
ginning with more than the ordinary handicaps
of a new member of Congress, Prince Kuhio (as
he was usually called) gradually made a place
for himself which enabled him to accomplish im-
portant results for the Territory. The crowning
achievement of his career was his successful
fight for the adoption of the Hawaiian Homes
Commission Act (1921), the object of which
was the rehabilitation of the native race by put-
ting the Hawaiians back on the soil as home-
steaders. He was the first member appointed on
the commission and before his death had begun
to see the plans for the project taking shape.
Kuhio was an all-round athlete and sportsman
and had in high degree the genial personality and
natural dignity characteristic of his race. His
example and influence were of great weight in
reconciling the Hawaiians to their loss of inde-
pendence as a nation.
[See Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaole : Memorial Address
Delivered in the House of Representatives . . . Jan. 7,
1923 (1924) ; The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders
(1925), ed. by G. F. Nellist ; Biog. Dir. Am. Cong.
(1928) ; Who's Who in America, 1920-21 ; obituary
articles by A. P. Taylor in Honolulu Advertiser, Jan.
7 and 16, 1922; other articles in same paper and in
Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Jan. 7-16, 1922; Paradise of
the Pacific, Feb. 1922. Honolulu newspapers during
summer and fall of 1902 furnish data for Kalaniana-
252
Kalb
Kalb
ole's political activity and conversion to Republican
Party.] R. S.K.
KALB, JOHANN (June 29, 1721-Aug. 19,
1780), Revolutionary general, known as "Baron
de Kalb," was born in Hiittendorf, Germany, the
son of Johann Leonhard and Margarethe ( Putz,
nee Seitz) Kalb, peasants. He received his early
schooling at Kriegenbronn, became a waiter, and
at the age of sixteen left home. After six years,
of which the records are silent, he is found serv-
ing under the name of Jean de Kalb as a lieu-
tenant in Count Loewendal's regiment of French
infantry. This assumption of a title to which he
had no legal right made possible and facilitated
his military career. He shared, though some-
what humbly, in the brilliant victories of Mar-
shal Saxe and served throughout the War of the
Austrian Succession. He was assiduous in the
study of modern languages, mathematics, and
troop organization. In 1747 he became captain
and adjutant and was made "officer of detail," a
post which combined the offices of general mana-
ger and judge of the regiment. He submitted in
1754 elaborate plans for the organization of a
marine infantry for sudden attacks upon the
English coast and colonies. He went to Paris
to prosecute his venture, but since he was un-
schooled in court intrigue and lacked necessary
influence his plans failed. In 1756 he became a
major and served with distinction in the Seven
Years' War. At the end of the war he expected
promotion, but his office was abolished and he
was given the position of captain with the rank
of lieutenant-colonel. On Apr. 10, 1764, he mar-
ried Anna Elizabeth Emilie Van Robais, the
daughter of a wealthy and retired cloth manu-
facturer. Possessed, now, of a comfortable for-
tune, he retired from the army and settled near
Paris, but his insatiable thirst for glory and his
longing for activity' urged him to resume his
military career; and in 1765 he unsuccessfully
attempted to enter the Portuguese service, hop-
ing, after a few successful campaigns, to return
to France a general. In April 1767 the Due de
Choiseul requested him to undertake a secret mis-
sion to America to report on the affairs of the
British colonies. Arriving in Philadelphia in
January 1768, he traveled in the colonies about
four months. His numerous and detailed reports
were the observations of a shrewd and impar-
tial investigator. The interception of his re-
ports caused him to return to France, where
toward the close of the year Choiseul's interest
in the colonies languished and Kalb was uncere-
moniously dismissed. After two years of rural
retirement he received two invitations to serve
in Poland, which he declined. With the acces-
sion of Louis XVI and the return to influence of
the brothers Broglie, who had earlier been Kalb's
patrons, the paths to promotion were again
opened : he was made brigadier-general for the
islands on Nov. 6, 1776. Having determined to
serve in America, he was engaged as a major-
general by Silas Deane \_q.v.~\. It was through
Kalb that his protege Lafayette [q.v.] met Deane
and engaged to serve in America with Kalb and
his companions. After numerous delays they
sailed in April 1777, Kalb bringing with him the
extraordinary offer of De Broglie to become
the benevolent dictator of the revolting colonies.
They landed on the coast of South Carolina
June 13, and at the end of July arrived in Phil-
adelphia, where they discovered that Congress
had refused to ratify the contracts and appoint-
ments made by Deane. Having repudiated
Deane's arrangements, Congress received La-
fayette as a major-general. Kalb was indignant
and wrote bitterly to the president of Congress,
threatening civil suit to enforce his contract with
Deane. Having despaired of favorable action,
he was about to embark for France, when he was
notified that Congress had elected him to a newly
created major-generalship, a post which he ac-
cepted after much consideration. He joined the
army early in November and commanded a divi-
sion of New England regiments. He took part
in the last operations before Philadelphia and
spent the winter in the bleak encampment at
Valley Forge. At times he wished to return to
the French army, to become the French envoy to
America, or to represent France in Geneva, but
these were idle hopes. In 1778 he was Lafay-
ette's second in command in the Canadian expe-
dition that arose from the Conway cabal, but
at Albany the expedition was abandoned and
they returned in time to celebrate the announce-
ment of the French alliance, an event which Kalb
thought would quickly terminate the war. Until
the spring of 1780 he was constantly with the
army, though without the conspicuous distinc-
tion for which he hoped. On Apr. 3, 1780, he
was ordered to the relief of Charleston, S. C,
then besieged by the British. Lack of men and
supplies retarded his advance. At Deep River,
N. C, he was joined by General Gates, recently
appointed to command in the South, who, despite
Kalb's advice, rashly determined to march to
Camden to attack the British. Near Saunders'
Creek they suddenly encountered the army of
Lord Cornwallis. The first attack of the British
scattered the Virginia and North Carolina mili-
tia, who, with Gates, fled. Kalb, in command of
the right wing, three times charged the enemy.
In the hand-to-hand fighting the issue of the bat-
253
Kalisch
Kalisch
tie was long in doubt. When the American posi-
tion became hopeless Kalb, sword in hand, again
led his few men to the attack. Mortally wounded
and bleeding from eleven wounds, he fell and his
surviving soldiers retreated. Three days later,
on Aug. 19, he died at Camden.
[Friedrich Kapp, Leben des Amerikanischen Generals
Johann Kalb (Stuttgart, 1862), translated as The Life
of John Kalb (privately printed 1870, published 1884) ;
Ludovic de Colleville, Les Missions Secretes du Gene-
ral-Major Baron de Kalb et son Role dans la Guerre
de I'Independance Americaine (Paris, 1885) ; Charle-
magne Tower, The Marquis de La Fayette in the Am.
Rev. (2 vols., 1895) ; G. W. Greene, The German Ele-
ment in the War of American Independence (1876) ;
B. F. Stevens, Facsimiles . . . Relating to America,
1773-1783 (25 vols., London, 1889-98) ; "The Deane
Papers," N. Y. Hist. Soc. Colls., Pub. Fund Ser., vols.
XIX-XXIII (1887-91) ; manuscript letters in Vol. 164
of the Papers of the Continental Congress, in the Lib.
of Cong.] F. M— n.
KALISCH, ISIDOR (Nov. 15, 1816-May 11,
1886), reform rabbi, was born to Burnham and
Sarah Tobias Kalisch in Krotoschin, Posen,
Prussia. Kalisch's published attitude toward the
Prussian government was too far advanced for
the Germany of his day ; several articles from his
pen were condemned as seditious, and in 1848 he
found it impossible to remain in Prussia. After
a few months in England, he came to the United
States, landing in New York in 1849. In Amer-
ica the scholarship which he had imbibed at the
universities of Berlin, Breslau, and Prague, and
in Jewish institutions of learning, gave distinc-
tion to the pulpits which he occupied, but a cer-
tain aggressive restlessness in his disposition,
combined with the uncongenial immaturity of
many reform Jewish communities, especially in
the Middle West, caused him to pass through a
series of short pastorates in Cleveland ( 1850-
56), Cincinnati (1856-57), Milwaukee (1857-
60), Indianapolis for two years, Detroit (1864-
66), Leavenworth (1866-68), Newark, N. J.
(1870-72), and Nashville (1872-75). At Cleve-
land ( 1850-56) he led a schism and formed a new
congregation. Twice during these years he gave
up a fixed rabbinate to serve as a public lecturer
on Jewish themes, and in 1869 he opened a
school in New York City, which did not prove a
successful venture. In 1875 ne returned from
Nashville to Newark, giving himself thereafter
to lecturing and to volunteer services as a rabbi.
Kalisch was an industrious writer. His most
ambitious work is his Wegweiser fur Ratio-
nelle Forschungen in den Biblischen Schriften
(Cleveland, 1853), translated by M. Mayer as
A Guide for Rational Enquiries into the Biblical
Writings, Being an Examination of the Doctrinal
Difference between Judaism and Primitive Chris-
tianity, Based upon a Critical Exposition of the
Book of Matthew (1857). He also translated a
number of works into English, notably Lessing's
Nathan der Weise, 1869, the Sefer Yezirah,
1877, and Salomon Munk's Philosophic et £cri-
vains Philosophes des Juifes, 1881, and published
a volume of original poems entitled Die Tone des
Morgenlandes (1865).
His importance lies less in his literary work,
which for the most part bears the ephemeral im-
press of the style and the interests of his day,
than in his contributions towards moulding re-
form Judaism in America. He was a leading
spirit at the Conference of Reform Rabbis held
at Cleveland in 1855, a conference which he
opened. He was one of the three editors of the
Minhag America, the forerunner of the Union
Prayer Book, the standard prayer book of reform
Judaism. Kalisch conducted the lustily vehement
polemics of his day with radical reform Juda-
ism, which he considered as leading to atheism,
and with orthodox Judaism, which he denounced
as superstitious bigotry. He believed that a mod-
ernized Judaism would engender freedom of con-
science. With a conviction as profound as in ret-
rospect it appears pathetic, he held that outward
political and inward spiritual emancipation of
Jewry marked the dawn of a golden age of uni-
versal brotherhood. It is not to his discredit that
history has so far mocked the lifelong dream
of one whom Oliver Wendell Holmes charac-
terized as "an admirable man and enlightened
scholar." He died in his seventieth year, in New-
ark, N. J. His first wife, Charlotte Bankman,
whom he married in 1843, died in 1856; she was
the mother of Samuel Kalisch [q.v.], justice of
the supreme court of New Jersey. In 1864 he
married Adelaide Baer, who survived him.
[Samuel Kalisch, In Memoriam : Rev. Dr. Isidor
Kalisch (1886), enlarged in the memoir accompanying
Studies in Ancient and Modern Judaism . . . Selected
Writings of Rabbi Isidor Kalisch (1928), ed. and com-
piled by Samuel Kalisch ; Pubs. Am. Jewish Hist. Soc,
XVII (1909), 116, 147; F. B. Lee, Geneal. and Memo-
rial Hist, of the State of N. J. (1910), III, 1067-69.]
D.deS.P.
KALISCH, SAMUEL (Apr. 18.1851-Apr.29,
I93°)» jurist, was born at Cleveland, Ohio, the
third son of Rabbi Isidor [q.v.~\ and Charlotte
(Bankman) Kalisch. His childhood and youth
were spent in Cleveland, Cincinnati, Milwaukee,
Indianapolis, Detroit, Leavenworth, and New
York, as his father took positions in these cities.
In 1870 the father accepted a pastorate in New-
ark, N. J., which, with an interruption of three
years, was henceforward to be Samuel Kalisch's
home. He was educated in the public schools of
Detroit and Leavenworth, and received the de-
gree of LL.B. from Columbia Law School in
1870. On Apr. 26, 1877, he married Caroline
Elizabeth Baldwin of Newark. As a young man
254
Kalisch
Kamaiakan
he became active in Democratic politics. He
was city attorney of Newark in 1875, and was
the Democratic nominee for the New Jersey As-
sembly in 1879 and for the state Senate in 1899
and in 1902, but was not elected to either body.
Admitted to the New Jersey bar in 1871, he
began at once to develop a considerable law prac-
tice in Newark. His clientele consisted largely
of members of labor organizations, and it is said
that he declined many retainers offered by cor-
porations. In both his civil and criminal prac-
tice he was remarkably successful before juries
and upon appeal. He is said to have been the
first attorney in New Jersey to obtain the re-
lease of a convict from the state prison on a writ
of habeas corpus. He often established legal
precedents, and his energy and legal acumen are
evidenced in the many cases in which he figured
as counsel, recorded in 37-81 New Jersey Re-
ports and in the state Equity Reports. In 191 1
he was appointed by Gov. Woodrow Wilson as
a justice of the supreme court of New Jersey,
and at the expiration of his term in 1918 he was
reappointed by Governor Edge (Republican),
and again in 1925 by Governor Silzer. In all,
he served nineteen years on the supreme bench,
and at his death he was the oldest judge of that
tribunal. His decisions as judge usually stood
the test of appeal, and his opinions in the ap-
pellate courts were conspicuous for a terse clear-
ness expressive of a logical legal mind.
His judicial circuits brought him to Atlantic
County, which had been for a quarter of a cen-
tury notorious for graft, election frauds, and
open gambling under protection of political
bosses. Grand juries selected by servile sheriffs
had repeatedly failed to bring indictments. In
1922, Kalisch astonished the state by disquali-
fying the sheriff from selecting the special grand
jury. Resorting to a century-old statute, he ap-
pointed elisors (electors) for that function. As
a result, an independent grand jury indicted the
sheriff and many others. As a further result,
elisors were also named in investigations in
Morris and Hudson counties.
Kalisch inherited some of his father's literary
ability, and wrote poems and essays. In 1886 he
published In Memoriam: Rev. Dr. Isidor Ka-
lisch, a biographical sketch of his father. In
1928, he elaborated this sketch and incorporated
it in a volume wherein he reprinted several of
his father's writings, under the title Studies in
Ancient and Modern Judaism . . . Selected Writ-
ings of Rabbi Isidor Kalisch. His articles on
"Legal Abuse," published in a Newark news-
paper in 1872, had a widespread effect in rem-
edying certain defects in the judiciary. As a
hobby he collected books and autographs. He
was a Scottish Rite Mason and a member of nu-
merous professional organizations. In 1909-16
he was president of the New Jersey State Bar
Association. He had a dignified presence and
an attractive personality. However hot and
pressing a legal argument might be, he always
maintained his equanimity, and pursued his
course with calm, convincing, persuasive rea-
soning.
[Who's Who in America, 1928-29 ; Who's Who in
American Jewry, 1928; Green Bag, May 1914; N. J.
State BarAsso. Year Book, 1930-31 ; N. Y. Times, Apr.
30, 1930 ; Temple Tidings (published by Temple B'nai
Jeshurun of Newark), May 9, 1930; Newark Evening
News, Apr. 29, 1930.] D.deS. P.
KAMAIAKAN (c. 1800-c. 1880), Yakima
chief, was the eldest child of Jayayaheha, a Nez
Perce, and Kaemoxnith, the daughter of Weo-
wicht, chief of the Pishwanwapum or Yakima.
He was born near the present town of Lewiston,
Idaho, but, when he was about ten years old, his
mother took him back across the Columbia to the
Yakima Valley. There he acquired wealth in the
traditional form of horses, but he also planted a
garden after the manner of the white man's agri-
culture, imported and maintained a herd of cat-
tle within the tribe, and, about 1847, obtained the
establishment of a mission by two Oblate Fa-
thers. Absorbed in the pursuits of peace, he lent
his influence to keep other tribes from going to
war with the whites. Nevertheless, he watched
with growing concern the degeneration of neigh-
boring Indians in contact with white settlements,
and when the American government sought
Yakima lands, he tried, in vain, to prevent the
cessions of the treaty of 1855. Before the treaty
was ratified or provision made for the removal
of the Indians, the country began to fill up with
eager miners and settlers; friction developed;
and in September war broke out. Kamaiakan
avowed his determination to drive all white set-
tlers out of the upper country, moved up and
down the region rousing the Indians with the
eloquence of his oratory, notable even in the
great tradition of Indian speech, and gathered
to himself most of the northwest tribes. Two
thousand warriors turned out to meet the white
troops. In January 1856 the attack of a thou-
sand Indians under Leschi was repulsed with
difficulty by the new town of Seattle. In Sep-
tember 1858 the defeat of the main body of In-
dians under Kamaiakan himself brought the out-
break to an end. He found refuge across the
border in British Columbia and among the Crow
Indians until his wife's homesickness made him
invite the peril of a return to his native land.
Among his kindred, the Paloos, he found a home,
*55
Kane
where, as his life lengthened year by year, he
continued to tend his little farm and to ignore
the five-hundred-dollar annuity promised him
by the white government.
[Files and ledgers of the Office of Indian Affairs ;
information from the General Accounting Office ; A. J.
Splawn, Ka-mi-akin (1917) ; Hazard Stevens, The Life
of Isaac Ingalls Stevens (1900), vol. II ; C. A. Snowden,
Hist, of Wash. (1900), vols. Ill, IV; H. H. Bancroft,
Hist, of Wash., Idaho, and Mont. (1890) ; House Exec.
Doc. No. 93, 34 Cong., 1 Sess. (1856).] K. E. C.
KANE, ELISHA KENT (Feb. 3, 1820-Feb.
16, 1857), naval officer, physician, explorer and
pioneer of the American route to the North Pole,
was born in Philadelphia of distinguished par-
entage. His father, John Kintzing Kane [q.v.~\,
was a lawyer of ability and culture ; his mother,
Jane Duval Leiper, an accomplished beauty.
Elisha was the eldest of five sons and one daugh-
ter. In youth he disliked study and was inces-
santly active. When a student at the University
of Virginia (September 1838-November 1839),
he contracted rheumatic fever which left his
heart permanently impaired. Graduated on Mar.
19, 1842, from the medical department of the
University of Pennsylvania, he passed examina-
tions and became assistant surgeon in the United
States Navy. He was appointed physician to the
China Mission under Caleb Cushing [q.z'.~\ and
spent eighteen months in the Orient, Africa, and
Europe, fervidly seeking adventure. He was
long ill in China. At the outset of the Mexican
War he was ordered to the African Squadron
but was invalided home with coast fever. Later
he secured orders for Mexico where he achieved
some fame in a casual encounter with the enemy.
From Mexico he was again invalided home, re-
covering from wounds and a virulent typhus.
In 1850 he was attached to the United States
Coast Survey. In this year a government expe-
dition, using ships supplied by Henry Grinnell
[g.?\], was organized under Lieut. Edwin J.
DeHaven, U. S. N. \_q.v.~\ to search the Arctic
for Sir John Franklin, missing since 1845. Kane
sought and obtained the post of senior medical
officer with this expedition, which provided him
with a rugged polar novitiate. He told its story
in a stirring narrative, The U. S. Grinnell Ex-
pedition in Search of Sir John Franklin (1853),
which in abridged form was reprinted in 1915
under the title, Adrift in the Arctic Ice Pack.
Upon his return to New York, in September
1851, he immediately launched plans for a new
expedition. Popular belief and many first-rank
scientists, including M. F. Maury [q.v.~\, posited
an open polar sea. On the shores of such a sea
some remnant of Franklin's men might yet be
alive; the route to that sea might lie through
Kane
Smith Sound ; no one had yet sailed beyond its
northern portals. Kane determined to do so.
John P. Kennedy [q.z>.], secretary of the navy,
gave enthusiastic personal support, and Henry
Grinnell donated the brig Advance. Private
subscription financed the enterprise.
The Second Grinnell Expedition sailed from
New York May 31, 1853, with Passed Assistant
Surgeon Kane, assigned to special duty, in com-
mand. Passing through Smith Sound the brig
entered unknown waters now called Kane Basin.
The way north was icebound. The only water
passage hugged the shore, bearing toward the
northeast. Against the recommendations of his
officers, Kane forced the brig up this hazardous
waterway. The expedition wintered at Rensse-
laer Bay. The first winter brought to light seri-
ous deficiencies of equipment. Scurvy appeared ;
the dogs died, but Kane indomitably held to his
plans. The first spring sledging party broke
down and was rescued only by that superhuman
energy which served Kane in extremity. Two
men died ; but the commander, himself scurvy-
ridden and at times near death, steadily sustained
his campaign. In May, Isaac I. Hayes [q.v.~\,
surgeon of the expedition, crossed Kane Basin
reaching Ellesmere Land. In June, William
Morton reached Cape Constitution, 8o° 10' N.,
"Farthest North" for the western hemisphere.
Morton saw Kennedy Channel ice-free, tum-
bling in sunshine. Kane reported the evidence
as further attesting the open polar sea theory,
yet reserved opinion that it might well be an-
other "illusory discovery."
No trace of Franklin's party was found by the
expedition, but the coasts of Kane Basin were
charted and Kennedy Channel was discovered,
later to be the route of Hayes, Charles F. Hall
[<?.£'.], A. W. Greely, and fifty-four years after-
ward, of Robert E. Peary \_q.v.~\. Meteorolog-
ical, magnetic, astronomical, and tidal observa-
tions, botanical, glacial, and geological surveys,
studies of animal and Eskimo life, established
sound foundations for the scientific study of the
Arctic. In August 1854 Hayes and eight men,
protesting the commander's resolve to remain a
second winter, announced their determination to
hazard the journey to the South Greenland set-
tlements. Kane, sanctioning the withdrawal,
equipped them from limited supplies. In De-
cember they returned to the vessel, broken in
body and morale. Kane became doctor, nurse,
and cook to a shipful of bedridden men. With in-
domitable courage he planned and then executed
their escape. The Advance, still frozen in, was
abandoned May 20, 1855. With the loss of one
man, the party, carrying the invalids, reached
:56
Kane
Upernivik in eighty-three days, a retreat which
stands in the annals of Arctic exploration as
archetype of victory in defeat.
A government relief expedition under Lieut.
H. J. Hartstene found them in South Greenland,
and landed them in New York, on Oct. n, 1855.
Kane wrote his book, Arctic Explorations: The
Second Grinnell Expedition in Search of Sir
John Franklin, in the Years 1853, '54, '55 (2
vols., 1856), told his publisher, whose fortune it
made, "The book, poor as it is, has been my cof-
fin," sailed for England, met Lady Franklin, left
for Havana, and died there Feb. 16, 1857, just
after his thirty-seventh birthday. The funeral
journey was a pageant of national mourning.
The body lay in state in New Orleans, Louisville,
Columbus, Baltimore, and finally in Independ-
ence Hall. Military, civic, masonic processions
were organized ; poems, editorials, sermons were
composed. Arctic Explorations lay for a decade
with the Bible on almost literally every parlor
table in America.
Between his two expeditions Kane met Mar-
garet Fox \_q.v~], the Spiritualist medium. They
were often seen together and it is known that he
tried unsuccessfully to sever her connections with
Spiritualism. After the Civil War an anony-
mous book appeared, entitled The Love-Life of
Dr. Kane (1866), claiming to be his letters to
Margaret and asserting that there had been a
common-law marriage. The letters bear evi-
dence of being at least in part genuine. The ed-
iting is vulgar and untrustworthy.
[See Kane's books mentioned above, his "Physical
Observations" published in Smithsonian Contributions
to Knotvledge, vols. X-XIII (1858-60) and as Smith-
sonian Inst. Pubs. No. 198 (1859-60), and his paper
"Access to an Open Polar Sea," in Bull. Am.Geog. and
Statistical Soc, Jan. 1853 ; memorial proceedings, Ibid.,
vol. II (1857) ; William Elder, Biog. of Elisha Kent
Kane (1857) ; W. M. Kerr, "Elisha Kent Kane," in
Annals of Medic. Hist., vol. VI (1924) ; I. I. Hayes, An
Arctic Boat lourncy in the Autumn of 1854 (i860) ;
A. W. Greely, Explorers and Travellers (1893) ; jour-
nal of the brig Advance, in the library of the Hist. Soc.
of Pa., Philadelphia; N. Y. Tribune, Feb. 18, 24, 26,
1857. A biography of Kane based on new source mate-
rial is now in preparation by Margaret Elder Dow.]
M.E.D.
KANE, JOHN KINTZING (May 16, 1795-
Feb. 21, 1858), jurist, was born at Albany,
N. Y. His grandfather, John Kane (originally
O'Kane), came to New York from Ireland
shortly after 1750 and married Sybil, daughter
of the Rev. Elisha Kent. A Loyalist, he went
to England after the Revolution, and his family
went to Nova Scotia. His sons returned to New
York, however, where one of them, Elisha, a
merchant, married Alida Van Rensselaer. They
were the parents of John Kintzing Kane. He
was baptized John, but later took his middle
Kane
name in honor, it is said, of his stepmother.
About 1801 the family moved to Philadelphia,
where the boy attended local schools. He also
studied at a tutoring school in New Haven, and
graduated from Yale College in 1814. He stud-
ied law in the office of Joseph Hopkinson [g.fc'.]
in Philadelphia and on Apr. 8, 1817, was admit-
ted to the bar. Winning a reputation as an able
lawyer, he built up a substantial practice.
Although he was at first a Federalist in poli-
tics, he vigorously supported Andrew Jackson
in the presidential campaign of 1828, and was
thereafter identified with the Democrats. He
was appointed city solicitor of Philadelphia and
held that office 1829-30. Reappointed in 1832,
he resigned to serve, 1832-36, as one of the com-
missioners to settle claims under the convention
of July 4, 1831, with France. In 1836 he pub-
lished Notes on Some of the Questions Decided
by the Board of Commissioners under the Con-
vention with France, of 4th July, 1831. He as-
sisted President Jackson in the preparation of
certain letters and state papers, particularly in
the crusade against the Bank of the United
States. His activities in this cause are said to
have occasioned his social ostracism, for a time,
in Philadelphia. In December 1838 he was a
leader of the Democrats of the state in the po-
litical struggle known as the "Buckshot War."
In January 1845 he was appointed attorney gen-
eral of Pennsylvania, but he resigned in June of
the following year to accept appointment as
judge of the United States district court for the
eastern district of Pennsylvania, which office he
held until his death. As a judge his decisions,
especially in admiralty and patent cases, were
able and commanded respect, but in 1856 his ac-
tion in committing an abolitionist to jail for con-
tempt of court in refusing to produce certain
fugitive slaves, aroused much hostile feeling.
In 1825 he became a member of the American
Philosophical Society and was its secretary from
1828 until 1848, its vice-president from 1849
until 1857, and its president from Jan. 2, 1857,
until his death. He was also a member of the
first board of trustees of Girard College and was
vice-president of the Institution for the Instruc-
tion of the Blind, vice-provost of the Law Acad-
emy, and a member of various lodges and socie-
ties. President of the board of trustees of the
Second Presbyterian Church of Philadelphia
and a member of the board of trustees of the
General Assembly, he sided with the Old School
at the time of the division of the denomination
in 1837. He was also connected with the pro-
motion or direction of the Girard Bank, the
Franklin Fire Insurance Company, the Sunbury
257
Kane
& Erie Railroad, the Delaware & Chesapeake
Canal, and the Mutual Assurance Company.
Prominent as a citizen and talented as a speaker,
he was chosen to deliver many occasional ad-
dresses. Although he produced little original
writing, he was an accomplished literary scholar,
edited several works in law, medicine, and di-
vinity for various friends, and was the author
of a number of technical and legislative reports
on various aspects of internal improvements.
On Apr. 20, 1819, he married Jane Duval
Leiper, said to have been one of the most beau-
tiful women of her time. They had seven chil-
dren, two of whom, Elisha Kent Kane and
Thomas Leiper Kane [qq.v.], attained distinc-
tion. Kane died of typhoid pneumonia, in Phil-
adelphia.
[J. H. Martin, Martin's Bench and Bar of Phila.
(1883) ; E. P. Oberholtzer, Phila.— A Hist, of the City
and Its People (n.d.), vols. II, III ; F. B. Dexter, Biog.
Sketches Grads. Yale Coll., vol. VI (1912); Henry
Simpson, The Lives of Eminent Philadclphians ( 1859) ;
Proc. Am. Philosophical Soc, vol. VI (1859) ; Nathan
Crosby, Annual Obit. Notices . . . 1858 (1859) ; J. T.
Scharff and Thompson Westcott, Hist, of Phila.
(1884), vols. I, II ; L. V. Briggs, Geneals. of the Dif-
ferent Families Bearing the Name of Kent (1898);
Daily Ncu's and Pcnnsylvanian (both of Phila.), Feb.
23, 1858.] J.H. F.
KANE, THOMAS LEIPER (Jan. 27, 1822-
Dec. 26, 1883), soldier, born in Philadelphia, Pa.,
was the son of John Kintzing \_q.v.~] and Jane
Duval (Leiper) Kane, and the brother of Elisha
Kent Kane [q.v.]. He attended school in Phil-
adelphia until he was seventeen then visited
England and France, remaining some years in
Paris. Upon his return to Philadelphia he stud-
ied law with his father and was admitted to the
bar in 1846 but rarely practised. He did, how-
ever, hold the position of clerk under his father
who was judge of the United States district
court for the eastern district of Pennsylvania.
He also served as one of the United States com-
missioners in this district. At heart he was an
abolitionist and contributed many articles on this
and other subjects to the press of the day. In
1848 he became chairman of the Free Soil State
Central Committee, and upon the passage of the
Fugitive-slave Law of 1850, found that the
duties of a United States commissioner were in
conflict with the dictates of his conscience and
resigned the office. His father construed his
letter of resignation as contempt of court and
he was committed. This action, however, was
overruled by the supreme bench and he was set
free, becoming an active agent of the Under-
ground Railroad. Having become interested in
the activities of the Mormons, he took part in
securing the assistance of the government in
their westward migration and accompanied them
Kane
in their wanderings for a considerable time. In
this way he became a friend of Brigham Young
and won his confidence to such an extent that in
1858, when Young had called upon his people
to resist the entrance of United States troops
into Utah, and a proclamation had been issued
declaring the territory to be in a state of rebel-
lion, Kane was able to convince the Mormon
leader that such an action would be useless and
so brought about an amicable settlement of the
affair. In later years he continued his interest
in the Mormon church, though there is no evi-
dence that he ever became a member.
Shortly after his return to Philadelphia he re-
moved to the northwestern part of Pennsylvania
and founded the town of Kane. It was here that
he organized at the outbreak of the Civil War a
regiment of woodsmen and hunters known as the
"Bucktails." He was elected colonel of this regi-
ment on June 12, 1861, but shortly resigned in
favor of the Mexican War veteran, Charles J.
Biddle. He was immediately elected lieutenant-
colonel and continued to serve with the regiment.
He was wounded at Dranesville and captured at
Harrisonburg. On Sept. 7, 1862, he was ap-
pointed brigadier-general for gallant services
and commanded the 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division,
XII Army Corps, at Chancellorsville. He con-
tracted pneumonia and was in the hospital at
Baltimore just before the battle of Gettysburg
when he was entrusted with a message to Gen-
eral Meade that the Confederates were in pos-
session of the Union cipher. He delivered the
message after considerable difficulty and resumed
command of his brigade on the second day of
fighting, although still too weak to sit his horse.
He was compelled to resign Nov. 7, 1863, being
brevetted major-general for "gallant and mer-
itorious services at Gettysburg" on Mar. 13,
1865. Upon retiring from the army he resided
at his home in Kane and also in Philadelphia,
taking an active interest in charitable matters
and serving as the first president of the Penn-
sylvania Board of State Charities. He was a
member of the American Philosophical Society
and other organizations and was a director in
various enterprises. He was the author of three
privately printed books: The Mormons (1850) ;
Alaska (1868), and Coahidla (1877). He had
married, on Apr. 21, 1853, Elizabeth Dennis-
toun Wood, who afterward became a doctor of
medicine. He died of lobar pneumonia in Phil-
adelphia.
[S. P. Bates, Hist, of Pa. Volunteers, vol. I (1869) ;
War of the Rebellion: Official Records (Army} ; O. R.
H. Thomson and W. H. Rauch, Hist, of the Bucktails
(1906) ; E. P. Oberholtzer, Phila.: A Hist, of the City
and Its People (n.d.), vol. II ; F. J. Cannon and G. L.
258
Kapp
Kapp
Knapp, Brigham Young and His Mormon Empire
(1913); T. B. H. Stenhouse, The Rocky Mountain
Saints (1873) ; the Press (Phila.), Dec. 27, 1883.]
J.H.F.
KAPP, FRIEDRICH (Apr. 13, 1824-Oct. 27,
1884), publicist and historian, was born at
Hamm, Westphalia, where his father, Dr. Fried-
rich Kapp, was the distinguished director of the
Gymnasium. At Easter 1842, young- Friedrich
entered the University of Heidelberg as a law
student, undertaking at the same time studies in
philosophy and philology. He went to the Uni-
versity of Berlin in the summer of 1844; after
his year of military service he was admitted to
the practice of law at Hamm on Apr. 7, 1845.
With the outbreak of the revolution he left
Hamm in March 1848 and became a newspaper
correspondent, first in Frankfurt, later in Brus-
sels and Paris. He returned to Germany in 1849
to participate in the new revolution, but actual
contact with the movement revealed its stupidity
and he again went to Paris. In July 1849 he
moved on to Geneva, and there was associated
with a group of German and Italian revolution-
ists, whose futile plottings wearied him and
caused him to abandon the movement.
In March 1850 he came to New York and
there, with two dollars, began his American ca-
reer. His recent bride, Louise Engels, joined
him in the summer. He became a member of
the law firm of Zitz, Kapp & Froebel ; yet, de-
spite his early success, he had no liking for the
law. He began to write for many newspapers
and periodicals, including the early numbers of
the Nation, and in 1850 he became the editor of
the New-Yorker Abendzeitung. From 1861 to
1865 he was the American correspondent for the
Kolnische Zeitung and with his return to Berlin
in 1870 he became the regular correspondent of
the New York Nation. His political notions
were idealistic and he entertained an optimistic
belief in the capacity of the people for leader-
ship. Once in America he became associated
with the Whigs, because he thought that with
them the arts and knowledge were among the
highest things in life. He became a powerful in-
fluence among the German population of New
York ; no German project was launched without
his advice and assistance. He and his friends
became interested in the slavery question and
his writings and political agitation brought him
into the front ranks of the newly founded Re-
publican party, for which his labors were inces-
sant and fruitful. No German did more, with
the exception of Carl Schurz [q.v.'], to unite the
German-Americans in support of the Union dur-
ing the Civil War. From 1867 to 1870 he was
an active member of the New York Board of Im-
migration, where he successfully introduced vari-
ous reforms.
Kapp was a man of extensive culture : his home
in New York was the center of a literary and po-
litical circle. It is he who is portrayed as "the
citizen of two worlds" in Bertold Auerbach's
Das Landhaus am Rein (translated as The Villa
on the Rhine, 1869). Neither the extent nor the
value of his historical writings has yet been
sufficiently appreciated. His first writings ap-
peared at a time when the general state of his-
torical writing in America was low ; his re-
searches were based chiefly upon manuscript
sources, he possessed a fresh and vigorous style,
and his writings were characterized by their real-
ism and humor. His Lebcn des Amcrikanischen
Generals Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, pub-
lished in New York and Berlin in 1858, was
privately printed in English in 1870 and pub-
lished in 1884. His most valuable biographical
work, Leben des Americanischen Generals Jo-
hann Kalb (Stuttgart, 1862), was translated in
1884. The Geschichte der dentschen Einwander-
ung in Amerika (New York, 1867) has frequent-
ly been republished under various titles. A third
important study of eighteenth-century American
history was his Friedrich der Grosse und die
Vereinigten Staaten von Nord- Amerika, pub-
lished at Leipzig in 1871. His Axis und iiber
Amerika (Berlin, 1876), two brilliant volumes on
the United States, was another important title in
a lengthy bibliography (see Deutsch-Amerika-
nisches Magazxn, I, 371, 73). Written after he
had definitely returned to Germany in 1870, it
was unfavorably received in America because
of its realism and candid opinions. The last
years of his life were devoted to his literary and
political activities. Naturalized as a Prussian
in 1870, he was elected to the Reichstag as a
National Liberal in 1871 and served 1871-78 and
again 1881-84. He was also a member of the
Prussian Landtag, 1874-77. Admiring Bismarck
as the bringer of German unity, he found it dif-
ficult to accept his domestic policies. He died of
diabetes in Berlin while engaged upon a monu-
mental history of the German book trade, of
which the first volume, Geschichte des dentschen
Buchhandels bis in das siebensehnte Jahrhun-
dert, was published posthumously at Leipzig in
[Nation (N. Y.), Oct. 30, Nov. 6, 13, 1884; Ernest
Bruncken, German Political Refugees in the U. S.
. . . 1815-1860 (reprinted from Deutsch-Amerikanische
Gcschichtsblattcr, 1904) ; A. B. Faust, The German
Element in the U. S. (2 vols., 1909) ; Simon Sterne,
Memorial Resolutions . . . of the Medico-Legal Society
of N. Y. (1884) ; H. von Hoist, in Preussiche Jahr-
biicher,vo\.'L'V (1885) ; H. A. Rattermann, in Deutsch-
Amerikanisches Magazin, vol. I (issues of Oct. 1886,
-59
Kasson
Jan., Apr. 1887) ; N. Y. Evening Post, Oct. 28, 1884;
information from Heinz Singer of Berlin.] p j^ n
KASSON, JOHN ADAM (Jan. 11, 1822-May
18, 1910), diplomat, son of John Steele and
Nancy (Blackmail) Kasson, was descended from
a Scotch-Irish immigrant, Adam Kasson, who
came to America in 1722. Born at Charlotte,
Vt, he was educated at an academy in Burling-
ton, and at the University of Vermont, where he
graduated second in his class in 1842. He studied
law in the office of his brother in Burlington,
and then at Worcester, Mass., and after being
admitted to the bar devoted himself to mercantile
and maritime practice. On May 1, 1850, he mar-
ried Caroline Eliot (G. M. Kasson, Genealogy
of a Part of the Kasson Family, 1882 ; although
Who's Who in America, 1899, gives his status
as "unmarried"). In 1850 he moved to the West,
settling first at St. Louis, where he became asso-
ciated in his law practice with B. Gratz Brown.
In 1857 he established himself at Des Moines,
Iowa. As early as 1848 he had shown an interest
in the slavery question and had gone as a dele-
gate to the Free-Soil convention in Buffalo. He
now became an active Republican and chairman
of the Republican state committee. He was a
delegate to the Republican National Convention
of i860, and as a member of the drafting com-
mittee shared with Horace Greeley the chief re-
sponsibility for the platform finally adopted.
On Lincoln's election to the presidency, Kas-
son, through the good will of political friends in
Missouri, became first assistant postmaster-gen-
eral. This might easily have been a routine job,
with patronage-peddling as its principal activity.
Kasson made it of high importance. He secured
the codification of the postal laws and devised
a plan for securing uniformity in postal inter-
course between the United States and foreign
nations. At his suggestion the President called
a postal conference which met in Paris in 1863,
and to which Kasson was sent as a delegate. In
this conference the way was prepared for the
foundation of the International Postal Union.
Later in 1867, Kasson acted as United States
commissioner in the negotiation of six postal
conventions.
In 1862 he was elected to Congress, after a
close contest for the nomination in which his
control of patronage materially aided him. In
the post-bellum controversy over reconstruction
he clearly belonged to the moderate wing of his
party, but, to judge from his frequent absten-
tions from voting, he lacked the courage vigor-
ously to oppose the radicals, and he withdrew
from Congress in 1866. He was elected to the
state legislature, serving from 1868 to 1872 and
Kasson
taking a leading part in the successful fight for
a new state capitol. In 1872 he was again a can-
didate for Congress, and served from 1873 to
1877. He voted for resumption of specie pay-
ments, and for the Civil Rights Bill, but against
the Force Bill of 1875. In 1877 he was appointed
by President Hayes as minister to Austria-Hun-
gary, and in that post gained great popularity.
Returning to the United States, he again entered
the House, serving from 1881 to 1884. A mem-
ber of the committee which drafted the Civil
Service Act of 1883, he piloted it through the
debates to final passage. In 1884 he was sent to
Berlin as envoy extraordinary and minister plen-
ipotentiary, and he served as the American rep-
resentative in the international conference to reg-
ulate the status of the Congo. He here performed
important services, helping to secure the accept-
ance by the conference of liberal treaty provi-
sions for the protection of the natives and for
freedom of trade, and promoting the agreement
to respect the neutrality of the region. In 1889
he was one of the American representatives at
the Berlin conference held to regulate the status
of Samoa. Under the McKinley administration
he served as a member of the British-American
Joint High Commission of 1898 which made an
unsuccessful effort to solve the Alaskan bound-
ary question, and as special commissioner to ne-
gotiate reciprocity agreements with foreign
countries under the Dingley Act. Though he
was successful in negotiating a number of such
conventions, his work failed to receive the ap-
proval of the Senate, and after having once of-
fered his resignation and seen it declined, Kas-
son laid down his post in 1901. He died at
Washington in May 1910.
Kasson was not a great political leader, but he
had genuine abilities, and some pretensions to
scholarship. In 1887 he was president of the
Centennial Commission which directed the cele-
bration of the one-hundredth anniversary of the
drafting of the Constitution, and for this occa-
sion prepared his "History of the Formation of
the Constitution," published in the first volume
of the History of the Celebration ... (2 vols.,
1889). It was later republished in The Evolu-
tion of the Constitution of the United States of
America and History of the Monroe Doctrine
(1904). He wrote on the tariff, revealing him-
self as a firm but not always logical protectionist,
with a bent toward reciprocity (Information Re-
specting Reciprocity and the Existing Treaties,
1901). In 1890 he gave a course of lectures be-
fore the Lowell Institute on the Historical Evo-
lution of Diplomacy, following these with simi-
lar courses at Johns Hopkins. His "History of
260
Katte
Katzer
the Monroe Doctrine" is a summary of judicious
quality. One of his most interesting contribu-
tions was a speech to the Naval War College,
published with the title, International Arbitra-
tion (1896). In this address Kasson brings for-
ward the fruitful idea, of classifying certain
types of disputes as peculiarly susceptible of sub-
mission to arbitration. In international matters,
indeed, he showed much breadth of view, a will-
ingness to enter into closer relations with other
nations, an interest in the protection of weaker
peoples, and a genuine desire to promote the
cause of peace. Not an imposing figure, he de-
serves an honorable place amongst American
diplomats. In personal bearing he was cool, and
suave, without great personal magnetism.
[Perhaps the best account of Kasson's life is in E. H.
Stiles, Recollections and Sketches of Notable Lawyers
and Public Men of Early Iowa (1916). See also B. F.
Gue, Hist, of Iowa (4 vols., 1903) ; "John A. Kasson:
An Autobiography," Annals of Iowa, July 1920 ; Ibid.,
July 1899, Jan. 1900, July 1911 ; J. L. Laughlin and H.
P. Willis, Reciprocity (1903) ; A. B. Keith, The Bel-
gian Congo and the Berlin Act (1919) ; Pioneer Law-
makers' Asso. of Iowa, Reunion of 1911 (1913) ; Who's
Who in America, 1910— 11; obituaries in Washington
Post, Sioux City Journal, and Register and Leader
(Des Moines), May 19, 1910. Kasson's activities in
Congress are naturally to be traced in the Cong. Globe,
Cong. Record, and his diplomatic career in the archives
of the State Department.] D. P.
KATTE, WALTER (Nov. 14, 1830-Mar. 4,
1917), civil engineer, was born in London, Eng-
land, the son of Edwin and Isabella (James)
Katte and a descendant of Edwin Katte, a po-
litical refugee from Prussia in the reign of Fred-
erick the Great. He attended Kings College
School, London, and served a three-year appren-
ticeship in the office of a civil engineer. In 1849
he came to America and obtained employment as
a clerk and draftsman in the office of the chief
engineer of the Central Railroad of New Jersey
during the construction of the line from White-
house to Easton, Pa. He then (1851) went as a
rodman to the Belvidere & Delaware Railroad,
with which company he rose, in three years, to
the position of division engineer. He was em-
ployed for a short time by a land company en-
gaged in laying out the town of Dearman (now
Irvington-on-Hudson), N. Y., and then became
chief assistant to the engineer of the western di-
vision of the Pennsylvania Railroad. In 1857 he
was resident engineer of the state canals of Penn-
sylvania; in 1858-59 served the Pittsburgh, Fort
Wayne & Chicago Railroad, and in 1859-61, the
Pittsburgh & Steubenville Railroad. In 1861
he was made a colonel in the United States Army
in charge of wartime bridge and railroad con-
struction in the vicinity of Washington, D. C.
Among the other duties of this important mili-
26
tary assignment, he directed the construction of
the highway bridge ("Long Bridge") over the
Potomac River between Washington and Vir-
ginia. He left the military service in 1863. (For
a complete chronological record of his subse-
quent connections see The Biographical Direc-
tory of the Raihvay Officials of America, 1906.)
In 1875 Katte closed a ten-year connection
with the Keystone Bridge Company of Pitts-
burgh as superintending engineer for the erec-
tion of the Eads steel-arch bridge over the Mis-
sissippi River at St. Louis, and the next year he
served as engineer of the city of St. Louis. He
then went to New York City as chief engineer
of the New York Elevated Company and built
the first sections of the Third Avenue and Ninth
Avenue elevated structures, 1877-80. From 1886
to 1899 he was chief engineer, and after that,
consulting engineer, with the New York Central
& Hudson River Railroad. During his connec-
tion with this road he constructed the four-track,
depressed right of way in New York City north
of the Harlem River, the four-track steel via-
duct in Park Avenue, and the Harlem River
drawbridge, all major railroad constructions.
The Harlem River bridge was the largest draw-
bridge then built and few surpass it in size today.
At the time of his retirement in 1905 Katte
was considered one of the foremost railroad con-
struction engineers of the world. Several of his
inventions, including the "three-tie" rail joint,
have been widely used. He contributed several
papers on subjects of railroad construction to the
Transactions of the American Society of Civil
Engineers, was a founder of the Western Soci-
ety of Civil Engineers and was a director of the
American Society of Civil Engineers in 1885
and 1889. He married Margaret Jack.at Greens-
burg, Pa., in 1859. She died in 1864, and on
Nov. 22, 1870, he married Elizabeth Pendleton
Britton at St. Louis. He died at his home in
New York City, survived by his wife and three
children.
[Proc. Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, vol. XLIII (1917) ;
Trans. Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, vol. LXXXI (1917) ;
Who's Who in America, 1916-17 ; TV. Y. Times, Mar.
5, 1917] F.A.T.
KATZER, FREDERIC XAVIER (Feb. 7,
1844-July 20, 1903), Roman Catholic prelate,
was born at Ebensee, Upper Austria, the son of
Charles and Barbara (Reinhartsgruber) Katzer.
He received his preparatory training at Gmun-
den, Austria, and continued his studies at Linz,
the capital of Upper Austria, under the direction
of the Jesuit Fathers, from 1857 to 1864 when
he graduated. In the latter year Father Francis
Pierz visited Austria to appeal to the priests and
Katzer
Kauffman
seminarians in his native land to join him in his
missionary labors among the Indians in Minne-
sota. Katzer was one of the fifteen students who
answered his appeal. Coming to America filled
with zeal and a desire to serve God in difficult
fields, he finished his course at St. Francis Sem-
inary, Milwaukee, Wis., and was ordained a
priest, Dec. 21, 1866, at St. Francis, Wis., by
Bishop Henni \_q. v.~\. After his ordination he
remained at the Seminary, teaching mathematics
and later philosophy and dogmatic theology until
1875, when he became secretary to Bishop Kraut -
bauer. Upon the death of the latter in 18&5,
Katzer was appointed administrator of the dio-
cese, and in that capacity took part in the delib-
erations of the First Provincial Council of Mil-
waukee, which opened its sessions May 23, 1886,
at St. John's Cathedral. In the following week
(May 31) he was chosen bishop of Green Bay,
and was consecrated in St. Francis Xavier's
cathedral, on Sept 21 of the same year by Arch-
bishop Michael Heiss [q.v.~]. Under his efficient
administration of the diocese churches flourished
and harmony prevailed.
The most significant thing in Bishop Katzer's
life to those outside of the Church was the part
he took in the campaign against the Bennett law,
a law passed during the administration of W. D.
Hoard [q.v.~\ as governor of Wisconsin making
it compulsory to use the English language in all
public, private, and parochial schools. This law
— which was introduced by a Roman Catholic
public-school teacher — had passed without much
opposition ; but it was soon conceived to be a
blow at parochial schools and the German lan-
guage, and a vigorous opposition was developed,
especially among Catholics and Lutherans. The
law was .vigorously opposed by Archbishop
Heiss of Milwaukee, Bishop Flasch of La Crosse,
and Bishop Katzer of Green Bay as unnecessary,
harmful, and unjust. Both Heiss and Flasch
soon died, and the burden of the closing stages
of the campaign fell to Katzer. The Bennett law
became the political issue in the election of 1890,
and Governor Hoard was defeated by a majority
of twenty-eight thousand. The effect upon the
Republican party was disastrous. The new leg-
islature promptly repealed the law, and the state
Republican convention of 1892 declared that it
regarded the "education issue of 1890 as perma-
nently settled in this state, not to be renewed in
any of its phases by the Republican party or un-
der its auspices."
In December 1890, after the death of Arch-
bishop Heiss, Katzer was appointed to the arch-
episcopal dignity as third archbishop of Milwau-
kee. He remained some months at Green Bay,
26
however, and did not assume his new duties un-
til June 30, 1891. Cardinal Gibbons, in his ad-
dress at Archbishop Katzer's reception of the
pallium, spoke of the "loyalty, reverence and filial
affection" which had "marked his career as a
priest, a professor and a bishop of the Church
of God." His administration of the archdiocese
was characterized by a uniform regard for jus-
tice and strict adherence to the laws of the
Church. He was a man of profound learning
and an excellent theologian. His most signifi-
cant pastoral letter was probably that issued on
June 20, 1895, on secret societies. He was inter-
ested in poetry and manifested some poetical
talent in his allegorical drama, entitled Der
Kampf der Gegenwart (The Combat of the Pres-
ent Age), published in 1873. He died at Fond
du Lac, and was buried in the little cemetery
near the "chapel in the woods" at St. Francis.
[Cath. Encyc, vol. X (1911) ; Milwaukee Sentinel,
Mar. 13, 1890 ; H. H. Heming, The Cath. Ch. in Wis.
(1895-98) ; Milwaukee Journal, July 21, 1903.]
E.A.F.
KAUFFMAN, CALVIN HENRY (Mar. 10,
1869-June 14, 1931), botanist, was born on a
farm in Lebanon County, Pa., the son of John
Henry and Mary Ann (Light) Kauffman. His
early life was spent on the farm, with such pre-
paratory training as the country schools of the
vicinity afforded. He attended Palatinate Col-
lege, Myerstown, Pa., 1890-92, and from that
institution went to Harvard University, where
he graduated in 1896 with the degree of A.B.,
having specialized in Greek and Latin. In Sep-
tember 1895 he married Elizabeth Catherine
Wolf. From 1896 to 1898 he was principal of a
preparatory school at Lebanon, Pa., and then
taught science in a high school at Decatur, Ind.,
and at Bushnell Normal College, Bushnell, 111.
In the fall of 1901 he entered the University of
Wisconsin, specializing in chemistry and botany.
At this institution his interest in mycology was
definitely aroused through the influence of Pro-
fessor R. A. Harper. His mycological studies
were continued, 1902-04, at Cornell University,
where he served as a graduate assistant to Pro-
fessor G. F. Atkinson [q.v.~\. Atkinson not only
stimulated and developed Kauffman's interest in
the mushrooms or Agaricaceae but exercised a
marked influence on his entire scientific career.
An instructorship in the botanical department
of the University of Michigan, tendered him in
1904, permitted him to carry on his graduate
studies. He received the degree of Ph.D. from
this institution in 1907, submitting a dissertation
entitled "A Contribution to the Physiology of
the Saprolegniaceae with Special Reference to
Kautz
the Variations of the Sexual Organs." The di-
rection of his career was now firmly established,
and during the succeeding years he developed
courses and directed research with the lower
plants, including the mosses and algae, with the
fungi always as his primary interest. He be-
came assistant professor in 191 1 and associate
professor in 1919. From 1912 to 1921 he was
curator of the Cryptogamic Herbarium and in
the latter year was made director of the Univer-
sity Herbarium. From 1923 until his death he
was professor of botany. The period of the
World War (1917-19) saw him stationed in
Washington, D. C, on leave of absence, as path-
ological inspector with the Federal Horticul-
tural Board of the United States Department of
Agriculture.
During his professional career Kauffman pub-
lished approximately forty papers of major im-
portance. His outstanding work, The Agarica-
ceae of Michigan, issued in two volumes in 1918,
is not only a scholarly and original treatise on
the mushrooms of Michigan but serves as a
standard reference for the species described. He
also published monographic studies of various
genera of the Agaricaceae, including Cortina-
rius, Inocybe, Lepiota, Clitocybe, Armillaria,
Flammula, and Paxilhis. His work on the Agari-
caceae reflects not only the early influence of At-
kinson but also that of Elias Fries, of whom he
was a profound admirer. A period of study in
the Fries herbarium at Upsala, Sweden, and
field work in the surrounding region in 1908 in-
tensified this influence. His researches, however,
were by no means confined to the mushrooms,
but included papers on other groups — the Phy-
comycetes, Thelephoraccae, and Polyporaceae in
particular — as well as a series of mycological
floras of the several regions of the United States
in which he carried on summer field work.
Among these may be noted an extensive series
of reports on the fungi of Michigan, and others
covering his field studies in Tennessee, Ken-
tucky, Colorado, the Siskiyou Mountain region
of Oregon, Mount Hood, and the North Elba re-
gion of New York. He also contributed a num-
ber of publications in the field of plant pathology.
[E. B. Mains, "Calvin Henry Kauffman, 1 869-1 931,"
with bibliography, in Phytopathology, Apr. 1932, and
article in Science, Sept. 4, 1931 ; Who's Who in Amer-
ica, 1930-31 ; J. M. and Jacques Cattell, Am. Men of
Sci., 1927; C. G. Lloyd, in Mycological Notes, Feb.
1917; Harvard College Class of 1806 (1921) ; Detroit
Free Press, News (Detroit), and N. Y. Times, June 15,
'«'•] J.A.S.
KAUTZ, AUGUST VALENTINE (Jan. 5,
1828-Sept. 4, 1895), soldier, was born in Isprin-
gen, Baden, Germany, the son of George and
Kautz
Doratha (Lalwing) Kautz. His brother, Albert
Kautz (1839-1907), became an admiral in the
United States Navy. The same year in which
the elder son was born, the parents emigrated,
and after a stop in Baltimore, settled in 1832 in
Brown County, Ohio, where Kautz attended pub-
lic school in Georgetown. On June 8, 1846, he
enlisted in the 1st Ohio Infantry, and served
through the Mexican War. In 1848, he entered
the United States Military Academy, graduating
four yeary later and being assigned to the 4th
Infantry ?tt Vancouver Barracks, Wash. Here,
with almost constant field service against Puget
Sound Indians, he was wounded in a skirmish
Oct. 25, 1:855, in the Rogue River Expedition,
and again wounded, Mar. 1, 1856, in an action at
White River. Becoming a first lieutenant dur-
ing this period, with the beginning of the Civil
War he was made a captain in the newly organ-
ized 6th Cavalry, and participated in the Penin-
sular campaign (March-August 1862), most of
the time being in command of his regiment. On
Sept. 10, he was promoted to colonel, 2nd Ohio
Cavalry, and after some months in command of
Camp Chase, Ohio, commanded the 1st Cavalry
Brigade in the action at Monticello, Ky., June 9,
1863, and took part in the subsequent pursuit and
capture of Morgan and his raiders. Appointed
chief of cavalry of the XXIII Army Corps,
Kautz took part in the East Tennessee campaign,
including the siege of Knoxville ; and was made
a brigadier-general of volunteers, May 7, 1864,
becoming for a time, chief of cavalry for the De-
partment of Virginia, and from April 1864 to
March 1865, commanding a cavalry division with
the Army of the James. As division commander
he participated in important operations against
the Petersburg & Weldon, the Richmond &
Danville, and the Petersburg & Lynchburg rail-
roads, culminating in an assault on Petersburg,
June 9, 1864. Subsequently he led the advance
of Wilson's raid south of Richmond, with ac-
tions at Roanoke Bridge, June 25, and at Reams's
Station, Va., June 29, 1864. On Oct. 7 following,
while covering the left flank of the Army of the
James, he suffered severe casualties at Darby-
town. He received, for gallantry, the successive
brevets of major, lieutenant-colonel, colonel,
brigadier-general and major-general in the Reg-
ular Army, and major-general of volunteers. On
Apr. 3, 1865, as commander of the 1st Division,
XXV Corps (colored), he entered the city of
Richmond with his troops.
In May and June 1865 Kautz was a member
of the military commission which tried the con-
spirators in the assassination of President Lin-
coln. He was mustered out of the volunteer
263
Kavanagh
service, Jan. 15, 1866. In the army reorganiza-
tion of this year, he became lieutenant-colonel,
34th Infantry. By the army consolidation of
1869, he was assigned to the 15th Infantry in
New Mexico, and successfully brought back to
their reservation the Mescalero Apaches. He
was promoted colonel, 8th Infantry, June 7, 1874,
and after various stations in the West and
Southwest, was appointed a brigadier-general,
Apr. 20, 1891, and commanded the Department
of the Columbia until retirement, Jan. 5, 1892 —
making his home in Seattle, Wash., where he
died, highly honored by the community.
Kaute was a great student, methodical, indus-
trious, possessed of unusual energy and powers
of endurance. His published literary work in-
cludes The Company Clerk (1863), Customs of
Service for N on-Commissioned Officers (1864),
Customs of Sendee for Officers of the Army
( 1 866), and "The Operations South of the James
River," in Battles and Leaders of the Civil War
(IV, 533). He was twice married: in Septem-
ber 1865, to Charlotte, daughter of Gov. David
Tod [q.v.~\ of Ohio, and in 1872, to Fannie Mark-
breit of Cincinnati, Ohio. A son and two daugh-
ters were born of his second marriage.
[Annual Asso. Grads. U. S. Mil. Acad., 1896 ; G. W.
Cullum, Biog. Reg. (3rd ed., 1891), vol. II ; Battles and
Leaders of the Civil War (4 vols., 1887-88), esp. vol.
IV ; War of the Rebellion : Official Records (Army) ;
Hist, of Brown County, Ohio (1883) ; "Diary of Gen.
A. V. Kautz," Washington Historian, Apr. -Oct. 1900 ;
C. A. Snowden, Hist, of Wash. (1909), vols. Ill, IV;
Army and Navy Jour., Sept. 7, 1895; Seattle Post-In-
telligencer, Sept. 5, 1895.] C. D. R.
KAVANAGH, EDWARD (Apr. 27, 1795-
Jan. 21, 1844), governor and diplomat, was born
at Damariscotta Mills, in the District of Maine.
His mother, Sarah, daughter of Andrew Jack-
son, though of Puritan stock, was an early con-
vert to Catholicism. His father, James, an Irish
immigrant to Boston about 1780, erected mills
and a store on the Damariscotta River in 1790
and became a wealthy landowner, ship-builder,
and merchant. At his home Father John Louis
de Cheverus and Bishop John Carroll \_qq.v],
were entertained in the course of visits to Maine.
In 1798 James helped to build a chapel and in
1808 was one of the builders of St. Patrick's
Church, probably the oldest Catholic church still
standing in New England. Failing in his effort
to divert his ministerial tax to his chapel, he
carried the issue to the supreme court of Massa-
chusetts, which ruled (1801) that the constitu-
tion obliged every one to support Protestant
ministers, and reminded Kavanagh that Papists
must expect nothing more than toleration.
Edward studied in Boston, at St. Mary's Col-
lege, Baltimore, and at Georgetown College near
Kavanagh
Washington; then spent two years in Europe,
becoming an accomplished linguist. He gained
admission to the bar, but never practised. In
1819 a college essay of his was used anonymous-
ly in committee in the Maine constitutional con-
vention to defeat a clause debarring Catholics
from office-holding (Collins, post).
Kavanagh himself held public office almost
continuously. After several years in the state
legislature, he served from 183 1 to 1835 m Con-
gress, where he loyally supported the Jackson
administration. He even defended Jackson's re-
moval of deposits while his constituents were
complaining that it had ruined business. His op-
position to the Bank and protection cost him his
seat, but Jackson rewarded him by appointing
him charge d'affaires in Portugal, where during
six years' service his tact and patience secured a
favorable commercial treaty, signed in 1840, and
he paved the way for recognition (1851) of
spoliation claims of Napoleon's day. Returning
to the state Senate he became chairman of the
joint select committee on the Maine boundary and
one of four Maine commissioners sent to negoti-
ate with Webster and Ashburton. His role as
boundary commissioner was difficult. Maine ex-
pected concessions which Ashburton's instruc-
tions did not permit. To break off negotiations
would have been unwise. The commissioners se-
cured all that was possible under trying circum-
stances— indeed, Kavanagh believed they forced
Ashburton to stretch his legitimate powers — but
Kavanagh had difficulty making the unpopular
settlement palatable to Maine. He was governor
from Fairfield's resignation on Mar. 7, 1843,
until Jan. 1, 1844, twenty days before his death.
As governor he conducted with vigor a contro-
versy with the federal government over its fail-
ure to protect Maine under the treaty.
Kavanagh's education, background of foreign
travel, linguistic equipment, and urbanity were
unusual in a frontier state. His modesty and
natural charm made him universally liked. He
was no speaker, but worked effectively in com-
mittee and conference. Possessed of executive
ability, unusual tact, a keen sense of justice, and
high integrity, he had courage of conviction that
led him to oppose the views of his constituents
when he knew such action meant defeat and to
veto a popular "town court bill" while governor.
[Brief, usually inadequate accounts of Kavanagh are
found in Me. Hist. Soc. Colls., vol. VI (1859), 74-75;
L. C. Hatch, Maine, A Hist. (1919), I. 278-81, II, 315-
18 ; Sprague's Jour, of Me. Hist., May 19 14, Jur>e 191 7,
July-Sept. 1922, Jan.-Mar. 1923 ; Me. Hist, and Geneal.
Recorder, July 1898. Kavanagh's papers, which have
disappeared, were used by Father C. W. Collins in pre-
paring a valuable sketch subsequently published in the
Boston Pilot and in the U. S. Cath. Hist. Soc. Hist.
Records and Studies, vol. V, pt. 2 (Apr. 1909). Other
264
Kay
sources are Collins' brief article in the Cath. Encyc,
VIII, 612; H. S. Burrage, Maine in the Northeastern
Boundary Controversy (1919); Biog. Dir. Am. Cong.
(1928) ; files of the Portland Press and the Eastern
Argus (Portland), the Kavanagh family Bible and some
papers and scrapbooks in the possession of Miss
Blanche Bryant of Damariscotta Mills.]
H.K. B— e.
KAY, EDGAR BOYD (Jan. 15, 1860-Apr.
20, 1931), teacher, sanitary engineer, was born
at Warriors Mark, Pa., the son of Isaac Frank-
lin Kay, a physician, and Catherine (Bell) Kay.
His ancestor, John Kay (sometimes spelled
Key), whose parents came from England in the
ship Welcome with William Penn in 1682, was
the first child of English parentage born in
Philadelphia. In recognition of this fact Wil-
liam Penn gave him a grant to a tract of land
in Philadelphia, which patent is still on record.
Edgar Boyd Kay received his early education
in Bellwood and Birmingham, Pa., where he
prepared for Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,
from which he graduated in civil engineering
in the class of 1883. For two years he was an
instructor in civil engineering at Rensselaer
and then for some ten years was engaged in
professional work, first as a contractor and
later in consulting practice. Between 1896 and
1912 he returned to teaching, being an instruc-
tor at Union University, Schenectady, N. Y.,
1897-98, instructor in engineering at Cornell
University, 1898-1903, and professor of engi-
neering and first dean of the College of Civil En-
gineering at the University of Alabama, 1903-
12. Here under his direction and supervision
Comer Hall was built to house the College of
Engineering.
While he was in Alabama he was also very
busy in his profession — serving as consultant for
the Alabama Railroad Commission (1903-15),
for the state convict bureau, and for various
power companies. His work during this period
included the construction of many water works,
sewer and lighting systems, and steam and elec-
tric railways. On Sept. 26, 1900, he was mar-
ried to Florence Edna Means, daughter of Ly-
man North Means, a banker and plantation own-
er of Wapakoneta, Ohio. They had no children.
In 1918, as a leader in the field of sanitation
he became chief of the hydraulic and sanitary
section of the Quartermaster-General's Office of
the United States Army and under his direction
sanitation measures for the large army canton-
ments were studied comprehensively and out-
lined. In this connection Kay developed an in-
cinerator which was adopted by the War De-
partment as its standard. While Kay, as inven-
tor, was granted patents upon the device, he gave
the Department the right to use it, retaining only
Kaye
the commercial rights for himself. His inven-
tion, the United States Standard Incinerator, has
been widely adopted by municipalities, and large
plants following Kay's designs have been in-
stalled in various American cities. Kay's later
years were most active in the field of sanitation
and incineration, in which he became a leader,
his studies and investigations including condi-
tions in Europe as well as in America. His abil-
ity as an inventor was evidenced also in other
ways. At Cornell he designed and built an auto-
matic machine for testing the time and rate of
the setting of cement. He had a keen sense of
humor and a deep appreciation of the beautiful.
While in Alabama he was the promoter of Pine-
hurst, one of the subdivisions of Tuscaloosa,
where he established a home that became a no-
table social center. He had a wide membership
in professional societies and clubs, and was a
Thirty-second Degree Mason. During the last
years of his life he resided in Washington, D. C,
where he died.
[Information supplied by Mrs. Edgar Boyd Kay ;
Who's Who in Engineering, 1925 ; Engineering News-
Record, Apr. 30, 1 93 1 ; Evening Star (Washington)
and N. Y. Times, Apr. 21, 1931.] H K B s
KAYE, FREDERICK BENJAMIN (Apr.
20, 1892-Feb. 28, 1930), scholar, author, was
born in New York City, the son of Julius Gus-
tav Kugelman and Carrie Stern Kugelman. Af-
ter preparation at Columbia Grammar School,
Hotchkiss School, and Phillips Academy, An-
dover, he entered, in the fall of 1909, Yale Uni-
versity, where he received successively the de-
grees of bachelor of arts (1914), master of arts
(1916), and doctor of philosophy (1917). In
the fall of 1917 he became an instructor in Eng-
lish in Northwestern University, where he pro-
ceeded through the various ranks to a professor-
ship in 1929. His connection with Northwestern,
which continued until his death, was interrupted
only by his service in the United States Naval
Reserve Force, which he entered in May 1918,
retiring from active service a year later with
the rank of ensign. His name was changed to
Kaye in September 1919, as he had found that
the Teutonic sound of Kugelman was a consid-
erable handicap to his scholarly work in Eu-
rope during the post-war period.
In the ten years that followed the completion
of his formal education Kaye, whose special in-
terest was English literature of the neo-classical
period, achieved an international reputation for
sound and brilliant scholarship. He was a mem-
ber of the Commission on Literary History of
the International Historical Congress, and a
member of the Authors' Club of London. The
265
Keagy
several protracted illnesses from which he suf-
fered from his early years did not overcome his
keen and witty mind or his generous and en-
thusiastic disposition. His remarkable capacity
for work was, however, impaired during the last
three years of his life by the progress of the dis-
ease of which he eventually died (chromophobe
adenoa of the pituitary gland). His death took
place in Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, Boston,
in February 1930, following an operation for
pituitary tumor. He was unmarried.
Many of Kaye's stories and essays contributed
to college publications in his undergraduate days
were written in a grotesquely humorous vein
which he neglected to develop after leaving Yale.
He wrote and published with increasing fre-
quency, however, on topics of general and of
scholarly interest. Two of his publications are
of special importance. A Census of British
Newspapers and Periodicals, 1620-1800 (1927),
compiled in collaboration with Ronald S. Crane,
is one of the most valuable existing tools of schol-
arship in the period with which it deals. A re-
vised and expanded edition was in progress at
the time of Kaye's death. His edition of Ber-
nard Mandeville's The Fable of the Bees (1924)
has a three-fold importance. It rescues from
comparative obscurity one of the most interest-
ing and significant thinkers of the eighteenth
century, elucidates his philosophy, and traces
both the roots of that philosophy and its subse-
quent influence. At the same time Kaye's intro-
duction and notes, which stand as a model of
scholarly method, provide the best existing ac-
count of a hitherto neglected current of seven-
teenth- and eighteenth-century thought, to which
he gave the name "anti-rationalism." Kaye's re-
siduary legatee presented to Northwestern Uni-
versity Kaye's fine collection of books dealing
with deistic philosophy, and to Yale University
a large part of his collection of drawings and
etchings.
[The chief sources of this article are the records of
Yale and Northwestern universities, and the personal
knowledge of the author. Obituaries were printed in
the N. Y. Times, Mar. 1, 1930, and in the Obit. Record
of Grads. of Yale Univ. Deceased During the Year 1929-
30 (1930). For a list of reviews of his edition of The
Fable of the Bees, see the Philological Quart., Apr.
1927] A.E. C.
KEAGY, JOHN MILLER (Aug. 31, 1792-
Jan. 13, 1837), physician and educator, the sixth
child of Abraham Keagy and Barbara Boehm,
was born in Strasburg, Lancaster County, Pa.
He was of Swiss descent, a great-grandson of Jo-
hannes Keagy who came to America about I7I5-
Of his early years little can be said save that,
being delicate and studiously inclined, he was
Keagy
"designed in early life for some one of the learned
professions." He was trained in medicine and
practised for a few years, but his imagination
was caught by the common-school agitation, the
Lancasterian and Pestalozzian enthusiasms of
the day, and the notion of professional prepara-
tion of teachers. Accordingly, he assumed the
role of schoolmaster. His brief career was
marked by success in teaching, at Asbury Col-
lege, Baltimore, 18 18, at the Classical Academy,
Harrisburg, 1826, and at the Penn Charter
School, Philadelphia, 1830-35. He was an ac-
complished linguist, having a thorough knowl-
edge of French, German, and Hebrew as well as
Latin and Greek; but his major interest was
science. He was a trustee of Dickinson College,
1833-35, and at the time of his death had just
been called to the chair of natural science.
It was, however, as a contributor to the move-
ment toward professionalizing education that
Keagy's influence was felt in the state. As the
chairman of a committee of the Philadelphia
Association of Teachers, he prepared an address,
"To Teachers and Friends of Education through-
out the State of Pennsylvania" (1831), stressing
the importance of investigating "those principles
appertaining to the philosophy of mind, its facul-
ties, their arrangement . . . and the best methods
of development." Four years later he led in call-
ing the State Educational Convention at West
Chester, which effected a permanent organiza-
tion, of which he was made vice-president,
having as its stated purpose the "advancement
of education throughout the State, especially
through the medium of schools and lyceums, and
to cooperate with other lyceums in the diffusion
of useful knowledge." To promote the same end,
Keagy assisted in founding and contributed to
the Monthly Journal of Education (January
1835) which became the Schoolmaster and Ad-
vocate of Education in 1836.
His most noteworthy contributions to educa-
tional literature were articles in the Baltimore
Chronicle, 1819, published as An Essay on Eng-
lish Education (1824); and the Pestalozzian
Primer (1827), one of the earliest examples of
Pestalozzian influence in American textbooks.
Though the Primer's motto was "to teach a child
to think," the author carried the Pestalozzian
principle of A B C of Observation to an absurd-
ity. He gave twenty-six lessons on the alphabet,
passed then to nonsense syllables of three letters,
devoted seventy-eight pages to monosyllables,
and, after 104 pages, brought the pupil to words
of more than two syllables. Keagy was a man of
practical piety, a worker in the American Sun-
day School Union, and a devout Methodist. He
266
Keane
married Helen M. Hulings, by whom he had
three children. His death, caused by pulmonary
consumption, occurred in his forty-fifth year.
[Franklin Keagy, A Hist, of the Kdgy Relationship
(1899); Henry Barnard's Am. Jour, of Educ, XXII
(1871), 649-50; Penn Charter School Minutes (MS.),
1830-35; J. P. Wickersham, Hist, of Educ. in Pa.
(1885) ; Poulson's Am. Daily Advertiser (Phila.), Jan.
14, 1837; Alumni Record of Dickinson College, 1886
and 1905 ; brief references in Paul Monroe, A Cyc. of
Educ, vol. Ill (1912) ; Keagy 's publications, the most
important of which are mentioned above.] f \y
KEANE, JAMES JOHN (Aug. 26, 1857-Aug.
2, 1929), Roman Catholic prelate, was born in
Joliet, 111., one of the five children of John and
Margaret (O'Connor) Keane, immigrants from
Ireland. His parents soon moved to a frontier
farm near Rochester, Minn., and although in
humble circumstances managed to send their son
to St. John's Seminary, Collegeville, Minn., and
to the College of St. Francis Xavier, New
York City. Deciding to enter the priesthood,
young Keane was assigned to the Grand Semi-
nary at Montreal, where he completed his theo-
logical studies under the Sulpicians and was or-
dained by Archbishop E. C. Fabre, Dec. 23,
1882. He served as a curate at St. Mary's and
as pastor of St. Joseph's Church, St. Paul, 1882-
85. Transferred to St. Thomas College as in-
structor and bursar, he was appointed rector in
1888 by Archbishop Ireland [q.v.], who thought
highly of his executive and financial ability. In
1892, he was given the rectorship of the Church
of the Immaculate Conception, the leading par-
ish of Minneapolis, where he won the love of
his congregation as a forceful preacher, as a
democratic, candid man, and as a builder. In-
fluenced by his archbishop, he played a leading
citizen's part in civic affairs, and no small share
in the beginning of the Basilica of St. Mary's can
be ascribed to his skill as a collector. With sin-
cere grief mingled with joy, his congregation
witnessed his selection as the third bishop of
Cheyenne, Wyo.
Consecrated at the St. Paul Cathedral by
Archbishop Ireland, Oct. 28, 1902, Keane com-
menced the arduous labors of the missionary
bishop of a huge, sparsely settled area with 7,000
scattered communicants and only a few priests.
Wyoming grew slowly, but under his rule the
number of Catholic communicants almost dou-
bled, missions gave way to churches, new sta-
tions were established, and funds were gathered
for the erection of St. Mary's Cathedral. On
Aug. 11, 1911, Keane was translated to the arch-
episcopal See of Dubuque, a compact, prosperous
diocese. Again, he proved an invigorating lead-
er of priests and people rather than a ruler. Lib-
eral in his views, he lived as simply as a curate
Keane
and despite ill health carried the burdens of his
office. He fostered the Catholic Tribune Weekly,
founded in 1899, and the Daily American Trib-
une, founded in 1920; established a diocesan or-
gan, The Witness, in 192 1 ; built about thirteen
churches ; reorganized Columbia College, col-
lecting an endowment of a million dollars and
erecting nine halls ; and created a diocesan bu-
reau of missions and a bureau of education in
the hope of standardizing the eight academies
and a hundred parochial schools ; supported
Clarke College for women ; established St. The-
rese's Home for Foundlings; and displayed un-
usual interest in the charitable institutions and
the eleven hospitals with which the diocese was
provided. Almost a purely diocesan figure, he
attracted little national attention : though in 1908
he gave the opening prayer at the Democratic
National Convention; in 1920, he was a member
of the Peace Commission on Ireland ; and in
1926, he was a speaker at the eleventh annual
meeting on the World Alliance for International
Friendship, held in Pittsburgh. He was known
for his patriotic support of the government in
the World War, as a believer in the League of
Nations who so deprecated American failure to
join that he publicly announced that he would
be forced to leave the Republican party (Daily
American Tribune, Sept. 20, 1922), an opponent
of socialism, and a bitter foe of intemperance.
Aside from an occasional lecture or a sermon,
he left no literary remains for he made no pre-
tence of erudition. He was made an assistant at
the pontifical throne in connection with the cele-
bration of his episcopal jubilee. Long in pre-
carious health, he died suddenly of apoplexy and
was buried from St. Raphael's Cathedral in
Mount Olivet Cemetery.
[Annual Catholic directories ; Who's Who in Amer-
ica, 1928-29; Catholic Who's Who (1911) ; Minneapo-
lis Tribune, Oct. 29, 1902 ; St. Paul Globe, Oct. sg,
1902; Cheyenne State Leader, Aug. 10, 191 1 ; Acta et
Dicta, July 1914; Daily American Tribune and Tele-
graph-Herald (Dubuque), Oct. 27, 1927, Aug. 3-8,
1929; The Witness, Aug. 8, 1929; personal knowledge
and materials supplied by Keane's associates.]
RJ.P.
KEANE, JOHN JOSEPH (Sept. 12, 1839-
June 22, 1918), Roman Catholic prelate, was
born in Ballyshannon, County Donegal, Ireland,
the son of Hugh and Fannie Keane. There were
two other sons and two daughters in the family,
but the four died at an early age. At the time of
the famine in Ireland in 1846 Keane was brought
to Baltimore by his parents. His early education
was obtained at the schools of the Christian
Brothers there. At seventeen, against the ad-
vice of his parents, who desired that he enter col-
lege, he became a clerk in a drygoods store where
567
Keane
he remained for three years. During that period
he spent much of his leisure time studying Latin,
Greek, and history. At twenty he entered St.
Charles' College, Ellicott City, Md., where he
completed the six years' course in half time ; in
1862 he entered St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore,
and was ordained to the priesthood in 1866.
He was immediately appointed curate at St.
Patrick's Church in Washington, where he
served until 1878 when he was appointed bish-
op of Richmond, Va. At one time he thought
of entering the community of Paulist Fathers,
but was dissuaded by Archbishop Spalding of
Baltimore. An active figure at the Third Plen-
ary Council of Baltimore in 1884 he did much
there to promote the project of a Catholic Uni-
versity and was made a member of the board
charged with preliminary steps to that end.
When the University was founded at Wash-
ington in 1889, he was named its first rector,
for an indefinite term, and was made titular
bishop of Jasso. In 1896, when the policy of
limiting the term of the rectorship was intro-
duced, Pope Leo XIII offered him appointment
to an archbishopric in the United States or to
two powerful Congregations in Rome, those of
Propaganda and of Studies. He went to Rome
in 1897 and was made Archbishop of Damascus,
Canon of St. John Lateran, and was placed on
the two Congregations named. He remained in
Rome for two years, during which time he de-
clined to consider appointment as archbishop of
Portland, Ore. At the invitation of the trus-
tees of the Catholic University he returned to
the United States in 1899 to work for its endow-
ment. He was appointed archbishop of Dubuque
in July 1900, and remained in active service there
until 191 1 when he resigned his See on account
of failing health, although he served as vicar
general under his successor. Throughout his en-
tire active career he was intimately associated
with Cardinal Gibbons and Archbishop Ireland.
As a young man Keane was far from robust.
In spite of very poor vision which made sus-
tained reading a severe effort, he was a man of
varied and superior erudition. His alert mind,
constant industry, remarkable powers of assimi-
lation, philosophic temper, and broad sympathies
gave him singular competence and distinction,
while his charm of personality, spirit of self-
effacement, practical charity, and spiritual con-
cept of personal and social life gave him univer-
sal appeal. His interests ranged from the schol-
arly interpretation of the Catholic Church to the
American mind — as illustrated by his lectures
at Yale and Harvard — to education, civic wel-
fare, the suppression of the saloon, and the en-
Kearney
lightenment of the negro. He was an active
figure in the Parliament of Religions at the
World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, in
1893.
Distinguished appearance, simplicity of style,
directness, lucid exposition, fluency, and imagi-
nation gave him extraordinary power as an
orator. He was as effective in French as in Eng-
lish. An address in French at the International
Scientific Congress of Catholics in Brussels in
1894 was noted widely in the European press as
an example of finished oratory. Few of his ad-
dresses were put into permanent form. He con-
tributed articles to the American Catholic Quar-
terly Review (April 1888, April, July 1890, July
1891) and to the Catholic University Bulletin
(July 1896). Maurice Francis Egan compiled a
volume of extracts from his sermons and ad-
dresses under the title Onward and Upward
(1902). Keane published one volume of spiritual
reflections, Emmanuel (1915), but it was writ-
ten when his powers were failing and is not in
his best style. His papers, The Providential Mis-
sion of Pius IX (1878), and The Providential
Mission of Leo XIII (1888), are more nearly
representative of his style and scholarship.
[Sources include: Cath. Univ. Bull., Jan. 1895, Oct.
i8q6, Nov. 8, 1918; Revue Catholique de Bordeaux,
Oct. io, 1894; N. Y. Herald, Mar. 29, 1878; N. Y.
Times, June 23, 1918; Dubuque Times-Journal, June
22-23, I0I8; Who's Who in America, 1918— 19; Sou-
venir of the Installation . . . of the Most Rev. John J.
Keane (Dubuque, 1901); unpublished letters. There
are some minor discrepancies among the sources indi-
cated. The details of Keane's earlier life are derived
from his own statements.] W T K
KEARNEY, DENIS (Feb. 1, 1847-Apr. 24,
1907), labor agitator, was born at Oakmount,
County Cork, Ireland, the second son in a family
of seven. Going to sea at the age of eleven, he
sailed for some years under the American flag,
finally attaining the rank of first officer on a
coasting steamer. In 1870, two years after reach-
ing San Francisco, he married Mary Ann Leary.
Four children were born to them. By his tem-
perance and industry he was able to buy a dray-
ing business in 1872 and abandon his seafaring
life. His business prospered long enough for
him to acquire some property and become a tax-
payer. In 1876 he became a naturalized citizen,
and the next year represented the Draymen and
Teamsters' Union in presenting the grievances
of organized labor to United States Senator
Sargent. In the meantime he had regularly at-
tended a lyceum for self-culture where, as in
trade-union meetings, he overcame a natural
awkwardness of expression and developed into
a voluble speaker. An eager reader, greatly in-
terested in history and in the works of Darwin
268
Kearney
and Spencer, he picked up considerable informa-
tion from these sources and from newspapers
and political pamphlets. Through his connection
with popular open-air mass meetings he devel-
oped a reputation as an agitator. His speeches
dealing with current grievances, delivered in a
powerful voice, were direct, trenchant, and some-
what epigrammatic ; and, despite their numerous
rough and violent expressions, read surprisingly
well. Practically no violence resulted from his
diatribes against railroad magnates, bank offi-
cials, local politicians, and particularly the Chi-
nese; a fact tending to justify Kearney's claim
that his speeches were garbled by an unfriendly
press. He repeatedly warned his followers
against acts of violence ; and in answer to those
who called him a socialist and communist, he dis-
claimed any desire to attack the institution of
private property. Nevertheless, he was repeat-
edly arrested for "incendiary" utterances or
upon related charges, but in each instance he
was acquitted by a jury or the charges were dis-
missed.
In the organization of the Workingmen's
Party of California, in October 1877, he took a
leading part, soon becoming its president, chief
promoter, and a director of the party organ, the
Open Letter. The Kearney movement, as the
Party is often called, was the workingman's pro-
test against widespread unemployment, dishon-
est banking, inequitable taxation, land monopoly,
railroad domination, Chinese labor competition,
and other economic and political evils of the day.
As party leader, Kearney addressed his fol-
lowers in almost nightly speeches, many of which
were delivered on the "sand lot," now the civic
center of San Francisco, and in Oakland. He
constantly and vehemently stressed the necessity
of stopping Chinese immigration, and afterwards
claimed that his agitation had made the Chinese
question a national issue and hastened the enact-
ment of the exclusion act of 1882.
Several attempts were made to undermine his
leadership. Against insurgents, dissenters, and
lukewarm subordinates he employed highly dras-
tic methods, and was roundly assailed as a "dic-
tator" and a "Caesar." He seems to have been
devoid of any selfish political ambition, however,
and fought to keep the party free from control
by self-seeking politicians.
Fifty-one Workingmen delegates were elected
to the constitutional convention of 1878, where,
in combination with a small group of Grangers,
they constituted a majority on several issues.
They lacked ability and experience, however,
and appear to have left little direct impress upon
the new constitution. By the time of the presi-
Kearny
dential campaign of 1880, the party had so dwin-
dled that Kearney supported General Weaver,
the Greenback candidate ; shortly thereafter he
retired from public view. As he stated, "I was
poor, with a helpless family, and I went to work
to provide for their support." He died at Ala-
meda, Apr. 24, 1907. He was of nervous, active
temperament, naturally forceful, earnest and au-
dacious, possessed of a talent for organization,
and endowed with Celtic shrewdness, quickness
of repartee, and vigorous, abounding energy.
He was primarily an agitator and not an orig-
inal or constructive thinker.
[The newspapers are the most valuable source : The
San Francisco Evening Post, and, for a time, the San
Francisco Chronicle looked with favor upon the Kear-
ney movement. Opposed to it were the Daily Alta Cali-
fornia, the Bulletin, and especially the San Francisco
Call. Of contemporary pamphlets, J. C. Stedman and
R. A. Leonard, The Workingmen's Party of California
(1878), deserves special mention. The authors were
members of the party, and trace its development down
to the election of delegates to the constitutional con-
vention. Henry George gave dispassionate contempo-
rary estimate of Kearney and his movement in "The
Kearney Agitation in California," Pop. Sci. Mo., Aug.
1880. Of less value are two anonymous pamphlets, ap-
pearing probably in 1878, entitled, Denis Kearney, His
Relations to the Workingmen's Party of California
(n.d.), and The Labor Agitator, or the Battle for Bread
(n.d.). The most discriminating secondary sources are
J. P. Young, San Francisco — A History of the Pacific
Coast Metropolis (n.d.), vol. II, chs. XLVII, L-LI ; and
James Bryce, The Am. Commonwealth (4th ed., 1910),
vol. II, ch. XC. Next to be recommended are H. H.
Bancroft, Popular Tribunals (1887), vol. II, ch. XL;
T. H. Hittell, Hist, of Cal., vol. IV (1897), chs. X-XI ;
and, based upon the two preceding works, Z. S. El-
dredge, Hist, of Cal. (n.d.), vol. IV, chs. VII-VIII ; and
H. H. Bancroft, Hist, of Cal. (1890), vol. VII, chs.
XIV-XV.] p.Q.R.
KEARNY, FRANCIS (July 23, 1785-Sept.
1, 1837), engraver in line and aquatint, the sixth
son of Michael and Elizabeth (Lawrence)
Kearny and brother of Lawrence Kearny [q.7>.~\,
was born in Perth Amboy, N. J. His father was
a New York merchant and his mother was a sis-
ter of Capt. James Lawrence [q.i>.~\ of the
United States Navy. Young Kearny studied
drawing with Alexander and Archibald Robert-
son in their Columbian Academy of Painting,
New York City, and at eighteen was placed with
Peter R. Maverick [g.7'.] of New York, to re-
ceive training in the art of engraving. Maver-
ick was paid $250 to take him as apprentice,
but it is generally observed that Kearny suc-
ceeded in spite of his master, studying "prin-
cipally by the aid of books" (Dunlap, post). As
soon as he had become of age, Kearny opened
an engraving studio of his own, in New York,
his card describing him as "historical engraver."
He engraved a bookplate for Dr. Henry M'Mur-
trie, the translator of Cuvier's Animal Kingdom,
and another for Hector Coffin, and made a few
269
Kearny
plates for John Pinkerton's General Collection
of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and
Travels (1810-12). He went to Philadelphia in
1810, and the remainder of his professional ca-
reer was passed in that city. For half a dozen
years he pursued his profession alone, and dur-
ing this period he had a number of apprentices
among whom were David C. Johnston \_q.v.~\,
George B. Ellis, and William E. Tucker. Kearny
engraved some of the plates for the Analcctic
Magazine, and for that publication (December
1813), he engraved as a remarque, under Ed-
win's portrait of Capt. James Lawrence, a view
of the battle between the Chesapeake and the
Shannon, in which the gallant naval commander
lost his life.
In 1817, Kearny associated himself with Ben-
jamin Tanner and Cornelius Tiebout, under the
style of Tanner, Kearny & Tiebout, engaged
principally in banknote engraving. The follow-
ing year the firm was Tanner, Vallance, Kearny
& Company, while, in 1819, the business was
conducted as before. Kearny is said to have lost
heavily by this venture. In 1829, when John
Pendleton went to Philadelphia to establish a
commercial lithograph house in that city in
conjunction with Cephas Grier Childs [q.v.~\,
Kearny became a member of the firm, which was
known as Pendleton, Kearny & Childs. The
partnership was short-lived, however, Kearny
and Pendleton retiring from it within a year.
At this juncture, Kearny turned his attention to
engraving plates for annuals and religious books,
in which field he was successful ; and in 1830,
began his largest and most important engraving,
a large plate of "The Last Supper," after Leo-
nardo da Vinci, from Raphael Morghen's plate
of the same subject. Called to Perth Amboy in
June 1833 to assist in settling his father's estate,
he took the unfinished plate with him, and com-
pleted it there. The plate was sold to a publisher,
who, when Dunlap's History . . . of the Arts of
Design was published in 1834, had "already sold
1500 impressions at $5 each" (Dunlap, post, II,
212).
During his residence in Philadelphia Kearny
engraved many title-pages to books and maga-
zines. His work may be found in the volumes of
the Analectic, the Casket, and Godey's Lady's
Book. He also made some plates for Collins'
Quarto Bible (1814), and engraved in aquatint
a large plate of West's "Our Saviour Healing
the Sick." He died in Perth Amboy, and was
buried in the churchyard of St. Peter's Church
in that place. In 1928 he was represented in the
exhibition of one hundred notable American en-
gravers, held in the New York Public Library.
Kearny
[W. N. Jones, The Hist, of St. Peter's Church in
Perth Amboy, N. J. (copr. 1924) ; Wm. Dunlap, Hist,
of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in the
U. S. (1834), vol. II; W. S. Baker, Am. Engravers
and Their Works (1875); D- M. Stauffer, Am. En-
gravers upon Copper and Steel (1907), vol. I; Mantle
Fielding, Am. Engravers upon Copper and Steel
(1917) ; C. D. Allen, Am. Book Plates (1894) ; Cata-
logue of an Exhibition of Early Am. Engraving upon
Copper (Grolier Club, 1908) ; One Hundred Notable
Am. Engravers (N. Y. Pub. Lib., 1928) ; Phila. direc-
tories ; Newark Daily Advertiser, Sept. 2, 1837.]
J- J.
KEARNY, LAWRENCE (Nov. 30, 1789-
Nov. 29, 1868), naval officer, son of Michael
and Elizabeth (Lawrence) Kearny and brother
of Francis Kearny [q.v.~\, was born in Perth
Amboy, N. J., where his great-grandfather, Mi-
chael Kearny, coming from Ireland about 1704,
had settled in 1720. From this ancestry also
came the distinguished soldiers, Stephen Watts
Kearny (first cousin of Lawrence Kearny) and
Philip Kearny [qq.v.~\. Elizabeth (Lawrence)
Kearny, half-sister of Capt. James Lawrence
\_q.v.~\, established a local reputation as a poet,
besides rearing eight sons.
Kearny was appointed a midshipman in the
navy July 24, 1807, and for a number of years
was assigned to vessels engaged in cruising up
and down the coast to protect American ship-
ping. Commissioned lieutenant Mar. 6, 1813,
he commanded successively the schooners Caro-
line, Ferret, and Nonsuch, and then a flotilla of
galleys and barges. On Jan. 29, 1815, he cap-
tured the tender belonging to the British ship
Hcbrus, and thirty-six men (Niles' Weekly Reg-
ister, Feb. 11, 1815, p. 382). While in command
of the Enterprise (1821), he captured several
piratical boats off southern Cuba, and destroyed
a pirate rendezvous at Cape Antonio, Cuba
{Ibid., Dec. 21, 1822). Promoted to rank of
master commandant Mar. 3, 1825, he was given
the Warren and ordered to the Mediterranean.
At this time the Greeks, no longer controlled by
the Turks, were making depredations on ships
of all nations. Cruising almost constantly
(1827-29), he convoyed American ships to
Smyrna and patrolled the waters about the Cyc-
lades. In a little over two months after his ar-
rival he had taken seven boats belonging to the
pirates and recovered much stolen property.
He was promoted to captain Dec. 27, 1832.
In 1840 he was given command of the East
India Squadron and instructed to protect Amer-
ican interests in China. Going to Canton at the
conclusion of the Opium War, he made a highly
favorable impression by announcing (Mar. 31,
1842) that the United States "does not sanction
'the smuggling of opium' on this coast under the
American flag, in violation of the laws of China"
270
Kearny
(Kearny correspondence, post, p. 7). American
merchants, at this time carrying on extensive
trade at Canton, had suffered losses due to mob
violence. Kearny arranged for the prompt pay-
ment of reparations; but ruling against exces-
sive claims, he further impressed the Chinese by
his fairness. When he heard that China had
signed a treaty with Great Britain opening five
ports to her merchants, he recognized the oppor-
tunity for America, and dispatched his report to
Washington by special messengers, one copy by
sea and two copies by the overland route. At
the same time he addressed the Governor of Can-
ton, the Chinese High Commissioner, urging
that American citizens "be placed upon the same
footing as the merchants of the nation most fa-
vored" (Ibid., p. 21). This brought a prompt
reply to the effect that the interests of American
merchants should be considered (Ibid., p. 22).
On Aug. 1, 1843, the American consular agent
at Canton was informed that the right to trade
at the five ports had been granted to all foreign
nations, and in the letter containing this an-
nouncement, reference was made to Kearny's
request of ten months previous. Here was the
beginning of the Open Door Policy in China.
The successful negotiation of the first treaty
(July 3> J844) between the United States and
China was in no small measure due to the in-
fluence of Kearny, who promoted friendly feel-
ing during the critical period, urged equal rights
for America while the details of the British
treaty were being elaborated, and by timely rep-
resentations at Washington prompted the sending
of the commission that negotiated the treaty. His
correspondence was called for by the Senate and
was printed in full. On his return trip Kearny
visited Hawaii, lending his influence towards
maintaining the sovereignty and independence
of the islands, which was being seriously threat-
ened by the excitable and erratic Lord George
Paulet.
His subsequent career was comparatively un-
eventful : he was president of the board to ex-
amine midshipmen (1846), commandant of the
Norfolk Navy Yard (1847), general superin-
tendent of ocean mail steamships at New York
(1852), commandant of the New York Navy
Yard (1857). He was retired Nov. 14, 1861, and
commissioned commodore on the retired list
Apr. 4, 1867.
Kearny was married to Josephine C. Hall,
Jan. 2, 1834, and had two sons. Returning often
to Perth Amboy, he was mayor of the city, 1848-
49, and vestryman of St. Peter's Church (Prot-
estant Episcopal), 1851-55. He died at Perth
Amboy in the house in which he was born.
Kearny
[U. S. Mag. and Democratic Rev., Mar. 1851 ; N. Y.
Tribune, Nov. 30, 1868; W. N. Jones, The Hist, of
St. Peter's Church in Perth Amboy. N. J. (copr.
1924) ; W. J. Mills, Historic Houses of N. J. (1902) ;
Kearny's official reports and letters in the Office of
Naval Records and Library, Navy Dept., and in the
archives of the State Dept. ; private letters, letter books,
and log books in the collection of J. Lawrence Boggs,
Newark, N. J. ; Kearny correspondence, Sen. Doc. No.
139, 29 Cong., 1 Sess. ; Cushing correspondence, Sen.
Doc. No. 67, 28 Cong., 2 Sess. ; Papers Relating to the
Foreign Relations of the U. S. . . . 1894 (1895), App.
II ; Tyler Dennett, Americans in Eastern Asia ( 1922) ;
C. O. Paullin, Diplomatic Negotiations of Am. Naval
Officers, 1778-1883 (1912) ; J. W. Foster, Am. Diplo-
macy in the Orient (1903); Thomas Kearny, "Com-
modore Lawrence Kearny," in Proc. N . J . Hist. Soc,
vol. L, no. 2 (Apr. 1932), and "The Tsiang Documents"
in Chinese Social and Political Science Review, Apr.
1932; T. F. Tsiang, in the same journal, Oct. 1931.]
C.S.A.
KEARNY, PHILIP (June 1, 1814-Sept. i,
1862), soldier, son of Philip and Susan (Watts)
Kearny and nephew of Stephen Watts Kearny
[q.v.~], was born in New York City to great
wealth and distinguished social position. His
mother died in 1823, and during much of his
boyhood and youth he made his home with his
maternal grandfather, John Watts, Jr. A suc-
cession of boarding schools, including the Round
Hill School conducted by Joseph G. Cogswell
and George Bancroft [qq.v.], furnished his ele-
mentary education. Family opposition kept him
from entering the United States Military Acad-
emy, and he enrolled at Columbia College as a
sophomore in 1830. His grandfather, who had
lost all his sons, sought to divert him from the
military career on which his heart was set by
offering him $1,500 a year if he would study fot
the ministry. To this proposition Philip could
not agree, but he compromised by taking a law
course. Nevertheless, during the European trip
which followed his graduation from Columbia in
1833 his whole attention was given to military
maneuvers, and when his grandfather died in
1836, leaving him a fortune of about a million,
he at once applied for a commission in the army.
Keenly fond of horses and a fearless rider from
boyhood, he naturally turned to the cavalry
branch of the service and secured (Mar. 8, 1837)
a second lieutenancy in the 1st United States
Dragoons, commanded by his uncle, Stephen
Watts Kearny. After two years' service on the
frontier he was sent to France by the secretary
of war to study cavalry tactics in the cavalry
school at Saumur, and in 1840 saw service with
the Chasseurs d'Afrique in Algiers (see his
Service with the French Troops in Africa, 1844,
reprinted in Magazine of History, Extra No. 22,
1913). Upon his return to the United States
he acted as aide-de-camp to Gen. Alexander Ma-
comb, commander in chief of the army, and to
271
Kearny
his successor, Gen. Winfield Scott. On June 24,
1841, he married Diana Moore Bullitt of Louis-
ville, Ky., grandniece of William and George
Rogers Clark \_qq.v.~]. They had five children.
Kearny saw further service on the frontier, but
early in 1846 resigned his commission.
A month later, however, on the outbreak of
the Mexican War, he was reinstated, recruited
his squadron to war footing in the Middle West,
and became General Scott's bodyguard on the
advance to the city of Mexico. His dragoons
were mounted on uniform dapple-gray horses,
selected by Kearny and procured at his expense,
"the hoofs of all striking simultaneously . . .
as if they were galloping to set music" (Reid,
post). While leading a charge on the retreating
Mexicans at Churubusco his left arm was shat-
tered so badly as to require amputation. He was
promoted to the rank of major for his courage
in action.
After leading an expedition in California
against the Rogue River Indians, he resigned
from the army in 1851 and took a trip around
the world. Upon his return he settled for a few
years in New Jersey, employing himself in ex-
tensive improvements on his recently acquired
country estate, "Belle Grove," near Newark,
N. J., in a section now named Kearny. In 1859,
however, he returned to France and was attached
to the staff of General Morris, commander of
the cavalry of the Imperial Guard under Napo-
leon III. He was present at the battles of Ma-
genta and Solferino, and is said to have partici-
pated in every charge of the cavalry. The Cross
of the Legion of Honor was awarded to him
by the French Emperor for his military serv-
ices.
Upon the outbreak of the Civil War he hur-
ried from Paris to Washington hoping to secure
a general's commission, and was appointed brig-
adier-general of volunteers in command of the
1st New Jersey Brigade. Throughout the Vir-
ginia campaigns he had ample opportunity, at
first on the Peninsula under McClellan, later as
major-general under Pope, to show his mettle.
He participated in at least twelve engagements.
The dash and spirit which he had come to sym-
bolize are expressed in E. C. Stedman's poem,
"Kearny at Seven Pines." The men of his divi-
sion each wore on his uniform a bit of scarlet
cloth known as the "Kearny patch." "You are
marked men," Kearny said to them on one occa-
sion, "you must be ever in the front . . ." ( War
of the Rebellion: Official Records, 1 ser. II, pt. 3,
pp. 215-16). It is said that his troopers cheered
him every time he rode down their lines.
Following his custom, when ordered to a new
Kearny
position, of riding through the country learning
the roads, he unwittingly entered the enemy's
lines at Chantilly, Sept. 1, 1862, and met his
death. General Lee, who had known Kearny in
the Mexican War, forwarded the body under a
flag of truce to General Pope, and subsequently,
at the request of Kearny's widow, he delivered
to her the General's sword, horse, and saddle.
Kearny won not only the devotion of his men,
but the sincere respect of his fellow officers:
"Tall and lithe in figure, with a most expressive
and mobile countenance, and a manner which in-
spired confidence and zeal in all under his com-
mand, no one could fail to admire his chivalric
bearing and his supreme courage," wrote Gen-
eral Pope. "He seemed to think that it was his
mission to make up the shortcomings of others,
and in proportion as these shortcomings were
made plain, his exertions and exposure were
multiplied" (Battles and Leaders, II, 492). Gen-
eral Scott called him "the bravest man I ever
knew, and a perfect soldier" (De Peyster, post,
p. 495). In 1912 his body was removed from the
Watts vault in Trinity Churchyard, New York,
to the National Cemetery at Arlington, Va.,
where the state of New Jersey has erected an
equestrian statue in his honor.
[J. W de Peyster, Personal and Military Hist, of
Philip Kearny (1869) ; Cortlandt Parker, Philip Kearny
(1868) ; W. N. Jones, The Hist of St. Peter's Church
in Perth Amboy, N. J. (copr. 1924) ; TV. Y. Herald,
Sept. 3, N. Y. Tribune, Sept. 3, 4, and Evening Post
(N. Y.), Sept. 5, 1862; War of the Rebellion: Official
Records (Army), 1 ser. XI (pt. 3), XII (pt. 2), XIX
(pt. 2) ; Mayne Reid, "A Dashing Dragoon," in On-
ward, Jan. 1869, repr. in Mag. of Hist., Extra No. 22
(1913)] A.E.P.
KEARNY, STEPHEN WATTS (Aug. 30,
1794-Oct. 31, 1848), soldier, was the fifteenth
and last child of Philip and Susanna (Watts)
Kearny and a first cousin of Lawrence Kearny
\_q.v.~\. On his mother's side he was connected
with the De Lancey, Van Cortlandt, Nicoll, Van
Rensselaer, and Schuyler families. His earliest
American ancestor on the father's side was Mi-
chael Kearny, who came from Ireland about 1704
and about 1720 settled in Perth Amboy, N. J.
Michael's grandson, Stephen's father, was a
prosperous wine merchant and landholder, but
suffered the confiscation of his estates because
of his Loyalist activities during the Revolution.
Later he lived in New York City, and thereafter
in Newark, where Stephen was born. The boy,
after attending common school in Newark, en-
tered Columbia College in 181 1, but on the ap-
proach of the War of 1812 joined the army, be-
ginning his long military career as a first lieu-
tenant in the 13th Infantry, Mar. 12, 1812. At
the battle of Queenston Heights (Oct. 13),
272
Kearny
wherein he showed conspicuous gallantry, he
was wounded and captured, but was shortly af-
terward exchanged, and on Apr. i, 1813, was
made a captain. From 1819, except for an occa-
sional detail in the East, his service was on the
western frontier. In the fall of that year he ac-
companied Col. Henry Atkinson to the site north
of the present Omaha, where Camp Missouri
(later Fort Atkinson), the farthest outpost of
the army, was established. In the summer of
1820 he accompanied Capt. Matthew J. Magee's
expedition from Camp Missouri through a then
unknown region to Camp Cold Water (later
Fort Snelling), near the present St. Paul; and
on the march kept a journal which was published
eighty-eight years later. On Apr. 1, 1823, he
was brevetted a major for ten years' faithful
service in one grade.
In 1825 he took part in General Atkinson's
expedition to the mouth of the Yellowstone. In
August 1828 he assumed command of Fort Craw-
ford (Prairie du Chien). He was appointed a
major in May 1829, and in July, after selecting
the site of a new Fort Crawford and energetically
beginning the work, he was transferred to Jef-
ferson Barracks, Mo. At St. Louis, Sept. 5,
1830, he was married to Mary Radford, the step-
daughter of Gen. William Clark [q.v.~\. Toward
the end of the year he reoccupied the site of the
destroyed Fort Towson, in the present Okla-
homa, and rebuilt the structure. Made lieuten-
ant-colonel of the newly organized dragoons
(Mar. 4, 1833), he led an expedition in Sep-
tember into the present Iowa, where he began
the building of the first Fort Des Moines. On
July 4, 1836, he became colonel of the dragoons,
with headquarters at Fort Leavenworth, where
in 1842 he assumed command of the Third Mil-
itary Department, being later transferred, as
head of the department, to St. Louis. In 1845
he led an expedition to South Pass, and in May
of the following year, accompanied by General
Brooke, began the building of the first Fort
Kearny (Nebraska City, Nebr.), a post aban-
doned, two years later, on the establishment of
the famous post on the Platte which after his
death was named for him.
In May 1846 he was placed in command of
the Army of the West, and on June 30 was made
a brigadier-general. Leaving Fort Leavenworth
with about 1,660 men, he entered Santa Fe with-
out opposition on Aug. 18. From Aug. 18 to
Sept. 22 he was military governor of New Mex-
ico. After organizing a civil government, he
set out for the Pacific Coast on Sept. 25, with
300 dragoons, 200 of whom, on his receipt of in-
formation that California had been conquered,
Kearny
were sent back. On Dec. 6, at the Indian village
of San Pasqual, he attacked a superior force of
Californians, suffering casualties of a third of
his command and being twice wounded. The
next day he moved forward, only to find his way
blocked, but a relief force sent by Commodore
Robert Field Stockton [q.i>.] enabled him to
reach San Diego. The combined forces of Stock-
ton and Kearny, about 600 strong, started for
Los Angeles on Dec. 29. Two so-called battles,
in which the Americans lost but one man killed,
were fought (Jan. 8 and 9, 1847) ; on Jan. 10 the
town was occupied, and on Jan. 13 the Califor-
nians surrendered to a separate force under
Lieut-Col. John Charles Fremont [?.#.]. Al-
most immediately a quarrel arose between
Kearny and Stockton as to the chief command,
and Fremont, who had been appointed civil gov-
ernor by Stockton, refused to obey Kearny's or-
ders. On the departure of Stockton for Mexico
and the arrival of orders from Washington sus-
taining Kearny's authority, Fremont was de-
posed from his office, subjected to many indig-
nities by Kearny and his under-officers, and in
June ordered to follow Kearny's escort on its re-
turn overland to the east. At Fort Leavenworth
Fremont was ordered to proceed, under arrest,
to Washington, where he was court-martialed,
and on being found guilty of insubordination he
indignantly resigned from the army.
Kearny next proceeded to Mexico. He was
for a time (May-June) civil governor of Vera
Cruz, and for a brief period held a like post in
the city of Mexico. In August, against the de-
termined opposition of Senator Benton, Fre-
mont's father-in-law, he was brevetted a major-
general. Late in the summer he was back at Jef-
ferson Barracks. A tropical disease contracted
at Vera Cruz had shattered his health. He was
conveyed to a quiet place in the country and later
to the home of Maj. Meriwether Lewis Clark, in
St. Louis, where he died.
Of the courage, energy, and ability of Kearny
there has never been dispute, and during his pe-
riod of nearly thirty years on the frontier he ren-
dered the nation a devoted and inestimable serv-
ice. He published a Carbine Manual in 1837,
and in 1846 a code of laws drawn up under his
supervision for the government of New Mexico.
A rigid disciplinarian, he was stern in manner
and inflexible in will. His conduct in the Fre-
mont episode has been often condemned, even by
writers unfriendly to the Pathfinder — Justin H.
Smith characterizing him as "grasping, jealous,
domineering and harsh." It may be that some
regret for this action troubled his last hours, for
on his deathbed, according to Mrs. Fremont, he
273
Kearsley
sent a request for her to come to see him, which
she resentfully declined.
[Selected bibliography : W. N. Jones, The Hist, of
St. Peter's Church in Perth Amboy, N. J. (copr. 1924) ;
F. B. Heitman, Hist. Reg. and Diet. U. S. Army
(1903) ; Nebr. State Hist. Soc. Pubs., vol. XX (1922) ;
B. E. Mahan, Old Fort Crawford and the Frontier
(1926) ; Grant Foreman, Pioneer Days in the Early
Southwest (1926) ; J. H. Smith, The War with Mexico
(1919); Allan Nevins, Fremont (1928); Cardinal
Goodwin, John Charles Fremont (1930) ; F. S. Dellen-
baugh, Fremont and '49 (1914) ; military service rec-
ord of Kearny, compiled by the Adjutant-General, Nov.
17, 1928 ; Thomas Kearny, "The Mexican War and the
Conquest of California," Cal. Hist. Soc. Quart., Sept.
1929, and "Kearny and 'Kit' Carson," N. Mex. Hist.
Rev., Jan. 1930; V. M. Porter, "General Stephen W.
Kearny and the Conquest of California," Ann. Pubs.
Hist. Soc. So. Cal., vol. VIII (1911) ; information from
Thomas Kearny, Esq., New York City ; Kearny's jour-
nal of the Magee expedition, annotated by V. M. Por-
ter, in Mo. Hist. Soc. Colls., vol. Ill (1908) ; record of
the Fremont court martial in Sen. Ex. Doc. 33, 30
Cong., 1 Sess.] W.J.G.
KEARSLEY, JOHN (June 4, 1684- Jan. 11,
1772), physician, architect, teacher, was born
and baptized at Greatham, Durham County,
England, emigrated to America in 171 1, and set-
tled in Philadelphia in 1717. He was a son of
the Rev. John Kearsley, vicar of Greatham, a
Cambridge man (proceeded B.A. 1675-76).
Since civic leadership, owing to Quaker influ-
ence, did not then so frequently fall to clergymen
and lawyers he became not only an active figure
in the medical profession of Pennsylvania, but a
representative for several terms in the House of
Assembly. His medical office has been called
"the first college" in the Province, wherein were
trained under a seven-year term of tutelage such
men as Lloyd Zachary, John Redman, Thomas
Cadwalader, William Shippen, Thomas Bond,
Phineas Bond, Cadwalader Evans, John Bard,
and John Kearsley, Jr. (a nephew). He sowed
fruitful seed, for these men became directly or
indirectly founders of the Pennsylvania Hos-
pital, the first medical schools of Philadelphia
and New York, and the College of Physicians of
Philadelphia.
Kearsley's contributions to the literature of
medicine comprised at least two : one on yellow
fever, and one on smallpox, malaria, pneumonia,
and various fevers "incidental to the Province."
He was interested in astronomy, and observa-
tions (February 1736/7) on a comet and an
eclipse of the sun, which he sent to Peter Collin-
son, were printed in the Transactions of the
Royal Society for the years 1737-38 (vol. XL,
1741). He also designed, financed, and built
Christ Church, Philadelphia, which he served
as vestryman and warden throughout his active
career. The building, begun in 1727, equaled
anything of the kind in the Colonies, and stands
today a singularly beautiful and graceful struc-
K eating
ture. In addition to Christ Church, he designed
St. Peter's, a chapel of ease to Christ Church,
architecturally of great charm and still eloquent-
ly expressive of the eighteenth century and its
designer's powers. He was one of a committee
of three appointed in 1729 to plan and build a
State House for Pennsylvania in which the As-
sembly, the Governor's Council, and the supreme
court could meet, out of which plan grew In-
dependence Hall ; but the completion of this
task ultimately fell to Andrew Hamilton. The
so-called Christ Church Hospital, another memo-
rial to Kearsley, was founded and endowed by
him for the support of clergymen's widows and
poor women of the communion of the Church of
England. He was married twice : first to Anne
Magdalene, nee Fauconnier, widow of Theoph-
ilus Caille, and second, Nov. 24, 1748, to Mar-
garet Brand. The one child of his first marriage
died in infancy; by his second marriage there
was no issue.
[Medical Times, Feb. 1923; W. S. Middleton, in
Annals of Medic. Hist., Dec. 1921 (with portrait) ;
Frederick Henry, Standard Hist, of the Medic. Pro-
fession of Phila. (1897) ; James Thacher, Am. Medic.
Biog. (1828) ; J. F. Watson, Annals of Phila. (rev. and
enl., 1898), vol. Ill; E. L. White, The Descendants of
Jonathan Kearsley (1900); A. E. Helffenstein, Pierre
Fauconnier and His Descendants (1911) ; H. D. Eber-
lein, in Arch. Rev. (London), Dec. 1920, and The Ar-
chitecture of Colonial America (191 5) I L. C. Wash-
burn, Christ Church (1925) ; Pa. Gazette (Phila.), Jan.
16, 1772 ; certain information from Miss May Atherton
Leach (Geneal. Soc. of Pa.), Miss Emily L. Cashel,
genealogist, London, England; Dr. J. Madison Taylor,
and Horace Wells Sellers, Esq., of Philadelphia.]
A.C.J.
KEATING, JOHN McLEOD (June 12, 1830-
Aug. 15, 1906), journalist, author, was born in
Kings County, Ireland, of Scotch-Irish parent-
age. Educated in Scotland until his ninth year,
he completed his school education in Dublin at
thirteen, and was apprenticed to the printer's
trade. At eighteen he was foreman of the print-
ing office of the Dublin World and a prominent
member of the Young Ireland Club. Following
the revolution of that body in 1848, he emigrated
to America, settled in New York, and again be-
came foreman in a newspaper plant. He went to
New Orleans in 1854, whence, after a short ex-
perience in the printing business, he moved to
Baton Rouge and later to Nashville, Tenn., where
he was made foreman of the composing room of
what is now the Methodist Publishing House.
From Nashville he went back to Baton Rouge
and became superintendent of state printing,
later returning to Nashville to become managing
editor of the Daily News. In 1859 he settled in
Memphis, and was there employed as commer-
cial and city editor of the Daily Morning Bulle-
tin. At the outbreak of the Civil War he was
274
Keating
for a short time a private secretary on the staff
of Gen. Leonidas Polk.
After the capture of Memphis and until the
end of the war he served as city editor of the
Memphis Daily Argus, which was then the only
Democratic newspaper in that place. In 1865 he
established the Memphis Daily Commercial, and
a year later combined it with the Argus, publish-
ing the two as the Commercial and Argus until
1867. A close personal friend of President An-
drew Johnson, he spent the winter of 1867-68
in Washington as one of the President's political
counselors. Later he was nominated as post-
master of Memphis by President Johnson, but
the Senate rejected the nomination. He returned
to Memphis in 1868 to purchase a half interest
in the Memphis Appeal, which he edited for
twenty-one years. As an editor he was active in
attacking Carpet-baggers, and in securing the
enfranchisement of former Confederate soldiers,
the education of the emancipated negroes, and
the adoption of the present constitution of Ten-
nessee. He also advocated the political equality
of women. In the decade following the Civil
War he took part in enterprises to tunnel or
bridge the Mississippi at Memphis, to construct
railroad lines out from that city, and to erect
elevators there. He escaped the yellow-fever
epidemics which the city suffered from time to
time and continued to publish the Appeal regu-
larly, even though the force of the paper was
sometimes reduced to himself and one other man.
During the epidemic of 1878 he acted as editorial
writer, business manager, reportorial force, and
compositor, and, in addition, served as a mem-
ber of the executive committee that practically
governed the city. His vivid daily accounts of
the epidemic in the Appeal have been compared
to Defoe's Journal of the Plague Year, in their
portrayal of grotesque horrors. His History of
the Yellow Fever, published in 1879, was fol-
lowed by a campaign to do away with the unsan-
itary conditions around Memphis, a campaign
in which he played a conspicuous part. In 1889
he became editor of the Commercial, continuing
as editor until 1891 when he left Memphis for
Washington, D. C.
Keating was the author of The Southern Ques-
tion (1889); Dirt, Disease and Degradation
(1890?) ; History of the City of Memphis and
Shelby County, Tennessee (3 vols., 1888) ; and
a portion of The Military Annals of Tennessee
(1886), edited by J. B. Lindsley. He was a
stanch Democrat, but was opposed to slavery
and did much to soften the feelings of bitterness
created in the hearts of the Southern people by
the Civil War. Once he left newspaper work, but
Keating
although he found dealing in cotton, groceries,
and insurance profitable, he soon returned to the
newspaper office. He began to study for the
ministry of the Protestant Episcopal Church in
1859 and was prepared to take orders in 1862,
but without antagonism toward the Church he
gave up his idea of becoming a clergyman when
he felt he could not accept the Church's creed.
He was married in 1856 in Nashville to Jo-
sephine Esselman Smith. They had two chil-
dren. He died in Gloucester, Mass., at the home
of his daughter.
[Win. S. Speer, Sketches of Prominent Tcnncsscans
(1888) ; J. M. Keating, Hist, of the City of Memphis
(1888), vols. II, III ; Who's Who in America, 1906-07 ;
Commercial Appeal (Memphis), Aug. 18, 1906 ; private
information.] m ^
KEATING, JOHN MARIE (Apr. 30, 1852-
Nov. 17, 1893), physician, author, editor, was
the eldest son of Dr. William Valentine Keating,
a professor of obstetrics in the Jefferson Medical
College, and Susan (LaRoche) Keating, daugh-
ter of the eminent Philadelphia physician, Rene
LaRoche [q.z>.~\. John and his parents were born
in Philadelphia. They came from Irish and
French ancestry; William V. Keating was a
nephew of William Hypolitus Keating [q.v.],
and John's great-grandfathers on the paternal
side had been officers in the Irish Brigade of the
French army during the reign of the Bourbons.
Great-grandfather Rene LaRoche (of the same
name and profession as Keating's grandfather)
practised in the Island of Santo Domingo until
the insurrection, when he came to Philadel-
phia.
John Marie Keating received his early edu-
cation at Roth Academy in Philadelphia and
Seton Hall in South Orange, N. J. Afterwards
he attended the Polytechnic College in Philadel-
phia, and then entered the medical department
of the University of Pennsylvania, from which
he was graduated with honor in 1873. After an
interneship in the Philadelphia Hospital, he was
appointed a visiting physician, attending the ob-
stetric and children's departments for many
years. He lectured on diseases of children in the
University until his resignation in 1880 ; and for
a time was professor of medicine in the Wo-
man's Medical College of Philadelphia. He was
also gynecologist to the St. Joseph's and St.
Agnes hospitals, assistant physician to the Chil-
dren's Hospital, and physician-in-charge of the
children's departments of the Howard Hospital
and St. Joseph's Female Orphan Asylum. He
was elected medical director of the Penn Mutual
Life Insurance Company in 1881, which position
he held for ten years. In 1879 he was one of
275
Keating
General Grant's party that visited India, Burma,
the Malay Peninsula, Siam, and China, and on
his return he wrote an interesting account of
the journey, entitled With Grant in the East
(1879).
Throughout his short professional life (he
died at forty -one years) he was an enthusiastic
and productive worker. He took an active part
in various medical societies : he was elected a
fellow of the College of Physicians of Philadel-
phia in 1887 ; was a member of the American and
the British Gynecological societies, the Associa-
tion of Life Insurance Medical Directors, and a
president of the American Pediatric Society.
His best-known work was the Cyclopedia of
Diseases of Children, which contained various
articles by leading authorities in the English-
speaking world. Published in five volumes,
1880-99, it was hailed as the most advanced and
complete work on the subject. Keating himself
contributed articles to William Pepper's System
of Practical Medicine (5 vols., 1885-86), A. H.
Buck's Reference Handbook of the Medical Sci-
ences (9 vols., 1885-93), and the Annual and
Analytical Cyclopaedia of Practical Medicine,
edited ( 1899-1901 ) by C. E. de M. Sajous. Alone
or in collaboration with others he wrote: Moth-
er's Guide in the Management and Feeding of
Infants (1881), Maternity, Infancy, and Child-
hood (1887), Diseases of the Heart and Circu-
lation in Infancy and Adolescence (1888), How
to Examine for Life Insurance (1890), A New
Pronouncing Dictionary of Medicine (1892),
Mother and Child (1893). He founded the In-
ternational Clinics, of which he was an editor
from 1891 until his death. He was also editor of
the Archives of Pediatrics.
In 1890 his failing health was found to be due
to tuberculosis and he moved to Colorado where,
according to his friend, Dr. Judson Daland, the
invigorating climate soon produced a happy ef-
fect, and in about a year he was able to resume
the work of his beloved profession. He made
brief visits to his native city but it soon became
evident that he was waging a battle for life. He
died at Colorado Springs, survived by his wife
who was Edith McCall, daughter of Peter Mc-
Call of Philadelphia, three daughters, and a son.
[J. K. Mitchell. "Memoir of John M. Keating, M.D.,"
Trans. Coll. of Physicians of Phila., 3 ser. XVI (1894),
xxxv ; Judson Daland, "In Memoriam," International
Clinics, 3 ser. IV (1894), xi ; H. A. Kelly and W. L.
Burrage, Am. Medic. Biogs. (1920) ; Trans. Am. Pedi-
atric Soc, vol. VI (1894) ; Archives of Pediatrics, Apr.
1893; E. P. Davis, in Trans. Am. Gynecol. Soc, vol.
XIX (1894) ; Encyc. of Pa. Biog., vol. XV (1924) ;
L. W. Murray, The Story of Some French Refugees
(I9°3) I Rocky Mountain News (Denver), and Phila.
Inquirer, Nov. 18, 1893.] E. H. F.
Keating
KEATING, WILLIAM HYPOLITUS (Aug.
11, 1799-May 17, 1840), mineralogical chemist,
was born in Wilmington, Del., the son of Baron
John and Eulalia (Deschapelles) Keating. His
father, of Irish extraction, formerly a colonel in
the Irish Brigade of the Frerch army, had re-
signed his commission and settled in Delaware.
Later the family moved to Philadelphia where
young Keating received his early education.
Entering the University of Pennsylvania in
1813, he graduated in 1816 with the degree of
A.B. He then continued the study of chemistry
and mineralogy in polytechnic schools in France
and Switzerland, and received the degree of
A.M. from the University of Pennsylvania. In
1821 he published Considerations upon the Art
of Mining . . . and Advantages Which Would
Result from an Introduction of this Art into the
United States. The following year he was ap-
pointed professor of mineralogy and chemistry
at the University of Pennsylvania, which posi-
tion he held until 1828, when he resigned. In his
first year at the University he announced the
discovery of a new mineral which he named Jef-
fersonite, but later it was definitely proved that
Jeffersonite was only a variety of pyroxene. In
1822 also, Keating was responsible for the tests
which proved that a supposed new mineral an-
nounced from Columbia County, N. Y., was
nothing but an artificial zinc oxide. In later
years, as a result of studies made near Franklin,
N. J., he was largely responsible for the discov-
ery of eight or ten new minerals, including red
zinc ore, franklinite, dysulsite, and zinc carbon-
ate.
In 1823 he served as geologist and historiog-
rapher of the expedition under Maj. Stephen H.
Long [q.v.~\, sent out by the Secretary of War
to explore the region about the headwaters of
the Mississippi River. Upon his return he com-
piled two volumes of the notes made by himself
and the other members of the expedition, pub-
lishing them under the title, Narrative of an Ex-
pedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake
Winncpeek, Lake of the Woods, etc. (Philadel-
phia, 1824; London, 1825). He was also editor
of an American edition of Conversations on
Chemistry, Etc., published in 1824. In that year,
together with Samuel V. Merrick [q.v.~\, he had
an important share in awakening sufficient pub-
lic interest to ensure the satisfactory inaugura-
tion of the Franklin Institute of Pennsylvania.
He was one of its first managers and was also
elected professor of chemistry. Since 1822 he
had been a member of the American Philosoph-
ical Society, which he served as a secretary for
a time.
276
Kedzie
He was a man of great scientific attainments,
but also took an interest in the law, in business
affairs, and in politics. He read law and was ad-
mitted to the Philadelphia bar, May 3, 1834, and
served in the Pennsylvania House of Represen-
tatives in that same year. He was one of the
founders of the Philadelphia & Reading Rail-
road and was responsible for the successful ne-
gotiation of its first mortgage loan in England.
He died in London while on a business trip. He
had been married to Elizabeth Bollman.
[Univ. of Pa., Biog. Cat. of the Matriculates of the
College, 1749-1893 (1894); J. H. Campbell, Hist, of
the Hibernian Soc. (1892) ; L. W. Murray, The Story
of Some French Refugees (1903) ; Encyc. of Pa. Biog.,
vol. XV (1924); The Book Issued to Commemorate
The Centenary of the Franklin Inst, of Pa. (1924);
E. P. Oberholtzer, Philadelphia, A Hist, of the City and
Its People (n.d.), vol. II; E. F. Smith, Chemistry in
Old Phila. (1919) ; the Times (London), May 20,
1840.] J.H.F.
KEDZIE, ROBERT CLARK (Jan. 28, 1823-
Nov. 7, 1902), physician, chemist, sanitarian,
was born in Delhi, Delaware County, N. Y., the
son of William Kedzie. When Robert was very
young his parents took up a tract of land near
Monroe, Mich., where the boy was reared. Hav-
ing decided upon a college career he worked to-
ward that end and paid his own way — in part at
least — through Oberlin, receiving his degree in
1847. After graduation he taught for two years
at the Rochester Academy, Michigan, and then
entered the new medical department of the Uni-
versity of Michigan at Ann Arbor, graduating
with the earliest class in 1851. He had mar-
ried, in 1850, Harriet Fairchild of Ohio. He
practised for a while at Kalamazoo but later re-
moved to Vermontville, Mich. On the outbreak
of the Civil War he was made surgeon to the
12th Michigan Infantry. Taken prisoner at the
battle of Shiloh he was found on his release to
be unfit for service and was invalided home. As
soon as he recovered he resumed the practice of
medicine at Lansing and in 1863 began to teach
chemistry at the Agricultural College of the
State of Michigan, becoming full professor in
1867. In 1874 he was chosen president of the
Michigan State Medical Society, in 1876 he was
chairman of the section of public hygiene and
state medicine of the American Medical Asso-
ciation, and in the following year he became
president of the State Board of Health, remain-
ing active in that body for many years. He re-
tained his connection with the Agricultural Col-
lege for thirty-six years and at his death was
emeritus professor.
Kedzie was a prolific contributor to periodical
literature but published no major work. It is
said that he wrote thirty-two papers on sanita-
Keefe
tion and public health alone. In the field of ac-
cident prevention, which was also a major in-
terest with him, he wrote on the resuscitation of
the drowned, lightning prevention, and kerosene
explosions. He showed that the frequency of
kerosene explosions was due to improper testing
for the explosive point and devised an oil tester
to guard against the possibility of such acci-
dents. He taught farmers to put up their own
lightning rods. Under the head of ordinary sani-
tary precautions he wrote articles on drinking
water and incidentally exploded the notion that
the well waters of the state had magnetic proper-
ties, thus saving the public from exploitation by
charlatans. Other subjects which he treated in-
cluded the ventilation of railway cars, the dan-
gers of arsenical poisoning from wall papers,
and the ill effects of deforestation. He was great-
ly interested in the climatology and meteorology
of the state. In the realm of agricultural chem-
istry proper his services were also notable. He
was the founder of the local farmers' institute
which became popular over the country and in
that way fostered the spread of a knowledge of
chemistry among farmers. He showed that a
certain kind of wheat was best suited to the soil
and climate of the state and had much to do with
introducing the beet-sugar industry into the
country. Finally he revolutionized the sale of
fertilizers by securing legislation which made it
compulsory for agents to be licensed and to pub-
lish on the labels of their products the analyses
of the preparations for sale.
[L. S. Munson, "A Memoir of the Late R. C. Kedzie,"
Bulletin, no. 73 (1903), of the U. S. Dept. of Agricul-
ture, Bureau of Chemistry ; W. J. Beal, Hist, of the
Mich. Agric. Coll. and Biog. Sketches (1915) ; Medic.
Record, Nov. 15, 1902 ; H. A. Kelly and W. L. Burrage,
Am. Medic. Biogs. (1920) ; Detroit Free Press, Nov. 8,
1902.] £p
KEEFE, DANIEL JOSEPH (Sept. 27, 1852-
Jan. 2, 1929), labor leader, industrial arbitrator,
and United States commissioner-general of im-
migration, was born at Willowsprings, 111., near
Chicago, the son of John and Catherine Keefe.
When he was ten his mother died and shortly
afterward he left school with a fourth-grade edu-
cation. At twelve he began driving for his fa-
ther, who was a teamster in Chicago, but two
years later his father's death left him to make his
own way. A strong, good-looking boy, at eigh-
teen he was a lumber handler and longshoreman.
Later, developing his Irish knack for leadership,
he contracted with shipping companies to fur-
nish men, largely recent immigrants, to load and
unload vessels, and in 1882 was elected presi-
dent of the Lumber Unloaders' Association.
When the National (now International) Long-
277
Keefe
shoremen's Association was formed in 1892 he
promptly became the dominant figure in that or-
ganization, serving as its president, except for
three years, from 1893 until 1908. He was also
from 1897 to 1901 a member of the Illinois State
Board of Arbitration. Like a brother who be-
came a capitalist, Keefe was a shrewd business
man who knew how to deal successfully with
employers and under his leadership the long-
shoremen developed a system of cooperative con-
tracts, taken directly by the union for specific
pieces of work, which soon became general on
the Great Lakes. Though he was a conservative,
the practical needs of the situation which he con-
fronted in the international union led him to
favor an industrial rather than a craft form of
organization, and he built up a powerful indus-
trial federation which claimed in 1905 some
100,000 members and included all workers con-
nected with water transportation except seamen.
He took an active part in the organization and
early history of the National Civic Federation
and was intimately associated with the develop-
ment of Roosevelt's plan for the use of his Nobel
Peace Prize money to establish the Foundation
for the Promotion of Industrial Peace. He was
also a member of the executive council of the
American Federation of Labor from 1903 to
1908, first as seventh and later as sixth vice-pres-
ident. But when, in 1908, the Federation came
out for Bryan for president, Keefe, who had al-
ways voted with the Republican party on national
issues, broke away from the Gompers policy and
campaigned for Taft. On Dec. 1, 1908, he was
appointed by President Roosevelt commissioner-
general of immigration. In that office he soon
found himself merely an instrument for the ad-
ministration of an act which he considered en-
tirely inadequate as interpreted by the solicitor
of the Department of Commerce and Labor. In
defense against criticisms of his administration
by former associates in the labor movement he
could only recommend in his annual reports
methods of strengthening the law — recommen-
dations which fell with Taft's veto of the bill
imposing a literacy test. Shortly after leaving
office on May 31, 1913, he made a tour of the
Orient and Europe studying labor conditions
and organizations. During the World War he
was a conciliation commissioner for the United
States Department of Labor, and from August
1921 until his retirement in April 1925, he was
engaged in the prevention and settlement of la-
bor disputes for the United States Shipping
Board Merchant Fleet Corporation. His last
years were spent at Elmhurst, a suburb of Chi-
cago, where he died. In 1878 he married Ellen
Keeler
E. Conners and in 1904, after her death, took as
his second wife Emma L. Walker who died in
1925. Genial, self-reliant and adaptable, Keefe
built his entire career on his experiences as a
boy with the work and the workers of the Chi-
cago waterfront.
[Biographical material is scattered through reports
and proceedings of the organizations with which Keefe
was connected : the convention proceedings of the In-
ternat. Longshoremen's Asso. and of the Am. Federa-
tion of Labor, and the reports of the 111. State Board of
Arbitration, the U. S. Commissioner-Gen. of Immi-
gration, and the Secretary of Labor. The sketch pub-
lished in Who's Who in America, 1916-17, and that
published in the New Intcrnat. Encyc. contain several
errors which have been corrected by his sons, who have
also furnished additional facts, from data in their pos-
session. References to Keefe's work are found in sev-
eral books such as John R. Commons, Labor and Ad-
ministration (1913), and Samuel Gompers, Seventy
Years of Life and Labor (1925), vol. II, and in news-
paper files covering the periods of his most conspicuous
activity. Brief obituary notices were published in the
N. Y. Times, the Chicago Tribune, the Chicago News,
and other papers.] H S W
KEELER, JAMES EDWARD (Sept. 10,
1857-Aug. 12, 1900), astronomer, was descend-
ed from Ralph Keeler who settled in Hartford,
Conn., in 1635. His father, William F. Keeler,
took part as an officer in the engagement between
the Monitor and the Merrimac. His mother,
Anna E. Dutton, was a daughter of Henry Dut-
ton [q.v.~\. He was born in La Salle, 111., where
he received his early education in the public
schools. When the family moved to Mayport,
Fla., in 1869, he continued his studies at home.
His fondness for astronomy and his mechanical
ability here found dignified expression in the
building and equipping of the "Mayport As-
tronomical Observatory" in the years 1875-77.
The observatory apparently contained a clock, a
quadrant, a 2-inch telescope, and a meridian-
circle. The first "was a small kitchen affair, and
kept execrable time," the last was a home-made,
but well-constructed instrument with which
Keeler determined positions of stars and the lati-
tude of his observatory.
Keeler entered Johns Hopkins University in
1877 and graduated with the degree of B.A. in
1881. He defrayed a considerable portion of his
expenses by assisting in the lectures and in the
laboratory work. At the end of his freshman
year he accompanied the expedition from the
Naval Observatory to Central City, Colo., to
observe the eclipse of July 29, 1878. After grad-
uation he went to the Allegheny Observatory as
assistant to Langley. His association with Lang-
ley at the time when the latter was perfecting
the bolometer for the measurement of heat radia-
tion from the heavenly bodies must have been a
source of inspiration. From May 1883 to June
1884 he was abroad, chiefly at Heidelberg and
78
Keeler
Keeler
Berlin, as a student under Quincke, Bunsen,
Helmholtz, Kayser, and Runge. After two more
years at Allegheny he was called to the Lick Ob-
servatory in 1886. He devised many improve-
ments about the observatory, including a mag-
netic control for the 3fj-inch telescope, and de-
signed the visual spectroscope for the telescope.
While awaiting the completion of the latter he
made a beautiful series of drawings at the tele-
scope of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, and of the
satellites of Jupiter. Of his many spectroscopic
studies at this time, the most striking and impor-
tant is his observation of the radial velocities of
the Orion nebula and of thirteen planetary nebu-
lae, definitely showing that these nebulae, like
stars, are in motion.
Keeler succeeded Langley as director at Alle-
gheny in 1891 and at once built an instrument
with which to photograph spectra of the heaven-
ly bodies. With this instrument he took the
plates which furnished that striking confirma-
tion of the theory of Clerk Maxwell that the
rings of Saturn are composed of small bodies,
each following its own orbit. In 1898 he was
elected director of the Lick Observatory. He
devoted his research to the taming of the Cross-
ley reflector which had proved very refractory
to previous handlers. He made one change after
another and in five months began to show the
fine results of which the instrument was capa-
ble. He began a series of photographs of neb-
ulae which showed at once that nebulae were
exceedingly numerous and that a large propor-
tion of them are spiral in form. Keeler was
married to Cora S. Matthews at Oakley Planta-
tion, La., on June 16, 1891. He received the
Rumford and the Henry Draper medals. He was
a member of the National Academy of Sciences,
fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, served
as president of the Astronomical Society of the
Pacific, and was affiliated with other learned so-
cieties.
[Memoir, with bibliography, in Nat. Acad. Sci. Biog.
Memoirs, vol. V (1905) ; W. W. Campbell, "Jas. Ed-
ward Keeler," Pubs, of the Astronomical Soc. of the
Pacific, Oct. i, 1900 ; Pop. Astronomy, Oct., Nov. 1900 ;
Science, Sept. 7, 1900.] R. S. D.
KEELER, RALPH OLMSTEAD (Aug. 29,
1840-Dec. 17, 1873), journalist, the son of Ralph
and Amelia (Brown) Keeler and grandson of
Colman J. Keeler, a major of militia in the War
of 1812, was born on a farm in Northern Ohio
where the town of Custar is now situated. At
eight he was left an orphan and was sent to
live with an uncle at Buffalo, N. Y. Here he
lived and attended school for three years until
the too constant canings by his uncle made him
revolt and run away. For a time he served as
cabin-boy on various Great Lakes steamers. By
saving money he was able to attend school for
brief periods during the winter months when the
boats were laid up. He quit school finally to
perfect himself in playing the banjo and in clog-
dancing so that he might join a minstrel troupe.
When he finally found a minstrel company will-
ing to accept him he became a leading attrac-
tion as a child phenomenon, dancing, and play-
ing female parts. His last minstrel connection
was with the show-boat, The Floating Palace.
On leaving this show troupe Keeler entered St.
Vincent's College, a Jesuit school, at Cape Gi-
rardeau, Mo., which he attended from Feb. 21,
1856, until June 1, 1857. He spent the succeed-
ing year at Toledo, Ohio, and then entered Ken-
yon College in September 1858 as a freshman,
leaving without a degree in June 1861. At col-
lege he had the reputation of being somewhat of
a poet. He returned to Toledo and got a posi-
tion in the post-office. After saving $181, he
sailed for Europe and entered Karl-Rupert Uni-
versity at Heidelberg. He stayed here two
years, left without a degree, and returned to
America. Settling in San Francisco he spent
another two years lecturing, teaching English to
foreigners, and writing for the Alta California,
the Golden Era, and the Californian. In 1868 he
returned to the East to act as correspondent
for the Alta California. He spent this year lec-
turing in various towns, and published at his
own expense a novel, Gloverson and His Silent
Partners (1869), which, as W. D. Howells put
it, "failed instantly and decisively."
Soon after July 1869 Keeler became, through
the influence of Howells, a proof-reader on the
Atlantic Monthly. In 1870 appeared his best
work, Vagabond Adventures, an autobiograph-
ical account of his life for the most part made
up of material published in the Atlantic Monthly
and Old and Nctv. In the same year he contrib-
uted to Every Saturday "The Marquis de Ville-
mer," from the French of George Sand, which
was later published in book form, and in 1871, as
correspondent for the same magazine, he toured
the Mississippi Valley, contributing a series of
descriptive articles which appeared almost con-
secutively from Apr. 29 to Dec. 9. Five months
of the year 1871 he spent at Geneva, Switzerland,
reporting the proceedings of the high court of ar-
bitration then settling the Alabama claims. On
Nov. 25, 1873, he sailed from New York to Cuba
as special correspondent for the New York Trib-
une, and a number of his articles on the situation
in the island appeared in that newspaper. On the
night of Dec. 17, he either fell or was thrown
overboard from the boat on which he was travel-
279
Keeley
ing from Santiago to Havana on his return to
New York.
[Sources include: W. D. Howells, "Ralph Keeler,"
Atlantic Monthly, Mar. 1874, and "Some Literary Mem-
ories of Cambridge," Harper's Mag., Nov. 1900 ; Mark
Twain's Autobiog. (1924), vol. I ; A. B. Paine, Mark
Twain, A Biog. (1912), vol. I; W. D. Howells, My
Mark Twain (1910) ; Life and Letters of Wm. Dean
Howells (2 vols., 1928), ed. by Mildred Howells; Fer-
ris Greenslet, Tlios. Bailey Aldrich (1908); Keeler's
autobiographical magazine articles, the N. Y. Tribune
(semi- weekly), Dec. 30, 1873, Jan. 2, 1874, Jan. 9,
1874 ; and information as to certain facts from a neph-
ew of Keeler.] j M p j
KEELEY, LESLIE E. (1832-Feb. 21, 1900),
physician, who exploited commercially an insti-
tutional cure of chronic alcoholism and drug ad-
diction, was born in St. Lawrence County, N. Y.
He took a degree in medicine at Rush Medical
College, Chicago, in 1864, then joined the army
as acting assistant surgeon, serving until the
close of the Civil War. After the war he set-
tled in Dwight, 111., where for many years he
practised medicine along conventional lines. He
claims to have begun his treatment of alcoholism
and drug addiction in 1879. In the following
year he published a small pamphlet on the opium
habit and its treatment. Little was heard from
him until he brought out in 1890 a pamphlet en-
titled A Popular Treatise on Drunkenness and
the Opium Habit, and Their Successful Treat-
ment with the Double Chloride of Gold, the Only
Cure. At the same time he opened his original
sanitarium at Dwight and after temporary sus-
pension reopened it as the Leslie E. Keeley Com-
pany. There was a rapid extension of branches
throughout the United States and in some for-
eign countries. Keeley retained a half interest in
the enterprise and accumulated over a million
dollars in less than ten years. In 1895 he claimed
a total of 250,000 cures. By that year there had
been organized 359 chapters of the Keeley
League with a total of 30,000 members. All of
the men members were cured patients but in the
women's auxiliary leagues many of the members
were temperance workers.
In 1891 the Keeley Company began the publi-
cation of a weekly paper, the Banner of Gold.
Despite its charlatanistic aspects, the Keeley
movement received the sanction of the church
and temperance workers and was used in sol-
diers' homes, in one or more of the army posts,
and among the Indians of the reservations.
Keeley never sought to antagonize his profes-
sion and employed only regular graduate physi-
cians. The cost of treatment was not exorbitant
— twenty-five dollars a week with a minimum
period of treatment of four weeks. Patients had
rooms but were required to board out. They had
free access to the best brands of liquors, but they
Keely
"lost all desire after two days of treatment."
Keeley attributed his success wholly to the hypo-
dermic injections given, which were chiefly of
the double chloride of gold, and denied that sug-
gestion played a role, alleging that only five per
cent, of his cures were followed by relapse. He
published several pamphlets upholding the view
that drunkenness is a disease and not a vice.
His sole major work, The Non-Heredity of Ine-
briety, appeared in 1896. The medical profes-
sion objected to his commercial methods and de-
nied that the good results were due to gold, as-
cribing them in the main to suggestion. The
sudden disrelish of the patient for his whiskey
was attributed to injections of apomorphin and
to injections of strychnia and other alkaloids.
Relapses were said to be frequent. Toward 1900
Keeley's health failed and he moved to Los An-
geles where he died of heart disease. At the
time of his death he was under the care of men-
tal-treatment cultists — a fact which points to his
belief in suggestion. The Keeley institutes flour-
ished after his death but suffered a decline, at-
tributable probably to the fact that sanitarium
treatment could give the same results without
the disagreeable publicity of a Keeley cure.
[The Keeley Insts. of the U. S., Canada, and Other
Countries (1896) ; Report of the Keeley League, Second
Gen. Convention, 1892 ; Medic. Record, Mar. 3, 1900 ;
Los Angeles Times, N. Y. Times, Feb. 22, 1900.]
E.P.
KEELY, JOHN ERNST WORRELL (Sept.
3, 1827-Nov. 18, 1898), inventor and impostor,
grew up in Philadelphia, Pa., where his career
was run. Both his parents died while he was an
infant and he is riot known to have had any
schooling after the age of twelve. He had been
for a time leader of a small orchestra and in cer-
tain more or less apocryphal stories he figured
as a circus performer. In 1872 he was a jour-
neyman carpenter, but in the following year,
when he announced the discovery of a new phys-
ical force, he seems to have ceased that occupa-
tion for the rest of his days, and for a quarter of
a century he was a public character, maintained
by the contributions of those who believed in the
future of the inventions based on his discovery.
The supposed new force was explained by Keely
as resulting from the intermolecular vibrations
of ether. His problem was to construct a ma-
chine to respond to the vibrations and in that
way produce power. In 1874 be had advanced
far enough in the fabrication of such a machine,
or engine, to permit exhibitions at his workshop.
Such results as he could show amazed the gen-
eral public, but physicists and engineers declared
that the same results could be obtained by em-
ploying known forces, and until Keely would
28(
Keely
prove the exclusion of such known forces from
his experiments they would refuse to believe in
his discovery. Nevertheless, the Keely Motor
Company was incorporated and the stock was
taken in large amounts throughout the country.
As time passed without the perfection of
Keely's motor or the securing of patents, the
stockholders grew impatient and by 1880 pay-
ments to the inventor virtually ceased and the
bills he had incurred remained unpaid. When
bankruptcy was facing him a wealthy Philadel-
phia woman, Mrs. Clara S. J. Bloomfield-Moore,
came to the rescue and financed his operations
for many years. Meanwhile the Keely Motor
Company brought suit to compel a disclosure of
the secret and Keely's refusal to answer ques-
tions led to his imprisonment for contempt of
court. A compromise was reached, however,
without the divulging of the secret, and Keely
was released. In 1887 experiments were con-
ducted for the United States government at Fort
Lafayette. The Keely Motor Company retained
its faith in the inventor and continued to market
stocks.
In 1895 Professor Lascelles-Scott, the English
physicist, spent a month in Philadelphia for the
purpose of investigating Keely's work, at the re-
quest of Mrs. Bloomfield-Moore. His report was
never published, but after his return to Lon-
don Keely's patroness withdrew her assistance.
Keely was now an old man, afflicted with Bright's
disease. At his death, on Nov. 18, 1898, the
Keely Motor Company had more than 3,000
shareholders. In their interest the company's
officers arranged with the widow, Anna M.
Keely, to have a thorough examination made of
all the apparatus left in Keely's workshop. The
ensuing investigation, friendly in motive, result-
ed in the uncovering of tubes in the form of hol-
low wires by which compressed air had been ap-
plied to the machinery claimed to have been oper-
ated by the mysterious new force. In some in-
stances compressed air had been used to start
clockwork, but more generally hydraulic power,
derived from a water motor. The exposure was
complete and unanswerable. A Philadelphia
newspaper suggested that the "motor" be ex-
hibited to the public, but no one had the heart
to act on the suggestion. Keely's secret was out
at last. But nothing short of his death kept the
public from trusting him.
[E. A. Scott, "The Keely Motor," Proc. Engineers'
Club of Phila., vol. XIV (1897) ; Julius Moritzen, "The
Extraordinary Story of John Worrell Keely," Cosmo-
politan Mag., Apr. 1899; Chas. Fort, Wild Talents
(1932) ; Appletons' Ann. Cyc, 1887, 1898; Pub. Led-
ger (Phila.), Nov. 19, 1898, and editorial, Jan. 30,
1899; Clara S. J. Bloomfield-Moore, Keely and His
Discoveries (1893), and articles supporting Keely's
Keen
claims in Lippincott's Mag., July 1890, Dec. 1892, and
in the New Sci. Rev., July 1894, Apr., July, Oct. 1895,
Jan. 1896.] W. B.S.
KEEN, MORRIS LONGSTRETH (May 24,
1820-Nov. 2, 1883), inventor, was born in Phila-
delphia, Pa., the son of Joseph Swift and Ann
(Longstreth) Keen. He was descended from
Joran Kyn, a soldier who accompanied Gov.
Johann Printz from Sweden to the Swedish col-
ony on the Delaware River near Chester, Pa., in
1643. Keen received his early education in pri-
vate schools in Philadelphia and subsequently
entered the shops of the Norris Locomotive
Works there as an apprentice machinist. He also
learned pattern making and iron foundry work,
and shortly after he completed his apprentice-
ship he organized with his brother Joseph a man-
ufacturing business, specializing in the making
of flat-irons. The design of these irons was based
upon an invention which Keen patented in the
early fifties.
More interested in the development of new
ideas than in business, he turned his attention
toward improvements in paper manufacture.
Many attempts to produce a pulp out of the softer
kinds of wood had been made and many pat-
ents had been issued for such processes, both in
Europe and in America. It was not until 1854,
however, that a practicable chemical wood-pulp
patent was secured by Watt and Burgess of
London. The process, in a crude form, was the
soda pulp process still extensively used. For
three or four years Keen conducted experiments
in the design of wood-pulp boilers. He continued
this work at Royers' Ford, outside of Philadel-
phia, where Hugh Burgess, one of the co-pat-
entees of the soda process in London, settled in
1855. By 1858 Keen had advanced with his
experiments so far that he believed he possessed
improvements over the Watt and Burgess basic
invention, and after securing the financial aid of
William F. Ladd he obtained an assignment of
the Watt and Burgess patent. With the Ameri-
can rights to this basic patent he then continued
his experimental work and on Sept. 13, 1859, se-
cured his first paper-making patent, on a boiler
for making paper pulp from poplar wood. Bur-
gess then joined Keen, and the two began to
make wood-pulp paper at Royer's Ford. In 1863
they formed the American Wood Paper Com-
pany at Manayunk, Pa., near Philadelphia, and
in the succeeding years produced a considerable
quantity of pulp. In 1863 also Keen obtained an
improvement on his pulp boiler, and in 1865 he
was granted with Burgess a joint patent for an
apparatus to evaporate and calcine alkaline so-
lutions. About 1870 Keen transferred his work
28
Keenan
to Jersey City, N. J. There between 1870 and
1873 he secured three patents on the manufac-
ture of paper stock, which were assigned to Sam-
uel A. Walsh of Jersey City. Subsequently, Keen
went to Stroudsburg, Pa., and on a site between
Stroudsburg and the Delaware Water Gap es-
tablished what he called "The Experiment
Mills." Here he continued his research work in
paper manufacture and obtained several addi-
tional patents. One of these, a reissue on the
process and apparatus for evaporating and cal-
cining alkaline solutions, was granted Jan. 30,
1877, and assigned to the American Wood Paper
Company. His last patent on paper making, No.
240,318, was obtained Apr. 19, 1881, two years
before his death. He died at "Highland Grove"
near Stroudsburg, Pa., and was buried there.
He was unmarried.
[E. H. Knight, Knight's Am. Mcch. Diet., vol. Ill
(1876) ; Pa. Mag. of Hist, and Biog., vol. VI, no. 1
(1882) ; G. B. Keen, The Descendants of Joran Kyn of
New Sweden (1913) ; E. W. Byrn, Progress of Am. In-
vention (1895) ; C. M. Depew, One Hundred Years of
American Commerce (1895), vol- I ; Paper Trade Jour.,
Dec. 1, 1883 ; Pub. Ledger (Phila.), Nov. 3, 1883 ; Pat-
ent Office records.] C. W. M.
KEENAN, JAMES FRANCIS (Apr. 8, 1858-
Feb. 24, 1929), actor, better known as Frank
Keenan, was born in Dubuque, Iowa, a son of
Owen Keenan, an Irish immigrant, and his wife,
born Frances Kelly in Maine. His father failed in
business in Dubuque, removed to Boston, where
he worked for three years as a bookkeeper, then
bought a farm in Iowa, where Frank first tried
to plow at the age of eleven. His father took over
a large railroad grading contract, but through
the absconding of an official, he again faced
bankruptcy and once more returned to Boston.
Here Frank had a piecemeal schooling, inter-
spersed with periods of work. He was sent out
as a traveling salesman at the age of seventeen
and two years later set up his own cigar store,
but this was not successful. He had joined the
Young Men's Catholic Association of Boston
College and the McCullough & Kean Dramatic
Association and was more interested in the lat-
ter than in business. The manager of a small
professional stock company saw him act one
evening and made him an offer, with the result
that Keenan made his professional debut with
that company as Archibald Carlyle in East Lynne
at Richmond, Me., in 1880. The company soon
disbanded, and Keenan then spent some time
playing various roles with the Boston Museum
Stock Company. After several years of ups and
downs, he gained valuable experience under
James A. Heme and made his first noteworthy
success in Heme's Hearts of Oak. He played
28
Keenan
leads in McKenna's Flirtations, A Texas Steer,
and many other comedies in the eighties and
nineties, and succeeded Sol Smith Russell in the
leading roles in A Poor Relation, Peaceful Val-
ley, and The Honorable John Grigsby. He
played Garretson in The Capitol in 1895, and
when The Christian was produced in 1898, he
staged the mob scene and played the part of
Brother Paul, later taking over the male lead,
John Storm. He devoted considerable time to
directing about this period, staging The King's
Musketeers, Such a Little Queen, and other pro-
ductions. Early in 1905 he experimented with
the Parisian idea of three one-act plays in one
evening, but the novelty did not seem to appeal
to American audiences.
Keenan's rugged, deeply lined face as he
reached middle life lent itself particularly well
to character parts, and of these he played a great
number and variety. He was tremendously suc-
cessful as Jack Ranee, the gambler, in Belasco's
notable play, The Girl of the Golden West, open-
ing in 1905, and as General Warren in The War-
rens of Virginia, 1907. He appeared in On the
Eve, 1909; in The Heights, 1910, and as Cassius
with Faversham in Julius Caesar, 1912. In 1914
he was cast for the leading part in Yosemite, and
in 1920-21 he played the title role in St. John
Ervine's John Ferguson, which opened in Chi-
cago. Afterward he toured the country with it.
He was particularly popular as a "road star,"
being known in every town of consequence be-
tween the two oceans. He played the lead in
Rip Van Winkle in San Francisco in 1921, and
in Peter Weston, opening in New York in 1923.
But meanwhile the multiple-reel motion pictures
had come into being and in 191 5 Keenan was
attracted to the films, his first appearance being
in the part of a Southern gentleman in a Civil
War drama, The Co-ward. During the last thir-
teen years of his life he devoted most of his time
to motion pictures, with occasional incursions
into vaudeville and brief returns to the legiti-
mate stage. His first wife, Katherine Agnes
Long, of St. John, New Brunswick, was an
actress in the Boston Museum Stock Company
in Keenan's youth, and he married her while
they were playing together there. Of the two
daughters born of this union, one married the
comedian, Ed Wynn. Keenan's second wife was
Margaret White, from whom he was divorced in
1927; his third was Leah May, who survived
him.
[Who's Who in America, 1926-27; Who's Who in
the Theatre, 1925 ; the Keenan scrap book in the Rob-
inson Locke dramatic collection, N. Y. Pub. Lib. ;
Frank Keenan, "My Beginnings," in the Theatre, Mar.
1908 ; T. A. Brown, A Hist, of the N. Y. Stage (1903),
Keene
vols. II and III ; interviews in Motion Picture Classic,
Aug. 19 19, the Theatre, Dec. 191 4, and the N. Y. Dra-
matic Mirror, Nov. 30, 1910; numerous other articles
and comments on his plays in the Dramatic Mirror and
newspapers ; obituary notices in the Boston Herald, Los
Angeles Times, and N. Y. Times, Feb. 25, 1929.]
A.F. H.
KEENE, JAMES ROBERT (1838-Jan. 3,
1913), speculator and turfman, was born at
Chester, near Liverpool, England. Little is
known of his parentage. He once described his
father as an "Irish gentleman." The boy had
good opportunities in English schools, but when
about fourteen he accompanied his father to
America. They lived for a short time at Lynch-
burg, Va., but early in the fifties they both set
out for California. In Shasta County James en-
gaged in a variety of occupations — selling milk,
teaching school, studying law, editing news-
papers, caring for horses, working in a mill, min-
ing, freighting, and stock-raising. After the
Civil War the discovery of the Comstock silver
lode in Nevada gave him an opportunity for spec-
ulation from which he quickly realized $10,000.
With that capital he began a career as stock man-
ipulator on the San Francisco Exchange which
lasted ten years and involved the winning and
losing of fortunes. At first he was only a street
broker handling the orders of active speculators.
In 1869 Charles N. Felton, assistant treasurer of
the United States, made him a loan and within a
year Keene repaid the loan and cleared $400,000
on the market. At the height of his success he
married Sara Jay Daingerfield, sister of Judge
William P. Daingerfield, of an old Virginia
family. Within a few months he lost by specu-
lation all that he had won and even his house-
hold goods were attached for debt. But bold and
skilful trading in Nevada mining stocks soon re-
trieved his losses. Within five years he was re-
puted to be worth $5,000,000. In 1875 he was
made president of the Stock and Exchange Board
and in the same year had a part in rehabilitating
the Bank of California after the suicide of its
president.
In 1876 Keene crossed the continent from San
Francisco with a voyage to Europe in prospect.
He stopped in New York and became greatly in-
terested in Wall Street and its mechanism — par-
ticularly in the operations of Jay Gould. When
he joined Gould in a pool formed with the avowed
purpose of putting down Western Union stock,
Gould unscrupulously sold him out. Keene found
that Wall Street was not so easily controlled as
the San Francisco market, but the challenge only
put him on his mettle. In other pools that he
formed he was successful. At the top of the wild
speculation that set in during 1879 Keene's prof-
its may have reached $9,000,000. But in corn
Keene
and wheat trading he did not fare so well. After
a few years of prosperity he over-extended his
credits and bought recklessly. The climax was
reached in 1884 when Keene tried to manipulate
wheat, pushing the price up to $1.30 a bushel.
Here he overplayed and when it fell to $.90 his
failure was announced. Recovery from this de-
feat was long-delayed. Keene tasted poverty for
the second time since his early days of affluence.
Trading in National Cordage, sugar, and tobacco
at last put him on his feet again. In the early
nineties he engineered movements in sugar stock
for the Havemeyers and his share of the profits
was estimated at $4,500,000. In 1901, when the
new issue of the United States Steel Company's
stock had to be marketed, Pierpont Morgan, Sr.,
was willing to put the undertaking in Keene's
hands. J. J. Hill and the Great Northern inter-
ests also employed Keene to buy $15,000,000 of
Northern Pacific stock to insure control against
Harriman.
All his life Keene had been a lover of horses.
Soon after going to New York he began to buy
thoroughbreds. In 1881 his horse Foxhall won
the Grand Prix at Paris. Thereafter for more
than a quarter of a century Keene's horses won
many of the most famous sweepstakes in Eng-
land, France, and America. Domino, Cap-and-
Bell, and Sysonby were among his favorites.
For the ten years from 1898 his total turf win-
nings were believed to exceed $2,000,000. At his
death, in 1913, he was again a millionaire.
[Edwin Le Fevre, "James R. Keene, Manipulator of
Stocks," World's Work, July 1901 ; M. M. Reynolds,
"The Hocking Pool and James R. Keene," Moody's
Mag., Feb. 1910 ; J. L. King, Hist, of the San Francisco
Stock and Exchange Board (1910) ; Henry Clews,
Fifty Years in Wall Street (1915); E. J. Dies, The
Plunger (1929); Blackivood's Edinburgh Mag., July
1844 I C. A. Collman, Our Mysterious Panics (1931) ;
R. I. Warshaw, The Story of Wall Street (1929) ; Geo.
Kennan, E. H. Harriman: A Biog. (1922), vol. I; the
Sun (N. Y.), Jan. 3, 1913 ; N. Y. Times, Jan. 4, 1913 ;
Argonaut (San Francisco), Jan. 18, 1913; F. G. Gris-
wold, Race Horses and Racing (1925); W. S. Vos-
burgh, Racing in America (1922); C. E. Trevathan,
The Am. Thoroughbred (1905); O'Niel Sevier, "The
Race-Horse of 1905," Munscy's Mag., Nov. 1905.]
W.B.S.
KEENE, LAURA (c. 1826-Nov. 4, 1873), ac-
tress, has suffered an unmerited oblivion. The
date of her birth in England is uncertain ; her
real name is unknown. Her family seems to
have been of high respectability and considerable
culture, for she was widely read. In her youth
she had some connection with the world of art ;
as a child she had haunted Turner's studio.
Throughout her career she used a trained pic-
torial sense in dramatic production. Rachel's
voice, floating through the windows of a theatre,
stirred her ambition to become an actress, and
*3
Keene
she joined the company of the great light come-
dienne and manager of the time, Madame Ves-
tris, from whom she acquired a rich taste in
stage production. In 1852, at the invitation of
James W. Wallack, she came to New York as
leading lady at his new theatre, where she
achieved a brilliant success. She was beautiful,
with chestnut hair and eyes, an exquisite pallor,
and a fine carriage. Slight and graceful, she
bad "the water-color touch," and did not so much
draw details of character and action as sug-
gest them. She could play Rosalind with spirit
and delicacy, a milkmaid with lusty vigor.
In 1853, at the apex of her fame, she left Wal-
lack's without notice and went to Baltimore for
a brief period of management at the Charles
Street Theatre. In the spring of 1854 she went
to San Francisco, where she became a star at
the Metropolitan Theatre under the gifted Cath-
erine Sinclair. Within a few months she left
for Australia as abruptly as she had left Wal-
lack's. Her tour, partly with young Edwin
Booth, proved unsuccessful. Undaunted, she re-
turned to San Francisco and began a highly orig-
inal interlude of management at the Union and
later at the American Theatre, gathering about
her the most vivid talent in the region and wip-
ing out the poor impression she had made by her
sudden departure. Comedy had had a great
vogue among the mining audiences, and the time
was ripe for her adventure into extravaganza, a
novelty there as elsewhere in the country. Her
productions of the gay, wild pieces always had
a poetic turn. She gave a notable Midsummer
Night's Dream among the Shakespearian pro-
ductions. Returning to New York in 1855, she
opened Laura Keene's Varieties and became
doubly a pioneer, the first woman manager in
New York of scope or power, and the first pro-
ducer to give dignity and charm to the lighter
side of the theatre. In 1856 she moved to Laura
Keene's Theatre, built for her by Trimble, where
for seven years she was both manager and lead-
ing actress, sustaining a high achievement
against the odds of competition by many gifted
comedians, including Wallack, and with the
handicap in 1857 of the general panic. Young,
talented actors like Jefferson and Sothern were
drawn to her company, as were the experienced
Boucicault and Blake.
As a manager Miss Keene was imperious;
many amusing stories were told of her tiffs with
actors. But her own humor was unfailing, her
integrity unmistakable. She made costumes,
painted scenery, could prompt any actor, and
herself took the feminine leads, gaining an en-
thusiastic personal following. Our American
Keene
Cousin was her most conspicuous success, but
she had many others on the lighter side of com-
edy. She habitually encouraged American play-
wrights. Her position as a woman manager
remained difficult ; in 1863 she decided that it
was considered "not quite respectable," and
moreover that she was "ever sinking the actress
in the manager." She relinquished her theatre,
and thenceforward her career was broken. Per-
haps she had made a wrong turning, but the
form of comedy to which she was deeply attract-
ed, extravaganza, had not yet come into vigor-
ous growth ; and social comedy, in which she
played with unusual finish, had entered a dreary
phase. The English plays had grown stale ;
American social comedy was not yet written.
She was next seen in the event which has
given her a modicum of fame, playing in Our
American Cousin at Ford's Theatre in Wash-
ington on the night when President Lincoln was
assassinated. In 1869 she took the Chestnut
Street Theatre in Philadelphia, but her mate-
rials were old and the venture was a failure. She
became a wandering star, acting in forlorn small
theatres in the West, keeping an irrepressible
humor both on and off stage. She embarked
upon the grandiose project of editing a maga-
zine called the Fine Arts, and lost money. She
wrote plays, lectured, and acted until the end.
Overworked, she failed suddenly, dying Nov. 4,
1873. She had married John Taylor in England,
to whom she had borne two daughters, but the
marriage was unhappy. She had brought the
children to America and later married John
Lutz. Little is known of her personal life. The
few faint glimpses reveal a distinguished and
complex character.
[John Creahan, The Life of Laura Keene (1897) ;
The Autobiog. of Jos. Jefferson (1890) ; Lester Wal-
lack, Memories of Fifty Years (1889) ; C. T. Copeland,
Edwin Booth ( 1901 ) ; T. A. Brown, A Hist, of the N. Y.
Stage (3 vols., 1903) ; G. C. D. Odell, Annals of the
N. Y. Stage, vols. VI and VII (1931) ; files of the Alta
California and the Sacramento Daily Union in the Cal.
State Lib. ; clippings and programs in the Harvard
Theatre Collection ; files of the New York Clipper ; pro-
grams and clippings in the Robinson Locke Collection
in the N. Y. Pub. Lib. ; N. Y. Tribune, Nov. 7, 1873.]
C.R.
KEENE, THOMAS WALLACE (Oct. 26,
1840-June 1, 1898), actor, whose real name was
Thomas R. Eagleson, was born in New York
City. He was the son of a journalist named
Eagleson, who died while Thomas was a child.
Like so many New York boys of the time, he at-
tended the old Bowery Theatre and very early
got a chance to appear in small parts, becoming
a professional actor while still in his teens. His
first important part, however, he recorded in
later life, was with James Henry Hackett, who
-84
Keene
engaged him to come to Albany to play Henry
IV in 1862. He studied the role on the train.
He played Robert to John E. Owens' Solon Shin-
gle, was juvenile at Wood's Theatre, made a tour
of the West, and a trip to England, and in the
early seventies supported, at various times,
Booth, Charlotte Cushman, E. L. Davenport,
and Clara Morris. In 1875 he was engaged for
the famous California Theatre Stock Company
in San Francisco, remaining with this organiza-
tion five years, and greatly increasing his repu-
tation, especially by his support of Booth when
that actor played a long guest engagement with
the company. In 1880 he returned to the East,
acting Coupeau in Drink with much success in
Boston, and then going to Chicago as a star.
This experiment succeeded so well that he em-
barked on a tour of the country in a repertory
which included Richard III (long his most popu-
lar role), Hamlet, Louis XI, Othello, Romeo,
Richelieu, and occasionally other similar parts.
This tour was annually repeated, and Keene
prospered, though as time went on he was more
welcome in the smaller cities than in the large
centers, where he often played in popular-priced
houses such as the Grand Opera House in Bos-
ton. Early in his career he married Margaret
Creighton of New York, and later in life he
bought an old tavern at Castleton Corners, Staten
Island, where the family made their home, and
where he was greatly beloved by his neighbors.
In 1898, while on a tour of Canada, he was
stricken with appendicitis, was brought home,
and died.
Keene's pictures suggest a man oddly resem-
bling, in face and figure, William Jennings
Bryan, though his hair was curly and his nose
more aquiline. His acting, certainly, was of the
florid, robust school. A Boston critic spoke of
his "full voiced, demonstrative tragedy." He
himself often declared that what he called "the
majestic method" was alone fitted to project
tragic roles. "Emotional stilts" was another
term he used to describe his ideal. In 1895 he
told an interviewer that every seven years a
new generation of dramatic students grew up
who wanted to hear him in Shakespeare, which
explained the success of his tours. For modern
plays, as for the modern method of acting them,
he had little sympathy. But he was aware that
his fame was not equal to that of Booth or Bar-
rett, and it sometimes saddened him. Doubtless
his skill was not so great as theirs, nor his meth-
ods so refined, but he lived on after their passing,
into the era of Ibsen, Pinero, and Jones, and his
popularity would have waned in the larger cities
had he been a finer representative than he was
Keener
of the old school. Among his professional work-
ers, he was noted for his kindliness, and his pri-
vate life was happy and blameless.
[T. A. Brown, A Hist, of the N. Y. Stage (1903),
vols. I and III ; N. Y. Dramatic Mirror, June 1 1, 1898 ;
N. Y. Clipper, June 11, 1898; N. Y. Times, June 2,
1898 ; Theatre Collection Harvard Coll. Lib. ; Robinson
Locke Collection, N. Y. Pub. Lib.] W P E
KEENER, WILLIAM ALBERT (Mar. 10,
1856-Apr. 22, 1913), lawyer, educator, author,
the son of Henry and Isabella Keener, was born
in Augusta, Ga. His parents died when he was
very young and he was brought up in the home
of a married sister. The public schools of Au-
gusta gave him the preparation necessary to en-
ter Emory College in Oxford, Ga. Matriculating
at fourteen, he was a bachelor of arts with dis-
tinction at eighteen (1874). After working in a
law office in Augusta for some months he en-
tered the Harvard Law School. In 1877 ne re_
ceived the law degree, but he went on with a
post-graduate course for another year. On July
16, 1878, he married Frances McLeod Smith of
Somerville, Mass.
After a brief initiation into the practice of
law in New York, 1879-83, he entered the pro-
fession of teaching and made in it a notable ca-
reer for close upon twenty years. For five years
he was an assistant professor of law at Harvard.
In 1888 he was promoted to the distinguished
Story Professorship. In 1890 he was appointed
to a professorship of law in Columbia College
as a preliminary step to his elevation to the dean-
ship of the Columbia Law School in 1891. The
next year he was further honored with the Kent
Professorship of law. Aside from his classroom
instruction and his authoritative lectures, he did
much to reorganize the methods of teaching law
along the newer lines of the case-system. His
publications added measurably to his prestige
and standing. Two volumes, A Selection of
Cases on the Law of Quasi-Contracts, appeared
in 1888 and 1889. In 1893 he published A Trea-
tise on the Law of Quasi-Contracts. During the
years from 1894 to 1896 he completed A Selec-
tion of Cases on Equity Jurisdiction, in three
volumes ; and in 1896, Selections on the Ele-
ments of Jurisprudence. In 1898 appeared A
Selection of Cases on the Law of Contracts, in
two volumes, and the next year, A Selection of
Cases on the Law of Private Corporations, alsc
in two volumes. The eminently scholarly, sys-
tematic, and exhaustive work done in the prepa-
ration of these standard volumes stands out con-
spicuously because at the time they were pub-
lished modern case-book production was as yet
in its early stages.
28 «;
Keep
In the autumn of 1901, Keener gave up his of-
fice as dean, and the following year resigned his
professorship to accept appointment to the su-
preme court of New York, to complete the unex-
pired term of Justice Beach, deceased. In the
next election he was one of the unsuccessful can-
didates for the full term. Thus his career as a
judge was brief and on the whole uneventful.
He returned now to the private practice of law
which he had left twenty years before and con-
tinued in it, with only inconspicuous success,
through the remaining years of his life. He died
in New York in 1913, survived by his wife and
his son. At the time of his death he was a mem-
ber of the American Bar Association and of vari-
ous clubs.
[N. Y. Herald, and Sun (N. Y.), Apr. 23, 1913 ; The
Asso. of the Bar of the City of N. Y., Year Book, 19 14 ;
Who's Who in America, 1912-13 ; information from
personal acquaintances.] A. T.L.
KEEP, HENRY (June 22, 1818-July 30, 1869),
financier, was born at Adams, Jefferson County,
N. Y., the son of Heman Chandler and Dorothy
(Kent) Keep. He was descended from John
Keep who was living in Longmeadow, Mass., in
1660. Heman Keep died in 1835, leaving the
family in such poverty that they sought shelter
in the county poor house. Henry was bound out
to a farmer, who in taking him agreed to send
him to the public school, but the farmer did not
carry out the agreement and in later life Keep
used to boast that he "graduated at the poor
house." Tiring of farm work and the harsh
treatment which he received, he ran away from
his master and eventually made his way to Ho-
neoye Falls, near Rochester, N. Y., where he
obtained employment as a teamster on the Erie
Canal. He later became a hackman in Roches-
ter. Having managed to save some money, he
invested in depreciated currency during the
financial crisis of 1837. With the return of nor-
mal monetary conditions he found his small
capital nearly quadrupled by the appreciation of
his holdings. His next speculation was con-
cerned with Canadian bank notes, of which there
were a considerable number in circulation on
the American border. Since they were not legal
tender in the United States, the holders were
glad to dispose of them at a fair discount. He
journeyed about buying all he could find, pay-
ing for them with state notes which were gen-
erally also at a discount, and then, as soon as
he had accumulated enough to warrant the ex-
pense, went over to various towns in Canada and
cashed the notes at par. This itinerant broker-
age business was an innovation, and he made a
good profit from it. After a time he accumu-
Keep
lated enough capital to open an exchange and
banking office at Watertown, New York. Here
he met and married Emma A. Woodruff, by
whom he had one child. He soon established
several other country banks, and about 1850 the
scope of his speculative operations became so
great that he moved to New York and started
operating in Wall Street. He became widely
known as one of the boldest and most successful
operators in railroad stocks, winning the nick-
name "William the Silent" because one of the
strong points in his character as a financier was
his reticence about everything relating to his in-
vestments. He dealt extensively in the stock of
the Michigan Southern & Northern Indiana
Railroad Company, commonly nicknamed "Old
Southern," and served as treasurer of this com-
pany from 1 86 1 to 1863. In 1866, in the face of
considerable opposition, he was elected president
of the New York Central Railroad, holding the
position for six months, after which he resigned
and Commodore Vanderbilt assumed control. At
the time of his death he was president of the Chi-
cago & Northwestern Railway, of which, with
the aid of Rufus Hatch [q.v.], he had secured
financial control. At this time he also controlled
the Northern Indiana and Cleveland & Toledo
railroads, serving as president of the latter. He
was essentially a financier, not a railroad man
in the true sense of the word, and his positions as
a railroad executive were assumed purely for
financial reasons. He is credited with having
left an estate of over four million dollars, a re-
markable achievement considering that he start-
ed without a cent and that his success was due
entirely to his own unaided efforts. He died at
his residence in New York City.
[F. E. Best, John Keep of Long-meadow, Mass.
(1899) ; Henry Hall, America's Successful Men of
Affairs, vol. I (1895); W. W. Fowler, Ten Years in
Wall St. (1873) ; M. H. Smith, Twenty Years among
the Bulls and Bears of Wall St. (1870) ; N. Y. Herald,
July 31, 1869.] J.H. F.
KEEP, ROBERT PORTER (Apr. 26, 1844-
June 3, 1904), educator, had a scholarly inheri-
tance. He was born in Farmington, Conn., the
son of Rev. John Robinson Keep, for more than
a quarter of a century a teacher in the American
Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb at Hartford.
Robert's mother was Rebecca (Porter) Keep,
daughter of Rev. Noah Porter of Farmington,
and sister of President Noah Porter [q.v.~\ of
Yale College. The Keeps were descended from
John Keep who was settled in Longmeadow,
Mass., in 1660. In 1852, Robert's family moved
to Hartford, where the boy attended the public
schools, later entering Yale College, from which
he graduated in 1865. Although slow to mature,
86
Keep
he was one of the leading scholars of his class.
After post-graduate study in New Haven, he
spent two years as teacher in the Post School
for children of officers at the United States Mili-
tary Academy, West Point. For the next two
years he was tutor in Greek at Yale, where
President Woolsey said, "I consider him to be
one of the most faithful and upright young men
I know." He received the degree of doctor of
philosophy from Yale in 1869.
Keep was now appointed United States consul
at the Piraeus, the port of Athens, but resigned
in 1871 and devoted the next three years to re-
searches in Germany and Italy, living for some
months in Berlin with Curtius, the historian of
Greece. From 1876 to 1885 he taught Greek in
Williston Seminary, Easthampton, Mass., and
in July 1885 became principal of the Free Acad-
emy in Norwich, Conn., which under his direc-
tion developed into what Daniel Coit Gilman
characterized as "an example of a true univer-
sity of secondary education."
At Norwich, Keep broadened and enriched
the curriculum by organizing a department of
manual training ; starting courses in book-bind-
ing, pottery, printing, and cooking; forming a
valuable collection of plaster casts; establishing
the Norwich Art School — which had in its day a
national reputation ; and creating the Norwich
Normal School, which flourished for six years
until the state provided a similar institution in
the near-by city of Willimantic. He resigned,
Dec. 19, 1902, after having been appointed by his
aunt, Miss Sarah Porter, as trustee of Miss Por-
ter's School for Girls, at Farmington ; and a few
months later he moved there to take charge of her
estate. He died in Farmington at the age of sixty,
after a brief illness from double pneumonia.
Keep was married on Dec. 23, 1879, to Mar-
garet Vryling Haines, daughter of Richard
Townley and Francina (Wilder) Haines of
Elizabeth, N. J. They had three sons and one
daughter, of whom one son and the daughter sur-
vived their father. After Mrs. Keep's death in
1893, he married, July 6, 1897, Elizabeth V.
Hale of Elizabeth, N. J., who died Mar. 28,
1917.
Keep was slender, erect, and alert in his move-
ments, with a rather austere expression except
when he smiled. He had a wide variety of in-
terests, including music and the visual arts. His
forceful character, scrupulous integrity, and per-
sonal charm won him a wide and enduring influ-
ence among his pupils and friends. A careful
and profound student of the Greek classics, he
published in 1877 a translation of G. G. P. Au-
tenrieth's Homeric Dictionary for Schools and
Kehew
Colleges, and edited Stories from Herodotus
(1879). He was the author of The Essential
Uses of the Moods in Greek and Latin ( 1879 and
subsequent editions) and Greek Lessons (1885),
as well as of numerous articles on educational
topics.
[F. E. Best, John Keep of Longmeadow, Mass.
(1899) ; Obit. Record Grads. Yale Univ., 1904; Hart-
ford Daily Courant, June 4, 1904; information as to
certain facts from Ella A. Fanning, Norwich, Conn., and
Keep's son, Robert Porter Keep, Farmington, Conn.,
who also allowed the use of unpublished letters.]
C.M.F.
KEHEW, MARY MORTON KIMBALL
(Sept. 8, 1859-Feb. 13, 1918), leader in con-
structive social movements, especially for wo-
men in industry, was the daughter of a Boston
merchant and banker, Moses Day Kimball, and
his wife, Susan Tillinghast Morton, whose fa-
ther was Gov. Marcus Morton [q.v.] of Massa-
chusetts. Educated in private schools and
abroad, she early devoted herself to the prac-
tical study of social science. On Jan. 8, 1880,
she married William B. Kehew, a Boston manu-
facturer who, though not himself active in pub-
lic life, supported her in her interest in the pro-
gressive movements to which she largely devoted
her private fortune. She is best known as the
moving spirit of the Women's Educational and
Industrial Union during the quarter-century
1892-1918 and served as its third president. As
early as 1886 she was active in the affairs of the
Union, and in 1892, while yet trades-unionism
for men was an economic heresy, she saw the
need of organizing women in industry. Secur-
ing the services of a young Chicago bookbinder,
Mary Kenney, afterward Mrs. O'Sullivan, as
missionary to the factories, she drew working-
girls into friendly gatherings where the doctrine
of unionism could be preached. When the need
for protection for women workers became press-
ing, and there were no facts on which to base re-
form measures, she organized at the Union the
research department for the training of women
capable of securing adequate industrial data
which could be used for securing legislative ac-
tion. This department furnished the basis for
the creation of the Massachusetts Department of
Labor and Industry and served as a model for
courses and methods in universities and wo-
men's colleges. Mrs. Kehew was a pioneer in
laboratory methods of teaching as exemplified
in every department of the Educational and In-
dustrial Union. She fostered its appointment
bureau, which was the prototype of seven other
bureaus of occupation for trained women, and
she promoted the trade school for girls and the
school of salesmanship. In 1903 she was elected
:%7
Keimer
first president of the National Women's Trades
Union League.
In Massachusetts Mrs. Kehew was active in
establishing the state branch of the Association
for Labor Legislation, was one of the founders
of Denison House, and of the Public School As-
sociation, a member of the State Commission
for Industrial Education, and a member of the
executive committee of the Massachusetts Child
Labor Commission. She did much toward found-
ing organizations for infant welfare, including
day nurseries. In the field of higher education
she lent her support to the establishment and
growth of Simmons College. Her service to the
blind was also important. Out of a committee
which she formed at the Union there developed,
in 1903, the Massachusetts Association for Pro-
moting the Interest of the Adult Blind. Three
years later the state took over the work of the
organization. She then turned to the promotion
of a Loan and Aid Association for the Blind, the
founding of Woolson House, a settlement for
blind women, and the establishment of a maga-
zine devoted to the interests of the sightless, The
Outlook for the Blind. Mrs. Kehew was a wo-
man of creative originality and was also a born
administrator. Her plans for the Union, broad-
ly grounded, remained sound and workable after
her death.
[Sources include an unpublished memorial in the
possession of the Women's Industrial and Educational
Union ; L. A. Morrison and S. P. Sharpies, Hist, of
the Kimball Family in America (1897), I, 27-28, 511 —
12 ; Life and Labor, Apr. 1918 ; Boston Transcript, Feb.
13, 1918, editorial and obituary.] M. B. H.
KEIMER, SAMUEL (Feb. n, 1688-c. 1739),
printer, was born in St. Thomas' parish, South-
wark, London. He was admitted Sept. 11, 1699,
to Merchant Taylors' School and was later ap-
prenticed to Robert Tookey, printer, of Chris-
topher's Court, Threadneedle St. In 1707, with
his mother and sister Mary, he joined the French
Prophets, a small, noisy sect of cataleptics, exhi-
bitionists, and their dupes, led by Sir Richard
Bulkeley and John Lacy \_qq.v. in the Dictionary
of National Biography]. He married and opened
a printing office in 1713 but went bankrupt in
171 5 and was committed to the Fleet for an un-
known period. In 1717 he spent fifteen weeks in
the Gatehouse for some objectionable matter in
the Weekly Journal, of which he was the printer.
He now turned author with A Brand Pluck'd
from the Burning: Exemplify 'd in the Unparal-
lel'd Case of Samuel Keimer (1718), a lachry-
mose exposure of the French Prophets, some-
what in the manner of Daniel Defoe, for whom
Keimer had done printing. The Platonick Court-
ship (1718) narrates in doggerel the wooing of
Keimer
a "virgin soul" by personifications of thirteen
sects, denominations, and religions. The author
designated himself on the title-page as Keimer
Samuel and explained in the preface that he did
so for conscience' sake, Keimer being the first
name given him by his parents. A Search after
Religion among the Many Modern Pretenders
to It (1718), listed in the British Museum Cata-
logue, is on the same subject and may be the same
book. Although he cherished a certain affinity
for Quakers, Keimer's own religious observances
consisted solely of wearing his beard untrimmed
(eventually it attained a prodigious length) and
of keeping the Sabbath instead of Sunday. Set
at large in 1721, he deserted his wife and em-
barked for Pennsylvania.
On his arrival at Philadelphia in February
1722, he advertised in Andrew Bradford's Amer-
ican Weekly Mercury that he was willing to
teach male negroes to read the Holy Scriptures
without charge to their masters. In the summer
of 1723 he obtained a font of worn type and a
broken press and set up as a printer with Ben-
jamin Franklin as his factotum. Keimer's first
Philadelphia imprint was his own Elegy on the
Much Lamented Death of the Ingenious and
Well-Beloved Aquila Rose (1723), which Frank-
lin saw him compose in a double sense. On Sept.
29, 1723, the Philadelphia Monthly Meeting of
Friends disowned him for publishing a Parable
(1723), in which Keimer, probably with some
aid from Franklin, attempted to counterfeit the
language of Friends. A little later, however, the
Friends gave him the contract to print an edition
of Sewel's History of the People called Quakers
and advanced him some money. Keimer sent to
London for paper and equipment and filled his
house with five incompetent and superfluous ap-
prentices. Franklin, returning from London,
worked for him again, enabling him among other
things to print some paper money (1727 or 1728)
for the province of West Jersey. Keimer also
got out a spurious edition of Jacob Taylor's Al-
manac for 1726 and in the following year had
some trouble with William Bradford [q.v.~\ over
an edition of Titan Leeds' Almanac. Getting
wind of Franklin's proposal to start a magazine,
he published Dec. 24, 1728, the first number of
the Universal Instructor in all Arts and Sciences
and Pennsylvania Gazette, which he disposed of
to Franklin and Meredith after its thirty-ninth
issue, Sept. 25, 1729. By this time the double
competition of Franklin and of Andrew Brad-
ford had reduced him to bankruptcy. He went
to Bridgetown, Barbados, worked at his trade,
and in 1731 started the Barbados Gazette, the
first newspaper in the Caribbean, which he con-
88
Keith
Keith
ducted in spite of many difficulties until the end
of 1738. He is supposed to have died about this
time. Keimer was a negligible person, maun-
dering, frowzy, and incompetent, half fool, half
knave, and wholly pitiable ; but the racy account
of him in Franklin's Autobiography has kept his
memory alive.
[C. J. Robinson, Reg. of the Scholars Admitted into
Merchant Taylors' School, 1562-1874, vol. I (1882) ;
J. F. Fisher, "Some Account of the Early Poets and
Poetry of Pa.," Memoirs Hist. Soc. Pa., II, ii (1830),
61-65 ; Nathan Kite, "Antiquarian Researches among
the Early Printers and Publishers of Friends' Books,"
The Friend, XVII (Seventh-Day, Eleventh Month 4,
1843), 44-45 ; Isaiah Thomas, Hist, of Printing in
America (rev. ed., 1874) ; C. R. Hildeburn, A Century
of Printing : The Issues of the Press in Pa., 1685-1784
(2 vols., 1885-86) ; H. R. Tedder, article on Keimer,
Diet. Nat. Biog., vol. XXX (1892); Stephen Bloore,
"Samuel Keimer," Pa. Mag. Hist, and Biog., July 1930 ;
Thomas Wright, The Life of Daniel Defoe (bicentenary
ed., London, 1931) ; James Crossley, Note s and Queries,
Oct. 11, 185 1, p. 283. The elegy on Aquila Rose is re-
printed in Samuel Hazard, Reg. of Pa., Nov. 1828, and
in E. A. and G. L. Duyckinck, Cyc. of Am. Lit. (rev.
ed., 1875), vol. I.] G.H. G.
KEITH, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (Jan. 26,
1846-Mar. 26, 1914), theatre owner and theat-
rical manager, was born at Hillsboro Bridge,
N. H., the youngest of the eight children of Sam-
uel C. and Rhoda (Gerould) Keith. His father
was of Scotch descent, his mother of French ex-
traction. At seven he began to work on a West-
ern Massachusetts farm. Here he remained
eleven years attending the district school and
the village academy during the winter months.
At seventeen he was greatly attracted by a coun-
try circus which he attended and soon thereafter
he removed to New York, obtaining employ-
ment with Bunnell's Museum. He next became
connected with P. T. Barnum and later with the
Forepaugh circus. He continued in the circus
business, both as employer and proprietor, until
1885. In the meantime, however, he added to his
theatrical experience by taking small shows on
the road, "on three consecutive occasions return-
ing home with his finances completely exhaust-
ed." His career as a vaudeville proprietor and
promoter began in 1883, when in partnership
with Col. William Austin he opened a popular-
priced show in Boston. In this venture he was
successful. As part owner of the Gaiety Thea-
tre, Boston, he began the first "continuous per-
formance" shows in America. He conceived the
idea of operating a chain of popular-priced
vaudeville theatres throughout the country
which would furnish refined entertainment to
the public and at the same time raise the stand-
ard of vaudeville from the coarse and vulgar
type which had characterized this form of pub-
lic amusement in America for many years. He
induced stars from the legitimate stage to ap-
pear in vaudeville and during his years as a
manager the salaries of performers increased
tremendously. The number of theatres under
his control grew rapidly and he was enabled to
concentrate his organization into the Keith's
Circuit, and later the United Booking Offices,
with headquarters in New York. In 1906 he
joined with F. F. Proctor in organizing the
Keith & Proctor Amusement Company, which
became almost a synonym for American vaude-
ville. At the time of his death in 1914 it was
estimated that about four hundred theatres bore
his name.
Toward the end of his career he associated
with himself in his business his general mana-
ger, E. F. Albee, and his only son. During the
last five years of his life owing partly to ill
health he withdrew from active participation in
his theatrical ventures, and at the time of his
death at Palm Beach, Fla., his business affairs
were given over to his son to whom he willed his
entire estate. He was twice married. His first
wife was Mary Catherine Branley, daughter of
Charles Branley of Providence, R. I., whom he
married in 1873. She died in 1910, leaving one
son, Andrew Paul Keith. He married again on
Oct. 29, 1913, Ethel Bird Chase, daughter of
Plympton B. Chase of Akron, Ohio, and Wash-
ington, D. C. He maintained his residence in
Brookline, Mass., where he was an active patron
of the art and musical institutions in the neigh-
boring city of Boston.
[Who's Who in America, 1912-13 ; The Green Room
Book, 1909; N. Y. Dramatic Mirror, Apr. 1, 1914;
Variety, Apr. 3, 1914; Billboard, Apr. 4, 1914; the
Am. Mag., May 19 14; S. L. Gerould, The Geneal. of
the Family of Gamaliel Gerould (1885) ; Boston Tran-
script, N. Y. Times, Mar. 27, 1914.] A. M.S.
KEITH, GEORGE (c. 1638-Mar. 27, 1716),
founder of the "Christian Quakers," school-
master, Anglican missionary, was born at
Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, about the
year 1638, though the exact date cannot be de-
termined. Only a short part of his life and his
public career directly touches America, but that
contact is of much importance in the history
of American Quakerism. He was educated at
Marischal College in Aberdeen and received the
degree of Master of Arts at Aberdeen Univer-
sity in 1658. He was a scholar of marked abil-
ity, especially in mathematics and Oriental stud-
ies. He intended to enter the ministry of the
Church of Scotland but became a convinced
Quaker under the ministry of the Quaker apos-
tle, William Dewsbury, in 1664. He quickly be-
came one of the foremost interpreters of the cen-
tral principles of the Quaker faith for which he
189
Keith
suffered severe persecution, including a long
imprisonment in the Tolboth. He exercised a
profound influence on Robert Barclay, the au-
thor of the Apology, the first great interpreta-
tion of the faith of the Quakers. In his own line
of interpretation Keith produced important books,
the best of which are : Immediate Revelation not
Ceased (1668) and The Universall Free Grace
of the Gospcll Asserted (1671). He married
Elizabeth Johnston of Aberdeen and both he and
his wife, who became a Quaker, traveled in 1677
with George Fox, William Penn, and Robert
Barclay on a momentous missionary expedition
through Holland and Germany. Shortly after
his return from the Continent Keith established
a boarding school in Middlesex. About 1685 he
was appointed surveyor-general of New Jersey
to run the boundary line between East and West
Jersey {Archives of the State of New Jersey,
1 ser., vol. I, 1880, pp. 480, 571). In 1689 he set-
tled in Philadelphia where he became head mas-
ter of the famous school which William Penn
was founding in that city, now called the William
Penn Charter School.
Before going to America Keith had become
influenced by the teaching of Francis Mercurius
van Helmont and had become a mild advocate of
the transmigration of souls. In one of his early
publications in Philadelphia, The Presbyterian
. . . Churches in New England . . . Brought to
the Test (1689), he expressed sympathy with
the use of the Lord's Supper as an agape, or love
meal, as portrayed in the New Testament. He
further denied the sufficiency of the inner Light
and criticized the Philadelphia preachers for
their tendency to slight the importance of the
Christ of history. He also attempted to correct
slackness in the administration of Quaker Dis-
cipline. After the death of Fox (1691) and Bar-
clay ( 1690) Keith quite plainly aspired to be the
recognized Quaker leader and authority. For
these reasons, and owing to his somewhat con-
tentious disposition, he came into sharp colli-
sion with the Quaker leaders in Pennsylvania,
especially with Thomas Lloyd, the deputy-gov-
ernor of the province, and with William Stock-
dale, a prominent Quaker preacher. The con-
troversy became extremely bitter and ended in
the formation of a separatist party known as the
"Christian Quakers," popularly known as "Keith-
ians." The defection was serious from the point
of view of the main body of the Quakers, as it
profoundly affected sixteen out of the thirty-two
Meetings of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting. Ear-
nest efforts were made for a reconciliation and
when these efforts failed a vigorous declaration
of disunity was issued against Keith by the Meet-
Keith
ing of Ministers and Elders in Philadelphia,
and the action was approved by Philadelphia
Yearly Meeting held at Burlington, N. J., July
4-7, 1692. Three years later he was "disowned"
by London Yearly Meeting, the complaint be-
ing his "unbearable temper and carriage" and
because he refused to withdraw intemperate
charges against Friends in Philadelphia.
Keith thereupon rented a hall in London
where, while still wearing the Quaker garb,
he preached and administered baptism and
the Lord's Supper, issuing vigorous pamphlets
against prominent Friends, especially against
William Penn. (See The Deism of William
Penn and his Brethren, 1699.) In 1700 he en-
tered the Anglican Church and was ordained
by the Bishop of London, preaching his first
sermon at St. George's Church, May 12, 1700.
He returned to America in 1702 as the agent of
the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in
Foreign Parts. He did much to expand and es-
tablish the Episcopal Church in New Jersey and
he spent two years traveling widely throughout
the colonies, everywhere attacking the Quakers
and drawing away many of their members to
the Episcopal Church {A Journal of Travels
from New Hampshire to Caratuck, 1706). One
counter effect of the work of Keith was to push
the Society of Friends in Philadelphia over to a
much more positive formulation of orthodoxy.
The "Keithians" gradually joined the Episcopal
Church or in some cases drifted into the Bap-
tist societies, or, as frequently happened, returned
to their original home in the Society of Friends.
Keith returned to England in 1704 and died in
March 1716.
[Alexander Gordon's article in The Diet, of Nat.
Biog. contains a fuller account of Keith's English ca-
reer. See also : Fasti Acadcmiac M arise allanae Aber-
donensis, vol. II (1898) ; George Fox, Journal (1901) ;
William Sewel, The Hist, of the . . . Quakers (3rd
ed., 1728) ; Robt. Barclay, The Inner Life of the Re-
ligious Societies of the Commonwealth (1876) ; Fran-
cis Bugg, Pilgrim's Progress from Quakerism to Chris-
tianity (1698) ; H. M. Lippincott, "The Keithian Sepa-
ration," in Bull, of Friends' Hist. Asso., Autumn Num-
ber, 1927 ; R. M. Jones, The Quakers in the Am. Col-
onies (1911) ; Jos. Smith,/} Descriptive Cat. of Friends'
Books (1867), II, 18-50; Minutes of the Society of
Friends for Philadelphia Yearly Meeting and for Lon-
don Yearly Meeting, covering the controversial period.]
R.M.J.
KEITH, JAMES (Sept. 7, 1839-Jan. 2, 1918),
jurist, was born near Warrenton, Fauquier
County, Va., of aristocratic Virginian stock, son
of Isham and Juliet Chilton Keith. His early
education, enriched by extensive reading under
his mother's guidance, was acquired under pri-
vate tutors, after which he studied law under
Professor John B. Minor at the University of
Virginia, and on July 31, i860, he was admitted
29O
Keith
Keith
to the bar. The day before Virginia seceded he
enlisted as a private in the Black Horse Troop
(subsequently Company H, 4th Virginia Cav-
alry) ; from December 1863, served as adjutant
of the regiment ; and fought through the day of
Lee's surrender. Always of large frame and
striking appearance, in the army he developed
from an inactive and delicate youth into a man
of powerful bodily vigor. Resuming his legal
studies, he soon formed a partnership with the
celebrated cavalry leader, John S. Mosby, which
continued until 1869 when Keith was elected to
the state legislature. His abilities and character
so impressed his colleagues that before the end
of his first session the Assembly made him judge
of the eleventh judicial circuit. He continued
in this office, earning recognition as a compe-
tent and impartial jurist, disposing of a great
mass of litigation, and winning the respectful
confidence and esteem of the bar, until Jan. 1,
1895, when he became a member of the Virginia
supreme court of appeals. Shortly before this
he had performed valuable, if unheralded, serv-
ice as unofficial member of the Olcott Commit-
tee, formed to settle the state debt. When the
court organized, Keith was elected its president
and so remained until he retired in June 1916.
A year later he published his only volume, Ad-
dresses on Several Occasions.
During his long tenure in the appellate court
Keith delivered the court's opinion in a surpris-
ingly large number of cases, a summary of the
most conspicuous of which opinions has been
published (Virginia Law Register, January
1916, pp. 641-73). Independent in his legal con-
victions, he was fearless and strict in enforcing
the law: while vigilant to guard and preserve
the rights of the accused, he permitted neither
technicalities nor sentiment to impede or defeat
justice, recognizing that the pardoning power
belongs to the executive and not to the judiciary.
His vigorous mind possessed much of the same
sound discretion in the application of theoretical
principles that characterized his kinsman, John
Marshall. His calm consideration of facts, pa-
tient hearing, and integrity of purpose combined
with his mental gifts to make him, for almost
fifty years, so positive and beneficial an influ-
ence upon the legal history of the commonwealth
that a successor on the supreme bench comment-
ed not too extravagantly that "not one of the
great Virginia judges that preceded him con-
tributed more to the wealth of the jurisprudence
of the state than did he" ( Stafford G. Whittle,
Remarks, etc., 1918). Keith married, first, in
1873, Lillias Gordon Morson, daughter of Ar-
thur Alexander Morson, of Richmond. After
her death he married, in 1887, her sister, Fran-
ces Barksdale Morson.
[Katherine I. Keith, "Jas. Keith of Fauquier," Fau-
quier Hist. Soc. Bulletin, June 1923; Sallie E. Mar-
shall Hardy, "Some Virginia Lawyers of the Past and
Present," the Green Bag, Apr. 1898; Eppa Hunton,
Jr., "Judge Jas. Keith," Report of the Twenty-ninth
Ann. Meeting of the Va. State Bar Asso., 1918; Rich-
mond Times-Dispatch, Jan. 3, 1918.] A. C. G Jr
KEITH, MINOR COOPER (Jan. 19, 1848-
June 14, 1929), capitalist, railroad builder, and
a founder of the United Fruit Company, was
born in Brooklyn, N. Y., the son of Minor Hub-
bell Keith, a successful lumber merchant. His
mother, Emily Meiggs, was a sister of Henry
Meiggs [q.v.], who built the famous Callao,
Lima & Oroya Railroad in Peru. The boy was
educated in private schools until sixteen years
of age, when he started to earn his own living
at various employments. His real career began
when in 1871 he went to help his elder brother,
Henry, who through Meiggs had received a con-
tract from the Costa Rican government to build
a railroad from the Caribbean to San Jose.
When Henry died in 1874, Minor Keith, then
twenty-six years old, was left in charge of the
undertaking. By 1882, against almost unbeliev-
able difficulties, he carried construction to the
Rio Sucio, seventy miles inland. He was obliged
to spend the next three years in London to find
financial backing to complete his road, Costa
Rica having gone bankrupt and defaulted in her
promised payments. With the aid of a loan of
£1,200,000 he completed the line to San Jose in
1890.
Meanwhile, Keith had become completely iden-
tified with the country. In 1883 he married
Cristina, daughter of Jose Mario Castro, for-
mer president of Costa Rica. Banana planta-
tions, which he had set out near Limon in 1873
as an experiment, prospered and expanded so
rapidly that by 1890 they surpassed his com-
pleted railroad in value and furnished most of
its freight. While in London he organized the
Tropical Trading & Transport Company to take
over these banana interests, to provide trans-
portation for the increasing shipments to the
United States, and to manage the chain of stores
which he had established up and down the coast,
at which merchandise was traded for native
products of the region. He also acquired con-
trol of the expanding banana plantations around
Santa Marta, Colombia, by an arrangement with
the Colombian Land Company. Soon a similar
deal with the Snyder Banana Company of Pan-
ama gave him large interests there. By 1899
he dominated the banana business of Central
America, and in that year he engineered a con-
29I
Keith
solidation of his interests with those of his chief
rival, the Boston Fruit Company — whose plan-
tations were all in the West Indies — to form the
United Fruit Company. He left the manage-
ment of this powerful corporation in the hands
of Andrew W. Preston, accepting only the vice-
presidency, and turned to new interests.
As his banana developments had created an
economic empire with its own peculiar civiliza-
tion in the eastern lowlands of Central America,
Keith now began a period of railroad building
which was to influence the old Spanish civiliza-
tions of the plateaus as well. By 1908 he com-
pleted a railroad from Puerto Barrios on the
Caribbean to Guatemala City, the United Fruit
Company following his line in the Guatemalan
lowlands with their banana plantations. His
purchase of the Western Guatemala Railroad,
between Guatemala City and the Pacific, gave
him an inter-coastal system, and he increased the
value of this by extending a branch which in
191 1 reached the Mexican frontier and connect-
ed with Mexican lines. In 1912 he organized
the International Railways of Central America,
of which he remained president until 1928.
This corporation took over his Guatemala lines
and also a line in Salvador which he was build-
ing from the port of La Union toward the capi-
tal, San Salvador. After surmounting innumer-
able political and financial complications he com-
pleted in 1929 a long and difficult connecting line
between the Guatemalan and Salvador railroads,
thus uniting a system totaling 800 miles in
length and valued at $80,000,000. His dream of
continuing the railroad south to the Panama
Canal was interrupted only by his death. Keith
had a great many other interests in the region
and at his death was the best-known North
American in Central America. He was more
cordially welcomed than most North Americans
because he was a creator, rather than an accu-
mulator, of wealth. His estate at his death was
valued at only $3,336,507. His unrivaled collec-
tion of Aztec gold images and ornaments and a
large collection of Central American pottery
were bequeathed to the American Museum of
Natural History in New York.
[F. U. Adams, Conquest of the Tropics (1914), and
Samuel Crowther, The Romance and Rise of the Am.
Tropics (1929), are popular accounts of the United
Fruit Company and its history, and each devotes a
chapter to Keith. Additional facts may be found in
W. R. Long, Railways of Central America and the
West Indies (1925), U. S. Bureau of Foreign and Do-
mestic Commerce, Trade Promotion Series, No. 5 ;
Wallace Thompson, Rainbow Countries of Central
America (1926); Who's Who in America, 1928-29;
the Pan-American Mag., June 1929; the Nation, July
3, 1929 ; obituaries in the N. Y. Times and N. Y. Her-
ald Tribune, June 15, 1929. The same newspapers
Keith
carry items on his will, June 15, 1929, and the appraisal
of his estate, Mar. 27, 1930.] O.W.H.
KEITH, Sir WILLIAM (1680-Nov. 18, 1749),
royal customs official in the colonies, governor
of Pennsylvania and Delaware, traces his lineage
to the eminent Scotch feudal family of Keith
whose head was earl marischal to the Scotch
king. More directly the future governor was
one of the Keiths of Ludquhairn, descendants of
Andrew Keith who received that estate in 1492
from his father, Sir Gilbert, lord of Inverugie.
Keith was baptized Feb. 16, 1680, probably at
Peterhead within the barony of Inverugie. His
mother was Jean, daughter and heiress of Smith
of Rapness, and his wife was Ann Newbury (or
Newberry), widow of Robert Diggs. He suc-
ceeded to the baronetcy on the death of his fa-
ther, Sir William, probably in 1720. He had
spent his youth at the court of St. Germain
where the exiled Stuarts lived under the patron-
age of Louis XIV, and he hoped to hold office in
Scotland on the restoration of the Stuarts. In-
deed he was implicated in an abortive Scotch plot
to restore the Stuarts and was imprisoned on a
charge of treason, but released in February 1704.
In 1714 he was appointed surveyor-general of
customs for the southern colonies and during
his short tenure of less than two years, he
served the royal office well. During 1714-15 he
inspected the customs service, making a tour
first from Virginia to Pennsylvania, thence to
Jamaica, and back to Carolina. Deprived of of-
fice, he visited Philadelphia, a fortunate turn for
one dependent upon his wit and the pickings of
public employment for support. The provincial
leaders, displeased with the administration of
Governor Gookin, saw in Keith a better man for
the post. Armed with this support, Keith went
to England to plead his case and returned as
governor, bringing his wife, three sons, a step-
daughter, and another son born at sea. He took
oath of office May 31, 1717. His gracious man-
ners and fine appearance pleased both parties:
the Assembly as the representative of popular
interests ; the Council as the stronghold of pro-
prietary concerns. It was a difficult role to play.
Keith finally cast his lot with the Assembly, for
the fortunes of the Penn family were at ebb tide
and the Assembly strong in its control of the
purse strings. As tribune of the people, Keith
was masterly in his management of the Assem-
bly, scornful of the Council and proprietary or-
ders. Proprietary power exerted itself and
Keith was dismissed from his post in 1726. As-
piring to continue as popular leader by plebis-
cite, he won a seat in the Assembly but failed to
secure the speakership. In May 1728 he sailed
29:
Keith
quietly for England, resolved "speedily to re-
turn." His family remained; Keith never re-
turned.
Keith's administration was not without merit.
Whatever his motives, his espousal of popular
interests harmonized with the liberal tendencies
bedded in colonial life. He dealt fairly with the
Indians and visited the Six Nations in New
York in the interest of the province. Although
a Churchman, he respected the Quaker princi-
ples on the affirmation. He encouraged the
thrifty Germans to settle in the colony and as-
sisted in founding a sound medium of paper cur-
rency to meet the expanding commercial needs
of the province.
In London he was occasionally called to advise
the Board of Trade on Indian Affairs, naval
stores, and other items of colonial concern. He
assisted in the negotiation of the notable treaty
of 1730 made with a delegation of Cherokee In-
dians then in London. His famous "Report on
the Progress of the French Nation," drafted in
1719, helped to focus the attention of English
authorities on the dangers of French encircle-
ment of the colonies. His "Discourse" of 1728
on colonial settlement, trade, and industry, al-
though conceived in orthodox mercantilistic
thought, displayed a good knowledge of the col-
onies and a vision imperialistic in scope. He
proposed a stamp tax on the colonies by act of
Parliament to maintain a standing army on the
frontier and to support royal officials and in-
deed in various proposals on colonial affairs an-
ticipated the British policy of 1763-65. In 1740
he published a Collection of Papers and Other
Tracts Written Occasionally on Various Sub-
jects embracing his reports on colonial matters.
He eked out a precarious existence in London,
for he was plagued with debt. He borrowed and
failed to pay the interest. In 1734 the doors of
Fleet Street Prison closed on him for debt. He
died in the Old Bailey in November 1749.
[See C. P. Keith, "Sir William Keith," Pa. Mag. of
Hist, and Biog., Apr. 1888, for an account of Keith's
genealogy. Other sources include the Penn Papers in
the library of the Pa. Hist. Soc. ; the Board of Trade
Journals and the Papers, Plantations General (tran-
scripts in the Library of the Pa. Hist. Soc.) ; Robert
Proud, The Hist, of Pa. (2 vols., 1797-98) ; "Biograph-
ical Sketch of Sir William Keith," Memoirs of the Hist.
Soc. of Pa., vol. I (1826) ; Gentleman's Mag., Nov.
1749; W. R. Shepherd, Hist, of Proprietary Govern-
ment in Pa. (1896) ; H. L. Osgood, The Am. Colonies
in the Eighteenth Century (1924), II, 330-36, 530-33;
V. W. Crane, The Southern Frontier (1928) ; Gilbert
Burnet, Bishop Burnet's Hist, of His Own Time (ed.
1823), V, 122-29.] W.T. R.
KEITH, WILLIAM (Nov. 21, 1839-Apr. 13,
191 1 ), painter, engraver, was born in Old Mel-
drum, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, the son of Wil-
liam Keith and Elizabeth Bruce. On his fa-
Keith
ther's side he is said to have descended from the
earls marischal of Scotland. In his boyhood he
emigrated to America with his parents and be-
gan his artistic career as an engraver for the
Harper publications. In 1859 he went to Cali-
fornia, becoming fascinated with the mountains,
the Pacific, and the slopes to the sea. He first
made sketches in black and white and then began
to paint landscapes. He was employed for a time
by the Northern Pacific Railroad to paint some
of the characteristic scenes along its route. His
pictures found ready sale and by 1869 he had
saved enough money to go abroad for study,
spending some time in Diisseldorf. He returned
to California in 1871. For a period in the eigh-
ties he lived in New Orleans. In 1893 he studied
in Munich and later visited Spain, where he be-
came "enamored of the Spanish painters." In
California he became one of that famous trio of
nature lovers, which included John Burroughs
and John Muir. Together they tramped the
hills. It was said of Keith that there was
"scarcely a mountain in three-fourths of Cali-
fornia" on which he had not "kept vigil for days
at a time, studying every detail of color, flower,
rock, forge, shadow and sunshine" (George
Wharton James, in the Craftsman, December
1904, pp. 300-03). His landscapes are painted
with a wealth of color in sunsets and morning
skies. His redwood pictures are especially beau-
tiful, giving vivid impressions of California
scenery. The visit of George Inness to Califor-
nia in 1890 brought together two men who had
much in common, through their art, though their
methods were radically different. Inness went
west for his health and for many weeks he made
Keith's studio over the old California Street
Market his headquarters. His influence there-
after was apparent in Keith's painting.
Keith was California's most industrious paint-
er as well as the most representative. Even in
his old age and in ill health he made his annual
trip to the Yosemite. His home in Berkeley was
the center of intellectual sociability, a meeting
place for professors of the university and dis-
tinguished writers and artists. His studio ad-
joined the campus, with its live oaks which so
often appeared in his canvases. His work re-
calls, in composition, the manner of the painters
of the Barbizon School — Diaz, Corot, and Dupre
— but he was absolutely original and he inter-
preted the beauty of the country with poetic un-
derstanding. His "Glory of the Heavens" sold
at auction in San Francisco for $12,000. A sale
of thirty canvases at the Anderson Galleries in
New York in 1916 brought $30,800. Keith's first
wife was Elizabeth Emerson, an artist, whom he
293
Keitt
married in 1865. His second wife was Mary
McHenry, daughter of Judge William McHenry,
a jurist of New Orleans. She was the first wo-
man graduate of the Hastings College of Law.
He is represented in the Corcoran Gallery of
Art, the National Gallery in Washington, in the
Chicago Art Institute, in the Brooklyn Institute,
and in many private galleries. A large collec-
tion of his pictures was exhibited at the Panama-
Pacific International Exposition in 1915.
[Who's Who in America, 1910-11; E. P. B. Hay,
Wm. Keith as Prophet Painter (1916) ; Biog. Sketches
of Am. Artists (1924), pub. by the Mich. State Lib.;
I. M. Cline, Art and Artists in New Orleans During the
Last Century (1922); Intcmat. Studio, Nov. 1907;
Arts and Decoration, Sept. 1913; Art Inst, of Chicago,
Exhibition of Paintings by the Late Wm. Keith . . .
Apr. 22 to May 6, 1913 (n.d.) ; Am. Art News, Apr.
22, 191 1 ; the Craftsman, Aug. 191 1 ; Art and Progress,
June 191 1 ; San Francisco Chronicle and San Francisco
Call, Apr. 14, 191 1.] H.W.
KEITT, LAWRENCE MASSILLON (Oct.
4, 1824-June 2, 1864), congressman, soldier,
was born in Orangeburg District, S. C, the son
of George and Mary (Wannamaker) Keitt.
He was graduated from the South Carolina Col-
lege in 1843, was admitted to the bar in 1845,
and practised at Orangeburg Courthouse. In
1848 he began a service of four years in the
state House of Representatives and immediately
thrust himself to the front among the radical
slavery leaders. When the Nashville Conven-
tion of 1850 failed to recommend secession, he
advocated the secession of South Carolina alone.
In 1852 he was elected to Congress and, with the
exception of twenty days, served until the seces-
sion of his state. His intense individualism and
his devotion to Jeffersonian principles of sim-
plicity in government made him an independ-
ent Democrat — "a constitutional Democrat" he
called himself — but in all important matters he
was a loyal Southern member of the party. In
the debates on the Kansas-Nebraska bill and the
bill for admitting Kansas as a free state he freely
prophesied secession if the anti-slavery party
should win. He was not frequently on the floor,
but was ready with objection and effective reply.
He was well versed in the classics, contempo-
rary history, and economic philosophy, and he
had the firm religious faith of the orthodox
South. Though sometimes bombastic, his lengthy
speeches were usually of great force, telling in
phrase, and eloquent with a burning conviction.
With his unusual capacity for wrath, occasional
explosions were inevitable (see, for instance,
Congressional Globe, 35 Cong., 1 Sess., p. 1702;
Reuben Davis, Recollections of Mississippi and
Mississippians, 1889, p. 372). Learning that his
friend, Representative Preston Smith Brooks
Kell
er
[q.v.~\, was determined to beat Senator Charles
Sumner, he went to the Senate chamber and,
when the assault occurred, attempted to prevent
interference. The House expressed its disappro-
bation of his conduct, and the next day, July 16,
1856, he resigned his seat. He was promptly
reelected, however, and returned to his place
Aug. 6.
Keitt sat in the South Carolina secession con-
vention, and rejoiced in the separation. In the
Confederate Provisional Congress and Conven-
tion in Montgomery he took part in organizing
the new government and in drafting the consti-
tution. He opposed the election of Davis as
president, believing that for the salvation of the
Confederacy the common sense of Howell Cobb
was needed (Diary from Dixie, p. 68). In Jan-
uary 1862 he raised the 20th Regiment of South
Carolina Volunteers, and was elected its colonel.
The regiment was at once ordered to Charleston,
where it served for more than two years. Dur-
ing most of this time Keitt was in command of
the forces on Sullivan's Island. For the gal-
lantry and skill with which he defended and
evacuated Battery Wagner on Morris Island, he
was praised by Generals Ripley and Beauregard
(Official Records, 1 sen, vol. XXVIII, pt. I, pp.
91, 390, 404). In May 1864 his regiment was
ordered to Virginia, and he himself was mor-
tally wounded at Cold Harbor on June 1, dying
the next day (Tri-Weekly South Carolinian,
June 7, 1864).
"Old tempestuous Keitt breakfasted with us
yesterday," wrote Mrs. Chesnut in Richmond
two months before his death : "I wish I could
remember half the brilliant things he said"
(Diary from Dixie, p. 258). He was a man of
genial manners and was exceedingly fond of
society. He married Susanna Sparks of Ben-
nettsville, S. C. Of their two daughters, their
only children, one died in infancy and the other
never married.
[Data concerning the family from Mrs. Thomas W.
Keitt of Newberry, S. C, and J. E. Wannamaker, Esq.,
of St. Matthews ; Ada Sterling, A Belle of the Fifties
(1905) ; A Diary from Dixie (1905), ed. by I. D. Mar-
tin and M. L. Avary ; Edward Mayes, Lucius Q. C.
Lamar (1896) ; Jour, of the House of Representatives
of the State of S. C, 1848, p. 9s, 1849, p. 240; 1850,
pp. 46-48, 216 ; 1851, pp. 68-69 ; Cong. Globe, 33 Cong.,
1 Sess., App., pp. 130-33. 463-68; 34 Cong., 1 Sess.,
App., pp. 442-46, 3 Sess., p. 100, App., pp. 140-45;
War of the Rebellion: Official Records (Army), 1 ser.
XXVIII (pt. 1) and XL (pt. 3) ; Biog. Dir. Am. Cong.
(1928) ; Charleston Mercury, June 3, 6, 1864.]
R. L. M— r.
KELLER, ARTHUR IGNATIUS (July 4,
1867-Dec. 2, 1924), painter, illustrator, was
born in New York, the son of Adam and Ma-
tilda (Spohr) Keller. His paternal forebears
294
Kell
er
Keller
belonged to Cassel, Germany, where his great-
grandfather was burgomeister. On his moth-
er's side he was collaterally descended from the
great violinist, Ludwig Spohr. He began his ca-
reer as a lithographer, but realizing his lack of
fundamental art training, he entered, at seven-
teen, the National Academy of Design, where
for three years he studied under Professor Wil-
marth. Later he followed the rush of American
art students to Munich, becoming the pupil of
Ludwig Lofftz. He captured the first Hallgarten
composition prize, and his canvas, "At Mass,"
was purchased for the Munich Academy. When
in the late eighties or early nineties he returned
to New York, it was as a painter in oils and
watercolors, in which mediums he won a long
series of awards, including the prize for water-
colors of the Philadelphia Art Club, 1899; silver
medal, Paris Exposition, 1900; bronze medal
for drawings, Pan-American Exposition, 1901 ;
Evans Prize of American Water Color Society,
1902 ; gold medal and silver medals, St. Louis
Exposition, 1904; and gold medal, Panama-Pa-
cific Exposition, 191 5. His first adventure into
the field of illustration was with the New York
Herald. Soon however, he forsook newspapers
for book and magazine illustrating, for which
work he was in constant demand, taking his
place beside Abbey, Rinehart, Smedley, Pyle,
Remington, and other figures of the golden age
of American illustration. He became the favor-
ite illustrator of S. Weir Mitchell and F. Hop-
kinson Smith, and illustrated special editions of
Bret Harte, Longfellow, Irving, and Locke.
"Circumstances diverted him into illustration,"
wrote Royal Cortissoz (post), "but the change
of base was more apparent than real. . . . He
was essentially a painter." To masterful tech-
nique, to admirable drawing and design, how-
ever, he added the fidelity to his author and the
dramatic insight belonging to the true illustrator.
He delighted in getting his local color or his-
torical settings accurate to the minutest detail,
and accumulated for the purpose a considerable
library and a notable collection of period cos-
tumes and properties. He was a tireless student
of types — physical, racial, professional — and he
made countless graphic notes, two volumes of
which have been published (Figure Studies jrom
Life, 1920, with an introduction by James B.
Carrington). "These superb studies in chalk
or crayon, done with a flying hand . . . may hold
comparison with Watteau," wrote W. J. Duncan
(post). He used the model conscientiously for
the figure, and obtained his facial expression by
posing his model before a mirror and conjuring
up the mood. A charter member of the Society
of American Illustrators, he was elected its pres-
ident in 1903, and in 1925 the Society paid him
the tribute of a memorial exhibition.
Keller was twice married: on June 20, 1894,
to Myra A. C. Hayes, and on June 3, 1908, to
Edith Livingston Mason. Six children and his
second wife survived him. He died of pneu-
monia in New York, at the height of his powers,
his death drawing from the critic Cortissoz the
comment, "Whenever the best of American il-
lustrators are recalled his name will be held in
honor among them."
[N. Y. Times, Dec. 3, 1924; Royal Cortissoz, in
N. Y. Herald Tribune, May 17, 1925 ; W. J. Duncan,
in Arthur I. Keller Memorial Exhibition (1925) ; Bull,
of the Art Center, N. Y ., May 1925 ; Soc. of Illustra-
tors, 1001-1906 (1928) ; Bookman, Apr. 1900; Who's
Who in America, 1922-23 ; F. R. Southard, in Am. Art
Student and Commercial Artist, Jan. 31, 1926.]
M.B.H.
KELLER, MATHIAS (Mar. 20, 1813-Oct.
12, 1875), composer, was born in Ulm, Wiirt-
temberg, Germany. His education in music was
begun in Stuttgart and continued at Vienna. At
the age of sixteen he was first violinist in the
Royal Chapel, where he was engaged for five
years, and then he became bandmaster of the
Third Royal Brigade, leading it for seven years.
In time he became somewhat unpopular with the
officers of the army, because of his republican-
ism, and on his thirty-third birthday he started
for America. Through the help of a friend in
Philadelphia, he obtained a position in the Wal-
nut Street Theatre as a player of the viol, and
later at the Chestnut Street Theatre be became
leader for Jean Davenport. Before leaving Ger-
many he had become interested in the making of
violins by watching the process carried on by
some of his neighbors, and in Philadelphia he pro-
cured from an old building that was being demol-
ished some old and well-seasoned lumber from
which he fashioned an instrument alone. Later
he secured an assistant, and in 1857 he advertised
his factory as "Keller's Patent Steam Violin
Manufactory." From Philadelphia he moved to
New York where he saw the announcement of a
prize of five hundred dollars for an American
hymn, and he determined to try for it. His con-
tribution won the prize. Both the words and the
music were his composition, and the hymn is
perhaps best recalled by its first line, "Speed our
republic, O Father on high." His effort to in-
troduce it to the people in a grand public concert
resulted in failure, and almost financial ruin, for
the expenses were six hundred dollars, and the
total receipts only forty-two dollars. In Boston
the music was played by the bands, and when
the flags that had been carried through the Civil
War were deposited in the State House in 1865,
295
Kelley
this tune was played by Gilmore's band at the
special request of Governor Andrew.
At the beginning of the Civil War Keller set
to music and dedicated to the Massachusetts
regiments a song written by W. W. Story, be-
ginning "Up with the flag of the Stripes and the
Stars." At the close of the war he wrote "Our
Banner's Constellation." At the Peace Jubilee
given in Boston in 1869 "The Hymn of Peace,"
written by Oliver Wendell Holmes, was sung
to the music of Keller's American Hymn on the
first day. At the Second Peace Jubilee in 1872
one of Keller's compositions, his "German
Union Hymn," was sung on the third day of
the festival under the direction of its author. A
comment by a newspaper of that day character-
ized it as an effective composition, "constructed
on the true model of a national hymn, being
broad, simple and imposing." He wrote over
one hundred songs. Among them may be men-
tioned "The Girls of dear New England," "Good
Night, Little Blossom," "The King and the Mil-
ler," "Mother, O Sing me to Rest," and "An-
gels, Let her Still Dream On." He wrote the
music for a Christmas carol in 1869. His "Ravel
Polka" was composed during his voyage to
America when he met a family by the name of
Ravel on the boat. For many of his songs he
wrote the words as well as the music and in 1874
he published many of his verses in A Collection
of Poems. After the death of his wife Keller
lived with a married daughter in Boston ; and
in that city he died and was buried.
[Geo. Birdseye, "Mathias Keller," Potter's Am.
Monthly, Mar. 1879; F. J. Metcalf, Am. Writers and
Compilers of Sacred Music (1925); Boston Globe,
Boston Advertiser, and Boston Evening Jour., Oct. 14,
1875 ; vital records in the City Hall, Boston, and in the
State House.] F.J.M.
KELLEY, ALFRED (Nov. 7, 1789-Dec. 2,
1859), community builder, was born in Middle-
field, Conn., the second son of Daniel and Je-
mima (Stow) Kelley and great-grandson of
Joseph Kelley who was one of the early settlers
of Norwich. When Alfred was ten years of age,
the family moved to Lowville, N. Y. Daniel
Kelley flourished on the fast-growing frontier,
and soon became a large property owner and
judge of the court of common pleas. Alfred was
educated in the common schools of Lowville
and the Academy at Fairfield, N. Y. From 1807
to 18 10 he read law in an office in Whitesboro,
N. Y. An uncle, Joshua Stow, was a member
of the Connecticut Land Company and had been
one of the surveying party led by Moses Cleave-
land [q.v.~\ to the Western Reserve in 1796. In
company with this uncle and a young medical
student, Jared P. Kirtland [q.v.], Kelley set out
Kelley
for Cleveland, Ohio, in May 1810, traveling on
horseback. His parents and five brothers soon
joined him in Cleveland. He was admitted to
the bar in the fall of 1810, becoming thereby
Cleveland's first lawyer, and was almost imme-
diately appointed county prosecuting attorney
(1810-22). In 1814, Cleveland became an or-
ganized village, and at the following election
Kelley was chosen the village president, an of-
fice in which his father succeeded him (1816-
19). Alfred's brother, Irad, held the local post-
mastership from 1816 to 1830. A bank was or-
ganized in 18 16, the Commercial Bank of Lake
Erie, and Alfred Kelley became its president.
With his father and two brothers, Datus and
Irad, he was among the incorporators of the
Cleveland Pier Company in that same year.
It was the larger field of state affairs, how-
ever, which claimed Alfred Kelley's best en-
deavors. He was elected a representative in the
state Assembly in 1814, and served in the House
or Senate through twelve sessions between 1814
and 1857. His energetic and well-informed
espousal of a state system of canals led to his ap-
pointment in 1822 as a canal commissioner,
charged with securing surveys, and after the
passage of the Canal Act in 1825, he became act-
ing canal commissioner (1825-34), an office
which made him one of the executive officers re-
sponsible for the construction of the Ohio canal
system. He abandoned his law practice in Cleve-
land for this office, which paid him three dollars
a day and gave him an opportunity for a coveted
public service. In 1830 he removed his family
to Columbus, Ohio, his home for the remainder
of his life. When Ohio became involved in the
mad policy of lending its credit to promote pri-
vate canals, railroads, and turnpikes, Kelley
raised a voice of warning. When the state
faced bankruptcy and repudiation he was ap-
pointed a canal fund commissioner (1841-43)
and served his state effectively in reestablishing
its credit. While his greatest public service is
connected with canal affairs, the legislation
which reformed the state banking system (Act
of 1845) and the general property tax "system
(Act of 1846) was the result of his labors.
Kelley had a leading part, also, in the second
era in the history of transportation in Ohio. He
became one of the railroad builders of the pros-
perous years after the Mexican War. He was
the president of the Columbus & Xenia Railroad,
opened to traffic in 1850, and of the Cleveland,
Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad, opened in
1851. He was also president of the Cleveland,
Painesville & Ashtabula Railroad, 1851-54, and
waged the conflict with the city of Erie over the
296
Kelley
extension of the line through northwestern
Pennsylvania to connect with the Buffalo &
Erie. It is doubtful whether the enterprises of
any other man so deeply affected the material
welfare of Ohio and of Cleveland in particular
as did those of Alfred Kelley.
On Aug. 25, 1817, Kelley married Mary Sey-
mour Welles of Lowville, N. Y., daughter of
Maj. Meiancthon W. Welles. They had eleven
children. Exposure during the canal-building
days broke his health and limited his activities
during the latter years of his life. In bearing he
was dignified and commanding ; Henry Clay
said of him that he "had too much cast-iron in
his composition to be popular" (quoted in Bates,
post, p. 210). Vision, courage and resourceful-
ness made him a leader under all circumstances.
He may justly be called the founder of his state's
canal system, the preserver of its public credit,
and the author of its system of banking and taxa-
tion.
[J. L. Bates (a son-in-law), Alfred Kelley, His Life
and Work (1888) ; H. A. Kelley, A Geneal. Hist, of the
Kelley Family (1897) ; Alfred Yaple, Reminiscences of
Alfred Kelley (1875) ; W. A. and A. C. Taylor, Ohio
Statesmen and Annals of Progress (2 vols., 1899) ;
Daily Ohio Statesman (Columbus), Dec. 3, 1859 ; MSS.
in Western Reserve Hist. Soc. (MS. 166; MSS. Folio
22, bk. 9 ; MSS. Folio 21, bk. 2), biographical sketches
by associates.] E.T.B.
KELLEY, HALL JACKSON (Feb. 24, 1790-
Jan. 20, 1874), propagandist, was born at North-
wood, N. H., a son of Dr. Benjamin Kelley (or
Kelly) and Mary Gile. He was descended from
John Kelly, who died in Newbury, Mass., in
1644. In 1801 his father moved to Gilmanton,
N. H., where Kelley received his schooling in
the Academy. He began teaching at sixteen and
graduated from the college at Middlebury, Vt.,
in 1813. In 1818 he took charge of one of the
Boston public schools. He soon published sev-
eral educational books and a Sunday-school les-
son book, and helped to establish the Sunday
school. In 1823 the Boston school board "dis-
pensed" with his further services, thus closing
his teaching career.
Kelley was a mathematician of parts and he
now devoted himself to surveying. In 1828 he
became engineer for the Three Rivers Manu-
facturing Company, Palmer, Mass., in which he
invested heavily. Its failure in 1829 dissipated
most of his fortune. By that time, however, he
was obsessed with a plan for colonizing Oregon.
He organized the American Society for Encour-
aging the Settlement of the Oregon Territory
which was incorporated under the laws of Mas-
sachusetts in 183 1. He enlisted some recruits,
notably Nathaniel J. Wyeth of Cambridge, peti-
tioned Congress for aid, and, awaiting congres-
Kelley
sional action, repeatedly postponed the date for
beginning the emigrants' march to Oregon,
which was finally fixed for the spring of 1832.
His theoretical arguments were ridiculed by
keen newspaper critics, especially W. J. Snell-
ing, editor of the Boston Journal, and Kelley suf-
fered the mortification of seeing his companies
of prospective emigrants disintegrate. Only
Wyeth made the trip and he severed his connec-
tion with Kelley entirely.
Leaving his family to be cared for by relatives,
Kelley now raised some money, traveled over-
land to New Orleans, shipped to Vera Cruz,
crossed Mexico to the Pacific, and visited Cali-
fornia. There he encountered the trader Ewing
Young, under whose guidance he made his way,
most of the time a very sick man, to the land of
his dreams, reaching the Columbia (Fort Van-
couver) Oct. 27, 1834. Despite evil reports about
his emigrant enterprise sent up from California
by sea, Dr. John McLoughlin [q.v.~\ of the Hud-
son's Bay Company cared for him at Fort Van-
couver during the winter and in spring gave him
a passage in the company's ship Dryad to the
Sandwich Islands, whence he sailed to Boston,
arriving early in the year 1836, sadder but not
perceptibly wiser than before his mad adventure.
His best and only significant writing on the Ore-
gon question, the so-called "Memoir," was sup-
plied to Caleb Cushing in 1839 and was printed
with Cushing's report on Oregon (House Re-
port No. 101, 25 Cong., 3 Sess., App.). It sum-
marizes Kelley's personal study of western geog-
raphy. Kelley continued for many years to
write petitions praying reimbursement for his
losses, accounts of the hard usage he had re-
ceived from the Hudson's Bay Company and
others, and Letters from an Afflicted Husband
to an Astrangcd Wife (1851).
He had been married May 4, 181 5, to Mary
Baldwin of Boston who died the following year,
leaving a son ; on Apr. 17, 1822, he married Mary
Perry of Boston, who bore him three sons. His
wife became "astranged" when he insisted on
breaking up the home in order to go to Oregon,
and she remained separated from him thereafter.
Kelley followed engineering occasionally but
lived a hermit's life at Three Rivers for a whole
generation, afflicted by poverty, blindness, and
"queerness," fed and befriended by charitable
neighbors. He was an impressive fanatic, pos-
sessed some real ability, and exerted an appre-
ciable influence on the popular and official mind
in favor of the American occupation of Oregon.
This is his sole title to fame.
[F. W. Powell published an exhaustive bibliography
of Kelley in Ore. Hist. Soc. Quart., Dec. 1907; in the
297
Kelley
same journal, Mar-Dec. 1917, he published an equally
exhaustive series of biographical papers containing
much material from Kelley's writings, including the
"Memoir" entire, a manuscript map, and extensive
quotations of autobiographical matter from his Hist,
of the Settlement of Oregon (1868). E. G. Bourne, in
Ore. Hist. Soc. Quart., Sept. 1905, deflates popular ex-
aggerations of Kelley's influence upon Oregon coloni-
zation. For family history see G. M. Kelly, A Geneal.
Account of the Descendants of John Kelly of Newbury
Mass., U. S. A. (1886).] j s_r
KELLEY, JAMES DOUGLAS JERROLD
(Dec. 25, 1847-Apr. 30, 1922), naval officer,
writer, great-grand-nephew of Commodore John
Barry [q.v.~], was born in New York City, the
son of Manus and Annie (Barry) Kelley. He
graduated from Seton Hall College, N. J., and
entered the Naval Academy Oct. 5, 1864, the last
midshipman appointed by President Lincoln. At
the Academy he was an excellent student, grad-
uating fifth in his class, an organizer of the first
baseball team, and author, then or somewhat
later, of the naval song "God Bless Sweethearts
and Wives." As described by a classmate,
"Jimmy" was "lively as quicksilver," full of
witty sayings, with an Irish command of lan-
guage and a wit sometimes biting, "a competent
naval officer but always more of a literary man
than an executive one." After graduation he
was on the European station, 1868-70 ; in the
Pacific, 1870-72; and during the next twenty-
five years on many routine sea and shore as-
signments, rising to lieutenant, 1872, lieutenant
commander, 1893, and commander, 1899. Dur-
ing the Spanish-American War he was member
and for a time chairman of the Board on Aux-
iliary Vessels. He commanded the Resolute in
the West Indies, October-December 1899, and
was inspector of merchant vessels in New York
from June 1900 until his retirement for incapac-
ity incident to service, Apr. 1, 1901.
His distinction as a writer began with his
winning of the gold medal of the United States
Naval Institute in 1882 for an essay on the re-
vival of the merchant marine (Proceedings, vol.
VIII, 1882), expanded as The Question of Sliips
( 1884). He produced several volumes elaborate-
ly illustrated with water-color plates by F. S.
Cozzens, notably American Yachts; Their Clubs
and Races (1884), Typical American Yachts
(1886), and Our Navy (1892). The prose part
of these books is not mere hack-work, but is
marked, like Kelley's other writing, by finish of
style and unusual historical accuracy. A stu-
dent by taste, he was also an enthusiastic yachts-
man, for many years member of the New York
Yacht Club, and one of its fleet-commanders.
His other books include a novel, A Desperate
Chance (1886) ; a book of sketches, The Ship's
Company (1897); The Navy of the United
Kelley
States, 1775-1899 (1900) ; and, with Col. A. L.
Wagner, Our Country's Defensive Forces in
War and Peace (1899). After his retirement
he was editor of naval news for the New York
Herald, becoming a member of the board of con-
trol and later one of the three managing direc-
tors until the sale of the paper to Munsey in
1920. He was also greatly interested in wireless
telegraphy, was a director in the original Mar-
coni Company, and was in charge of the erec-
tion of the first station at Nantucket. During
the World War he returned to active duty, serv-
ing as censor of wireless and in the Office of
Naval Intelligence. He died of arteriosclerosis
at his home in New York City, survived by his
wife, Isabel dePuga Morrell, daughter of Thom-
as Morrell of New York, whom he married Feb.
9, 1884, and by three married daughters. His
grave is in Woodlawn Cemetery.
[Information derived chiefly from family sources
and naval records ; N. J. K. Cook, Thomas Halsey and
His Descendants in America (1932) ; Who's Who in
America, 1922-23 ; obituary notices in Army and Navy
Jour., May 6, 1922, N. Y. Times, May 1, 1922, and
N. Y. Herald, May 1, 3, 4, 1922.] ^ ^
KELLEY, OLIVER HUDSON (Jan. 7,
1826-Jan. 20, 1913), founder of the Grange,
great-grandson of Thomas Kelley who came to
America in 1755, was the fifth child of William
Robinson Kelley, a tailor, and Nancy (Han-
cock) Kelley. He was born in Boston and edu-
cated in the schools of that city. After experi-
ences as a drug clerk and a newspaper reporter
in Illinois and as a telegraph operator in Iowa,
he went to Minnesota in 1849, took up land at
Itasca, near the site of Elk River, in which is
now Sherburne County, and engaged in trade
with the Indians near there. His first wife, Lucy
Earle, to whom he was married in 1849, died in
185 1. He was married in 1852 to Temperance
Baldwin Lane of Boston, who was teaching in
Minnesota. They had four daughters.
Kelley was an early and enthusiastic adver-
tiser of Minnesota, writing letters to Eastern
papers to attract settlers to the new region. In
1863 he contributed an article on Minnesota to
the report of the United States commissioner of
agriculture (House Executive Document No.
91, 38 Cong., 1 Sess., pp. 31-41). In 1864,
though still operating his Minnesota farm, he
went to Washington as a clerk in the Bureau
of Agriculture. Meantime he wrote to friends,
as correspondent of the National Republican of
Washington, for "reliable information" on Min-
nesota that he might use to encourage prospec-
tive settlers. In 1865 he made a trip through
Minnesota to survey agricultural conditions for
the Bureau of Agriculture, and in 1866 he was
298
Kelley
sent to the South on a similar mission. It was
on this trip that he conceived the idea of or-
ganizing the farmers into a fraternal associa-
tion.
For the next decade, Kelley was a man of one
idea — "an engine with too much steam on all
the time," a friend called him — and he worked
against tremendous odds with incredible energy.
In the winter of 1867, with six others, he organ-
ized the National Grange of the Patrons of Hus-
bandry, of which he was made secretary. In the
spring of 1868 he started for the West, dispens-
ing charters for local granges to pay his ex-
penses. At Madison, Wis., he had to borrow
money to take him to his home in Minnesota.
From there, undaunted, he continued the organ-
ization work.
The farmers hesitated at first to join an un-
known organization of somewhat vague pur-
poses, but Kelley kept the idea before them by
writing and getting others to write communi-
cations to the agricultural press and by appoint-
ing interested individuals as organizers in the
different states. Kelley emphasized the social,
intellectual, and fraternal benefits of the order,
but others pointed out the possibility of using
it as a weapon with which to attack the monopo-
lies that were thought to be oppressing the farm-
ers ; and this argument, coupled with the agri-
cultural depression of the seventies, led to a
rapid growth. By the fall of 1874 there were
over twenty thousand granges, with the main
strength in the Middle West and the South, but
the decline of the order in the last half of the
decade was almost as spectacular as its rise.
In 1870 Kelley established the secretary's of-
fice in Washington, but in 1875 he moved it and
his family to Louisville, Ky. Soon thereafter he
became the leading spirit in an extensive land
speculation in northern Florida and there found-
ed the town of Carrabelle, which became his
home. In 1878 he resigned as secretary of the
Grange and turned his whole attention to his
land business. This enterprise does not appear
to have been startlingly successful ; at any rate,
Kelley returned to Washington to spend his last
years, and was pensioned by the National Grange
in 1905. He died in January 1913, and a monu-
ment to him in Rock Creek Cemetery, Washing-
ton, was dedicated by officers of the Patrons of
Husbandry in 1926. His book on the Grange,
Origin and Progress of the Order of the Patrons
of Husbandry (1875), is still readable and inter-
esting, not more for the subject matter than for
its revelation of the author, at once naive and
shrewd, fanatic and humorous, and always un-
dismayed.
Kelley
[See Kelley 's own book ; T. C. Atkeson, Semicen-
tennial Hist, of the Patrons of Husbandry (19 16);
W. H. Kelley, Gencal. Gleanings Relating to the Kelleys
of Brentwood, N. H. (1892) ; S. J. Buck, Granger
Movement (1913); Evening Star (Washington), Jan.
21, 1913. The J. H. Stevens Papers of the Minn. Hist.
Soc. throw light on Kelley 's land speculation.]
S T R
KELLEY, WILLIAM DARRAH (Apr. 12,
1814-Jan. 9, 1890), congressman, was born in
Philadelphia. One group of his ancestors came
from Ireland and settled on the Delaware in
1662; another group, of French Huguenot ex-
traction, were early settlers in New Jersey. Both
his grandfathers fought in the American Revo-
lution. William Darrah was the youngest of
four children and the only son of David and
Hannah (Darrah) Kelley. His father, a lead-
ing watchmaker and jeweler of Philadelphia,
was financially wrecked during the crisis fol-
lowing the War of 1812, and died in 1816.
Kelley attended the congregational school of
the Second Presbyterian Church until he was
eleven, when he found employment in a lottery
office at a salary of a dollar a week. He worked
for a time with an umbrella maker, and shortly
after became copy-reader in the printing office
of Jesper Harding [q.v.~\. At the age of thirteen
he became a jeweler's apprentice. His inden-
ture expired in 1834 when employment was
scarce in Philadelphia, so he proceeded to Bos-
ton where he worked at enameling. He em-
ployed his leisure hours in study ; contributing
also to the periodical press and winning a repu-
tation as a lecturer and debater. He suffered
an injury in 1838 and returned to Philadelphia
where he read law. He was admitted to the bar
in 1841, was appointed prosecutor of the pleas
for Philadelphia in 1845 anch in 1847, was ap-
pointed judge of the court of common pleas,
oyer and terminer, and quarter sessions. When
the latter office was made elective in 1851 Kelley
was recommissioned for ten years. As judge
he showed evidence of sound legal mind as well
as genuine interest in public welfare.
Kelley always opposed slavery and, with the
repeal of the Missouri Compromise, abandoned
the Democratic party to become one of the
founders of the Republican organization. He
resigned the judgeship in 1856 to run for Con-
gress ; was defeated, and resumed legal practice
until i860 when he was elected to Congress from
the Fourth Pennsylvania District. He was re-
elected fourteen times and served for twenty
years on the committee on ways and means, of
which he was chairman in 1881-83.
Although exempt from military service, he
answered the emergency call of September 1862,
and joined an artillery company just before the
299
Kelley
battle of Antietam, but never took part in an
engagement. He favored a vigorous prosecu-
tion of the war, and boldly criticized the dila-
tory practices of General McClellan ; he favored
conscription and urged Congress to use negro
soldiers. He supported all measures for the abo-
lition of slavery and extension of suffrage to
the freedmen ; he believed in the "state suicide"
theory and in military reconstruction.
After the war he advocated the reduction of
internal taxes and became an extreme advocate
of protection for American industries. He had
once been a free trader, but impressions made on
him by English laboring conditions and the busi-
ness depression of 1857 led to the abandonment
of this position and, by 1866, he was recognized
as the leader of high protectionists in Congress.
For over twenty years, in speeches, pamphlets,
and books, he endeavored to refute the "abstract
generalities" of free trade and vigorously main-
tained that protection was needed to attract im-
migrants, to keep out the "pauper labor" goods of
Europe, to develop and diversify American in-
dustry, and to make the United States independ-
ent of England. He religiously believed in pro-
tecting all American industries and gloried in
the creation of new ones, plate-glass, beet sugar,
and tin-plate being his hobbies. Though he had
no iron or steel holdings, he labored so assidu-
ously for high duties, especially on iron and steel,
that his colleagues called him "Pig Iron."
He held the unique position of being the chief
mouthpiece for the inflationists as well as the
protectionists. He opposed the resumption of
specie payments until the exportation of pre-
cious metals could be checked by a protective
tariff. In the depression following the panic
of 1873 he adopted theories which bordered
closely on repudiation. He believed that more
money was needed for the development of the
South and West ; that it was essential for labor ;
and he was certain that contraction was a "dou-
ble-quick march to bankruptcy." His own rem-
edy for the financial situation was the $3.65%
bond bill.
He traveled widely in America and Europe,
and wrote a number of books based on his travels
and on other subjects, publishing Speeches, Ad-
dresses, and Letters on Industrial and Financial
Questions ( 1872) ; Lincoln and Stanton ( 1885) ;
The Old South and the New (1888), and other
smaller works. His interest in the West led him
to be inveigled into receiving a small amount of
Credit Mobilier money, but he escaped the cen-
sure of Congress. Fiery, humanitarian, and hon-
est, apt at repartee, he was considered the best
orator on the Republican side of the House. He
Kellogg
was twice married and had four children. His
first wife was Isabella Tennant of Baltimore;
his second, Caroline Bartram Bonsall of Phila-
delphia. He died in Washington, D. C, after
suffering ill health for many years.
[Biog. Album of Prominent Pennsylvanians, 1 ser.
(1888); L. P. Brockett, Men of Our Day (1872);
Biog. Dir. Am. Cong. (1928); "Memorial Addresses
on the Life and Character of William D. Kelley,"
House Misc. Doc. No. 229, 51 Cong., 1 Sess. ; T. C.
Smith, The Life and Letters of James Abram Garfield
(2 vols., 1925) ; R. C. Caldwell, James A. Garfield
(1931) ; Evening Star (Washington), Jan. 10, 11,
1890 ; letters in the possession of the family.]
H.T.L.
KELLOGG, ALBERT (Dec. 6, 1813-Mar.
31, 1887), physician, botanist, the son of Isaac
and Aurilla (Barney) Kellogg, was born at
New Hartford, Conn. His parents were well-to-
do farming people, his father a descendant of
Joseph Kellogg of Great Leighs, Essex, Eng-
land, who was settled in Farmington, Conn., in
1651. At an early age Albert developed a liking
for gathering the native simples, and according-
ly, while he was still a youth, his family placed
him with a physician at Middletown to study
medicine. Failing in health, he was sent to
South Carolina, but he continued his medical
studies and later received his degree of doctor
of medicine at Transylvania University in Ken-
tucky. He traveled widely through the South-
ern states and the Mississippi Valley, gratifying
his taste for natural history, and on one occa-
sion fell in with John James Audubon [q.v.],
and accepted his invitation to accompany him
on a journey to Texas. Once more he returned
to his native village, but only to join soon a band
of Argonauts bound in a sailing vessel for Cali-
fornia and the gold fields by way of the Straits
of Magellan. The little vessel landed the party
at Sacramento, near the placer diggings, Aug.
8, 1849. After a few years in the mining district,
Kellogg went to San Francisco to practise his
profession.
As the first botanist resident in California, he
found a rich and novel silva awaiting his dis-
criminating eye. Even the astounding Big Tree
had not yet been discovered. Branches and cones
of this wonder came into Kellogg's possession
before June 1852 and he began its study; but no
ways of publication were at that time open to
him. Always a true and unselfish scientist, he
showed the specimens to William Lobb, collector
for the London Horticultural Society, who im-
mediately secured material and left California
quickly for England. The subsequent publica-
tion of the Big Tree by John Lindley, the Eng-
lish botanist (Gardeners' Chronicle, London.
Dec. 24, 1853), antedates that of Kellogg and his
3OO
Kellogg
coworkers (Proceedings of the California Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences, May 7, 1855), but Kel-
logg continued to study the tree in the Sierran
groves, and his descriptions of it, because first
hand, are still the best of all the early accounts.
In 1867, under the auspices of the Coast and
Geodetic Survey, he joined as surgeon and bot-
anist the first expedition sent by the United
States government to Bering Sea, and was en-
abled on this voyage to examine the northern
extension of the Pacific Coast forest area. By
1882 the results of over three decades of his
study of arboreous species were organized and
printed in a brochure of 148 pages, under the ti-
tle Forest Trees of California, being included
the same year in the Report of the State Mining
Bureau. This was the first botanical account of
one of the most remarkable silvas of the earth's
vegetation.
From the days of his first arrival, Kellogg
sought to bring together the few pioneers who
were interested in natural history. In conse-
quence he was one of seven that met Apr. 4, 1853,
on Montgomery Street in San Francisco and
formed the California Academy of Sciences.
Devoting himself largely to the flowering herbs
and shrubs, he made known to science some
sixty new species and genera. His writing was
careful and conscientious ; in general it repre-
sents an odd mixture of Biblical allusions, tender
appreciation of the beauties of flowers and the
grandeur of Sequoias, and accurately stated bo-
tanical facts. For nearly forty years it was his
privilege to study the rich and varied flora that
made California for him an earthly paradise. He
was of singularly unworldly temperament, deep-
ly religious, and childlike in his simplicity. Of
methodical habits, he carefully entered in his
book all sums due him by his patients but he
was never known to present a bill. Protected by
loving friends from the hard side of the world,
he ended his days happily at Alameda. The
genus Kelloggia, founded by John Torrey [q.v.~\,
commemorates him. It consists of a single spe-
cies— a modest and delicate herb of the Sierran
woodlands.
[In Pittonia, vol. I (1887-89), E. L. Greene writes
a sympathetic and understanding sketch of the gentle
Kellogg. The brief notice in Zoe, Apr. 1893, carries a
portrait. See also Annals of Botany, 1887-88; Am.
Jour. Sci., Mar. 1888; Proc. Cal. Acad, of Sci., 2 ser.,
vol. I (1889) ; H. A. Kelly and W. L. Burrage, Am.
Medic. Biofjs. (1920) ; Timothy Hopkins, The Kclloggs
in the Old World and the New (1903), vol. I; San
Francisco Chronicle, Apr. 1, 2, 1887.] W.L.J n.
KELLOGG, CLARA LOUISE (July 12,
1842-May 13, 1916), dramatic soprano, daugh-
ter of George Kellogg and Jane Elizabeth Cros-
by, was born in Sumterville, S. C. She was
Kellogg
a niece of Albert Kellogg [q.v.~]. Her mother
was musically gifted ; her father an inventor.
From 1846 to 1855 he manufactured surgical in-
struments and other devices of his own invention
in Birmingham, Conn., and during his later
years was active in photographic experiment in
New York.
Clara Louise accompanied her parents to New
York in 1857. She received her education at
the Ashland Seminary, Catskill, and studied
singing in New York City. After a concert tour
in which she sang selections from the part of
Linda in Donizetti's Linda di Chamounix, she
made her New York debut in 1861, as Gilda in
Verdi's Rigolctto, at the Academy of Music.
She sang in Sonnambula in Boston before Civil
War conditions ended the season. In 1863 she
appeared in Gounod's Faust as Marguerite. Af-
ter its first New York presentation (Academy
of Music, Nov. 25, 1863), Faust became one of
the major attractions offered by rival operatic
companies during the next three decades (Matt-
feld, post). It was nearly always sung in Ital-
ian, and Clara Louise Kellogg was outstandingly
identified with the role of its heroine. In this
role she made her London debut in 1867. From
1868 to 1873 she toured the United States in
Italian opera and concert, and appeared in Lon-
don as Linda. In 1873 she organized her own
company and attempted to popularize Italian
and French opera in English in the United
States, even extending her supervision of de-
tail to the translation of the libretti, to the
stage settings, and to the training of principals
and chorus. During the winter season of 1874-
75 she sang no less than 125 nights. Thereafter
she divided her time between Europe and Amer-
ica, singing in London, in Italian opera in Vi-
enna, and in St. Petersburg. Her repertory in-
cluded more than forty roles. In 1887 she mar-
ried her impresario, Carl Strakosch, and there-
after appeared less frequently in public, finally
retiring and establishing herself in her home,
"Elpstone," New Hartford, Conn., where she
died. In 1913 she published her autobiography,
Memoirs of an American Prima Donna.
As a singer she was equally at home both in
dramatic and in more purely lyric roles. Her
voice was a pure, sweet soprano of penetrating
quality and extraordinary range. In the course
of her long and successful career she established
a deserved reputation for her readiness to re-
spond to charitable appeals, especially in con-
nection with musical objects, and for her gen-
erosity in encouraging and financing struggling
aspirants to musical fame. She had the usuai
prima-donna complex regarding her musical su-
30I
Kellogg
periority, as her autobiography reveals, but in
this characteristic she was only true to type.
Her abiding service is that for some twenty
years she maintained the best traditions of Ital-
ian and French operatic singing in the United
States, and by means of her artistic gifts and
popularity as a native prima donna advanced
the cause of opera sung in English.
[The chief source of information regarding Clara
Louise Kellogg remains her Memoirs. See also Julius
Mattfeld, A Hundred Years of Grand Opera in New
York (192-) ; Musical America, May 20, 1916; Mu-
sical Courier, May 18, 1916; Ev'ry Month, Feb. 1900;
N. Y. Times, May 14, 19 16.] F. H M.
KELLOGG, EDWARD (Oct. 18, 1790-Apr.
29, 1858), author of books on financial reform,
was born in Norwalk, Conn., a descendant of
Daniel Kellogg who was settled there in 1656,
and the son of James Kellogg, a substantial far-
mer, and Lydia (Nash) Kellogg. In 1793 the
family moved to Dutchess County, N. Y., where
Kellogg received the little early education that
was his. In 1802 the family moved again, to
Northfield, Conn., where in 1817 Kellogg mar-
ried Esther Fenn Warner. He had engaged in
business in Norwalk soon after coming of age
and in 1820 he removed to New York City and
established the firm of Edward Kellogg & Com-
pany, acting as a wholesale drygoods merchant.
In the financial panic of 1837 he was unable to
make collections and though his assets were am-
ple he was forced to suspend business. This fail-
ure caused him to turn his attention to the evils
resulting from the existing monetary system and
he became convinced that money, being a public
medium of exchange, should not be under the
control of private corporations, but should be
issued by the government. He was particularly
indignant at the extortions of usurers. In 1838
he removed to Brooklyn where he became inter-
ested in real estate and about 1843 ne accumu-
lated enough property to retire from active busi-
ness and devote himself to the study of finance,
retaining an office in New York. He was as-
sisted in his writings by his daughter. He pub-
lished in 1843 at his own expense, in newspaper
form, Currency, the Ezil and the Remedy, which
was circulated by the aid of Horace Greeley and
the New York Tribune. This appeared in 1849,
after much further work, as Labor and Other
Capital: The Rights of Each Secured and the
Wrongs of Both Eradicated, copies of which
Kellogg sent to Proudhon and the prominent
members of the French Assembly and other
statesmen in foreign countries, but his book
failed to attract much notice at that time. He
urged the abolition of interest by means of gov-
ernment notes issued on the security of land or
Kellogg
other "real values" and loaned at one per cent
interest. These notes could be exchanged for
government bonds bearing also one per cent, in-
terest. When, during the Civil War, the gov-
ernment actually issued bonds at 3.65 per cent.,
in order that they might serve as money, his
scheme, known as the "interconvertible bond
plan of financial reform," had actually come into
practice.
Kellogg died in Brooklyn, New York, in 1858,
being at work on a new edition of his book till
the end. Pamphlet editions of his original work,
brought out during the sixties by his daughter,
Mary Kellogg Putnam, under the title A New
Monetary System, achieved wide circulation and
entitle the author to be called the father of
Greenbackism, a doctrine which appealed to la-
borers, farmers, and small business men because
it was supposed to bring about a lower rate of
interest even if it did not entirely abolish it. Kel-
logg's theory had many adherents in the Na-
tional Labor Union and was important in the
effort to establish a Labor party which ended
with the campaign of 1872. His New Monetary
System makes him the American contemporary
and counterpart, during the decade of the for-
ties, of the anarchist and communist philoso-
phers of Europe. Each of these doctrines was
formulated in that decade on the same labor
theory of value, and each was caught up in the
sixties on a similar movement. Although more
fanciful than its European contemporaries,
Greenbackism was more successful, for it left
its permanent contribution to American po-
litical economy in the legal-tender paper cur-
rency. Greenbackism as proposed by Kellogg,
however, was more than currency — it was in-
dustrial revolution.
[Biographical sketch by Mary Kellogg Putnam, in
Edward Kellogg, Labor and Capital: A New Monetary
System (edition of 1883) ; Timothy Hopkins, The Kel-
loggs in the Old World and the New (1903), vol. I;
references on Kellogg and the proceedings of the Na-
tional Labor Union in A Doc. Hist, of Am. Industrial
Soc, vol. IX (1910), ed. by J. R. Commons and J. B.
Andrews; N. Y. Daily Tribune, Apr. 30, 1858.]
J.R.C.
KELLOGG, ELIJAH (May 20, 1813-Mar.
17, 1901), Congregational clergyman and au-
thor, was born in Portland, Me., a descendant of
Joseph Kellogg who was living in Farmington,
Conn., in 1651, and the son of Rev. Elijah and
Eunice (McLellan) Kellogg. His early boy-
hood was spent in Portland, but before he en-
tered Bowdoin College in 1836 he had been "in-
dentured" on a farm for one year and had fol-
lowed the sea for three years. While in col-
lege, from which he was graduated in 1840, he
made friends with the farming and sea-faring
^02
Kellogg
folk of the neighboring town of Harpswell ; and
after three years at Andover Theological Sem-
inary, he became pastor of the Congregational
church there, being ordained June 18, 1844. His
virility, his devoutness, and his methods of using
scythe and hoe, seine and boat, in preaching the
Gospel won for him the affection of his parish-
ioners. He would swim, sail, farm, and fish with
the boys in his parish and then, at an unexpected
moment, kneel down in their boat, or in the field
by the side of a cock of hay or a shock of corn,
and pray with them. His love of boys and his
skill in handling them enabled him to help Bow-
doin College meet some of its difficulties ; for
the faculty often sent down to stay with him
for a few weeks backward or unruly students
whom they thought best to "rusticate." On June
3, 1855, he married Hannah Pearson Pomeroy of
Syracuse, N. Y., and by this marriage had a
son and a daughter.
From 1855 to 1867 he was pastor of the Mar-
iners' Church and chaplain of the Sailors' Home
in Boston, and then for eighteen years gave him-
self to authorship. While in the seminary he
had written as a class exercise the declamation,
"Spartacus to the Gladiators," first published
in the School Reader (1846) of Epes Sargent
[q.v.~\, and later he wrote several other declama-
tions which delighted the hearts of schoolboys,
such as "Regulus to the Carthaginians," "Han-
nibal at the Altar," and "Pericles to the People,"
but his first long tale, Good Old Times, appeared
in 1867. It was published that year in Our
Young Folks, and issued in book form in 1878.
The story of his great-grandfather's struggle at
the beginning of the eighteenth century to cut a
home out of the forest wilderness of Maine, it
at once became popular. After that, from his
pen the books came thick and fast, so that by
1883 there were twenty-nine in all. Of these
perhaps the best liked are Lion Ben (1869), The
Young Ship-Builders of Elm Island (1870),
The Sophomores of Radcliffe (1872), The Mis-
sion of Black Rifle (1876), and A Strong Arm
and a Mother's Blessing (1881). His stories
deal with the doings and adventures of folk
along the shores of Casco Bay in Maine, of
Scotch-Irish settlers on the western frontier of
Pennsylvania, and of the students of Bowdoin
College during or just before his own college *
days. His boys are not pirates or savages, nei-
ther are they plaster saints. They are coura-
geous country boys, "able to cut their own fod-
der." The stories teach the virtues of neighbor-
liness, virility, and fair dealing. While they do
not depreciate book-learning, they place a high
value upon the ability to do all kinds of manual
Kellogg
work. Although the language in which they are
told sometimes shows signs of haste and often
seems homely, it is quaint and idiomatic, and the
tales give unmistakable evidence that the author
knew well both the speech and the life of the
people about whom he wrote. In 1885 he re-
turned to Harpswell, to his old church, and for
the rest of his life he preached there or in the
neighboring town of Topsham, much admired
and beloved by Bowdoin men and by the country
people round about.
[W. B. Mitchell, Elijah Kellogg: The Man and His
Work (1903), giving a complete list of his books and
their dates of publication ; Timothy Hopkins, The Kel-
loggs in the Old World and the New (1903), vol. I ;
Tales of Bowdoin (1901), comp. by J. C. Minot and
D. F. Snow ; Isabel T. Ray, in New England Mag., June
1902; Daily Eastern Argus (Portland), Mar. 18, 1901 ;
Congregationalist, Mar. 23, 30, 1901.] W. B. M 1.
KELLOGG, MARTIN (Mar. 15, 1828-Aug.
26, 1903), Congregational clergyman, seventh
president of the University of California, was
born at Vernon, Conn., and died at Berkeley,
Cal. He was a descendant in the eighth genera-
tion of Martin Kellogg (born Nov. 23, 1595) of
Braintree, Essex, England, through his son Dan-
iel who was living in Norwalk, Conn., in 1656.
The younger Martin's great-grandfather, Eben-
ezer Kellogg (Yale 1757), was for half a cen-
tury pastor at North Bolton (later Vernon),
Conn. His father was deacon Allyn Kellogg, a
farmer ; his mother, Eliza White, was descended
from Elder John White, who in 1636 went with
Rev. Thomas Hooker to settle at Hartford.
From Williston Seminary, Easthampton, Kel-
logg entered Yale College, where he received
the degree of A.B. in 1850, delivering the vale-
dictory oration at his Commencement. After
teaching for a time in the high school at Wood-
bury, Conn., he studied theology at the Union
Theological Seminary (gaining its degree in
1854), at Andover, and at New Haven. Or-
dained in 1855, he soon went as a home mis-
sionary to California, serving about four years
in that capacity at Shasta City and Grass Val-
ley. One of his letters (1856), cited by W. W.
Ferrier in the Origin and Development of the
University of California (1930), shows that Kel-
logg found in his missionary work "a higher
exhilaration than the noblest worldly enterprise
can give" (p. 190).
The College of California was incorporated
Apr. 13, 1855, but the trustees deferred opening
the institution until the necessary funds could
be secured. Time was also needed for students
to be suitably prepared for admission. Finally,
on Aug. 13, 1859, the trustees met for the elec-
tion of the faculty of the College. As a result,
303
Kellogg
Henry Durant [q.t'.] became professor of Latin
and Greek and Martin Kellogg professor of
mathematics. In i860 the College began its for-
mal work. Kellogg spent that year in the East
in quest of endowments, and upon his return
transferred his attention to Latin, teaching it
until 1869 when the College, by action of the
trustees and of the state legislature, was con-
verted into the University of California. Kel-
logg was married, Sept. 3, 1863, in Ellington,
Conn., to Louisa Wells Brockway. Two chil-
dren were born but died in infancy. An adopted
daughter, Annie, died in young womanhood.
In September 1869 the University of Cali-
fornia opened, with Kellogg as professor of Lat-
in and Greek. When Daniel C. Gilman became
president in 1874, he found Kellogg one of his
wisest and most loyal supporters. In addition
to his teaching duties and research Kellogg was
dean of the College of Letters and Science from
the beginning to 1885. In 1876 the classics were
divided into two departments and he became
professor of the Latin language and literature.
After serving as acting president, 1890-93, he
was made president of the University in 1893
and continued in that office until 1899. Through-
out all the years of his connection with the Uni-
versity, he was "its unceasing builder and its
devoted servant" (Howison, post, p. 214). Af-
ter his death President Wheeler wrote: "He
was a much beloved man. For forty-three years
— that is, from the very beginning of the Univer-
sity in the form of the little college in Oakland —
he was more intimately connected with the full
life of the institution than any other man ... I
believe, taking all things into consideration, there
is no man whose service can be matched against
that of Dr. Kellogg" (San Francisco Call., Aug.
27, 1903, p. 4). In 1899-1900, accompanied by
his wife, he made a journey round the world, and
upon his return, though at the time in emeritus
status, voluntarily taught Latin at the Univer-
sity until shortly before his death. He was an
accomplished speaker and one of his most nota-
ble addresses was delivered at Berkeley, May 2,
1902, before the Phi Beta Kappa Society on the
theme of "Language and Literature."
As an editor of classical texts he published
Ars Oratoria (1872), selections from Cicero
and Quintilian. His edition of the Brutus of
Cicero (1889) was well received on both sides
of the Atlantic and gave him high rank as a
scholar.
[Addresses by W. B. Rising, G. H. Howison, and
others in the Univ. Chronicle (Univ. of Cal.), Nov.
1903; W. W. Ferrier, Origin and Development of the
Univ. of Cal. (1930) ; Obit. Record Grads. Yale Univ.,
1903; Biog. Record of the Class of 1850 of Yale Col-
Kellogg
lege (1861); Timothy Hopkins, The Kelloggs in the
Old World and the New (1903), vol. I.] L T R
KELLOGG, SAMUEL HENRY (Sept. 6,
1839-May 3, 1899), Presbyterian clergyman,
missionary to India, was born at Quogue, Long
Island, N. Y. Descended from Daniel Kellogg
who was living in Norwalk, Conn., in 1656, he
was the son of Rev. Samuel and Mary Pierce
(Henry) Kellogg. He was a frail and preco-
cious lad and prepared for college mostly under
the tuition of his parents. He matriculated at
Williams College in 1856, but on account of
ill health withdrew after a single term, but en-
tered Princeton College in 1858 and graduated
in 1861 with high honors. The following fall he
enrolled in Princeton Seminary to prepare him-
self for the Presbyterian ministry. He received
his theological degree in 1864, having served
during the last two years of his course as in-
structor in mathematics in the college. While
he was a student in the Seminary his attention
was turned toward India by the Rev. H. M.
Scudder, and on Apr. 20, 1864, he was ordained
by the Hudson (N. Y.) Presbytery as a mis-
sionary. On May 3, in Montrose, Pa., he mar-
ried Antoinette Whiting Hartwell, daughter of
Philander Hartwell of Greenville/ N. Y.
Kellogg and his wife embarked at Boston on
Dec. 20, 1864, aboard a merchant vessel bound
for Ceylon. Several days out of Boston the
ship's captain was washed overboard in a storm
and the command fell to the incompetent first
mate. Kellogg was prevailed upon to act as mate
and navigator throughout the voyage — to Cey-
lon and thence to Calcutta. He landed in Cal-
cutta in May 1865, and proceeded to Barhpur,
near Fategarh, North India, to join the Faru-
khabad Mission of his church. Making immedi-
ate progress in the study of Hindi, he soon
shared in the conduct of the weekly religious
services in that tongue, and engaged in evangel-
ism in and about his station. In 1871 ill health
compelled his withdrawal from India, but he
rejoined his mission after less than two years'
absence in America and took up work in Alla-
habad at the newly established Theological
School of the India Synod of his church. Along
with his teaching he engaged in evangelism and
authorship. By December 1875 he had com-
*pleted his monumental Grammar of the Hindi
Language (2nd ed., 1893).
In 1876 the death of his wife, leaving four
small children, compelled him to return to Amer-
ica. He resigned his missionary commission,
and was soon called to the pastorate of the Third
Presbyterian Church of Pittsburgh, where he
was installed July 15, 1877. From 1877 until
3°4
Kellogg
1885 he was professor of systematic theology
in the Allegheny (Pa.) Theological Seminary.
From May 20, 1886, until Sept. 7, 1892, he acted
as pastor of the St. James Square Presbyterian
Church of Toronto, Canada. During the whole
period of fifteen years he retained his interest
in missions and in Oriental scholarship, and in
1889 took part in the International Congress of
Orientalists held in Stockholm. On May 20,
1879, he was married to Sara Constance Ma-
crum, daughter of James M. Macrum of Pitts-
burgh. Two sons and two daughters were born
of this union.
Kellogg was recalled to India in 1892 to aid
in the work of revising the Hindi Old Testa-
ment. In the following spring he joined the Re-
vision Committee in Landour, a station in the
Himalayas, where he thereafter spent seven or
eight months of each year. At irregular inter-
vals he visited the scenes of his earlier mission-
ary labors, delivering sermons and lectures both
in Hindi and in English. He looked forward to
the completion of the Old Testament revision
in 1899 and his subsequent return to America
by 1900, but on the eve of the work's comple-
tion he died in Landour as the result of a fall
from his bicycle.
Kellogg's writings, in addition to his Hindi
Grammar, include: A Living Christ (a tract
published when he was in college) ; The Jews,
or, Prediction and Fulfilment (1883); From
Death to Resurrection (1885); The Light of
Asia and the Light of the World (1885) ; The
Book of Leviticus (1891), an exposition; The
Genesis and Growth of Religion (1892), and A
Handbook of Comparative Religion (1899).
[Missionary Review of the World, Aug. 1899 ; H. H.
Holcomb, Men of Might in India Missions (1901);
Necrological Report, Princeton Theol. Sem., 1900;
Harvest Field, XIX (1899), 201, 320 ; J. J. Lucas, biog.
memoir in S. H. Kellogg, Are Premillennialists Right?
(new ed., 1923) ; Timothy Hopkins, The Kelloggs in the
Old World and the New (1903). vol. Ill ; N. Y. Trib-
une, May s, 1899.] J. C. A— h— r.
KELLOGG, WILLIAM PITT (Dec. 8, 1830-
Aug. 10, 1918), senator and governor of Louisi-
ana, descended from Joseph Kellogg who set-
tled at Farmington, Conn., about 1651, and the
son of the Rev. Sherman and Rebecca (Eaton)
Kellogg, was born in Orwell, Vt. He secured
his formal education at Norwich Military Insti-
tute, and after his removal to Illinois in 1848,
read law several winters while teaching a dis-
trict school. Upon being admitted to the bar in
1853, he began practice in Canton, 111. Like
many other young Western lawyers, he early
won a place in local politics, and in 1856 became
a delegate to the state convention in Blooming-
Kellogg
ton at which the Republican party of Illinois
was organized. Four years later he was chosen
a presidential elector on the Lincoln ticket. In
Marcli 1861, President Lincoln named him chief
justice of Nebraska Territory, but he resigned at
the outbreak of war to raise a regiment of cav-
alry in Illinois. After serving for less than a
year in the Missouri campaign under Pope and
winning promotion to the rank of brigadier-
general, he was compelled by ill health to resign.
One of President Lincoln's last official acts
was to commission Kellogg collector of the port
of New Orleans, where he promptly became con-
spicuous as a Carpet-bag politician. The legis-
lature of Louisiana elected him in 1868 to the
United States Senate, but his nomination by the
Republican or "Radical" party for the governor-
ship of his adopted state led to his resignation in
1872. His entire administration was torn with
dissensions. The announcement of his election
was followed by a battle of injunctions. Two
returning boards were organized to canvass the
ballots, two rival legislatures convened, and two
governors duly inaugurated. When the failure
of Congress to decide between the contesting
state governments threw action upon the admin-
istration, President Grant recognized Kellogg
as the legitimate governor (May 22, 1873). The
trials of his term included a riot, during which
the conservatives by seizure of the state build-
ings drove the "usurper" Kellogg to the custom-
house for refuge until he was restored by a pres-
idential proclamation. A second threat of civil
conflict led to a compromise which left Kellogg
in office for the remainder of his term. In vio-
lation of the spirit of the compromise, he was
impeached by the lower house, but the state Sen-
ate wisely dismissed the case. The Louisiana
election of 1876 resulted again in dual govern-
ments and it was to the Republican faction that
Kellogg owed his second election as United
States senator. Notwithstanding the question-
able legality of the election, the national Senate
by a close party vote seated Kellogg rather than
his contesting rival, although the Democratic
legislature was ultimately recognized by Presi-
dent Hayes. Declining to be a candidate for re-
election to the Senate, where he had in no way
distinguished himself, he was elected to the
House of Representatives for one term, 1883-
85. Thereafter, except for his appearance as a
delegate at the Republican national conventions
until 1896, he dropped out of politics, living in
retirement at Washington, D. C., until his death.
He was married June 6, 1865, to Mary Emily
Wills at Canton, 111.
While there can be no doubt that Kellogg un-
3°5
Kelly
dertook to serve Louisiana under grave difficul-
ties, falling heir to the bitter hatred which had
been accumulating against Carpet-baggers and
which vented itself in several attempts upon his
life, he indubitably lacked the force demanded
by the troublous times, and his administration
augmented rather than mitigated the odium
which attached to Carpet-bag rule.
[In addition to the usual sources for the Reconstruc-
tion period of Louisiana history including the state
newspapers — the New Orleans Bee, the National Re-
publican, and the Daily Picayune — see W. D. Foulke,
Life of Oliver P. Morton (2 vols., 1899) ; Timothy
Hopkins, The Kclloggs in the Old World and the New
(1903), vol. I; W. L. Fleming, Doc. Hist, of Recon-
struction, vol. II (1907); Ella Lonn, Reconstruction
in La. after 1868 (1918); G. S. Merriam, The Life
and Times of Samuel Bowles (1885), vol. II; Charles
Nordhoff, The Cotton States (1876) ; Biog. Dir. Am.
Cong. (1928); Evening Star (Washington, D. C),
Aug. 10, 19 18; Washington Post, Aug. 11, 1918; Na-
tion, Nov. 11, 1915.] £ L.
KELLY, ALOYSIUS OLIVER JOSEPH
(June 13, 1870-Feb. 23, 191 1 ), physician, teach-
er, author, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., the
son of Dr. Joseph V. and Emma Jane (Fergu-
son) Kelly. As a boy he was a quiet and indus-
trious student. At eighteen he received the de-
gree of A.B. from LaSalle College in Philadel-
phia and three years later, in 1891, he obtained
his degree as doctor of medicine from the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania. A few weeks after
graduation from the medical school, he became
a resident physician at St. Agnes' Hospital,
Philadelphia, and entered upon his medical ca-
reer. In 1892 he went abroad where he worked
assiduously for two years, spending part of his
time in London, Dublin, Prague, and Heidel-
berg, but chiefly in Vienna. It was in these
clinics and laboratories that he laid the founda-
tion for the work that he later produced. Here
also his ability won him both the interest and
friendship of Franz Chvostek, Anton Weich-
selbaum, and many others. His career as a
teacher began with his return to Philadelphia
in 1894, when he was appointed recorder in the
medical dispensary of the hospital of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania. From that time on his
promotion in that institution was consistent and
rapid. He was made instructor in physical di-
agnosis in 1896 and by 1906 had become assist-
ant professor of medicine, occupying that posi-
tion until the time of his death. He had mar-
ried, on Oct. 30, 1897, Elizabeth Morrison Mc-
Knight of Philadelphia.
As a clinical teacher in the University Kelly
became closely, associated with Dr. John H.
Musser, for many years acting as his chief of
clinic and, when occasion required, serving as
his substitute. Kelly's teaching was not con-
Kelly
fined to one institution. In 1900 he was ap-
pointed professor of the theory and practice of
medicine in the University of Vermont where
he performed a constructive service in introduc-
ing modern methods of clinical teaching in med-
icine and in helping to formulate the policies of
the medical school. In 1906 he was appointed
to the chair of pathology in the Woman's Med-
ical College of Pennsylvania. His chief scientific
interest lay in pathology, and it was in this field
that some of his most enduring original work
was done. In 1894 he became pathologist to St.
Agnes' Hospital and the following year direc-
tor of the laboratories of the Philadelphia Poly-
clinic. In a few years he relinquished these po-
sitions to become pathologist to the German
Hospital. Here, in association with the surgical
clinic of Dr. John B. Deaver, he had the oppor-
tunity to study an enormous amount of patho-
logical material, especially in relation to diseases
of the appendix, the liver, and the gall bladder.
It was in this laboratory that he collected the
data that enabled him to prepare several of his
contributions : his Mutter Lecture, "Infections of
the Biliary Tract," delivered before the College
of Physicians of Philadelphia in 1905 ; his arti-
cle on the "Nature and Lesions of Cirrhosis of
the Liver," published in the American Journal
of the Medical Sciences (December 1905) ; and
the chapter on diseases of the liver, gall bladder,
and bile ducts which he contributed to William
Osier's Modern Medicine (vol. V, 1908).
From the beginning of his medical career,
Kelly took a deep interest in the literary aspects
of medicine. He wrote with facility and devel-
oped a convincing yet graceful literary style.
As early as 1895 he began to contribute to medi-
cal journals and during his life wrote many ar-
ticles all of which bore the mark of painstaking
preparation. From 1903 to 1907 he edited In-
ternational Clinics and in the latter year he be-
came editor of the American Journal of the Med-
ical Sciences. Shortly before his death he com-
pleted a text-book, Practice of Medicine (1910)
based upon his own wide clinical experience and
extensive pathological observations. At the time
of his death he had completed, in association
with Dr. Musser, two volumes of a composite
four-volume work entitled A Handbook of Prac-
tical Treatment (1911-17). Few American phy-
sicians have occupied a more influential or dis-
tinguished position in the field of medical litera-
ture than did Kelly. He never sought a large
private practice. His interests centered chiefly
about the library, the laboratory, and the clinic.
At the time of his death he had been physician to
St. Agnes' Hospital since 1897 and assistant phy-
306
Kelly
sician to the University hospital since 1899.
Those who came in contact with him as his pa-
tients became aware of his rare medical judg-
ment and therapeutic skill. His premature death,
coming at a time when his intellectual powers
and professional attainments were reaching their
height, deprived the medical profession of a
truly great physician and teacher.
[Who's Who in America, 1910-n; Trans. Coll. of
Physicians of Phila., XXXIV (1912), p. lxii ; Am.
Jour, of the Medic. Sci., Mar. 191 1 ; H. A. Kelly and
W. L. Burrage, Am. Medic. Biogs. (1920); Phila.
Press and Phila. Inquirer, Feb. 24, 191 1.] q m p
KELLY, EDMOND (Mar. 28, 1851-Oct. 4,
1909), lawyer, political reformer, sociologist,
was born at Blagnac, near Toulouse, France, of
American parents, Robert Edmond and Sarah
Kelly. After his early schooling at King's
School, in Sherborne, Dorsetshire, England, he
came to New York with his parents, in 1868,
and studied at Columbia College, graduating in
1870. Then followed a science course at St.
John's College, Cambridge University, in Eng-
land (A.B. 1875), ar)d finally a regular law
course at Columbia, where he obtained the de-
gree of LL.B. in 1877. His professional career
began in the office of Coudert Brothers, New
York City, for which firm he went to Paris sev-
eral years later as its representative. In 1883
he obtained his License en Droit from the ficole
de Droit and opened an office of his own, con-
tinuing his practice there until 1891. During
this period, and again, from 1899 to 1907, he rep-
resented a number of well-known American cor-
porations, among them the American Contract-
ing & Dredging Company, which worked the
east coast of the Panama Canal, and the Equita-
ble Life Assurance Society. He was also coun-
sel for the United States Embassy.
As a lawyer Edmond Kelly ranked high, but
it was not his professional achievements which
distinguished him from among his contempora-
ries. There was in him a subdued, yet tense,
strain of emotionalism which responded sharp-
ly to the human aspects of the maladjustments
of our social order. It was as a champion of the
powerless and a crusader against the political
evils of his time, that he stood out from the rank
and file. In the autumn of 1892, Kelly met
George Haven Putnam and asked to be brought
into personal contact with some of the "cranks"
of New York. Putnam himself was already
known as one of the severer critics of the cor-
rupt political machine that ruled the city, but
he lacked the optimism to begin the battle. This
optimism Kelly supplied. Also, Kelly possessed
the gift of wit and persuasive speech ; his, too,
was the plan of campaign. Very much as he
Kelly
first proposed it, it was later carried into effect ;
good government clubs organized, one in every
assembly district, centralized in a general asso-
ciation whose permanent headquarters served as
a clearing house for the local clubs.
Judged from a close viewpoint, in the matter
of time, Kelly's movement seemed a dismal fail-
ure. He apparently felt this most keenly him-
self. Beyond contributing to the overturn of
Tammany in 1894 and bringing about the elec-
tion of half a dozen aldermen of a higher type,
the movement accomplished nothing immediate.
The general mass of the citizens remained in-
different. The press was mildly sympathetic, or
cold. Yet the central association survived as the
City Club. Kelly wrote extensively, ever show-
ing a growing tendency in the direction of So-
cialism, whose main principles, at least, he final-
ly accepted. He wrote as a seeker and a ques-
tioner, rather than as a teacher, and his works
were appreciated by those who were thinking
along parallel lines. His published writings in-
clude: Evolution and Effort (1895); Govern-
ment, or Human Evolution (2 vols., 1900-01) ;
A Practical Programme for Working Men
(1906) ; The Elimination of the Tramp (1908) ;
and Twentieth Century Socialism (1910). In
1884 he married Frances Bacon Barto. She died
in 1891, and in 1905 he married Edith Thures-
son. He died on his farm, near Nyack, N. Y.
[Sources include: Columbia Univ. Quart., Dec. 1909 ;
Columbia Alumni News, Oct. n, 1909; G. H. Putnam,
Memories of a Publisher, 1865-1915 (1915) ; The Tri-
umph of Reform (1895) ; N. Y. Times, Oct. 5, 1909;
information as to certain facts from Kelly's son,
Shaun Kelly.] a c
KELLY, EUGENE (Nov. 25, 1808-Dec. 19,
1894), banker and philanthropist, was born in
County Tyrone, Ireland, of an ancient rebel fam-
ily. As an active participant in the Rebellion of
1798, his father, Thomas Boye O'Kelly of Mul-
laghmore, was ruined in fortune and sought safe-
ty in the common name of Kelly which made
legal identification more difficult. Eugene was
trained in a local hedge school and apprenticed
to the draper's business. With interest he
watched the growing exodus of Ulsterites to
America whither his brother John (1805-1866)
had gone in 1825. The latter, a distinguished
priest of New York and Albany, volunteered
for the negro missions in Liberia (1845-48),
and on his return was settled as rector of St.
Peter's Church in Jersey City where he became
a force in the civic and religious life of the com-
munity. With f 100 in his pocket, Eugene emi-
grated to New York in the thirties and found
employment with Donnelly & Company, then
the city's leading dry-goods concern. Soon he
3°7
Kelly
married the proprietor's sister and amassed a
small fortune in the dry-goods business in Mays-
ville, Ky. Selling his merchandise, he traveled
to St. Louis which was becoming a Mecca for
Irish immigrants attracted by steamboating, fur
trading, and overland freighting. Here again,
he was doing well when he contracted the gold
fever and set forth for California with a train
of mules under the guidance of Aubrey, "White
Cloud of the Prairies." He arrived in San Fran-
cisco in 1850 and thus much to his later regret
missed being a "Forty-niner."
In San Francisco Kelly founded, along with
Adam Grant, Joseph A. Donohoe, and Daniel
T. Murphy, Murphy, Grant & Company, which
later became the chief dry-goods firm on the
coast, and Donohoe, Ralston & Company, a
banking house which after 1864 was known as
Donohoe, Kelly & Company. Eugene Kelly &
Company, founded in 1856, was its New York
branch. In 1891 the San Francisco house be-
came a joint-stock company under the firm name
of Donohoe-Kelly Banking Company. Kelly's
first wife had died in 1848 and in 1857 he was
married to Margaret Hughes, niece of Arch-
bishop John Hughes [<jf.r/.]. Thereafter he made
his home in New York. His private banking
and brokerage house made him a multi-million-
aire. He was influential in ecclesiastical, Irish,
and Democratic circles. In Reconstruction days,
he was heavily interested in the rehabilitation
of Southern railroads and was a founder of the
Southern Bank of Georgia in Savannah. He
was also a director of the Bank of New York,
the Emigrant Savings Bank, the National Park
Bank, and of the Equitable Life Assurance So-
ciety. In civic affairs, he was known as chair-
man of the Electoral Committee of the State of
New York (1884), a member of the Board of
Education for thirteen years, a trustee and pa-
tron of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and
an active member of the committees on the
Washington Arch and Bartholdi Statue. A
sturdy Irish nationalist and friend of John Dil-
lon, he served as treasurer of the Irish Parlia-
mentary Fund and as president of the National
Federation of America. He contributed to
Catholic charities, to St. Patrick's Cathedral in
New York, and to Seton Hall College, of which
he was a trustee, and is regarded as one of the
founders and benefactors of the Catholic Uni-
versity of America in Washington which he
served as treasurer and financial consultant from
its establishment (1887) until his death. As a
reward for his philanthropies his intimate as-
sociate Archbishop Corrigan obtained for him
a papal honor, Chamberlain of the Cape and
Kelly
Sword, which because of his inability to go to
Rome was transferred to his eldest son in 1894.
[Cath. Univ. Bull., Jan. 1895, Apr. 1899 ; Records of
the Am. Cath. Hist. Soc., Mar. 1900; Sadlier's Cath.
Directory (1867), p. 47; the Sun (N. Y.), and the
N. Y. Herald, Dec. 20, 1894.] R T P
KELLY, JOHN (Apr. 20, 1822-June 1, 1886),
Tammany politician and congressman, was born
in New York City, the son of Hugh and Sarah
(Donnelly) Kelly. His father had emigrated
from Ireland in 18 16. John attended the paro-
chial school attached to St. Patrick's Cathedral,
then, after his father's death, became an office
boy on the New York Herald. At thirteen he
was apprenticed to a grate-setter and soap-stone
cutter. He was industrious, intelligent, and
thrifty, so that he was able about 1843 to go
into business for himself. Democratic politics
was the breath of life to young Irishmen of the
fourteenth ward, where Kelly lived, and he en-
tered the game early. He fought Tammany as
a young man and was beaten in his two candi-
dacies for office during this period. In the re-
organization of Tammany in 1853, however, he
was admitted to the Society, and at once received
its support in the fall elections. He was elected
alderman in November 1853, congressman in
1854, and reelected to Congress in 1856. In
Washington he made a favorable impression. He-
was conspicuous for his attacks on the Know-
Nothing party, and for a speech on religious tol-
eration. In 1857 he was chosen sheriff of New
York County and resigned his seat in Congress
to take this office. He was reelected sheriff in
•1865. In 1868 he was nominated for mayor,
against A. Oakey Hall, but he withdrew, on the
plea of ill health, and went abroad. These were
years of deep personal grief. The death of his
wife (nee Mcllhargy) was followed by the
deaths of his son and two daughters, leaving
him without family.
Returning from Europe, he now entered upon
his career as dictator in Tammany Hall. The
infamies of the "Tweed ring" had thoroughly
discredited Tammany and Kelly was called upon
to reorganize the Society. He plunged into this
work with intense energy. Elected Grand Sa-
chem of Tammany Hall, he began an iron-hand
rule that saved the organization as a political
force but committed him personally to one bit-
ter quarrel after another. He is credited with
the thorough organization of the assessment of
candidates and office holders for the support of
the Tammany machine and the profit of the lead-
ers. In 1881 he was confronted with a revolt in
Tammany itself, but he remained the head of the
Society until ill health caused his retirement in
308
Kelly
1882. He was succeeded by his friend and pro-
tege, Richard Croker. During his leadership
of Tammany, he was appointed comptroller by
Mayor Wickham in 1876. Three years later he
opposed the reelection of Gov. Lucius Robinson
and presented himself as a candidate for the
governorship. His bolt, which brought about
the election of the Republican candidate, Alonzo
B. Cornell, was probably the reason for Mayor
Cooper's refusal to reappoint him as comptroller
in 1880. Kelly was responsible for the nomina-
tion of Grace for mayor in 1880 and for that of
Edson in 1882. In 1884 he played a conspicuous
part in preventing the reelection of Tammany
members of the Board of Aldermen who had
been bribed to grant the Broadway Railway
franchise. He was a burly, square-set man of
great physical strength. His roughness and his
domineering ways had, after his experience in
Congress, given way to suavity and diplomacy
masking the same inflexible will and autocratic
rule. In 1876 he married Teresa Mullen, a niece
of Cardinal McCloskey [q.v.~\. His widow and
two infant children survived him upon his death.
[J. F. McLaughlin, The Life and Times of John
Kelly (1885); Stephen Fiske, Off-hand Portraits of
Prominent New Yorkers (1884) ; M. R. Werner, Tam-
many Hall (1928); Gustavus Myers, The Hist, of
Tammany Hall (1901) ; M. P. Breen, Thirty Years of
N. Y. Politics (1899); N. Y. Times, N. Y. Tribune,
N. Y. Herald, June 2, 1886.] L.H.H.
KELLY, LUTHER SAGE (July 27, 1849-
Dec. 17, 1928), army scout, known as "Yellow-
stone Kelly," traced his ancestry to John Kelly
who died at Newbury, Mass., in 1644. His fa-
ther, Luther Kelly, crossed from New Hamp-
shire into New York state and married Jean-
nette Eliza Sage of Chittenango. The couple
settled in Geneva, and it was there that Luther
Sage was born. He entered the Genesee Wes-
leyan Seminary at Lima, N. Y., from the Geneva
Union School. In March 1865, claiming to be
over eighteen, he enlisted in Company G, 10th
Infantry, at Rochester. At the conclusion of the
war he was ordered West, having unwittingly
joined the regulars, a misunderstanding which
shaped his career. Upon receiving his discharge
in 1868, he left Fort Ransom, Dakota Territory,
and roamed the Yellowstone region as hunter
and trapper, learning the trails of Wyoming
and Montana. Later as dispatch bearer he made
round trips monthly from Fort Union to Devil's
Lake. His knowledge of the Sioux language
made him a valuable guide to Gen. George A.
Forsyth on his expedition to the upper Missouri
and Yellowstone and the information which he
gained on that expedition proved invaluable in
the war against the Sioux three years later. As
Kelly
chief army scout for Gen. Nelson A. Miles from
1876 to 1878, Kelly served in many campaigns,
his three most important being those against Sit-
ting Bull, the Sioux tribe, and later against the
Sioux and Cheyennes along the Tongue River.
Two years later, in 1880, he again acted as scout
for the regular army, this time in the Ute coun-
try in Colorado.
During a flying trip east and after a brief
courtship Kelly married Alice May Morrison at
Detroit in 1885. Later he entered the general
service of the War Department, serving as clerk
at Chicago, Governors Island, and in the Pen-
sion Bureau at Washington, D. C. In 1898 he
was chosen by Capt. Edwin Forbes Glenn, who
was heading an exploring expedition to Alaska,
to act as guide. Kelly wrote a sub-report rec-
ommending a practical railroad route from Port-
age Bay to Kirk Arm. The following year, 1899,
he was in Alaska as guide to the Harriman ex-
pedition. Later, as captain of a company of vol-
unteers he went to the Philippines, saw active
service, and was made commander of Post Dap-
itan, Mindanao. In 1903 while treasurer of
the province of Surigao he led the inhabitants
in a defense against attack and siege of the
town by escaped convicts and outlaws. For his
conduct in this affair he received special praise
from President Roosevelt. Returning to the
United States in 1904 Kelly became Indian
agent at the San Carlos Reservation in Arizona,
retaining this position until 1908. He then un-
dertook to supervise a gold mine near Lida,
Nev., but was unsuccessful in this and other
mining ventures. In 191 5 he started a fruit
ranch at Paradise, Cal., where he lived his re-
maining years. In 1926 he published his reminis-
cences in "Yellowstone Kelly" : The Memoirs of
Luther S. Kelly, and at the time of his death he
had in manuscript a work on Alaska and the
Philippines. He died in 1928 and was buried at
Kelly Mountain, Billings, Mont. His great serv-
ice was that of helping to prepare the West for
the advance of civilization.
[In addition to Kelly's memoirs see E. F. Glenn and
W. R. Abercrombie, Reports of Explorations in the
Territory of Alaska (1899), and Kelly's sub-report,
"From Cabin Creek to the Valley of the Yula, Alaska,"
both reprinted in Compilation of Narratives of Explo-
rations in Alaska (1900) ; Personal Recollections and
Observations of Gen. Nelson A. Miles (1896); "Re-
port of the Philippine Commission," 1903, which is
found in vols. V-VIII of the annual report of the War
Dept. for 1903 ; G. M. Kelly, A Gencal. Account of the
Descendants of John Kelly of Newbury, Mass. (1886),
and the Bismarck Tribune and iV. Y. Times, Dec. 18,
1928. Certain information was supplied for this sketch
by relatives of Kelly.] F.W. S.
KELLY, MICHAEL J. (Dec. 31, 1857-Nov.
8, 1894), baseball player, otherwise known as
3°9
Kelly
"King Kelly" and the "Ten Thousand Dollar
Beauty," was born in Troy, N. Y. His parents
were probably Michael Kelly, a paper-maker,
and his wife, Catherine, both natives of Ireland.
His early professional career was with the
Olympics of Paterson, N. J., and the Buckeyes
of Columbus, Ohio. In 1879 he was with the
Cincinnati team of the National League, play-
ing right field and change catcher. During a
post-season series in California, 1879-80, Ad-
rian Anson [#.?'.] secured his services for the
Chicago White Stockings with which he re-
mained until 1887. He soon became a popular
idol. He played right field, caught, and in the
season of 1882 filled in at short stop. The White
Stockings won five championships while he was
with them, to which achievement he contributed
his full share, for he always played for the vic-
tory of the team, and never for personal aggran-
dizement. "When we marched on the field,"
Kelly once boasted in a newspaper interview,
"with our big six-footers out in front it used to
be a case of 'eat 'em up Jake.' We had most of
'em whipped before we threw a ball. They were
scared to death." Kelly himself was about six
feet tall, but was awkward and had a shambling
gait. He was a big, bulgy, jovial Irishman. His
success as a player was not due to exceptional
skill or dexterity. He had an unfortunate ten-
dency to fall down at critical moments, without
apparent cause, his feet becoming panicky when
he was about to catch a ball ; neither was he a
dependable catcher, thrower, or infielder. His
greatness was due to nerve, mental agility, and
mastery of the game. He seemed to have an
intuitive sense of what an opposing player was
going to do, and he generally out-witted him.
His ability to divine what was in the pitcher's
mind made him a good batter, and in 1886 he
led the league. Once on the bases it was almost
impossible to get him out; he slid with clever-
ness and abandon, becoming the hero of the
popular song, "Slide, Kelly, slide!" and if a
run were needed to win a game he was almost
certain to get it. His good-natured badinage
with spectators contributed to his popularity as
did his arguments with umpires, for as a "kick-
er" he outclassed every one in his profession.
His sale to the Boston team in 1887 for $10,-
000 created a furor and gave him the title of
"Ten Thousand Dollar Beauty." The willing-
ness of the Chicago management to let him go
was largely due to the fact that "he was of a
highly convivial nature, extremely fascinating
and witty, and his example was demoralizing
to discipline" (A. G. Spalding, America's Na-
tional Game, 1911, p. 516). When the Brother-
Kelly
hood War broke out in 1890, Kelly signed with
the Boston Players League Club, and admirers
presented him with a farm in Hingham. A. G.
Spalding offered him $10,000 and a three-year
contract at his own figure to desert the Brother-
hood, and he won the former's respect by refus-
ing "to go back on the boys" (Ibid., pp. 295-97).
After the collapse of the Players League, he
took charge of the Cincinnati American Asso-
ciation Club, and in 1892 returned to Boston.
He was loaned to New York in 1893, and upon
his return at the close of the season was re-
leased. His death, occasioned by an attack of
pneumonia, occurred in the Emergency Hos-
pital, Boston, to which city he had come to ap-
pear at the Palace Theatre with the London
Gaiety Girls, in the role of "Casey at the Bat."
Just before he died he slipped off a stretcher,
and remarked, "This is my last slide." He was
the author of a little book entitled, "Play Ball";
Stories of the Diamond Field (Boston, Emery
& Hughes, 1888).
[Francis C. Richter, Hist, and Records of Base Ball
(1914) ; Baseball Mag., June 1914; Elwood A. Roff,
Base Ball and Base Ball Players (1912) ; U. S. Census
of i860, Rensselaer County, N. Y., I, 67 ; Boston, New
York, and Chicago papers, Nov. 9, 1894.] H. E S
KELLY, MYRA (Aug. 26, 1875-Mar. 30,
1910), author, was born in Dublin, Ireland, of
Irish parents, Dr. James Edward and Annie
(Morrogh) Kelly. When she was a child the
family came to New York City, where Dr. Kelly
developed a large practice on the East Side.
Myra was educated at the Mt. Saint Vincent and
Sacred Heart convents, the Horace Mann
School, and Teachers College, Columbia Uni-
versity, where, in 1899, she received a diploma
as a teacher of manual training. Her familiar-
ity with the East Side and interest in its deni-
zens made her choose that as her first field of
work. She taught for two years at No. 147 pub-
lic school, east of the Bowery, where her pupils
were of many nationalities, speaking many
tongues. Here she rapidly gathered literary ma-
terial. She was critic teacher at the Speyer
School, Teachers College, 1902-03, and during
this time began to put her East Side experi-
ences into stories. Her first story, "A Christ-
mas Present for a Lady," was sent to two maga-
zines, with the idea that both would probably
reject it. Both accepted it and some complica-
tions in adjustment followed. This successful
beginning proved an omen for her future liter-
ary career, and she told friends long afterward
that no manuscript of hers had ever been reject-
ed. Her first volume appeared in 1904, Little
Citizens; the Humours of School Life, stories
3IO
Kelly
which are almost entirely accounts of her own
experiences as a teacher in No. 147. There she
had learned not only the physical and mental
characteristics of her pupils but their dialect ex-
pressions and tricks of behavior, which enabled
her to write genuine realism. As a teacher, she
had also visited the homes of the children and
become acquainted with the mothers, always less
American than the children, but welcoming her
because of her delicate, sweet personality and
her sympathy which never appeared like curi-
osity. Other volumes of stories followed : The
Isle of Dreams (1907); Wards of Liberty
(1907); Rosnah (1908); The Golden Season
(1909); Little Aliens (1910); New Faces
(1910) ; Her Little Young Ladyship (1911). In
1909 she wrote for publication by the Ameri-
can Association for International Conciliation
a pamphlet, The American Public School as a
Factor in International Conciliation.
Myra Kelly's stories, almost all about children,
have interested people of all ages. Each nar-
rates some human episode and illustrates some
characteristic of the immigrant New Yorkers
who were the models for her characters. She
had mastery of both pathos and humor and her
short story technique was admirable. Her col-
lection Little Citizens aroused the interest of
Allan Macnaughtan, president of the Standard
Coach Horse Company. He sought an acquaint-
ance, and in August 1905 they were married.
They had one child, a boy, who died in infancy.
At one time they were associated with a project
for establishing a literary colony at Oldchester
Village, Orange Mountain, N. J., and lived there
for a while. Never very robust, Myra Kelly's
health became impaired, tuberculosis developed,
and, in the hope of a cure, she went to Torquay,
on the English Channel, where she died and was
buried.
[Who's Who in America, 1910-11 ; obituaries in the
N. Y. Times and the N. Y. Tribune, Apr. i, 1910 ; "The
President and Myra Kelly," Bookman, Nov. 1907; in-
formation as to certain facts from Mrs. Clara H. Mac-
naughtan, Los Angeles, Cal.] S. G. B.
KELLY, WILLIAM (Aug. 21, 1811-Feb. 11,
1888), original inventor of the "air-boiling proc-
ess," or what later was known as the Bessemer
process, of steel making, was the son of John
and Elizabeth (Fitzsimons) Kelly. He was
born in Pittsburgh, Pa., and educated in the
public schools of that city. His father was a
well-to-do landowner who is said to have built
the first two brick houses in Pittsburgh. Though
inventive and fond of metallurgy, at thirty-five
years of age Kelly found himself in the dry-
goods business in Philadelphia, being junior
member of the firm McShane & Kelly. Having
Kelly
been sent out to collect debts for the firm, he
arrived in Nashville, Tenn., where, casually at-
tending graduation exercises at a girls' school,
he became acquainted with Mildred A. Gracy,
a young lady from Eddyville, Ky., whom he
married shortly after. Securing from friends
letters of introduction to merchants of that town,
he visited Eddyville, cultivated particularly the
acquaintance of the young lady's father, a
wealthy tobacco merchant, settled there, and
with his brother purchased iron-ore lands ad-
jacent and a furnace known as the Cobb fur-
nace. Developing the Suwanee Iron Works &
Union Forge, Kelly manufactured sugar kettles,
which were much in demand among the farmers
thereabouts. The manufacture of wrought iron
from pig iron for these kettles, by burning out of
the excess carbon, required much charcoal ; and
Kelly soon found his local supply of fuel run-
ning low. While worrying over his higher costs,
he one day noticed that though the air-blast in
his "finery fire" furnace was blowing on molten
iron with no charcoal covering, yet the iron be-
came white hot. Experimenting, he found that
contrary to all iron-makers' beliefs, molten iron
containing sufficient carbon became much hot-
ter when air was blown on it ; in other words,
that the three to five per cent, carbon contained
in molten cast iron can be burned out by air-
blast, this carbon itself acting as fuel and mak-
ing the molten mass very much hotter.
So obsessed was Kelly with his new discov-
ery that his wife, thinking her husband mentally
unbalanced in his talk of making steel "without
fuel," dispatched her daughter to Mr. Gracy
(her father and Kelly's partner) and a Dr. Hig-
gins. Fortunately the latter recognized the pos-
sibility of Kelly's discovery and believed him
of sound mind. His customers, however, could
not be convinced of the fact that the iron he
made by this cheaper process was thoroughly
good, and Kelly had to revert to the use of
charcoal. Meantime, with two iron makers, he
started building secretly an experimental con-
verter three miles back in the secluded forest.
It was a four-foot high brick kettle in which
air was blown through holes in the bottom into
and through molten pig iron. Because of insuffi-
cient blast pressure, only partial success re-
sulted. This was the first of seven experimental
converters built secretly between 1851 and 1856.
In the latter year, hearing that Henry Bessemer
of England had been granted a United States
patent on the same process, Kelly applied for a
patent, and, convincing the patent officials of his
priority, on June 23, 1857, was granted United
States patent No. 17,628 and declared to be the
311
Kelly
original inventor (Scientific American, Oct. 18,
1856, July 4, 1857). On June 15, 1871, Kelly's
patent was renewed for seven years, while Bes-
semer was refused renewal (Decisions of the
Commissioner of Patents for the Year 1871, pp.
186-87).
The panic of 1857 bankrupted Kelly, and to
secure ready money he sold his patent for $1,000
to his father who bequeathed it to his daughters.
They, thinking Kelly incompetent in business
matters, would not return it to him, though in
later years it came to his children. He then went
to Johnstown, Pa., where Daniel J. Morrell of
the Cambria Iron Works listened to his story
and encouraged him to work out his new proc-
ess in that plant. Here he built his eighth con-
verter, the first of the tilting type, which is pre-
served as a valued exhibit in the office of the
Cambria plant, now a part of the Bethlehem
Steel Company. The first trial was a failure,
due to too strong a blast, and, for years, "Kelly's
fireworks" were a standing joke. The second
trial, however, was a success, and MorrelPs
financial backers purchased a controlling inter-
est in the process, which, with a slight modifi-
cation, necessary also in Bessemer's process,
made soft steel for the first time cheaply, and in
the large quantities necessary for rails, bars,
structural shapes, etc., in the great "Steel Age"
which was just beginning. Acclaimed a genius
and no more a crank, Kelly remained for five
years at Johnstown, and then returned to Louis-
ville where he founded an axe-manufacturing
business later carried on by his sons in Charles
Town, W. Va. He retired from active business
at the age of seventy and remained in Louisville,
where he died and was buried.
Steel under the Kelly patent was first blown
commercially in the fall of 1864 at the Wyan-
dotte Iron Works near Detroit, Mich., con-
structed by W. F. Durfee \_q.v.~\ for Capt. E. B.
Ward of Detroit, a large owner in the Cambria
Iron Works (see article by Durfee in Transac-
tions of the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, vol. VI, 1884-85). Ward and his
partner, Z. S. Durfee \_q.v.~], a cousin of W. F.
Durfee, had purchased control of Kelly's pat-
ent and the American rights to Mushet's addi-
tion of carbon and manganese, which was a ne-
cessity for both the Bessemer and Kelly proc-
esses. They later took Morrell and others into
the corporation, which was called the Kelly
Pneumatic Process Company. In 1865, manu-
facturing under Bessemer's American patent
was begun by Alexander Lyman Holley [q.v.~\
at Troy, N. Y. He was not very successful for
Mushet had sold the entire American rights to
Kelpius
his recarburizing process to Durfee. Bessemer,
however, had patented in America the machinery
for handling the converter and Holley controlled
the right to its use. In the face of this situation,
which made each company a violator of patent
rights owned by the other, with threat of con-
siderable litigation, the two companies consol-
idated. Just why those astute steel men, Ward,
Durfee, and Morrell, who controlled the most
important of the patents, accepted only three-
tenths of the stock of the new company, with
Holley and his associates holding seven-tenths,
has never been satisfactorily explained. Kelly
never was satisfied, but since his patents were
controlled by Ward, Morrell, and others, he had
little voice. Even Bessemer's name thereafter
was used in connection with the process in this
country, probably chiefly because of the repu-
tation which imported English Bessemer rails
had acquired. Kelly received altogether only
about $450,000 from his epoch-making inven-
tion while Bessemer received approximately
$10,000,000 in royalties and was knighted. On
Oct. 5, 1925, a bronze tablet to Kelly's memory
was erected by the American Society for Steel
Treating, at the site of the Wyandotte Iron
Works.
[H. N. Casson, The Romance of Steel: the Story of
a Thousand Millionaires (1907), first published in
Munsey's Mag., Apr. 1906 ; J. N. Boucher, Wm. Kelly:
A True Hist, of the Bessemer Process (1924) ; L. W.
Spring, Non-Technical Chats on Iron and Steel (1927) ;
"The Dedication of Bronze Tablet to the Memory of
Wm. Kelly," Trans. Am. Soc. for Steel Treating, III
(1922), 162; obituary in Courier-Journal (Louisville,
Ky.), Feb. 13, 1888.] LaV.W.S.
KELPIUS, JOHANN (1673-1708), mystic,
was born near Schassburg in Transylvania
(Siebenbiirgen), probably at Halwegen, where
his father, Georg Kelp, who died Feb. 25, 1685,
as pastor at Denndorf in the same district, was
then the incumbent. He was educated at the ex-
pense of three friends of his father and attended
the University of Altdorf, in Bavaria, where he
received his master's degree in 1689 and pub-
lished a thesis on natural theology. He next pub-
lished an Inquisitio an Ethicus Ethnicus Aptus
sit Christianae Jtwentutis Hodegus, etc. (Niirn-
berg, 1690), and, in collaboration with Prof. Jo-
hannes Fabricius, Scylla Theologica, Aliquot
Excmplis Patrum et Doctorum Ecclesiae Qui
cum Alios Refutare Laborarent . . . in Contra-
rios Errores Misere Inciderunt, Ostensa, etc.
(Altdorf, 1690). He had little right to fling this
stone, for his own orthodoxy was overlain, in
the most sumptuous rococo manner, with ca-
balism, chiliasm, Pietism, and Rosicrucianism.
He was deeply versed in the writings of Jacob
Boehme and became an intimate of Johann Jacob
312
Kelpius
Zimmermann, the deposed deacon of Britigheim
in Wurttemberg. Zimmermann, a mathemati-
cian, astronomer, and author as well as a theo-
logian, had determined by exact calculations that
the Millennium would begin in the autumn of
1694 and was raising a company of about forty
adherents, male and female, who were to voyage
to Pennsylvania and await its arrival in the
solitude of the primeval forest. Kelpius joined
the expedition and succeeded to the leadership
when Zimmermann died at Rotterdam on the
eve of their sailing.
After a perilous voyage they disembarked
June 22, 1694, at Bohemia Landing, Md., and
proceeded to Germantown, Pa., where they set-
tled on the wooded ridge overlooking Wissa-
hickon Creek. "Hermit Spring" and "Hermit
Lane" in Fairmount Park commemorate their
occupancy of this tract. Even after the failure
of Zimmermann's prediction, the community pa-
tiently awaited the Millennium, meanwhile de-
voting itself to prayer and meditation, the culti-
vation of medicinal plants, and religious instruc-
tion among the Germans of the vicinity. Among
the abler members of the group were Johann
Gottfried Seelig, Daniel Falckner \_q.vJ], and
Heinrich Bernhard Koster, a man at once so
learned and so eccentric that Johann Christoph
Adelung included a biography of him in his Ge-
schichte dcr Mcnschlichen Narrhcit (vol. VII,
Leipzig, 1789). Koster, after creating much
stir as a preacher, returned to Germany in 1699.
About 1700 Reinier Jansen \_q.v.~\ may have pub-
lished a tract by Kelpius entitled Kurtzer Bcgriff
oder Leichtcs Mittcl zu Beten oder mil Gott zn
Rcden, of which no copy is known to be extant.
Christopher Witt's translation of it was pub-
lished as a Short, Easy, and Comprehensive
Method of Prayer (Philadelphia, Henry Miller,
1 761 ; Germantown, Christopher Sower, 1763).
Kelpius' other literary remains are a diary of
the voyage to America, some miscellaneous let-
ters, and a book of original hymns with musical
scores. He was on friendly terms with Andreas
Rudman, Eric Tobias Biorck, and Jonas Auren,
the Swedish Lutheran clergymen on the Dela-
ware, and apparently possessed a wide reputa-
tion as a sage and saint. Of his saintliness there
has never been any doubt. Exposure and priva-
tion undermined his health, tuberculosis set in,
and finally he had to relinquish the hope of es-
caping bodily death. The touching story of his
end was preserved by Henry Melchior Muhlen-
berg (Hallcsche Nachrichten, Vierzehente Fort-
sctzung.HaWe, 1774, pp. 1265-66.) Seeligbecame
the leader of the community, which continued to
exist for some years after Kelpius' death.
Kelsey
[Kelpius' journal of the voyage to America has
been translated by J. F. Sachse, Proc. and Addresses
Pa.-German Soc, vol. XXV (1917); his hymn book
has been reproduced photographically in Church Music
and Musical Life in Pa. in the 18th Century, vol. I
(1926), being Pubs, of the Pa. Soc. Colonial Dames of
America, vol. IV. For his life see Oswald Seiden-
sticker, Bilder aus dcr Deutsch-pennsylvanischcn Ge-
schichte (1885), and J. F. Sachse, The German Pietists
of Provincial Pa. (1895).] G H G
KELSEY, FRANCIS WILLEY (May 23,
1858-May 14, 1927), classicist, archeologist,
was born at Ogden, N. Y., the son of Henry and
Olive Cornelia (Trowbridge) Kelsey. The fam-
ily is traced to William Kelsey who was at
Cambridge, Mass., in 1632. A New England tra-
dition of simplicity, austerity, and piety received
a touch of fervor from the part of New York
State which was Kelsey's birthplace. The boy
attended the Union School of Lockport, and then
the University of Rochester (A.B., 1880). The
next two years he spent as instructor in classics
at Lake Forest University, Lake Forest, 111.
With leave of absence he studied in Europe
(1883, 1884-85) and meanwhile (1884) re-
ceived his professorship. Five years later (1889)
he was called to a position of the same rank at
Michigan, and within six months became the
successor of Henry S. Frieze [q.v.'j as head of
the Latin department, which position he held
until his death, thirty-eight years later.
Kelsey was no narrow philologist. His teach-
ing was enriched by the archeologist's ability to
recreate the classic life of antiquity, but he was
prevented by his heritage and his times from
being a romanticist. His first publications, fol-
lowing the fashion of that day, were textbooks :
Cicero's Dc Senectutc and De Amicitia in one
volume, 1882, Lucretius' De Rerum Natura in
1884, Caesar's Gallic War in 1886, Xenophon's
Anabasis (1889), Selections from Ovid (1891),
Select Orations and Letters of Cicero (1892).
Most of these passed through several or many
editions: the Caesar, through twenty-one. He
had an unusual interest in Lucretius, but, while
printing the complete text, found it intolerable
to discuss or annotate more than books I, III, and
V. Following the example of Frieze and his own
tastes, he sponsored the University Musical So-
ciety and its associated activities to the end of
his life. Kelsey had a perennial interest in his
pupils, and a passion for bringing together the
worker and the work.
In the later nineties he turned to more impor-
tant publication, editing with Percy Gardner a
series of Handbooks of Archaeology and Antiq-
uities to which he contributed Pompeii, Its Life
and Art (1899), translated from the work of
August Mau. He was occupied now with his
3T3
Kelsey
teaching, editing, and revising, and a vast cor-
respondence covering innumerable enterprises.
He belonged to the American Philological Asso-
ciation (president, 1906-07), the American His-
torical Association, and the Archaeological In-
stitute of America (president, 1907-12), under
which he was director of the American School
of Classical Studies in Rome (1900-01). In the
nineties he originated the Classical Conference.
In the following decade he fought at Michigan
and at large for the classics, then threatened
with extinction ; and published a symposium,
Latin and Greek in American Education (1911).
While the World War was in progress he un-
dertook (1918) for the Carnegie Peace Founda-
tion, with the help of others, a translation of
Grotius' De Jure Belli ct Pads, and completed
his share of the work, which was published in
1925. The great German Thesaurus Totius Lat-
initatis was at this time saved from extinction
by funds contributed through him.
Although Kelsey published various philolog-
ical and archeological articles which amply prove
his ability as an investigator, his energy nat-
urally flowed into the conduct of learned enter-
prises. His greatest achievements were the pub-
lication of the University of Michigan Studies :
Humanistic Series, and the organization of the
University of Michigan expeditions to the Near
East. The Humanistic Series (which he edited
with Henry A. Sanders) was begun in 1904, and
by 1932 numbered twenty-four volumes. Not
only Latin and Greek, but Biblical, Orientalistic,
musical, and other studies are represented: for
Kelsey had a sympathy and understanding even
larger than his interest. He spent thousands of
hours in the drudgery of editing and printing.
His taste was exquisite. The expeditions to the
Near East began in 1920 and one of them is
still (1932) at work. They have excavated at
Antioch of Pisidia, Carthage, and Karanis
(Egypt) ; and have brought back papyri and
manuscripts, photographs and varied archeo-
logical material. These enterprises were financed
by men of affairs who saw Kelsey as one of
themselves and made his concerns their own.
Imposing in appearance, especiallly as he grew
older, Kelsey loved work, and never learned the
purposes of play. Great intelligence protected
him where most men require a keener sense of
humor. A seasoned traveler, his cosmopolitan-
ism was one of understanding and toleration
rather than of taste. He had little regard for
distinction, and accepted only two honorary de-
grees (Ph.D., 1886, LL.D., 1910, Rochester).
In later years he became a member of the Amer-
ican Association for the Advancement of Sci-
Kelton
ence, the Classical Association of Great Britain,
the Deutsches Archaologisches Institut, and the
Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.
He dignified his unchanging orthodoxy with a
personal example of unselfishness, self-control,
and disregard of affront. His unaccountable
power over men might have carried him to the
highest positions in politics or finance, or aca-
demic administration, had he been interested in
these things. His habit of having his way and
accomplishing his unfathomable purposes some-
times aroused resentment. He died surrounded
by his books and correspondence. His wife, who
before her marriage was Isabella Badger, sur-
vived him, as did two daughters and a son.
[Kelsey left no materials for the writing of his bi-
ography. His voluminous letter files and diaries, as
far as known, contain only the record of his under-
takings, and never anything personal. This article is
based on personal knowledge and acquaintance, and
on information collected in the community. Published
information may be found in B. A. Hinsdale and I. N.
Demmon, Hist, of the Univ. of Mich. (1906) ; notice
by H. A. Sanders in Classical Philology, July 1927;
The President's Report for the Year 1926-27 (Univ.
of Mich., 1928); Who's Who in America, 1926—27;
E. A. Claypool and others, A Geneal. of the Descend-
ants of Wm. Kelsey, vol. I (1928) ; Detroit Free Press,
May 15, 1927] W.H.W.
KELTON, JOHN CUNNINGHAM (June
24, 1828-July 15, 1893), soldier, was born in
Delaware County, Pa., of Irish-Scotch ancestry,
a great-grandson of James Kelton who came
from Scotland to Chester County, Pa., in 1735,
and the son of Robert and Margaretta Ross
(Cunningham) Kelton. His father became a
leading iron-master of Lancaster County, and
later, an influential citizen of Philadelphia. Af-
ter an academic education, young Kelton en-
tered the United States Military Academy at
the age of nineteen, and graduated in 1851 with
a commission in the 6th Infantry. After a period
of frontier duty, during which he was promoted
first lieutenant, May 9, 1855, he became assistant
instructor in infantry tactics as well as in the
use of small arms and in gymnastics, at the Mil-
itary Academy, Mar. 6, 1857-Apr. 14, 1861
(Cullum, post, p. 459).
With the outbreak of the Civil War, Kelton
was for a short time purchasing commissary at
St. Louis, commanded a brigade of Pope's divi-
sion, and served as assistant adjutant general
under General Lyon until Sept. 19, 1861, when
he received appointment as colonel, 9th Mis-
souri Volunteers. Upon General Halleck's ur-
gent request, Kelton reluctantly gave up com-
mand of combatant troops, and returned to duty
as assistant adjutant general, Department of
Missouri, accompanying Halleck to Mississippi
and participating in the advance upon, siege,
3H
Kemble
and occupation of Corinth (Apr. 19-July 17,
1862), serving for some four months also, as
Halleck's aide-de-camp. He accompanied Gen-
eral Halleck to Washington and served as an in-
timate member of his staff while Halleck was
general in chief and chief of staff of the army,
and in command of the Military Division of the
James (July II, 1862-July 1, 1865). On Mar.
13, 1865, he was awarded the brevets of lieuten-
ant-colonel, colonel, and brigadier-general, for
most valuable and arduous services during the
war ; and became chief of the appointment bu-
reau of the Adjutant General's Office at Wash-
ington (July 1, 1865-July 26, 1870), having
been promoted lieutenant-colonel, Mar. 23, 1866.
From Aug. 3, 1870, to Sept. 26, 1885, he served
at San Francisco on the staff of Generals Scho-
field, McDowell, and Pope ; and on Oct. 13, 1885,
went to Washington as principal assistant to
the adjutant general. He became adjutant gen-
eral, June 7, 1889, and served as such until his
retirement by operation of law, June 24, 1892.
He was then appointed governor of the United
States Soldiers' Home at Washington, where he
died the following year, and where, after simple
military services, his body was interred. A mon-
ument, erected by old soldiers, bears the inscrip-
tion, "The Soldiers' Friend."
During his life, Kelton invented many im-
provements for the service rifle and revolver,
and while adjutant general, initiated many meas-
ures for the benefit of the enlisted men of the
army. On Apr. 30, 1870, he was married to
Josephine Parmly Campbell, daughter of Wil-
liam S. Campbell, for many years United States
consul at Dresden, Germany. She, with three
sons and four daughters, survived his death.
His published writings include : New Manual
of the Bayonet (1861), A New Treatise on
Fencing with Foils (1882), Pigeons as Couriers
(1882), Information for Riflemen (1884), Se-
lect Songs for Special Occasions (1884). He
was the editor of John Grace's System of Horse
Training (1884).
[Gen. Samuel Breck's biographical sketch in the An-
nual Reunion, Asso. Grads. U. S. Mil. Acad., 1894, has
been largely drawn upon, with material facts checked
in G. W. Cullum, Biog. Reg. . . .U.S. Mil. Acad. (3rd
ed., 1891), vol. II, and in F. B. Heitman, Hist. Reg.
and Diet. U. S. Army (1903). Obituaries appeared in
Army and Navy Jour., July 22, 1893, and Evening Star
(Washington), July 17, 1893. Certain essential details
have been furnished by members of General Kelton's
family.] C.D.R.
KEMBLE, FRANCES ANNE (Nov. 27,
1809-Jan. 15, 1893), actress, reader, author, was
born in London, England, the eldest daughter
of Charles Kemble and his wife, Maria Theresa
De Camp, also an actress. She was thus the
Kemble
niece of John Philip Kemble and of Sarah Sid-
dons, the blood royal in the English theatre. But
a greater part of her life was intimately and viv-
idly bound up with the life of the young Ameri-
can republic, and she is often remembered to-
day as the grandmother of Owen Wister. Edu-
cated as a girl in France, she made her debut
on Oct. 5, 1829, at Covent Garden, where her
father was a proprietor, playing Juliet to his
Mercutio. In her Records of a Girlhood (1878)
that debut is described with extraordinary viv-
idness. It was at once evident that she had the
family flair for acting, to a high degree, and the
sinking fortunes of the theatre were temporarily
retrieved by her success. In 1832 she and her
father came to America and began their tour
acting with the Park Theatre Company in New
York. Charles Kemble appeared as Hamlet on
Sept. 17, and Fanny as Bianca in Fazio on the
18th. Her success was immediate and decisive.
Presently she played Juliet to her father's Romeo
— a strange arrangement, for Charles Kemble
was fifty-seven. Fanny continued to act in
America, from New York to New Orleans, for
two seasons, winning the utmost acclaim every-
where, especially as Julia in The Hunchback.
Her last appearance was at the Park, June 20,
1834. Two weeks before she had married Pierce
Butler of Germantown, Pa., heir to a large Geor-
gia plantation, and she now retired from the
stage, the more gladly as she acutely disliked
the profession of acting, despite her success in
it.
In May 1835 sne published, in two volumes,
Journal of a Residence in America, which was
a record of her tour, and freely though good-
naturedly she criticized various American cus-
toms. The young republic was touchy, however,
and for a time she was roundly abused. The
winter of 1838-39 she spent with her husband on
his Georgia plantation where for the first time
she saw the inside workings of slavery and real-
ized the source of her husband's income. She
was deeply revolted and again kept a journal, but
she refused to publish it until the Civil War,
when she issued it to influence British opinion
(Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Planta-
tion, 1863). Her visit to Georgia deepened the
gap which tastes and temperament had already
made between her and her husband. She passed
many of her summers in Lenox, Mass. ; in 1841
she went alone to England; and in 1846 she left
her husband entirely and returned to the stage
in London. The next year she spent in Italy,
writing A Year of Consolation (1847) as a re~
suit. In 1848 her husband sued for divorce, al-
leging abandonment. The case was long a fa-
3*5
Kemble
mous one, especially as she was defended by Ru-
fus Choate. The divorce was granted in 1849,
after Fanny had returned to America and dis-
covered a way to employ her talents successfully
without appearing on the stage. She gave public
readings from Shakespeare, and so great was
the demand to hear them, in England as well as
America, that she was able to purchase a cottage
in her beloved Lenox, in the Berkshire Hills,
where she made her summer home for the next
few years. Her last public reading was given in
1869. Pierce Butler died in 1867, and the two
daughters of their marriage had now grown up
and married. After 1869, Fanny alternated
much of her time between them — one the wife
of a clergyman in England, the other of Dr.
Owen J. Wister of Germantown, Pa. Fanny
Kemble died in London, Jan. 15, 1893.
Even as a young woman, she was never beau-
tiful in the conventional sense, but yet she man-
aged often to seem so, and quite evidently radi-
ated a kind of imperious charm. Wendell Phil-
lips records that when he was in the Harvard
Law School the students saved all their money
to see her act, and Phillips, finding Judge Story
equally infatuated, asked him ho<" he reconciled
his admiration with his inherited Puritanism. "I
don't try to," the Judge answered, "I only thank
God I'm alive in the same era with such a wo-
man" (Bobbe, post, p. 87). Praise from a Puri-
tan could hardly go farther ! Later, in spite of
her book about America, and the notoriety of a
divorce case (to be sure, it was entirely non
criminis), her popularity on the reading plat-
form was equally pronounced. Longfellow wrote
a sonnet to her. Statesmen admired. She, more
than any one else, was responsible for the fame
of Lenox first as a summer literary colony and
then as a resort of fashion, though her unconven-
tional ways and independent demeanor some-
what shocked the natives. She must have re-
markably combined high artistic talent, intellec-
tual alertness, and social charm and distinction.
She was more than a flashing, independent, out-
spoken character — she was somewhat of a gen-
ius as a woman.
Perhaps no one ever attained such eminence
on the stage with less liking for it. She had in
high degree the sensitiveness of the true actor,
but almost a loathing for exhibiting herself in
public in an assumed character. For this rea-
son, not from indolence, she never studied the
technique of acting, and her impersonations, ac-
cordingly, varied from night to night, and from
scene to scene of the play, depending upon how
far she forgot herself. She speaks of this at length
in her autobiographical books. She hated the
Kemble
role of Lady Macbeth, because of her aunt's fame
in it, and once said, "I played like the clever
girl I am, but I was about as much like Lady
Macbeth as the Great Mogul." Tom Moore
found her acting "clever but not touching." It
could be touching — but only when she was in-
spired to forgetfulness. On the reading plat-
form, however, she could interpret Shakespeare
without playing what she thought a childish
game, and here her performances were, appar-
ently, uniformly good and deeply moving.
She wrote two plays early in life, Francis the
First and The Star of Seville, and three more
later. None was of consequence. In 1844 she
published a volume of poems, once popular, and
wrote more poetry later. In addition to the
works already mentioned she published Records
of Later Life (1882); Notes Upon Some of
Shakespeare's Plays (1882); Far Away and
Long Ago (1889), a rambling novel of the
Berkshires; and Further Records (1891). The
autobiographical books reveal her keen intelli-
gence with vividness and vivacity and are among
the most delightful records of our early stage
and the earlier years of American life. They
show a woman whose inner resources were too
great to be conquered by any exterior circum-
stances and explain the willing subjection of
most people to her spell.
[In addition to the autobiographical works see: Dor-
othie Bobbe, Fanny Kemble (1931) ; Brander Matthews
and Laurence Hutton, Actors and Actresses of Great
Britain and the U. S. (1886), vol. Ill ; G. C. D. Odell,
Annals of the N. Y. Stage, vol. Ill (1928); Henry
Lee, "Frances Anne Kemble." Atlantic Monthly, May
1893 I Letters of Edward Fitzgerald to Fanny Kemble
(1895); Life and Letters of Catharine M. Sedgwick
(1871), ed. by Mary E. Dewey; Julian Hawthorne,
Nathaniel Hawthorne and His Wife (1885), vol. I;
Samuel Longfellow, Life of Henry IVadszvorth Long-
fellow (3 vols., 1891); R. deW. Mallary, Lenox and
the Berkshire Highlands (1902) ; the Mail (London),
Jan. 18, 1893.] W. P.E.
KEMBLE, GOUVERNEUR (Jan. 25, 1786-
Sept. 16, 1875), manufacturer, was the eldest
son of Peter and Gertrude (Gouverneur) Kem-
ble and came from a family of business men. He
was born in New York, N. Y., and attended Co-
lumbia College, from which he graduated in
1803. In the years before the War of 1812 he
followed inclinations of his family toward a mer-
cantile life and in the same period he became a
member of the brilliant coterie of young men
who surrounded Washington Irving in the New
York of that day and who often assembled at a
mansion of the Kembles on the Passaic in New
Jersey, celebrated in Salmagundi as Cockloft
Hall. "Who would have thought," Irving re-
marked to Kemble years later, referring to the
pranks and revels of those times, "that we should
311
Kemble
ever have lived to be two such respectable old
gentlemen!" (The Life and Letters of Wash-
ington Irving, I, 166).
In Monroe's administration Kemble went as
consul to Cadiz, and here he took the trouble to
study the Spanish methods of casting cannon.
In 1817 he visited the Mediterranean ports to
procure supplies for the United States navy dur-
ing the Tripolitan War. When he returned to
the United States he "turned Vulcan," as Irving
expressed it, and began "forging thunderbolts"
at Cold Spring, N. Y., opposite West Point on
the Hudson River. His factory, chartered in
1818, was known as the West Point Foundry
Association. It produced the first fairly perfect
cannon ever cast in the United States and be-
came so successful in the manufacture of ord-
nance as to receive the special patronage of the
government. For many years it was the leading
industry of Cold Spring. "It feeds all, clothes
all, and supports all," wrote W. J. Blake in 1849
(post, p. 245).
Kemble now set up his home, as Irving writes,
"in the very heart of the Highlands, with mag-
nificent scenery all around him ; mountains
clothed with forests to their very summit, and
the noble Hudson moving along quietly and ma-
jestically at their feet" (Life and Letters, IV,
173). He served two terms as Democratic rep-
resentative in Congress during Van Buren's ad-
ministration, from 1837 to 1841. In 1840 he
published a pamphlet, Letter from Gouverneur
Kemble . . . In Answer to Certain Inquiries, jus-
tifying his conduct while in office which had
been impugned by several residents of his con-
gressional district, but he refused to let himself
be nominated for another term. Four years later
he was a delegate to the Democratic national
convention which nominated Polk, and in 1846
he was delegate to the state constitutional con-
vention of that year. Again, he was a delegate
to the futile schismatic Democratic national con-
vention of i860, ;ust before the outbreak of the
Civil War.
Kemble was ever a convivial man, and at his
home in Cold Spring he continued the hospitality
begun at "Cockloft Hall." Every Saturday night
to the end of his life he gave a dinner to which
all the professors and principal officers of the
West Point Military Academy across the river
had a standing invitation, together with such
other notables as happened to be in the vicinity
at the time. Irving, after he had seen Kemble
for the last time, was profoundly affected, wept,
and exclaimed, "That is my friend of early life —
always unchanged, always like a brother; one
of the noblest beings that ever was created"
Kemeys
(Life and Letters, IV, 290). Kemble died at
Cold Spring. He was never married.
[Biog. Dir. Am. Cong. (1928); W. J. Blake, The
Hist, of Putnam County, N. Y. (1849) ; W. S. Pelle-
treau, Hist, of Putnam County, N. Y. (1886), pp. 559-
61, 615-17, et passim; G. S. Hellman, Washington
Irving Esquire (1925) ; Pierre M. Irving, The Life and
Letters of Washington Irving (4 vols., 1862-64) '. E. F.
De Lancey, The Kembles of N. Y. and N. J. (n.d.), re-
printed from N. Y. Hist. Soc. Colls., Pub. Fund Ser.,
vol. XVII (1885) ; N. Y. Times, Sept. 17, 1875.]
E.P.S.
KEMEYS, EDWARD (Jan. 31, 1843-May
11, 1907), sculptor, was born in Savannah, Ga.,
the son of William Kemeys, a native of Scarbor-
ough, N. Y., and Abby Greene, of Providence,
R. I. His paternal ancestry was Welsh, and to
that inheritance he attributed his intuitive qual-
ities. When he was very young his parents re-
turned to the North, where he went to public
school at first in Scarborough and later in New
York City. At thirteen he spent a vacation in
Illinois and there he saw for the first time the
fauna of the frontier. His boyish love for wild
animals was quickened to an absorbing interest.
On Mar. 31, 1862, he enlisted in the 65th Regi-
ment, New York, and except for a brief dis-
charge he served throughout the Civil War.
He then tried farming in Dwight, 111., but he
was a dreamer and hunter more than a farmer.
Drifting to New York City, he found employ-
ment as an axeman in an engineer corps work-
ing in Central Park, where his chief joy was
to visit the zoo. One day, seeing a modeler
making a head of a wolf, he felt the urge to be-
come a sculptor of wild animals. He bought
wax and began to model. Within a year he had
produced his heroic group, "Wolves," which in
1872 was bought for Fairmount Park in Phila-
delphia. With money thus earned, he went West
to study animals. With a gun and banjo he cov-
ered the plains and the mountains. When he
found himself penniless in the buffalo country,
his banjo won him entree to a hunting-party out
for big game. All the finest specimens of wild
animals were his to dissect and to model — ante-
lope, buffalo, wolf, elk, and bear. He also came
to know the Indians and their lore. Later his
interest found permanent expression in his
bronze statue, "Prayer for Rain" (Champaign,
111.), an Indian flanked by animals.
In 1877 Kemeys went abroad to exhibit in
London and Paris. His second large group,
"Deer and Panther," was sold in London, while
his third, "Bison and Wolves," was well re-
ceived at the Paris Salon of 1878. He studied
the methods of the consummate French sculptor
Barye, perhaps without fully comprehending
Barye's greatness. He was intolerably homesick
2l7
Kemp
Kemp
in Paris. To one who had hunted the bison
"under the wolf-skin," Indian fashion, the caged
creatures of the Jardin des Plantes meant little.
His first notable work after his return to New
York was the heroic bronze crouching cougar,
called "Still Hunt" (1883), placed high on a
rock-like pedestal in Central Park. Sometimes,
as in his "Jaguar Lovers" and in "Bear Eat-
ing Grapes," he portrayed the whimsical, even
genial, aspects of formidable beasts. In all of
his work he showed an almost uncanny insight
into animal psychology. In 1887 he finished his
colossal "Bison Head" for the Union Pacific
bridge at Omaha; in 1893 he had completed his
groups for the Columbian Exposition, and in
1895, his "Lions" for the entrance to the Chi-
cago Art Institute building. For several years
he kept a Chicago studio, from which he made
frequent trips into the wilds. Many of his small
works of intimate appeal were studied from na-
ture in an Arizona shack. Collections of these
pieces are in Chicago, Philadelphia, and in the
National Gallery of Art in Washington. During
his final years, undaunted by failing health, he
worked in Washington. Kemeys was the first
American to specialize in animal sculpture.
Moreover, just what he did can never be done
again in our country, because already civiliza-
tion has obliterated the lairs of the wild. His
works are therefore historic records. He called
himself self-taught, and his consequent limita-
tions are revealed in his Indian heads which
are ethnographic rather than artistic. His mas-
tery in animal subjects is shown by a certain
"impressionistic realism." For niceties of tech-
nique he cared little. Kemeys was married, in
1885, to Laura Swing of New Jersey, an artist
who sympathized with his aims. He died at
Georgetown, D. C, and was buried with mili-
tary honors in the National Cemetery at Arling-
ton.
[Julian Hawthorne, "American Wild Animals in
Art," Century Mag., June 1884 ; Hamlin Garland, "Ed-
ward Kemeys," McC lure's Mag., July 1895; E. L.
Cary, "Animal Sculptures by Edward Kemeys," the
Scrip, Feb. 1908; Leila Mechlin, "Edward Kemeys:
An Appreciation," Internat. Studio, Oct. 1905 ; Lorado
Taft, The Hist, of Am. Sculpture (1924) ; C. H. Caffin,
Am. Masters of Sculpture (1903); Who's Who in
America, 1906-07; Mich. State Lib., Biog. Sketches of
Am. Artists (1924) ; Washington PosL, May 12, 1907;
N. Y. Times, Jan. 12, 1908.] A. A.
KEMP, JAMES (May 20, 1764-Oct. 28, 1827),
second bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Dio-
cese of Maryland, was born in the parish of
Keith Hall, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, the son
of Donald and Isabel Kemp. After preparation
at a local school, he entered Marischal College,
Aberdeen, where he graduated in 1786. In April
31
of the following year he came to America. As
he had been an excellent student and was dis-
posed towards a teacher's life, he obtained a po-
sition as tutor in a family on the Eastern Shore
of Maryland. Although brought up in the Pres-
byterian faith, in his new environment he became
interested in the Protestant Episcopal Church.
It was at that time working to organize its scat-
tered parishes into an efficient national and di-
ocesan system. He threw in his lot with that
church and read for holy orders under the super-
vision of the Rev. John Bowie, rector of Great
Choptank Parish. On Dec. 26, 1789, at Phila-
delphia, he was ordered deacon and the next day
presbyter, by the Rt. Rev. William White, bish-
op of Pennsylvania. There was then no bishop
in Maryland. He returned to Great Choptank to
become assistant to the rector, whom he suc-
ceeded in 1790. In 1802 he received the degree
of D.D. from Columbia College. Kemp remained
at his first parish until 1813, when he became as-
sociate rector of St. Paul's Parish, Baltimore,
the most important in the state. In the next year
he was elected assistant bishop to the Rt. Rev.
Thomas J. Claggett, of Maryland. It was under-
stood at the time that he should succeed the di-
ocesan. His jurisdiction, meanwhile, was to be
the Eastern Shore, where he was well known
and which included one third of the parishes of
the state. He was consecrated bishop Sept. 1,
1814, by Bishop White of Pennsylvania, Bishop
John Henry Hobart of New York, and Bishop
Richard Channing Moore of Virginia.
The election of Kemp was the occasion for a
short-lived schism in the Protestant Episcopal
Church in Maryland, under the lead of the Rev.
Daniel Dashiell. "The Evangelical Episcopal
Church," however, never numbered more than
four or five clergymen. Kemp succeeded to the
episcopate of Maryland on the death of Bishop
Claggett, Aug. 2, 1816. By his tact and modera-
tion he was able to heal the schism in his dio-
cese. His episcopate was a critical period in
the diocese of Maryland. The Church had great-
ly declined before the Revolution and had as yet
made little headway. It was due to Bishop
Kemp that the diocese shared in the general re-
vival which had begun in New York under Bish-
op Hobart and in Virginia under Bishop Moore
\_qq.v.~\. Kemp's writings were few: A Tract
upon Conversion (1807), one or two other
tracts, and occasional sermons separately pub-
lished. After his death, The Monument: A Small
Selection from the Sermons of the Late Right
Rev. James Kemp, D.D. (1833), was issued,
with a funeral sermon by Dr. W. E. Wyatt and
a biographical sketch. In 1790 Kemp married
8
Kemp
Elizabeth, the daughter of Capt. Edward Noel
of Castlehaven, Dorchester County, Md., by
whom he had three children. He died as the
result of an accident at New Castle, Del. He
had been in Philadelphia, participating in the
consecration of Henry U. Onderdonk as assist-
ant bishop of Pennsylvania ; on the return jour-
ney his coach was overturned and he was so se-
riously injured internally that he died within
three days.
[W. B. Sprague, Annals Am. Pulpit, vol. V (1859) ;
Fasti Academiae Mariscallanae Abcrdoncnsis : Selec-
tions from the Records of Marischal Coll. and Univ.,
vol. II (1898); Fred. Hitchin-Kemp, A Gen. Hist, of
the Kemp and Kempc Families of Gr. Britain and Her
Colonics (n.d., pref. 1902) ; F. L. Hawks, Contributions
to the Ecclesiastical Hist, of the U. S., vol. II (1839) ;
journals of the Diocese of Maryland and journals of
the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal
Church; Church Magazine, Nov. 24, 1827.]
J.C.Ay— r.
KEMP, JAMES FURMAN (Aug. 14, 1859-
Nov. 17, 1926), geologist and mining engineer,
son of James Alexander and Caroline Anna
(Furman) Kemp, was born in New York City,
of Scotch ancestry, his great-grandfather, Jo-
seph Alexander Kemp, having come from Perth,
Scotland, in 1797 and established himself as a
flour and grain merchant in Albany, N. Y. As
a boy, young Kemp was a vigorous, wholesome-
minded youth, fond of nature and outdoor sports,
a characteristic he retained to the last. He re-
ceived his early training in Lockwood and Adel-
phi Academies, and was graduated from Am-
herst College in 1881 with the degree of A.B.,
and received the degree of E.M. from Columbia
College in 1884. Later he studied in the univer-
sities of Munich and Leipzig, in Germany. On
returning to America in 1886, he became in-
structor and later adjunct professor of geology
and mineralogy in Cornell University. In 1891
he accepted a call to Columbia, where, in the
following year, he was made full professor of
geology, a position he continued to fill until his
death in 1926.
As with several of his contemporaries, Kemp's
early tendencies were along lines of petrographic
investigation and in 1896 he became author of a
Handbook of Rocks, for Use without the Micro-
scope, designed especially for his students. It
was not long, however, before he was drawn into
tho consideration of economic problems. As
early as 1887 he was engaged in an investiga-
tion of the processes of deposition and concen-
tration of the lead and zinc ores of southeastern
Missouri, and in 1893, he published his Ore De-
posits of the United States (third edition revised
and enlarged, 1900, under the title, Ore Deposits
of the United States and Canada), the second
Kemp
work of its kind from the pen of an American
author.
During the period 1890-1902, when not occu-
pied by his professional duties, he was engaged
in studies of the geology of the Adirondack re-
gion of New York, under the joint auspices of
the federal and state surveys, but as the years
passed by he devoted himself more and more to
the subjects of ore deposition and alteration.
His bibliography on these subjects is long and
his publications are of a high order. He was
in demand as an expert in mining problems and
was noted for the fair, unbiased character of his
testimony. He served as consulting geologist to
the Board of Water Supply of New York City
in connection with the Croton Dam and the Cat-
skill Aqueduct. He was one of the promoters
and associate editors as well as a regular cor-
respondent of the magazine Economic Geology,
founded in 1905. He was a member of numerous
scientific bodies, including the National Acad-
emy of Sciences, the American Association for
the Advancement of Science, and the American
Philosophical Society, and was at various times
president of the American Institute of Mining
Engineers, the Mining and Metallurgical Soci-
ety, the New York Academy of Science, and the
Society of Economic Geologists. He married
Kate Taylor of Kingston, R. I., in 1889. They
had three children, two sons and one daughter.
Preeminently, Kemp was a teacher : one gift-
ed with the happy faculty of making his subject
interesting and attractive to his pupils, of hold-
ing and inspiring them through his magnetic
personality. He delighted in the title of "Uncle
Jimmie," bestowed upon him by his students,
but with his faculty of being hail-fellow-well-
met he combined a dignity of character that
warded off rude or undue familiarity. He was
a ready speaker, overflowing when occasion of-
fered with droll extravagances, and was fre-
quently called upon to represent his colleagues
in social and official capacities. Only thirty-six
hours before his death he attended a meeting of
the American Institute of Mining Engineers and
gave an interesting account of visits to mines
in Spain the previous summer. He died of heart
failure as he was about to take a train at Great
Neck, L. I., for New York City.
[Personal recollections ; correspondence with mem-
bers of the family ; Who's Who in America, 1926-27 ;
editorial by W. Lindgren in Economic Geology, Jan.—
Feb. 1927; Mining and Metallurgy, Dec. 1926; article
by C. P. Berkey in Engineering and Mining Journal,
Nov. 27, 1926; N. Y. Times, Nov. 18, 1926.]
G. P.M.
KEMP, JOHN (Apr. 10, 1763-Nov. 15, 1812),
professor in Columbia College, was born at
3'?
Kemp
Auchlossan, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. He ma-
triculated at Marischal College, Aberdeen, in
1779 as "Joannes Kempt, f[ilius] Joannis in
Coull" and graduated (M.A.) in 1783. In 1782
he won in competition a Gray mathematical
bursary, and, leaving the college with an excel-
lent reputation for scholarship, he came imme-
diately to America, where he was in charge of
the academy at Dumfries, Va., for two years.
In April 1785 he was appointed to teach mathe-
matics for one year at Columbia College in New
York City. At the end of that time there was a
public examination of his class, in which each
student was required to draw a number out of
a box and demonstrate without further assist-
ance the problem or theorem in Euclid to which
it referred. The examination was unusually suc-
cessful, and this convincing exhibition of Kemp's
mastery of his subject and his ability to teach
it led to his appointment as professor of mathe-
matics and natural philosophy in 1786 at the age
of twenty-three. In 1795 he accepted the addi-
tional charge of the professorship of geogra-
phy. Meanwhile honors had come to him from
abroad : the degree of LL.D. from King's Col-
lege, Aberdeen, in 1787 (upon the recommenda-
tion of Gen. Arthur St. Clair, and Col. William
Grayson of Dumfries, Va.), and a foreign fel-
lowship in the Royal Society of Edinburgh in
1792. His courses, which are described in The
Present State of Learning in the College of New
York (1794), ranged from arithmetic to the
higher branches of algebra, and over the whole
field of "natural philosophy," and provision was
made for the attendance of the general public
upon some of his lectures.
Kemp's zeal and patient labor were never re-
laxed during nearly three decades of faithful
service to the college. His courses required
constant modification, from the discoveries and
improvements continually being made in the
physical sciences, and undoubtedly his intense
industry, unaccompanied by suitable precautions
for his health, led to his comparatively early
death, which occurred at New York in his fifti-
eth year. He was twice married, and left a
daughter by his first wife. The tablet erected to
his memory in Trinity Church by the Peitholo-
gian Society of the college, is transcribed in
Timothy Alden's Collection of American Epi-
taphs (1814, IV, 259). His portrait, now in the
possession of Columbia University, is that of a
chubby little man with a look of geniality and
keen intelligence.
Kemp's instruction made a deep impression
upon DeWitt Clinton, one of his early pupils,
and his confidence in the feasibility of a canal
Kemp
across New York State, increased after a tour
along the proposed route in 1810, was of great
assistance to Clinton in his efforts that resulted
in the building of the Erie Canal, although the
two men had been estranged since 1799, when
Kemp became a Federalist.
[New York Gazette, Nov. 16, 17, 18, 1812; Am.
Medic, and Philosophical Reg., Jan. 181 3 ; James Har-
die's New York Magazine, May 1814 ; Fasti Academiae
Mariscallanae Aberdonensis : Selections from the Rec-
ords of Marischal Coll. and Univ., II (1898), 35S ;
Officers and Grads. of Univ. and King's Coll., Aberdeen
(1893), p. 112; James Renwick, Discourse on . . . De
Witt Clinton (1829), passim; David Hosack, Memoir
of De Witt Clinton (1829), pp. 96-97; Fred Hitchin-
Kemp, A Gen. Hist, of the Kemp and Kempe Families
of Great Britain and Her Colonies (n.d., pref. 1902) ;
minutes (MS.) of the Trustees of Columbia College.]
M.H.T.
KEMP, ROBERT H. (June 6, 1820-May 15,
1897), shoe-dealer, director of "Old Folks' Con-
certs," was born in Wellfleet, Mass., the son of
Nathan and Hannah (Wharf) Kemp. Brought
up in a community where most of the wage-
earners followed the sea, he spent three years on
a fishing boat. At the age of twenty he became
a shoe-dealer in Boston as junior member of the
firm of Mansfield & Kemp. For a short time
about 1843 he was a member of the Boston Fire
Department. Soon after his marriage he pur-
chased a farm in Reading, and established his
home in that suburban town. From 1854 to 1870
he was occupied as conductor of the Reading
Old Folks' Musical Society.
The development of this unique institution, by
which "Father" Kemp will be remembered, was
a natural growth of the times in which he lived.
The absence of public entertainments called for
a substitute in the home and community. Robert
Kemp's pleasure in singing the old songs of the
church suggested to him that he might gather
the singers from around his home in Reading
and spend the evenings in reviving the music
of their fathers. From these neighborhood gath-
erings the Reading Old Folks' Musical Society
sprang. So much enthusiasm was aroused by
the rehearsals that it was determined to give a
public concert to please the many friends who
were accustomed to crowd into and around the
house when the "Old Folks" sang. On a Decem-
ber evening in the early fifties an entertainment
was held in the Lyceum Hall in Reading. The
hall was packed and many were unable to gain
admission, but listened from the outside. Con-
certs in Lynn and Boston followed. Next a
short trip was taken extending as far south as
Washington, and in New York more than six
thousand persons attended one of the concerts
in the Academy of Music, the proceeds of which
were devoted to charity. The following season
320
Kemper
a seven months' tour was made into the West.
In 1861 thirty members left Boston for a tour in
England. Liverpool, London, and Chester heard
their entertainments, but the proceeds were not
paying expenses, and at Brighton the conductor
decided to return home. After his return, Kemp
went back to selling shoes in Boston. The next
season a series of "Monday Popular Concerts"
was projected for Tremont Temple in Boston,
and these were repeated in many cities in other
parts of the United States. In 1868 Kemp pub-
lished Father Kemp and His Old Folks: A His-
tory of the Old Folks' Concerts, Comprising an
Autobiography of the Author.
Perhaps the book of songs most used in the
earlier Old Folks' Concerts was the Billings and
Holdcn Collection of Ancient Psalmody (1836),
one of a long line of collections of ancient music.
Some contributions were made by Father Kemp
to the Continental Harmony (1857), which was
especially intended for Old Folks' Concerts. In
1874 he sponsored Father Kemp's Old Folks
Concert Music, published that year. During the
Temperance agitation, The Faneuil Hall Tem-
perance Song Book (1876) was compiled by
Mother Kemp. The strangest fact in Kemp's ca-
reer is indicated in the last sentence of his auto-
biography: "Although I have swung my baton
before a large choir in upwards of six thousand
concerts, my word upon it, I never knew a note
of music, and cannot distinguish a 'minim' from
a 'demisemiquaver.' I flatter myself, however,
that I can beat time with the most accomplished
impressario." As old age came on, he became
an inmate of the Old Men's Home in Charles-
town, where he died in his seventy-seventh year.
[Sources include Kemp's autobiography; Boston
Transcript, May 15, and Boston Daily Advertiser, May
17, 1897; and death certificate for date of death and
parents' names. The copyright records and his signa-
ture in the copy of his autobiography at the Lib. of
Cong, give his name as Robert H. Kemp ; the preface
to the Continental Harmony refers to him as R. C.
Kemp. The record of his death gives no middle initial.]
F.J.M.
KEMPER, JACKSON (Dec. 24, 1789-May
'24, 1870), first missionary bishop of the Prot-
estant Episcopal Church, was the son of Daniel
and Elizabeth (Marius) Kemper. He was born
at Pleasant Valley, Dutchess County, N. Y.,
near the place where his grandfather, Jacob, for-
merly an officer in the army of the Palatine, had
settled soon after 1741. He was christened David
Jackson in honor of David Jackson \_q.v.~\ of
Philadelphia, who had married his father's sis-
ter, but dropped his first name in early life. Dan-
iel Kemper, a soldier in the Revolution, was at
one time customs receiver for New York City.
With Napoleon's continental blockade and the
Kemper
American embargo, financial disaster began to
threaten the family. Fortunately Jackson Kem-
per was well advanced in his education before
the days of adversity. He graduated from Co-
lumbia College in 1809 as valedictorian of his
class, and began the study of theology, being or-
dained deacon in 181 1 and presbyter in 1814.
His first charge was in Philadelphia. Very early
he developed an interest in the West, making
missionary journeys into the wilds of Pennsyl-
vania, Virginia, and Ohio. In 1816, he married
Jerusha Lyman of Philadelphia who died two
years later. He was married a second time, in
1821, to Ann Relf, also of a Philadelphia fam-
ily. Three children were born of this marriage.
In 1831, he moved to Norwalk, Conn., where his
second wife died in 1832.
His first missionary journey to the farther
West was made in 1834 when he visited the In-
dian Mission near Green Bay, Wis. Though he
was not at all of the pioneer type, his courteous
and sympathetic methods were peculiarly suc-
cessful with frontiersmen. In 1835, he was
elected first missionary bishop of the church,
with definite jurisdiction over Missouri and In-
diana. His field was almost immediately re-
named "the Northwest." Annual visitations
throughout a constantly shifting jurisdiction ab-
sorbed much of his time. In 1837, he traveled as
far west as Fort Leavenworth. In the winter of
1838, he journeyed on horseback across the un-
settled prairies of southwestern Missouri to visit
the Seneca Indians just beyond the state bound-
aries. Reading his Greek Testament in the bar
rooms of the Wabash river towns, exchanging
anecdotes with trappers along the Missouri, or
making kindly contacts with all sorts and condi-
tions of men on the Western roads and rivers,
he became a familiar and beloved figure in the
Northwest between 1835 and 1859. He declined
an election to the Maryland episcopate in 1838,
refusing to desert the missionary field. Mis-
souri, Indiana, and Iowa in turn became inde-
pendent dioceses, but new areas inevitably de-
veloped. From the first, Wisconsin had been a
favorite part of his see. In 1854, he became its
diocesan, retaining the missionary office as well,
and in 1859 he retired from the strenuous labor
of keeping abreast of western settlement and de-
voted himself exclusively to the diocese of Wis-
consin.
Bishop Kemper's experience with clergymen
who migrated westward was discouraging. It
was seldom that the Eastern clergy could adjust
themselves to the West, and it seemed necessary,
therefore, to provide training for Western men.
Kemper College, Missouri, the first attempt to
321
Kemper
fill this need, ran afoul of financial difficulties in
the forties, was torn by faculty animosities which
even the tactful and kindly policy of the bishop
could not heal, and closed its doors in 1845.
Nashotah House in Wisconsin and later Racine
College (1852) were more successful. In church
politics Kemper was a high churchman, though
never an acrimonious partisan, and under his
direction, Nashotah and Racine became promi-
nent for ritualistic observances. From secular
politics he held aloof as a religious duty. In his
seventy-ninth year (1868) he ventured upon a
journey to England to the Council of Bishops.
Here he was honored with the degree of LL.D.
by Cambridge University. He died two years
later at his home in Delafield, Wis. He had es-
tablished seven dioceses, founded three colleges,
opened numerous schools and academies, and
planted the Episcopal church in the Northwest.
[The best material on Bishop Kemper is found in
his diaries, letters, etc., collected in Wis. MSS., Ser.
G, State Hist. Soc. of Wis., Madison. Brief extracts
from these have been published in Wis. Hist. Colls.,
vol. XIV (1898) and in the Nashotah Scholiast, Dec.
1883-July 1884, Oct. 1884-June 1885. See also G. L.
Nute, in Minn. Hist., Sept. 1926; W. S. Perry, The
Bishops of the Am. Church (1897) ; Greenough White,
An Apostle of the Western Church : A Memoir of the
Rt. Rev. Jackson Kemper (1900) ; G. C. Tanner, Fifty
Years of Church Work in the Diocese of Minn.
(1909) ; M. T. Gardner, Conquerors of the Continent
(copr. 19 1 1 ) ; Wis. State Jour. (Madison), May 25,
l87°] K.J.G.
KEMPER, JAMES LAWSON (June n,
1823-Apr. 7, 1895), Confederate soldier, gov-
ernor of Virginia, was born in the piedmont
Virginia county of Madison. He came of good
colonial stock, his father, William, being de-
scended from John Kemper of Spotswood's Ger-
mania settlement and his mother, Maria Eliza-
beth (Allison) Kemper, from Col. J. J. Stadler
of Washington's staff. Having received the de-
gree of B.A. (1842) from Washington College
and a grounding in military drill at the Virginia
Military Institute, the youth read law under
George W. Summers \_q.v.~\ and settled for its
practice in Madison. Commissioned captain of
volunteers in the Mexican War, he reached
Taylor's army too late for active service. Back
at the law, in 1853 he married Cremora Con-
way Cave and went to the House of Delegates
for the first of five terms. He was chairman of
the committee on military affairs, president of
the board of visitors of the Virginia Military
Institute, and speaker of the House from De-
cember 1 86 1 to March 1862. Though not an
"original secessionist," he volunteered prompt-
ly for the war and was commissioned colonel
on May 2, 1861. Having fought with the 7th
Virginia Regiment from Bull Run to Williams-
Kemper
burg, where he led a charge under the eye of
A. P. Hill [q.v.~\, he was made brigadier-gen-
eral; in this capacity he served faithfully and
creditably until Gettysburg. Here he led in
person the right wing of Pickett's charge, was
desperately wounded, captured, and imprisoned.
Exchanged but incapacitated for active service,
he was made major-general and put in com-
mand of the Conscript Bureau. Soldiers loved
him for his fine bearing, fearlessness, dash, and
impassioned eloquence ; officers prized his good
sense and high conception of duty.
After the war, returning to the law in Madi-
son, Kemper met much success, particularly as an
advocate. In politics he favored a conciliatory
course (though he did not recant as to secession
or apply for pardon) with a view particularly
to the state's economic rehabilitation. Accord-
ingly he vigorously supported with tongue and
pen the Conservative party in 1869 and in 1872
canvassed the state as elector on the Greeley
ticket. Living in the center of the state's white
population and acceptable to them because of his
record as a soldier, his striking appearance, and
his stirring eloquence, Kemper also enjoyed the
confidence of Gen. William Mahone [q.v.~], the
powerful president of the Atlantic, Mississippi
& Ohio Railroad. Consequently, in 1873 he
won the party nomination for governor over Col.
R. E. Withers, who was anti-Mahone and deemed
Bourbonish ; and he was elected over R. W.
Hughes [qs'.], whose liberalism had led him
into the Republican party. Governor Kemper's
administration (1874-77) was marked by his in-
dependence. An offer of a federal senatorship
(which could probably have been made good)
he declined, saying that Virginia had already
given him her highest honor. He urged full rec-
ognition of civil rights for the negroes, a sym-
pathetic encouragement of them, and their pro-
tection against the unscrupulous. A bill putting
the government of Petersburg under a commis-
sion he vetoed as contrary to the principles of
local self-government, though he professed sym-
pathy with the city's desire to escape negro-
rule. Against federal interference in elections
he protested formally and vigorously. He asked
that Congress share the burden of state educa-
tion of the negroes and assume the state's debt,
both as incidents of the war. To the disgust of
the financial world, he insisted on a conference
with the state's creditors, designed to secure
equality of creditors and reduction of the debt
burden ; when the conference failed, he joined
the "Debt-payers" to the indignation of "Read-
justee." Constantly in pain from his old wound,
he sometimes appeared unduly irascible and ar-
322
Kemper
Kempff
bitraiy. None, however, doubted his integrity;
and the cultured highly prized the literary qual-
ity of his papers and addresses. Returning again
to the practice of law, he died in Orange Coun-
ty. Five children survived him. Frederic Kem-
per Freeman \_q.vJ\ was his nephew.
[Walter Harrison, Pickett's Men (1870); R. E.
Withers, Autobiography (190;); C. C. Pearson, Re-
adjuster Movement in Va. (191 7) ; F. A. Virkus, The
Abridged Compendium of Am. Gencal., Ill (1928),
451 ; Richmond Dispatch and Times (Richmond), Apr.
9, 1895.] C. C. P.
KEMPER, REUBEN (d. Jan. 28, 1827), a
controversial figure on the West Florida bor-
der, was the son of a Baptist clergyman and was
probably born in Loudoun or Fauquier county,
Va. An early resident of Cincinnati, he there
formed a connection with John Smith [q.v.],
prominent merchant and land speculator, who
from 1800 on associated Reuben and his two
brothers with himself in a colonization enter-
prise near Baton Rouge. A controversy having
arisen with Smith over their joint accounts,
Kemper believed himself wronged both by his
partner and by the Spanish authorities, for the
latter expelled him and his brothers from their
land holdings. Resentful over this treatment and
abetted by Daniel Clark [q.z>.] and other specu-
lators who had hoped to see West Florida in-
cluded in the Louisiana transfer, Reuben Kem-
per was persuaded to strike a blow in behalf
of "Floridian Freedom." On Aug. 7, 1804, sup-
ported by a small group of border malcontents,
his two brothers, Nathan and Samuel, duly in-
structed by Reuben from New Orleans, sallied
from Mississippi Territory and attempted to
surprise and capture Baton Rouge. Foiled in
this attempt they straightway retreated into Mis-
sissippi, from which point of vantage the three
continued to embroil the whole border (Cox,
post, pp. 152^63).
In July 1805 Reuben acquired property in
the town of Pinckneyville (Land Record A,
Williamson County, Miss.). On the night of
Sept. 3, while he was visiting his two brothers,
who lived still nearer the border, a masked party
seized the turbulent trio and delivered them be-
low the line to a Spanish patrol, "casually" en-
countered there. In the course of the next day,
however, captives and captors were apprehended
on the Mississippi, and the Kempers, under bond
to keep the peace, returned to their American
asylum. The incident, greatly distorted in press
and in official report, became an international
cause celebre {American State Papers, Foreign
Relations, vol. II, 1832, pp. 683-89 ; Cox, pp.
165-68). Reuben Kemper proceeded to take
both legal and personal vengeance on his ene-
mies. One died of disease, contracted while hid-
ing from him ; another had his ears cropped
after being beaten into insensibility ; while two
brothers, the chief leaders in seizing Kemper,
were forced to meet a judgment of $7,000 in his
favor (Land Record A, Williamson County;
Pickett, post, p. 486).
In 1810 this irrepressible borderer, under
commission from the insurgents at Baton Rouge,
attempted to subvert the Spanish government
at Mobile and Pensacola. The settlers from the
nearby American communities, already exasper-
ated against the Spaniards, afforded him some
recruits, and with this dubious crew he sought
to compel the surrender of Mobile. Defiantly
raising his "lone star" flag on Sunday, Nov. 25,
at a suitable bluff rechristened Bunker Hill, he
maintained for some weeks a "moving camp" on
the east side of Mobile Bay. From this varying
point he vainly tried to negotiate with the Span-
ish commandant. When his force inevitably be-
gan to melt away, he transferred it to the other
side of the bay and went across the border for
more recruits. He was promptly arrested and
while the American authorities forcibly detained
him, the Spaniards surprised and dispersed the
remnant of his irregular levies, killing and
wounding a few and taking seven or eight
prisoners. Kemper's ill-advised foray simply
strengthened the Spanish hold on Mobile (Cox,
PP- 457-85)-
Kemper later figured in land transactions both
in Mississippi and Louisiana. Twice he jour-
neyed to Washington in behalf of his captured
followers, who were imprisoned at Havana. He
is generally credited with serving in the Gutier-
rez-Magee expedition into Texas (1812-13),
but it was his brother Samuel (d. 1814) who
thus kept up the family tradition. He himself
died while on a business trip to Natchez.
[Kemper's name appears occasionally in the county
records at Woodville, Miss., and in the parish records
at St. Francisville and Baton Rouge, La., but most of
the details given above are derived from Papcles pro-
cedentes . . . de la Isla de Cuba, a section of MSS. in
the Archivo General de Indias, at Seville, and from
the West Florida Papers in the MSS. Division of the
Library of Congress. Definite references will be found
in I. J. Cox, The West Florida Controversy (1918).
For more favorable accounts of the Kempers consult
J. F. H. Claiborne, Mississippi as a Province, Territory
and State (1880), I, 260-62, 307-11; A. J. Pickett,
Hist, of Ala. (1851), II, 209-10, 236-39; and a letter
of J. F. Watson to George W. Morgan dated at Phila- ,
delphia, Aug. 20, 1807, and published as a broadside
in New Orleans some months later (copy in Ky. Hist.
Soc, Frankfort). An obituary appeared in The Ariel
(Natchez), Feb. 9, 1827.] I.T.C.
KEMPFF, LOUIS (Oct. 11, 1841-July 29,
1920), naval officer, was born near Belleville,
111., the son of Friedrich and Henrietta Kempff.
323
Kempff
He entered the Naval Academy in 1857, was
detached in April 1861, and was ordered to the
Vandalia on the Charleston blockade. After
taking a captured schooner to New York he was
sent to the Wabash, took part in the attack on
the forts at Port Royal, and commanded a how-
itzer in the boat attacks on Port Royal Ferry and
Fernandina, Fla. — all before he was warrant-
ed as a midshipman in 1862. In that year he was
sent to the Susquehanna, was present at the re-
capture of Norfolk, and engaged in blockade
duty off Mobile. In 1863 he served on the gun-
boat Sonoma off the Sabine River and in the
next year was on the Connecticut off Wilming-
ton. The close of the war found him on the gun-
boat Suwance in the Pacific, the region in which,
except for a short period at the War College, he
served the rest of his career. This service in-
volved duty as executive officer on the Ports-
mouth, Independence, Mohican, Saranac, and
California, various posts at the Mare Island
Navy Yard, and command of the Alert, 1881-82,
of the Adams, 1885-88, and of the Monterey,
i8Q3-95-
In 1899 Kempff was made a rear admiral and
assigned to duty as second in command of the
Asiatic Squadron. In 1900, during the Boxer
troubles, he was the senior American naval of-
ficer off Taku, where an international fleet was
assembled to protect the lives of foreigners in
northern China. Unde.r his orders sailors and
marines were landed, but when the other for-
eign admirals demanded of the Chinese the sur-
render of the Taku forts, fearing that the Boxers
would seize them and thus be able to interrupt
communication with Tien Tsin and Peking,
Kempff declined to join in the demand. His de-
cision was based on his belief that the Chinese
imperial authorities had not as yet committed
any act of war and was in accordance with his
instructions from Washington and the general
policy of the United States toward China. In
the bombardment that followed on June 17, the
American gunboat Monocacy, on which a num-
ber of foreign women and children had taken
refuge, was hit by a stray shot from the forts
but did not return the fire.
News of the attack reached Peking that same
day and was probably responsible for the opposi-
tion offered by Chinese imperial troops to the
advance of the allied relief column toward Pe-
king; but it is doubtful whether the conflict
could have been much longer delayed. Kempff
cooperated with the other foreign commanders
in later operations and was commended by the
Navy Department for his refusal to join in the
attack on the forts. When he returned to the
Kempster
United States, he was given a complimentary
banquet in San Francisco by friends of China,
at which the Chinese minister, Wu Ting Fang,
was a' speaker; and his friends even introduced
a resolution of thanks into Congress, but it
never came to a vote.
After this cruise Kempff served as comman-
dant of the Pacific Naval District until he was
retired in 1903. He died in Santa Barbara, Cal.,
and was buried there. In 1873 at Fair Oaks,
Cal., he had married Cornelia Reese, adopted
daughter of Thomas H. Selby. His wife sur-
vived him.
[For the Taku incident see J. D. Long, The New
Am. Navy (1903), II, 129-38; G. N. Steiger, China
and the Occident (1927), pp. 224-34; P. H. Clements,
The Boxer Rebellion (1915), pp. 128-32; Kempff's
dispatches in House Doc. No. 645, 57 Cong., 1 Sess.,
and in Army and Navy Jour., July 28, 1900. For bio-
graphical details see Who's Who in America, 1920-21,
and obituaries in N. Y. Times, July 30, 1920 and Army
and Navy Jour., July 31, 1920.] W.B.N.
KEMPSTER, WALTER (May 25, 1841-
Aug. 22, 1918), physician, psychiatrist, son of
Christopher and Charlotte (Treble) Kempster,
was born in London, England. His parents emi-
grated to the United States about 1849 and set-
tled in Syracuse, N. Y. Here he received his
preliminary education and then entered the
Long Island College Hospital at Brooklyn. On
the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted in
the 12th New York Infantry and was mustered
into the United States service for a three months'
term, May 13, 1861, remaining until the expira-
tion of his original enlistment. Mustered out of
service in October 1861, he reenlisted in No-
vember in the 10th New York Cavalry. He was
appointed hospital steward and detailed to hos-
pital duty in Baltimore, Md., where he assisted
in organizing the Patterson Park Hospital in
April 1862. In the following January, at his
own request, he was relieved of this duty and
rejoined his regiment in the field, and on June
9, 1863, he was promoted to first lieutenant for
gallantry on the field at Brandy Station. Owing
to injuries received at Mine Run he resigned his
commission in December 1863. During his con-
valescence he completed his medical studies and
graduated from the Long Island College Hospi-
tal in June 1864. He then reentered the service
as acting assistant surgeon and served in this
capacity until the close of the war.
After leaving the service Kempster made a
special study of nervous and mental diseases,
and in 1866 he was appointed assistant superin-
tendent of the State Asylum for the Feeble -
Minded at Syracuse, N. Y. In 1867 he was ap-
pointed assistant physician at the State Lunatic
Asylum at Utica, N. Y., where he remained
324
Kendall
until 1873. During his service at Utica he acted
as assistant editor of the American Journal of
Insanity, a position he held for ten years, and in
collaboration with the superintendent, John P.
Gray \_q.v.~\, developed a method for photograph-
ing and projecting on a screen gross and micro-
scopic preparations of the brain. In 1873 he was
appointed superintendent of the Northern Hos-
pital for the Insane, at Oshkosh, Wis. Here he
remained until 1884, when he resigned his posi-
tion and removed to Milwaukee. During his
service at Oshkosh he continued his study of the
minute structure of the brain and also studied
the effects of chloral, hyoscyamus, and other
drugs.
Appointed in 1891 a member of the congres-
sional commission to investigate conditions of
emigration, he visited Europe under instructions
to report on emigration from Russia. The com-
mission, however, met opposition, and the re-
port was not allowed to be circulated in Russia.
The following year Kempster was a member of
a congressional commission on epidemics, and
on visiting Turkey, Palestine, and Persia, found
that no quarantine regulations were enforced.
In 1894 he was health commissioner of Milwau-
kee and had opposition in his attempt to en-
force rules regarding smallpox. Eventually the
matter was brought into court and he and his
regulations were fully sustained. On account of
his reputation as a specialist in the treatment of
insanity Kempster was frequently called to serve
as an expert witness in civil and criminal cases
and was one of the witnesses for the prosecution
in the celebrated case of Guiteau, slayer of Pres-
ident Garfield. He contributed numerous pa-
pers to the standard publications on insanity,
mental hygiene, and jurisprudence and published
a volume on The International Dissemination of
Cholera and Other Infectious Diseases, with
Plan for Effectual Quarantine (1893). A short-
er paper, "The Early Days of our Cavalry in the
Army of the Potomac," he published in the War
Papers (vol. Ill, 1903) of the Wisconsin Com-
mandery of the Loyal Legion. Kempster was
married to J. L. J. Poessell on June 28, 1913. He
died at Milwaukee in his seventy-eighth year.
[Memoirs of Milwaukee County (2 vols., 1909), ed.
by J. A. Watrous ; Am. Jour, of Insanity, Jan. 1919;
H. A. Kelly and W. L. Burrage, Am. Medic. Biogs.
(1920); Milwaukee Sentinel, N. Y. Times, Aug. 23,
1918.] W.S.M.
KENDALL, AMOS (Aug. 16, 1789-Nov. 12,
1869), journalist, postmaster-general, writing at
the age of forty-five to a boyhood friend, deline-
ated a distinctive aspect of his entire life, "I seem
to have lived in several different worlds and to
have been the associate of many races of human
Kendall
beings" (Letter to Caleb Butler, May 13, 1835,
Manuscript Division, Library of Congress). The
first of these worlds was New England, where
his boyhood, youth, and early manhood were
spent. Born in Dunstable, Mass., he was the
son of Zebedee Kendall and of Molly (Dakin)
Kendall and a descendant in the fifth generation
of Francis Kendall, who was at Woburn, Mass.,
as early as 1640. As a boy, though never sturdy,
Amos shared in the hard labor of his father's
farm in Dunstable, whose acres lay upon both
sides of the boundary between Massachusetts
and New Hampshire. Despite meager educa-
tional opportunities he entered Dartmouth Col-
lege at eighteen. Fragments of a diary reveal
him as an exceptionally diligent and serious-
minded student, though not wholly aloof from
the rough college life of the day. Following the
custom then prevalent, he spent a considerable
portion of each college year teaching country
schools. On graduation in 181 1 he stood at the
head of his class. Ill health and uncertainty de-
layed his choice of a profession. Finally, decid-
ing to become a lawyer, he studied at Groton,
Mass., for about two years in the office of Wil-
liam Merchant Richardson [q.v.~\. New Eng-
land birth and training exerted a deep and abid-
ing influence upon Kendall's personality.
In 18 1 4 Kendall was caught up in the flood
of migration from New England to the West.
Chance took him to Kentucky, where he re-
mained until 1829. His first year was spent in
the family of Henry Clay, as a tutor ; his second
at Georgetown, as lawyer, postmaster, and edi-
tor of two struggling newspapers. In October
1816 he moved to Frankfort, the capital of the
state, to take charge of the Argus of Western
America, an established paper of a good deal
of influence. Here Kendall found his oppor-
tunity. His keen analysis, trenchant style, and
aptitude in controversy speedily won for his
paper additional prestige. At first a supporter
of Henry Clay, Kendall broke with him in 1826
and soon developed the intense devotion to An-
drew Jackson that marked the remainder of his
life. For this change Kendall was often accused
of ingratitude and self seeking. These charges
he always vigorously denied. An examination
of his earlier opinions makes it seem clear that
Kendall was destined to follow Jackson rather
than Clay. That Jackson carried Kentucky in
1828, a triumph which gave him great delight,
was undoubtedly due in large measure to Ken-
dall. For this service he was chosen to carry
the electoral vote to Washington. With his ar-
rival there his life entered into its best-known
phase.
325
Kendall
For the next twelve years Kendall was closely
identified with the Jackson regime as carried on
by Jackson and Van Buren. Officially he served
for the first six years as fourth auditor of the
treasury ; then for five years as postmaster-gen-
eral ; during the last year, as editor of the Extra
Globe, he fought for the reelection of Van Buren
and the continuation of the regime. For eight
years he belonged to the group of Jackson's clos-
est associates and influential advisers popularly
known as the "Kitchen Cabinet." Although the
functioning of the group has not been studied
in a way to disclose the precise influence exert-
ed by individual members, it is clear that Ken-
dall was among the most potent ; that his influ-
ence steadily increased, especially after 183 1;
and that in the war on the Bank of the United
States his influence was the most powerful.
As an administrator Kendall was the most
capable and successful of the Jackson appointees.
At the beginning of the regime, as fourth auditor,
he discovered corruption on the part of his pred-
ecessor and instituted reforms. This enabled the
Jackson men, in appearance at least, to make
good their campaign assertions and promises.
Six years later, when Jackson's popularity was
seriously endangered by gross corruption among
several of his appointees and when the post-of-
fice department had admittedly fallen into bad
condition, Kendall was appointed postmaster-
general for the purpose of bringing about dras-
tic reforms. He speedily corrected the flagrant
abuses, paid off the debt of the department, and
gave it a new organization that remained in op-
eration without material change for many years.
His action in condoning the illegal exclusion of
abolitionist propaganda from the mails by south-
ern postmasters was bitterly criticised by active
anti-slavery men, but it seems to have met popu-
lar approval even in the North.
As a writer Kendall rendered Jackson service
of the highest importance, though its extent and
character were often exaggerated at the time by
rumor and by hostile critics. In many instances
the form and much of the substance of Jack-
son's state papers were due to Kendall. Com-
parison of Jackson's messages to Congress with
manuscripts in Kendall's handwriting, preserved
among the Jackson papers now in the Library of
Congress, shows clearly that Kendall had a large
share in the preparation of at least five of the
annual messages ; that he was the principal au-
thor of the message of July 10, 1832, vetoing the
bill to recharter the Bank of the United States ;
and that he wrote Jackson's well-known letter
of June 26, 1833, to Duane foreshadowing the
removal of the deposits. Kendall also wrote
Kendall
many of the replies to the addresses presented to
Jackson and had a hand in much that appeared
in the newspapers in Jackson's behalf. He was
largely instrumental in bringing Francis P.
Blair, Sr. \_q.v.'\, to Washington to establish the
Globe as the organ of the administration, and he
wrote extensively for it.
In the spring of 1840 Kendall returned to
journalism. Continuing at Washington he there
tried, during the next four years, several jour-
nalistic experiments. One or two started well
but none of them succeeded. Financial embar-
rassment and ill health made these years the
most trying of his life. As a means of liveli-
hood, in 1843 he reluctantly became an agent
for the collection of claims against the govern-
ment. The immediate results were inconsider-
able, but one in behalf of the Cherokee Indians
brought him a large fee many years later. For
the sake of his health he purchased on credit a
farm of one hundred acres about a mile north of
the capitol. Working upon this farm improved
his health ; at a later date its increased value
brought him a large financial return ; but for
the moment its possession increased his perplex-
ities. His burdens were further increased by
prolonged litigation growing out of controver-
sies with mail contractors, which had begun
while he was postmaster-general. As a conse-
quence of this litigation he was for a consider-
able period technically a prisoner for debt at
large on his own recognizance but restricted in
his movements to the District of Columbia. A
favorable decision by the Supreme Court in one
case and a special appropriation by Congress
finally relieved him of his liability in the matter.
In 1845 Kendall entered upon an entirely new
phase of his career, as the business agent of S.
F. B. Morse, the inventor of the telegraph.
Knowing his own lack of business talent, Morse
engaged Kendall to act as his agent on a per-
centage basis. In this capacity Kendall looked
after the defense of Morse's interests in dozens
of lawsuits involving patent rights. He sold or
let out on royalty the right to use the patents to
many companies operating in different parts of
the country. He organized several companies
and took a hand in their operation. He was also
the most active promoter of the early efforts to
consolidate the numerous small companies into
a few large systems. For some years Kendall's
labors, though prodigious for a man of his age,
brought only small and uncertain returns. By
1859 the initial difficulties had been so far con-
quered that both Morse and Kendall had become
rich men, as wealth was reckoned at that time.
On the eve of the Civil War Kendall was
326
Kendall
Kendall
again drawn into the political arena. Shortly
before the election of Lincoln he vigorously de-
nied the right of secession in a public corre-
spondence with James L. Orr. Soon after the
election in his "Letter on Secession" (contained
in Secession Letters of Amos Kendall: also his
Letters to Col. Orr and Prcst. Buchanan, 1861),
addressed particularly to the South, he elaborated
and reinforced his arguments. It seems highly
probable that Kendall was the author of "The
Diary of a Public Man," published anonymous-
ly in the North American Rez'iew from Au-
gust to November in 1879, perhaps the most
vivid contemporaneous picture of the seces-
sion winter at Washington. During the war,
though opposing Lincoln's administration on
some points, Kendall at all times advocated vig-
orous measures for the prosecution of the war.
Remaining a Democrat, he steadily opposed the
efforts of the Vallandigham wing to control the
Democratic party.
The closing years of Kendall's life were de-
voted chiefly to religion and philanthropy. By
large donations he made possible the erection of
the original and of the present Calvary Bap-
tist Church in Washington. He also gave money
liberally and participated actively in the Sunday
school and mission work of that church. He
was the leading spirit in the foundation of the
Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb,
now Gallaudet College. As president of its board
of trustees, he piloted it in its early and most
difficult years, donated a portion of Kendall
Green for its campus, and used his influence to
get appropriations for it from Congress. His
last appearance in politics was in the campaign
of 1868, for which he wrote his "Letter to Ruth-
erford," perhaps the keenest criticism of the
Republican reconstruction policy that was ever
written.
Kendall's appearance and manner were always
striking. As a young man he was usually de-
scribed as homely and awkward. By middle age
he had greatly improved in looks and bearing.
Harriet Martineau, seeing him at Washington
in 1834, pronounced him a great genius. She
was struck by his talent for silence, his splendid
audacity, the extreme sallowness of his com-
plexion, and by his very white hair, as well as by
his countenance, which she thought would not
help the superstitious to escape their dread of
him. As an old man he was still an arresting
figure. John W. Forney, who greatly admired
him for his effective campaign writing, found
it hard to believe that so soft-spoken a man
could have written those nervous editorials,
which aroused so much Whig resentment and
Democratic enthusiasm in the Jackson era. Few
men in American public life ever met the amount
of bitter denunciation, violent hatred, and un-
sparing ridicule that fell to the lot of Kendall.
He was denounced by his enemies as dishonest,
selfish, and treacherous. Yet in fact, he was
scrupulously honest, self sacrificing, and of the
highest loyalty. In his later years his true char-
acter was widely but not universally recognized.
His first marriage was to Mary B. Woolfolk, of
Jefferson County, Ky., in October 1818. After
her death in 1823, he married, on Jan. 5, 1826,
Jane Kyle, of Georgetown, Ky., who was twenty
years his junior.
[S. F. B. Morse Papers, Jackson Papers, Giddings-
Julian Collection, Miscellaneous MSS. of Kendall in
Lib. of Cong. ; Autobiog. of Amos Kendall, ed. by
Wm. Stickney (1872); J. W. Forney, Anecdotes of
Public Men, vol. II (copr. 1881) ; C. G. Bowers, The
Party Battles of the Jackson Period (1922); James
Schouler, Hist, of the U. S., vol. IV (1889) ; Evening
Star (Washington, D. C), Nov. 12, 1869.] F. M.A.
KENDALL, GEORGE WILKINS (Aug.
22, 1809-Oct. 21, 1867), journalist, son of Thad-
deus and Abigail Wilkins Kendall, was born at
Mount Vernon, near Amherst, N. H. His fa-
ther was of early New England stock ; his mother
was derived from an ancestor who came to New
England in 1628. Having acquired the printer's
craft at Burlington, Vt., he was employed in
Washington and by Greeley in New York, and,
fond of anecdotes and epigrams, he early ac-
quired a reputation for wit. About 1832 he went
south, spending a year with the Alabama Regis-
ter in Mobile, and then proceeding to New Or-
leans. With Francis Lumsden he founded the
first cheap daily in that city, naming it the Pic-
ayune from the small coin so called. The first
number appeared in January 1837, a four-page
folio of ten by fifteen inches. The audacious
little sheet, reflecting the personality of its ed-
itor, both entertained and irritated the public by
its light banter. Kendall possessed both the in-
stinct of the press man for news and the ardor
of the soldier of fortune for adventure. His pa-
per well established, in 1841 he joined the Santa
Fe expedition, now sponsored by General La-
mar, the president of the independent state of
Texas, who by proclamation offered protection
to the people of Santa Fe, then under Mexican
rule, avowing his purpose in any event to open
commercial relations. The badly equipped ex-
pedition ended in disaster. Governor Armijo of
New Mexico marched the surviving members to
the City of Mexico. One of their nights Ken-
dall described as "spent in another Black Hole
of Calcutta." He was kept some time in a prison
for lepers. Influential friends obtained his re-
.W
Kendrick
lease, and on his return he wrote his Narrative
of the Texan Santa Fe Expedition (2 vols.,
1844), which was widely read.
During the next three years Kendall in the
Picayune maintained the necessity of going to
war with Mexico, and when hostilities began he
started at once for the Rio Grande. There he
rode with the Rangers, witnessed most of Tay-
lor's battles, and himself captured a cavalry flag.
When the Scott expedition was organized he at-
tached himself as a voluntary aide to the staff
of General Worth and saw nearly all the fight-
ing from Vera Cruz to Chapultepec. He was
mentioned in dispatches and received a wound
in the knee in the storming of the last fortress.
This war was the first ever to be reported
comprehensively in the daily press. The cor-
respondents, of whom New Orleans alone sent
a score, were war reporters of the modern type.
Rivalry was keen. New Orleans became a clear-
ing house of war news for the nation. Kendall
and his associates several times out-sped the
government dispatches by the system of couriers
and boats which they established. American of-
ficers entrusted their own letters to "Mr. Ken-
dall's express." The Picayune became famous
for its war news and its reports were extensively
copied. Kendall now spent several years in Eu-
rope, partly devoted to the preparation of The
War between the United States and Mexico
(1851) with the well-known illustrations by
Nebel. In Paris he married Mile. Adeline de
Valcourt. He then removed to Texas to reside
on a ranch in the county now bearing his name,
continuing his interest in the Picayune, how-
ever, until his death.
[Waddy Thompson, Recollections of Mexico (1846) ;
The Diary of James K. Polk (4 vols., 1910), ed. by
M. M. Quaife; J. F. H. Claiborne, Life and Corre-
spondence of John A. Quitman (2 vols., i860) ; J. S.
Kendall, "Geo. Wilkins Kendall and the Founding of
the New Orleans 'Picayune,' " La. Hist. Quart., Apr.
1928; An Artillery Officer in the Mexican War . . .
Letters of Robert Anderson (1911), ed. by E. A. Law-
ton ; F. Lauriston Bullard, Famous War Correspond-
ents (1914) ; Miles' Nat. Reg., for the years 1846 and
1847; newspapers of New Orleans, Baltimore, and
New York ; information as to certain facts from the
office of the Picayune and from Kendall's family.]
F.L.B.
KENDRICK, ASAHEL CLARK (Dec. 7,
1809-Oct. 21, 1895), scholar, classicist, was de-
scended from New England stock on both pa-
ternal and maternal sides. He was born at
Poultney, Vt, the second of the eight children
of the Rev. Clark Kendrick, a Baptist minister,
and Esther (Thompson) Kendrick. He spent a
year at an academy in Granville, N. Y., then at-
tended Hamilton College at Clinton, N. Y., grad-
uating in 1831. He immediately accepted an ap-
32
Kendrick
Dointment as professor of ancient and modern
languages in Madison (now Colgate) Univer-
sity. In 1850 he severed his connection with
Madison and with five other professors of the
same faculty, "the coach load of professors," re-
moved to Rochester, N. Y., where at the time
both the University of Rochester and the Roch-
ester Theological Seminary were being estab-
lished. He was elected to the professorship of
Greek language and literature at the university
and although he retired from active teaching in
1888, he held the chair until his death in 1895.
He was acting president on two occasions, for
a time in 1863 and again during the year 1877-
78. He also served as acting professor of Bibli-
cal literature and New Testament exegesis at
the theological seminary, 1865-69, 1875-77. He
was president of the American Philological As-
sociation for 1872-73 and a member of the Amer-
ican New Testament Revision Committee from
1872 to 1880. He was twice married: in 1838
to Ann Elizabeth Hopkins of Clinton, N. Y.,
who died in 1851 ; and in 1857 to Helen Morris
Hooker.
As a scholar in the field of the Greek language
and its literature, which he taught for almost
sixty years, Kendrick had few equals in his day.
He was one of the first of American professors
to visit Greece and to spend many months in
study and travel there. His books : The Child's
Book in Greek (1847) ; An Introduction to the
Greek Language (1841); Greek Ollendorff
(1851) ; and The Anabasis of Xenophon (1873),
with notes and vocabulary, uncovered a new
method for the study of the language. His own
knowledge of the Greek poets, philosophers, and
historians was exact and extensive, and he had
a ready memory for quoting passages from
Homer and Plato. He contributed the Com-
mentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews (copy-
right 1889) in the American Commentary se-
ries edited by Alvah Hovey; edited and revised
Olshausen's Commentary which he published
under the title Biblical Commentary on the New
Testament (6 vols., 1856-58), and supplied the
preface and supplementary notes to the Critical
and Exegetical Hand-book to the Gospel of John
(1884), translated from the German of H. A.
W. Meyer. His numerous contributions in the
Baptist Quarterly Review and in other journals,
and his occasional addresses before educational
conventions and at college and seminary gath-
erings show the breadth of his scholarship. In
the field of biography he wrote The Life and
Letters of Mrs. Emily C. Judson (i860) and
Martin B. Anderson (1895). He also published
in a series of three volumes Our Poetical Fa-
8
Kendrick
vorites (1871, 1876, 1881), an anthology of se-
lections from English and American poets, and
Echoes (1855), a volume of his own transla-
tions of German and French poems. He was
widely loved and appeared to best advantage in
the classroom among his students and in uncon-
ventional intercourse with his friends.
[An Am. Scholar (191 3), a tribute to Kendrick, was
written by his daughter, Florence K. Cooper. See also :
The Baptist Encyc. ; Jos. Joslin and others, A Hist,
of the Town of Poultney, Vt. (1875); Rochester
Theol. Seminary: Gen. Cat. (1910); A Gen. Cat. of
Colgate Univ. (1913) ; Gen. Cat. of the Univ. of Roch-
ester (1900) ; J. L. Rosenberger, Rochester : The Mak-
ing of a Univ. (1927) ; N. Y. Times, Oct. 23, 1895-]
A.J.R.
KENDRICK, JOHN (c. 1740-Dec. 12, 1794),
navigator and trader, was the son of Solo-
mon and Elizabeth (Atkins) Kenwrick and the
grandson of Edward Kenwrick, who by 1704
had settled in Harwich on the southern shore of
Cape Cod. There John Kendrick, as he later
preferred to designate himself, was born. He
early took to the sea and at twenty went a-whal-
ing to the St. Lawrence. His adventurous spirit
led him into the French and Indian War, but
after one campaign he returned to the sea and
entered the coasting trade. In December 1767
he was married to Huldah Pease of Edgartown,
Martha's Vineyard. During the Revolutionary
War he commanded privateers: in 1777, the
Fanny; in 1778, the Count D'Estaing; and in
1780, the Marianne. He was a pioneer in the
maritime fur-trade, commanding the expedi-
tion of the Columbia and the Washington (or
Lady Washington) which left Boston in Sep-
tember 1787 and arrived at Nootka a year later.
There his diplomatic skill saved his vessels from
seizure by the Spaniards. In July 1789 he
transferred the Columbia to his associate, Capt.
Robert Gray [5.^.], and traded in the little
sloop, Washington, along the coast from Nootka
to Queen Charlotte Islands. In the autumn of
1789 he sailed for China, by way of the Hawaiian
Islands, and while there had a vision of open-
ing a trade in pearls and sandalwood. For that
purpose he left three men to collect these com-
modities, but the effort proved a failure as the
men tired of the task.
Arriving in China Kendrick spent fourteen
months in disposing of his cargo and in rerigging
the Washington as a brig. In March 1791 he
sailed thence for the Northwest Coast. On his
way he visited Japan — the first to fly the stars
and stripes in Nippon — but the country offered
no market for sea-otter skins. At Queen Char-
lotte Islands — then a fur-trader's paradise — the
Indians attempted to capture the Washington.
Kendrick's courage enheartened his crew who
Kenedy
drove the assailants off with heavy loss. During
this voyage he purchased large areas of land
from the natives of Vancouver Island, but the
speculation was a complete failure. In the spring
of 1793 he sailed again from China and traded
on the Northwest Coast in the seasons of 1793
and 1794. Late in 1794 on his route to China,
he revisited the Hawaiian Islands and took part
in an inter-island war. His faction being suc-
cessful, he, while at anchor in Honolulu Harbor,
in December 1794, requested a fellow trader,
Captain Brown of the Jackal, to salute him. By
some negligence one of the guns had not been
unshotted. Its ball pierced the side of the Wash-
ington, killing him as he sat at his table. Ken-
drick was a man of large stature, great strength,
and unbounded courage. He could see possibili-
ties of riches in untried schemes, but he lacked
the perseverance necessary to transmute dreams
into realities.
[For printed sources see : Josiah Paine, Edward Ken-
wrick, the Ancestor of the Kenricks or Kcndricks . . .
and His Descendants (1915) ; Amasa Delano, A Nar-
rative of Voyages and Travels, in the Northern and
Southern Hemispheres (1817); F. W. Howay, "Cap-
tains Gray and Kendrick : The Barrell Letters," Wash.
Hist. Quart., Oct. 19.21, and "John Kendrick and His
Sons," Quart, of the Ore. Hist. Soc, Dec. 1922 ; and
G. W. Allen, Mass. Privateers of the Revolution (1927).
Manuscript sources include Robt. Haswell's log of the
first voyage of the Columbia, in the Bancroft Library,
Berkeley, Cal., John Hoskins' manuscript narrative in
the library of the Mass. Hist. Soc, and John Boits'
"Journal of a Voyage Round the World," in the same
library, which gives date of death.] F. W. H
KENEDY, PATRICK JOHN (Sept. 4, 1843-
Jan. 4, 1906), Catholic book-seller and publisher,
was born in New York City, the only child of
John and Ellen (Smith) Kenedy. His father,
an emigrant from Ireland, had established a
printing, publishing, and book-selling concern
in Baltimore in 1826 which he transferred to
Mott Street in New York City in 1838. Patrick
was trained in the Christian Brothers' School in
Canal Street and in his father's business with
which he became actively associated in i860.
Despite the war, the business grew under their
joint direction with the increasing Catholic pop-
ulation and its social improvement. In 1866, on
his father's death, Kenedy assumed sole control
and remained in that position until 1904, when
the business was incorporated under the name of
P. J. Kenedy and Sons, with Arthur and Louis
Kenedy in active management of the organiza-
tion. In 1873 the publishing house was removed
to Barclay Street where within twenty years the
business required a five-story building. As the
publishers of the original Key of Heaven ( 1867) ,
the first Manual of the Children of Mary (1868),
A General Catechism of the Christian Doctrine
329
Kenna
(1872) as enjoined by the Third Plenary Coun-
cil of Baltimore, of works by Catholic authors
who could find no place in the lists of secular
publishing houses, of novels dealing with Cath-
olic life, of ascetical and apologetic works, of
historical books especially on Ireland, of a com-
plete series of text-books in the parochial school
field, and of the quasi-official, annual Catholic
Directories, the Kenedys won for their firm an
assured place as one of the chief publishing
houses in the English-speaking Catholic world
and gained special favor by maintaining popu-
lar prices. In reward for his services and as a
testimonial to his integrity, Patrick John Ken-
edy at the. suggestion of Archbishop Corrigan
was designated by the Sacred Congregation of
Propaganda in 1895 as a "publisher to the Holy
See." On Aug. 12, 1874, Kenedy married Eliza-
beth Teresa Weiser by whom he had three sons
and four daughters. His son Eugene became a
Jesuit priest. He was an exceptionally well read
and cultured man, an active Catholic who did
not hold aloof from parochial affairs and reli-
gious associations, and an unassuming contribu-
tor to various charities.
[Cath. News (N. Y.), Jan. 6, 1906; Jour, of Am.-
Irish Hist. Soc, VI (1906), 116; death notes in the
Sun (N. Y.) and N. Y. Herald, Jan. 5, 1906; informa-
tion as to certain facts from Kenedy's son, Arthur
Kenedy.] R.J. P.
KENNA, JOHN EDWARD (Apr. 10, 1848-
Jan. 11, 1893), congressman and senator, was
born in Kanawha County, Va. (now W. Va.),
and was for the greater part of his life identified
with the progress of the Kanawha Valley. His
father, Edward Kenna, was an Irish immigrant
who after entering into various enterprises in
the Mississippi and Ohio valleys began the
study and practice of law in Cincinnati, and in
1847, upon his marriage to Margery Lewis,
member of a prominent Virginia family, re-
moved to Valcoulon, Kanawha County. His
death in 1856 left the family in such straitened
circumstances that the mother and three chil-
dren went to live with her brother in southern
Missouri where pioneer conditions provided lit-
tle opportunity for even an elementary educa-
tion. Here in 1864, at the age of sixteen, Kenna
joined General Shelby's brigade of the Confed-
erate army. Despite his youth he acquitted him-
self with distinction in the year's campaigning,
being severely wounded in the shoulder before
his reg'ment surrendered at Shreveport. At the
close of the war he returned to West Virginia
where the benevolence of friends enabled him
to study for three years at St. Vincent's College
in Wheeling. In 1870, after two years in a
Kenna
Charleston law office, he was admitted to the
bar.
Immediately Kenna revealed political ambi-
tions, in which he was considerably aided by the
rising tide of Democratic strength in West Vir-
ginia. Tall, handsome, impressive in bearing, a
glamourous figure because of his war experi-
ences, he found instant favor in the Democratic
party. A ready and versatile tongue made him
valuable to the organization, and in 1872 he was
a successful candidate for the office of prosecut-
ing attorney of Kanawha County. In 1875 ne
was designated by the bar as justice pro tempore
of the circuit court of his district. The next year
he was elected to represent the southeastern dis-
trict of West Virginia in the national House of
Representatives. Here he was aided somewhat
by the interest which the House usually displays
in its youngest member and even more by the
Democratic desire to hold West Virginia. His
most favorable committee assignment was on
commerce, where his association with John Hen-
ninger Reagan [g.z\], who was chairman, made
Kenna a constant champion of railroad legisla-
tion in the years leading up to the act of 1887.
Kenna's greatest legislative care, however,
was federal aid for slack-water navigation on
the Kanawha, a task to which he gave his full
energy. His successful agitation for the project
of a navigable river which would tap the rich
resources of coal, timber, and salt in southern
West Virginia, won for him such widespread
popularity in his state that in 1883, before his
fourth term in Congress had begun, he was elect-
ed to the Senate. In the upper house he con-
tinued his work for improved navigation along
the Kanawha and its tributaries, became one of
the leading advocates of Reagan's proposed rail-
road regulation, and gradually won his place as
a prominent leader of the Democratic minority.
In the controversy between Cleveland and the
Senate over the refusal of the former to detail
his reasons for the dismissal of certain officials
appointed with the advice and consent of the
Senate, Kenna emerged as spokesman for the
minority in a brilliant and persuasive argument
for the independence of the executive (Congres-
sional Record, 49 Cong., 1 Sess., pp. 2328-37).
His abilities as a controversialist were also uti-
lized by the minority to defend Cleveland's mes-
sage in 1888 against the barbed shafts of Sher-
man and to indict the opposition for the failure
of tariff reform. His sudden death, at the age of
forty-five, cut short a promising career. Kenna
was married in September 1870 to Rosa Quigg.
She died four years later and in November 1876
he was married to Anna Benninghaus.
330
Kennan
Kennan
[For biographical details see : G. W. Atkinson,
Prominent Men of W. Va. (1890); Men of W. Va.
(1903), II, 411-15; M. P. Shawkey, West Virginia
(1928), II, 372; "Memorial Addresses on the Life and
Character of John Edward Kenna," Senate Miscel-
laneous Doc. 66, 52 Cong., 2 Sess. ; Wheeling Daily
Reg., Nov. 22, 1876, Jan. 12, 1893. For Kenna's ef-
forts to secure federal aid for slack-water navigation
on the Kanawha, see the Cong. Record, 46 Cong., 1
Sess., p. 1334, 46 Cong., 3 Sess., App. pp. 145-46, 47
Cong., 2 Sess., p. 3446, 49 Cong., 1 Sess., pp. 4236,
4258,4261,6556,7032.] W. S. S.
KENNAN, GEORGE (Feb. 16, 1845-May 10,
1924), explorer, journalist, and author, son of
John and Mary Ann (Morse) Kennan, was born
at Norwalk, Ohio, of New England-Scotch fore-
bears. His father, a lawyer, was more interest-
ed in mechanical inventions than in legal lore
and became entranced with S. F. B. Morse's de-
velopment of the electric telegraph. The result
was that while still a boy Kennan developed ex-
pert proficiency as a telegrapher. During the
Civil War, prevented by physical limitations
from going to the front, he served as military
telegrapher in Cincinnati. He proved so efficient
that the Western Union Telegraph Company
selected him at twenty years of age as a mem-
ber of its Siberian expedition for the purpose of
surveying a possible route for the extension of
the telegraph system from America to Europe
by way of Alaska and Bering Strait and across
Siberia and Russia. For two years he lived un-
der the almost arctic conditions of northeastern
Siberia, often enduring a temperature of 50°
and 6o° below zero. This adventure, which laid
the foundation for his subsequent career, was
brought to an abrupt conclusion by the news of
the successful laying of the Atlantic cable. Mak-
ing a perilous journey of five thousand miles by
dog sledge Kennan finally reached St. Peters-
burg and so returned home. The results of his
experiences he embodied in a book entitled Tent
Life in Siberia (1870) which arrested public
attention.
Kennan returned to the Russian Caucasus in
1870 and spent a year in a study of its people
and manners. For the next few years he held
minor business positions in Medina, N. Y., and
New York City, then he was called to Washing-
ton to be the assistant manager (1877-85) of the
Associated Press. His reputation for honor and
accuracy was such that when President Garfield
was shot in 188 1 Kennan was called to the White
House where he remained night and day in
charge of all the telegraphic reports of the Pres-
ident's condition until the latter was removed to
Elberon, N. J., where he died.
Kennan became widely and favorably known
both in England and the United States as a
popular lecturer on the Russian Orient. In 1885
he was commissioned by Roswell Smith, presi-
dent of the Century Company, to visit Russia
and make a study of the horrors of the pris-
ons in Siberia. Accompanied by an American
artist, George A. Frost, he went to Siberia
somewhat prejudiced against the revolution-
aries and sympathetic with the Czar's efforts
to maintain law and order and a stable gov-
ernment, for he was a conservative by nature
and temperament. But the year which he spent,
meeting and talking with Russian patriots in
exile and sharing their hardships, changed his
point of view. His book, Siberia and the Exile
System (2 vols., 1891) was the first revelation
outside of the bounds of Russia of the medieval
and cruel character of the Romanoff govern-
ment, and its publication had much to do with
the overthrow of the Romanoff regime in Rus-
sia. No future history of the fall of imperial
autocracy and the rise of popular government in
Russia can be written without a careful exami-
nation of the papers and records accumulated
and written by Kennan. Many of these time-
worn pages, penned in the prison cells of Yakutsk
or in the attics of Paris, have a wider appeal as
moving human documents.
Kennan became an accomplished Russian
scholar and spoke and read Russian fluently.
His study of Russian affairs and his contribu-
tions to world knowledge on the subject consti-
tuted his greatest achievement, but he also ob-
tained a wide recognition as a correspondent in
Cuba during the Spanish-American War; in
Japan during the Russo-Japanese War; and in
his studies of American political conditions. As
a journalist he was an important if not vital fac-
tor in the exposure and downfall of the notori-
ous John Edward O'Sullivan Addicks \_q.v.~\
in Delaware. He wrote innumerable magazine
and newspaper articles in a copperplate hand-
writing which was as legible as typewriting. In
addition to the books named above, he published :
Campaigning in Cuba (1899) ; Folk-tales of Na-
poleon (1902), based on his translation of Rus-
sian folk legends about Napoleon's march to
Moscow; The Tragedy of Pelce (1902), a first-
hand account of the eruption on the Island of
Martinique in 1902 ; A Russian Comedy of Er-
rors (191 5) ; andE. H. Harriman: A Biography
(2 vols., 1922). Kennan was not a college grad-
uate, having been called to the Siberian telegraph
enterprise just at the time when he was fitting
himself to enter college. Once, when asked in
what institution he had obtained his academic
education, he replied, "Russia." He was an ama-
teur in the study of natural history and one of
his hobbies was the study of both domestic and
331
Kennedy
exotic flora and fauna. He possessed great phys-
ical endurance, an extraordinarily fascinating
intellect, and an unusual capacity for warm and
delightful friendship. He married, Sept. 25,
1879, Emeline Rathbone Weld of Medina, N. Y.
[The biography is based largely upon the contribu-
tor's long and intimate personal acquaintance with
Kennan and upon his diaries and journals. For printed
sources see: Who's Who in America, 1924-25 ; W. W.
Ellsworth, A Golden Age of Authors (1919); R. U.
Johnson, Remembered Yesterdays (1923); Catherine
Breshkovsky, The Little Grandmother of the Russian
Revolution (1917) ; David Fairchild, article in Jour, of
Heredity, Oct. 1924; Edmund A. Walsh, The Fall of
the Russian Empire (1928); articles in the Outlook,
June 4, 1898, July 19, 1916, May 21, 1924; T. L. Ken-
nan, Geneal. of the Kennan Family (1907); N. Y.
Times, May 11, 1924; Evening Star (Washington,
D. C), May 12, 1924. Many of his records and papers
are in the Lib. of Cong, and in the N. Y. Pub. Lib.]
L.F.A.
KENNEDY, ARCHIBALD (1685-June 14,
1763), British colonial official, son of Alexander
Kennedy of Craigoch, was a descendant of a
younger line of the Cassillis peerage of Scotland.
He emigrated as a young man to New York,
where he was granted the freedom of the city
on July 25, 1710. Of his first dozen years in
America little is known; he may have been an
officer of the regular troops stationed in the
province. He was appointed collector of cus-
toms and receiver-general of the province Aug.
8, 1722, and was sworn of the Council, Apr.
13, 1727. In this official capacity, maintained for
half a century, he appears to have been punctili-
ous and diligent, cannily refraining from excess
of initiative, and consistently "regular" in his
political attitudes. Like other colonial officials
he participated in land speculations. He bought
Bedlow's Island in New York harbor for one
hundred pounds in 1746 and in 1758 sold it to
New York City for one thousand pounds, the
island being required for quarantine purposes.
Another transaction was his purchase of the
premises at numbers one and three Broadway,
upon the former of which he erected in 1760 the
"spacious and famous mansion" which became
a landmark among the city's residences. In De-
cember 1 736 he married Mary (Walter) Schuyler,
widow of Arent Schuyler of New Jersey, there-
by making an alliance of great advantage both
for wealth and for family connection with the
local aristocracy. This was apparently his sec-
ond marriage. His son and heir, Capt. Archi-
bald Kennedy, R. N., who succeeded as eleventh
Earl of Cassillis in 1792, was the offspring of
an earlier marriage (G. E. Cockayne, Complete
Peerage, II, 1889, 177).
Kennedy had an active mind and he exploited
the opportunities afforded by his position for ob-
servation of the workings of British economic
Kennedy
policy. This is evidenced by three pamphlets
from his pen, Observations on the Importance
of the Northern Colonies under Proper Regu-
lations (1750), The Importance of Gaining and
Preserving the Friendship of the Indians to the
British Interest Considered (1752), and Seri-
ous Considerations on the Present State of the
Affairs of the Northern Colonies (1754). It is
clear that he was in full sympathy with the mer-
cantilist aims of the policy of the empire but dis-
sented from the methods employed to give them
effect. He foresaw the possibility of trouble for
the empire unless changes were made, maintain-
ing that the Americans could not be kept de-
pendent by keeping them poor. And he quotes
with approval a "Mr. Trenchard" who had re-
marked : "nor will any Country continue their
Subjection to another, only because their Great
Grand Mothers were acquainted!" (Observa-
tions on the Importance of the Northern Colo-
nies, p. 32). The pamphlet on Indian policy
was the result of his prolonged experience as a
member of the New York Council and was ad-
dressed both to the imperial authorities and to
the American provincial assemblies. In 1761 he
asked to be relieved from service on the Council
because of the infirmities of age, and he died
within two years of his retirement from that
body.
[Biographical sources include : E. B. O'Callaghan,
Docs. Relative to the Colonial Hist. . . . of N. Y '., vols.
V and VI (1855-56), and vol. XI (1861) ; N. Y. Hist.
Soc. Colls., Public Fund Ser., vol. XVIII (1886), and
vol. XXX (1898); G. W. Schuyler, Colonial N. Y.
(1885), vol. II; I. N. P. Stokes, The Iconography of
Manhattan Island, vol. IV (1922); N. Y. State Lib.,
Calendar of Council Minutes (1902) ; the Scots Mag.,
July 1763. A copy of the pamphlet on Indian policy is
at the John Carter Brown Library, Brown Univ. ; the
other two are to be found at the N. Y. Pub. Lib.]
C. W. S.
KENNEDY, JOHN DOBY (Jan. 5, 1840-
Apr. 14, 1896), soldier and political leader, was
the son of Anthony M. and Sarah (Doby) Ken-
nedy of Camden, S. C. His mother was the
grand-daughter of Abraham Belton, a pioneer
settler of Camden and soldier during the Revo-
lution. His father was born in Scotland and
emigrated to the United States in 1834. Ken-
nedy received his preparatory education in the
schools of Camden and entered South Carolina
College in 1855. Here he remained until the
fall of 1857 when he entered the law office of
W. Z. Leitner. He was admitted to the bar in
January 1861. At the outbreak of the Civil War
he enlisted as captain of Company E, 2nd South
Carolina Regiment, under the command of Col.
J. B. Kershaw. When Kershaw was made brig-
adier-general in 1862, Kennedy succeeded him
as colonel of the 2nd Regiment, and two years
332
Kennedy
later, when the former succeeded McLaws as
commander of the ist Division of Longstreet's
corps, Kennedy became brigadier-general. He
was present at the bombardment of Fort Sumter
at the beginning of the war and remained in ac-
tive service until the surrender of Johnston in
April 1865, participating in the battles of Bull
Run, Savage Station, Sharpsburg, Fredericks-
burg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Chickamau-
ga, Knoxville, the Wilderness, Spotsylvania,
Petersburg and Cedar Creek. After the fall of
Atlanta, Governor Magrath of South Carolina
requested that Kennedy's brigade be detached to
oppose the invasion. Kennedy now joined John-
ston's army and his command vainly disputed
Sherman's progress at Averysboro and Benton-
ville.
The war over, Kennedy returned to Camden
and reentered the legal profession. In Decem-
ber 1865 he was elected to Congress but did not
take his seat because of his refusal to take the
"iron clad oath." He took a prominent part in
the redemption of his state from carpetbag dom-
ination. After white supremacy had been re-
established, he was prominent in the counsels of
the Democratic party. As a member of the
National Democratic Convention which met at
St. Louis in 1876, he cast his vote for Tilden
and Hendricks. He was a member of the state
executive committee of the Democratic party in
that year, and the chairman of the committee two
years later. He served two terms in the lower
house of the state legislature (1878, 1879). In
1880 he was elected lieutenant-governor of
South Carolina and was prominently mentioned
for governor in 1882, but he was defeated in
convention by Col. Hugh Thompson. In 1884
he was presidential elector-at-large on the Dem-
ocratic ticket. From 1885 to 1889 he was con-
sul-general at Shanghai, China, by appointment
of President Cleveland. Kennedy was active in
fraternal organizations and was popular with
Confederate veterans' organizations, taking an
active interest in the establishment of Camp
Kirkland. He was twice married. His first
wife, whom he married in 1857, was Elizabeth
Cunningham. She died in 1876 and in 1882 he
was married to Harriet A. Boykin. His sud-
den death at his home in Camden resulted from a
stroke of apoplexy.
[T. J. Kirkland and R. M. Kennedy, Hist. Camden.
Part Two: Nineteenth Century (1926) ; Yates Snow-
den, Hist, of S. C. (1920), vol. II; Cyc. of Eminent
and Representative Men of the Carolinas of the Nine-
teenth Century (1892), vol. I; War of the Rebellion:
Official Records (Army) ; News and Courier (Charles-
ton), Apr. 15, 1896; newspaper clippings in the pos-
session of Mrs. Harriette Kershaw Leiding, Charles-
ton, S. C] J.G.V-D.
Kennedy
KENNEDY, JOHN PENDLETON (Oct.
25, 1795-Aug. 18, 1870), author and statesman,
was the son of John Kennedy, a native of north
Ireland of Scotch descent, and his wife, Nancy
Clayton Pendleton, a Virginian whose forebears
were English. Kennedy was born in Baltimore,
Md., where his father was at the time a prosper-
ous merchant. He received his general educa-
tion at what became Sinclair's academy and at
Baltimore College in his native city, graduating
from the latter in 1812. During the war with
England which broke out in that year he partici-
pated in the battles of Bladensburg and North
Point. After studying in the law offices of an
uncle and of Walter Dorsey in Baltimore he was
admitted to the bar and began practising in that
city in 1816. In 1824 he married Mary Ten-
nant, daughter of a Baltimore merchant, but she
died within a year, and in 1829 Elizabeth Gray
of Ellicott Mills, Md., became his wife. Ken-
nedy did not like the law, and a legacy from an
uncle who died at about this time made him less
dependent upon it. Therefore he gradually with-
drew from his practice and began to live more
in accordance with his natural inclinations. In
the early years of his greater leisure the quali-
ties distinguishing him during the remainder of
his life reached maturity. He was broad, toler-
ant, and cheerful, had a genial humor, and a
deep love for his fellow men. He was greatly
interested in local affairs and served on various
civic committees. For some years he was prov-
ost of the University of Maryland. He was also
president of the board of trustees of the Institute
founded in Baltimore, largely in accordance with
his advice, by George Peabody in 1866.
The last forty years of Kennedy's life were
chiefly devoted to creative writing and to poli-
tics. He had begun scribbling as a schoolboy
but published nothing of importance until 1832,
when under the pseudonym Mark Littleton he
published Szvallow Barn, a series of sketches of
life in Virginia shortly after the Revolution.
This was well received and was followed in
r835 by "Littleton's" Horse-Shoe Robinson, a
novel dealing with the battle of King's Moun-
tain. Three years later came Rob of the Bowl,
a novel of early colonial Maryland, which was
less popular. But a humorous political satire
published in 1840, under the title Quodlibct:
Containing Some Annals thereof . . . by Solo-
mon Second-thoughts, Schoolmaster, delighted
many, especially the Whigs, of whom the author
was one. His last major work, Memoirs of the
Life of William Wirt, appeared in two volumes
in 1842. Kennedy's works of fiction were classed
by some contemporary critics with those of
333
Kennedy
Cooper and Irving. Among his minor writings
were pamphlets and articles for the press, no-
tably for the National Intelligencer, discussing
political questions. The first of these having in-
fluence was a pamphlet issued in 1830 (under
the pseudonym Mephistopheles) which reviewed
the report on commerce by C. C. Cambreleng
of the national House of Representatives. The
views presented caused Kennedy to be regarded
as a leading exponent of protection. Already he
had begun to fill public office, through election
in 1820 to the Maryland House of Delegates.
During these years he was an ardent supporter
of John Quincy Adams. Early in 1838 he was
elected as a Whig to fill a vacancy in the House
of Representatives caused by the death of Isaac
McKim. He failed of reelection in November
of that year but was successful in 1840 and 1842.
In Congress he was chairman of the committee
of commerce for a time. He strongly opposed
the annexation of Texas and held that its ad-
mission by joint resolution was unconstitutional.
Largely through his influence an appropriation
of $30,000 was voted for a test of Samuel
Morse's electro-magnetic telegraph.
Following the death of President Harrison
Kennedy wrote the manifesto entitled A Defense
of the Whigs (1844), denouncing the political
defection of Tyler. In the congressional elec-
tion of 1844 he was defeated, but two years later
he was chosen to the Maryland House of Dele-
gates, was made speaker, and served one term.
In July 1852 he accepted the secretaryship of
the navy under President Fillmore and while
filling that office organized four important naval
expeditions, including that sent to Japan under
Matthew C. Perry. When he left office in March
1853, following the inauguration of President
Pierce, his public career ended, but his interest
in politics continued. In i860 he voted for Bell
and Everett and strove, by writing and speaking,
to prevent secession. When this proved futile, he
supported the Union cause in the war, voting
for Lincoln in 1864. But after the conflict end-
ed he favored "amnesty and forgiveness to the
weak and foolish who have erred, charity for
their faults and brotherly assistance to all who
repent." Kennedy died at Newport, R. I., after
a long illness.
TThe Kennedy manuscripts in the library of the Pea-
body Institute include extensive correspondence, a
diary, and an uncompleted autobiography. For printed
sources see H. T. Tuckerman, The Life of John Pen-
dleton Kennedy (1871) ; E. M. Gwathmey, John Pen-
dleton Kennedy (1931) ; Biog. Dir. Am. Cong. (1928) ;
Ann. Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1852 ; V. L.
Parrington, The Romantic Revolution in America
(iQ2j) ; The Cambridge Hist, of Am. Lit., vol. I
(1917) ; E. A. and G. L. Duyckinck, Cyc. of Am. Lit.
(2 vols., 1875)] M.W.W.
Kennedy
KENNEDY, JOHN STEWART (Jan. 4,
1830-Oct. 31, 1909), capitalist and philanthro-
pist, was born at Blantyre, Lanarkshire, Scot-
land, the fifth son of John and Isabella (Stewart)
Kennedy. He had the discipline of the Glasgow
public schools from his sixth to his thirteenth
year, but at the end of that period he went to
work in a shipping office. At seventeen he con-
nected himself with an iron and coal concern
and continuing in that business traveled in the
United States for a London firm in 1850, having
headquarters at New York until July 1, 1852.
He then returned to Glasgow, but in 1857 he
came again to America and entered into a part-
nership in the banking business with Morris K.
Jesup [q.v.~\. Spending a year at Chicago in
starting a branch office, Kennedy retained his
membership in the firm for ten years, withdraw-
ing in 1867 to found (one year later) the bank-
ing house of J. S. Kennedy & Company. In the
next fifteen years, as active head of the business,
Kennedy formed connections and developed in-
terests which eventually made him an important
factor, especially in Western railroad building.
His appointment by Congress as one of the
Union Pacific Railroad incorporators gave him
prominence and subsequently he became a di-
rector of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the
Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago, the New
York, Chicago & St. Louis, the Cleveland &
Pittsburgh, and other railroads. He was a mem-
ber of the syndicate that built the Canadian Pa-
cific Railway. He represented the Dutch com-
mittee of bondholders of the bankrupt St. Paul
& Pacific Railroad and advised the acceptance
of the offer to them by James J. Hill, thus mak-
ing possible the creation of the Great Northern
system.
When Kennedy resigned the control of the
banking house in 1883 to his nephew, J. Ken-
nedy Tod, he had acquired interests that de-
manded his diligent attention for the remaining
twenty-six years of his life. Besides the great
railroad properties in which he was concerned
(at his death he was owner of stock to the value
of $10,000,000 in the Northern Pacific. and of
$7,000,000 in the Great Northern), he was on the
directing boards of various institutions, to which
he devoted his personal attention as well as lib-
eral gifts of money. Among these were the Pres-
byterian Hospital of New York, Robert College
of Constantinople, Columbia University, the
Metropolitan Museum of Art, the New York
Public Library, and the American Museum of
Natural History. Probably his most distinctive
service to New York was his active support of
organized charity. By erecting a centrally sit-
334
Kennedy
uated building for the use of societies active in
welfare work for the city's unfortunate, he
brought such organizations into closer relations
with one another, thus promoting the central
objects for which they were all striving. He
founded and maintained the School of Philan-
thropy, which was always national in its scope,
and his services were known to social workers
everywhere. He was a member of the New
York Committee of Fifteen which investigated
and reported on prostitution in 1901-02.
To the end of his life Kennedy never wholly
lost his Scotch brogue, nor did his sense of hu-
mor fail him. He was an enthusiastic angler,
delighting especially in salmon-fishing on Cana-
dian streams. One of his most intimate busi-
ness associates was James J. Hill, builder of the
Great Northern Railroad. He had an active
part in the formation of the Northern Securities
Company which was dissolved by the United
States Court. Kennedy was married, on Oct.
14, 1858, to Emma Baker of Elizabeth, N. J.,
who survived him. There were no children. His
will, made seven months before his death,' gave
large sums to the institutions in which he had
been interested. All of the bequests were with-
out restrictions of any kind.
[G. A. Morrison, Jr., "John Stewart Kennedy," N. Y.
Geneal. and Biog. Record, July 1910; R. H. Graves,
"J. S. Kennedy, a Quiet Giver," Evening Post (N. Y.),
Feb. 6, 1909; Edward T. Devine, "Mr. Kennedy's
Will," Survey, Nov. 13, 1909, reprinted in Social
Forces (1910) ; memoir in the Survey, Nov. 27, 1909;
J. G. Pyle, The Life of Jas. J. Hill (1917), vol. I;
N. Y. Times, Nov. 1, 1909.] W. B. S.
KENNEDY, JOSEPH CAMP GRIFFITH
(Apr. 1, 1813-July 13, 1887), statistician, and
superintendent of the Seventh and Eighth cen-
suses, was born in Meadville, Pa., the son of
Thomas Ruston and Jane Judith (Ellicott) Ken-
nedy. He was the grandson of Samuel Ken-
nedy, surgeon of the 4th Pennsylvania Battalion
in the Revolutionary War, and of Andrew Elli-
cott [q.v.~\. Kennedy entered Allegheny Col-
lege in Meadville in 1829 but left before gradu-
ating. On Oct. 21, 1834, he married Catharine
Morrison, by whom he had four children. While
still a young man he purchased and edited the
Crawford, Pa., Messenger, said to be the third
newspaper published in the United States north
and west of Pittsburgh. When this undertaking
proved financially unsuccessful in the course of
a few years, he moved to his farm on the out-
skirts of Meadville and remained there until
called to Washington in May 1849 to serve as
secretary of a board engaged in the preparation
of a plan for taking the Seventh and subsequent
censuses. Shortly afterward he was appointed
superintending clerk of the Census of 1850.
Kennedy
With the inauguration of a Democratic presi-
dent in March 1853, Kennedy, who was an ar-
dent Whig, was succeeded by a Democrat.
When Buchanan, a Pennsylvania Democrat, en-
tered the White House, Kennedy was asked to
prepare a digest of manufactures, ordered in
1858. Upon the completion of the report in De-
cember of the next year, he remained as super-
intending clerk of the Eighth Census. His for-
mal association with census statistics ended June
7, 1865, when the secretary of the interior, who
directed the Census Office, transferred the com-
pletion of the enumeration to the commissioner
of the General Land Office, owing to the failure
of the appropriation. Two volumes of the pro-
jected four had been distributed and the remain-
ing two were in semi-finished form when the
transfer occurred. The third volume, on manu-
factures, soon appeared without Kennedy's name
as compiler or his carefully written preface. He
petitioned Congress for redress from such "un-
lawful" procedure by the committee on printing
returned an unfavorable verdict inasmuch as the
secretary had acted within his authority.
In the summer of 1851 Kennedy was author-
ized to go abroad in the interests of census work
and to examine the systems of statistics in other
countries. He visited England, France, Bel-
gium, Austria, and Prussia, studied official sta-
tistics, informed himself as to methods of cen-
sus-taking, and had conferences with public of-
ficials. He endeavored to interest foreign stat-
isticians in the adoption of a uniform classifica-
tion system to make comparable census statistics
of different countries. He was cordially received
by representatives of foreign governments and
was asked to give several addresses and state-
ments, notably one before the section on statis-
tics of the British Association for the Advance-
ment of Science. Kennedy was chiefly respon-
sible for the organization of the First Interna-
tional Statistical Congress which met in Brus-
sels in 1853 and was a member of the Second
and Fourth congresses of 1855 and i860. He
was secretary of the United States commission
to the world's fair in London in 1851 and a com-
missioner for the international exhibition there
a few years later. His innovations and thor-
oughness in treating official statistics won sub-
stantial praise for him both at home and abroad.
After his retirement from public service in 1865
he was a bank attorney and a real-estate dealer
in Washington, D. C. He was brutally mur-
dered in the summer of 1887 by a fanatic whose
property he had purchased.
[C. W. Evans, Biog. and Hist. Accounts of the Fox.
Ellicott, and Evans Families (1882) ; Pa. Mag. of Hist.
335
Kennedy
and Biog., Mar. 1884 ; E. A. Smith, Allegheny : A Cen-
tury of Education (1916) ; copy of Kennedy's diary
(for 1 851) in the possession of W. F. Willcox, Ithaca,
N. Y. ; Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1851,
p. 512 ; House Report 50, 39 Cong., 1 Sess. ; Daily Con-
stitutional Union (Washington, D. C.), Oct. 21, 1865;
Washington Post and Evening Star (Washington),
July 14, 1887; information as to certain facts from
Kennedy's nephew, John E. Reynolds, Meadville, Pa.]
W.R.L.
KENNEDY, ROBERT PATTERSON (Jan.
23, 1840-May 6, 1918), Ohio soldier, lawyer,
congressman, was born in Bellefontaine, Ohio,
the son of William G. Kennedy, a native of
Maryland, and Mary (Patterson) Kennedy. He
attended the local schools and Geneva College,
then at Northwood, Ohio. At the beginning of
the Civil War he joined the first company from
Logan County, Ohio, which started for camp
at Columbus on the Tuesday succeeding the fir-
ing upon Fort Sumter. The company went into
three months' service but later joined the 23rd
Ohio — the first three years' regiment from the
state. Entering the service as a second lieuten-
ant, Kennedy served as assistant adjutant-gen-
eral, being promoted captain on Oct. 7, 1862,
and major on Nov. 16, 1864. He resigned on
Apr. 8, 1865, but was recommissioned six days
later as colonel of the 196th Ohio Infantry. He
had been brevetted on Mar. 13, 1865, lieutenant-
colonel of volunteers for gallant and meritorious
service during the campaign in West Virginia
and in the Shenandoah Valley, and brigadier-
general of volunteers for distinguished gallantry
during the war. He was mustered out of service
on Sept. 11, 1865. At the battle of Antietam in
1862, by the fortunes of war, he was in tempo-
rary command of a portion of the left wing of
the army, and upon the review of that army by
President Lincoln on the battlefield, he was
called to the front and presented as "the young-
est commander of the Army of the Potomac."
After leaving the army Kennedy returned to
Bellefontaine where he studied law and was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1866. He then entered a
law partnership, West, Walker & Kennedy, and
continued in the firm until 1878. In that year
he was appointed collector of internal revenue
for the fourth district of Ohio by President
Hayes and served until 1883. Two years later
he was a candidate for governor on the Republi-
can ticket but was defeated for the nomination
by Joseph B. Foraker. The convention then by
acclamation nominated him for lieutenant-gov-
ernor. He was elected and while serving in that
capacity acquired by reason of his sturdy rulings
the appellation of "King Bob." He resigned
his office on Mar. 3, 1887, having been elected
to the United States House of Representatives
Kennedy
in the fall of 1886. He served in the Fiftieth
and Fifty-first congresses (Mar. 4, 1887-Mar.
3, 1891) but was not a candidate for renomina-
tion in 1890. In 1899, following the Spanish-
American War, he was appointed by President
William McKinley a member of the Insular
Commission to visit Cuba and Porto Rico to in-
vestigate and report upon conditions existing
in these countries and to formulate a code of
laws for Porto Rico. He became president of
the commission. After the Civil War he was
active in every presidential campaign in nearly
every state from Maine to Kansas. In 1903 he
published Historical Review of Logan County,
Ohio. On Dec. 29, 1862, Kennedy was married
to Mary Lewis Gardner of Bellefontaine. After
her death he was married, on Sept. 4, 1894, to
Emma (Cowgill) Mendenhall of Wabash, Ind.
He spent practically all of his life in his native
city of Bellefontaine, Ohio, but died in Colum-
bus, Ohio.
[In addition to Kennedy's book, mentioned above,
see: John C. Hover and others. Memoirs of the Miami
Valley, vol. I (1919); Biog. Dir. Am. Cong. (1928).
F. B. Heitman, Hist. Reg. and Diet, of the U. S. Army
(1903), vol. I; W. M. Glasgow, The Geneva Book
(1908); Who's Who in America, 1916-17; and the
Ohio State Jour. (Columbus), May 7, 7918. Informa-
tion as to certain facts was supplied for this sketch by
Kennedy's son, W. C. Kennedy, Columbus, Ohio.]
H.L.
KENNEDY, WILLIAM SLOANE (Sept.
26, 1850-Aug. 4, 1929), biographer and antholo-
gist, was born at Brecksville, Ohio, not far from
Cleveland, the son of the Rev. William Sloane
Kennedy and Sarah Eliza (Woodruff) Kennedy.
His father was a Presbyterian minister. His
mother was a daughter of the Rev. Simeon
Woodruff, a graduate of Yale (A.B. 1809) and
of Andover Theological Seminary and the first
pastor of the Congregational church at Tall-
madge, Ohio. William attended the prepara-
tory and collegiate departments of Miami Uni-
versity, then entered Yale as a junior in 1873.
After graduating in 1875 he remained at Yale
for private study in 1875-76 and then taught
for two years. During the school year 1877-78
he combined teaching in Meadville, Pa., with
study in the Meadville Theological Seminary
and completed his theological training by two
years' study at the Divinity School at Harvard
University. He left in 1880 without graduating.
Instead of following the family tradition and
seeking ordination to the ministry, he decided
to devote himself to literary work and became
a member of the staff of the American in Phila-
delphia, which he served for one year. In 1882
he published biographies of Longfellow and of
Whittier and in 1883 a life of Oliver Wendell
336
Kenner
Kenner
Holmes. These were followed by Wonders and
Curiosities of the Railway (1884), Art and Life,
a Ruskin Anthology (1886), and John G. Whit-
tier, the Poet of Freedom (1892). From 1892
to 1895 he was a proof-reader for the Boston
Transcript and a special contributor to the New
York Critic, the Boston Herald, the Boston In-
dex, and the Literary World. At this time his
home was in Belmont, Mass.
While in Philadelphia Kennedy had become a
friend of Walt Whitman and was on intimate
terms with the poet until Whitman's death in
1892. This friendship is reflected in his Remi-
niscences of Walt Whitman (1896) and his edi-
tion of Walt Whitman's Diary in Canada, pub-
lished in 1904. Kennedy regarded as his most
important book The Fight of a Book for the
World, A Companion Volume to Leaves of
Grass (1926), a history of Whitman's volume
with a variety of critical and bibliographical
helps for readers. He compiled Breezes from
the Field (1886), a small anthology of poems,
In Portia's Gardens (1897), a collection of his
own essays on nature lore, and Autolycus Pack
or What You Will (1927), a collection of liter-
ary and critical essays. He published in trans-
lation Psychic Mysterious Forces (1907), from
the original of Camille Flammarion, and After
Death — What? (1909), from Cesare Lombroso.
Most of his original verse is included in a pam-
phlet, published in 1926, entitled Poems of the
Weird and Mystical. From 1909 to 1920 his
dominant interest was Italy and the Italian lan-
guage and literature, and in 1927 he published
Italy in Chains — A Nation Under the Micro-
scope. Kennedy was married, in June 1883, to
Adeline Ella Lincoln, daughter of Cyrus and
Abigail Lincoln of Cambridge, Mass. After her
death in 1923 he made his home in West Yar-
mouth, Mass., frequently spending the winter
in Rome or in California. He was abroad in
1924-25 and in 1926-27. During the summer
he lived alone at West Yarmouth. He was
drowned in August of his seventy-ninth year,
while swimming in Lewis Bay near his home,
and was buried in Mt. Auburn Cemetery, Bos-
ton. His books and a legacy were bequeathed to
Rollins College.
[Who's Who in America, 1928-29; Yale Univ. Obit.
Record, 1930; N. Y. Times, Boston Transcript, Aug.
5, 1929; unpublished reminiscences of Kennedy's sis-
ter, Mrs. Charles Devillo Foote, Cleveland, Ohio.]
J.C.F.
KENNER, DUNCAN FARRAR (Feb. it,
1813-July 3, 1887), Confederate agent, sugar
planter, youngest son of William and Mary
(Minor) Kenner, was born in New Orleans.
His father, a prosperous New Orleans mer-
chant, had emigrated to Louisiana from Caroline
County, Va., soon after the purchase ; his moth-
er was the daughter of Major Stephen Minor,
commandant at Natchez, Miss., during the
Spanish regime in Louisiana. He received his
early education from private tutors and in the
public schools of New Orleans, and then entered
Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, where he
graduated in 1831. After four years of travel
and study in Europe, mostly spent in England
and France, he read law for a time with John
Slidell, but instead of practising, he settled upon
"Ashland" plantation, Ascension Parish, La.,
where he became a sugar planter and horse
breeder. He had a private track for training
purposes, and became widely known among turf
followers throughout the country, his thorough-
breds winning consistently at the New Orleans,
Saratoga, and other tracks. On June 1, 1839,
he married Anne Guillelmine Nanine Bringier,
member of an old and influential French family
of Louisiana.
In 1836 Kenner was elected to the Louisiana
House of Representatives from Ascension Par-
ish, and subsequently served several terms in
the state legislature, first in the House and then
in the Senate. He was a member of the state
constitutional convention in 1844, and president
of the state constitutional convention in 1852.
He was one of seven delegates from Louisiana
to the provisional Congress of the Confederacy
at Montgomery, Ala., in 1861, and after the
Southern capital was removed to Richmond, Va.,
he continued to represent his state in the Con-
federate House of Representatives, where he
was chairman of the committee on ways and
means. As the war went on, he became more
and more convinced of the impossibility of Con-
federate success without European recognition
and that slavery stood in the way, and in 1864,
when the Southern cause looked desperate, he
urged upon his friend, Judah P. Benjamin, sec-
retary of state, the sending of a special commis-
sion to Europe to offer England and France the
abolition of slavery in return for recognition.
President Davis reluctantly agreed to the plan,
and, realizing the need of secrecy, accepted the
responsibility without appealing to Congress,
but instead of a commission he followed the ad-
vice of Benjamin and appointed Kenner sole
envoy with the rank of minister plenipotentiary.
In disguise Kenner made his way overland to
New York, and sailed from that port Feb. n,
1865, on the steamer America. He arrived safe-
ly in Europe, but Sherman's campaign had de-
stroyed all confidence in the chances of Confed-
337
Kenner
erate success, and the mission, aptly character-
ized as grasping at a straw, was a failure.
The war over, Kenner returned to a planta-
tion in ruins, for "Ashland" had been raided by
Union troops in 1862. The house had not been
burned, but his valuable horses had been seized,
his overseers captured, and his slaves freed.
At fifty-two he had to begin life over again, but,
undaunted, he went to work, and by close appli-
cation and the exercise of great business skill he
built up an estate which was larger and more
valuable at the time of his death than it had
been before the war. He is said to have been
the first in the state to introduce and use the
portable railroad to carry cane from fields to
mill, the Rillieux double-effect pans, and the
McDonald hydraulic pressure regulator. He
played a leading part in organizing the Louisi-
ana Sugar Planter's Association in 1877, and
the Sugar Experiment Station in 1885, and
served as first president of each.
Kenner was also active politically and other-
wise during these post-war years. During
1866-67 he represented Ascension in the state
Senate, and in 1877 he was elected to the same
body from New Orleans, where he then lived.
He was prominent in all efforts to wrest the state
from Republican control during Reconstruction
days. In the winter of 1876-77 he was in Wash-
ington, D. C, in the interests of the Democratic
party during the Hayes-Tilden election contest.
Two years later he was a candidate for the
United States Senate, but failed of election. In
1882 he was appointed a member of the United
States -Tariff Commission by President Arthur.
He was chairman of the building committee for
the Cotton Exposition held in New Orleans
during 1884-85 and for a number of years he
was a member of the Louisiana Levee Board.
When the Louisiana Jockey Club was formed he
became its president and held the position until
his death. He died suddenly, at his home in
New Orleans.
[The principal account is G. D. Price, "The Secret
Mission of Duncan F. Kenner, Confederate Minister
Plenipotentiary to Europe in 1865" (M.A. thesis in the
library of Tulane Univ.). It is based partly upon mate-
rial furnished by Mrs. Thomas Sloo of New Orleans,
a grand-daughter of Kenner, documents in the posses-
sion of Mrs. William Stubbs of New Orleans, and the
Kenner papers at the Cabildo, New Orleans. See also
John Bigelow, "The Confederate Diplomatists," Cen-
tury Mag., May 1891 ; J. M. Callahan, The Diplomatic
Hist, of the Southern Confederacy (1901) ; J. H.
Latane, A Hist, of Am. Foreign Policy (1927) ; F. L.
Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy (1931) ; S. C. Arthur
and G. C. H. de Kernion, Old Families of La. (1931)';
obituary notices in Times-Democrat and Daily Pica-
yune, both of New Orleans, July 4, 1887; and article
on the Kenner family in Times-Democrat, Oct. 23,
l892-] M.J.W.
Kennicott
KENNICOTT, ROBERT (Nov. 13, 1835-
May 13, 1866), naturalist, explorer, was born
in New Orleans, La., second of the seven chil-
dren of Dr. John Albert and Mary Shutts (Ran-
som) Kennicott. While he was an infant, his
parents moved to Northfield, 111., a small town
some eighteen miles northwest of Chicago. Rob-
ert's father, a physician who eventually relin-
quished his medical practice and devoted his
energies to horticultural pursuits, began at an
early date to train his son's mind in the study of
nature. In childhood the lad was rather deli-
cate and was not able to pursue his education in
the classroom, but this handicap was overcome
later by his association with such men as J. P.
Kirtland \_q.v.] of Cleveland, Spencer F. Baird
[q.vJ], of the Smithsonian Institution, P. R.
Hoy, of Racine, Wis., and others, under whom
he was able to carry on studies in natural his-
tory. At the age of eighteen he was making ex-
tensive collections of natural-history material.
In 1855 he made a comprehensive natural-history
survey of southern Illinois for the Illinois Cen-
tral Railroad Company, and some of his earliest
scientific papers were devoted to the description
of this material.
In 1856, at the age of twenty-one, he united
with others in the founding of the Chicago Acad-
emy of Sciences. The progress of this institu-
tion was one of the main objects of his life, and
chiefly to his energies and ability was due the
important place which it came to fill in the sci-
ence of that day. In 1857 he began building
up a museum for Northwestern University. To
supplement its collections he made a trip to the
Red River of the North and later spent part of a
winter in the Smithsonian Institution, studying
and identifying the material obtained. He was
at the Smithsonian during the winter of 1858-
59 also, studying collections made in California
by Lieut. W. P. Trowbridge [g.z'.], which un-
der the expert hand of Kennicott were labeled
and divided between the Smithsonian Institution
and the University of Michigan.
In 1859 he made his first expedition to British
and Arctic America, aided by the Smithsonian
Institution and friends in Chicago who provided
the necessary funds. Three years were spent on
this expedition, during which the central area
of British America as far north as Fort Yukon,
including that part of the country known as
Keewatin (now Manitoba and western Ontario
in part), was carefully explored and collections
were made of the fauna. Kennicott's journal,
which is replete with observations on the animal
life, the inhabitants, and the country in general,
shows an unusual breadth of perspective and an
338
Kenrick
Kenrick
unusual ability to interpret the first-hand facts
of observation. During the winter of 1862-63
he was again at the Smithsonian, studying the
material he had obtained, which included many
animals new to science. The magnitude of Ken-
nicott's collections and his reputation as an ex-
plorer stimulated a movement to bring a part
of his material to Chicago. Accordingly the
Chicago Academy of Sciences was reorganized
and properly endowed, and Kennicott was made
its curator (later director) and a trustee. The
year 1864 was spent in transporting his collec-
tion from the Smithsonian to Chicago and ar-
ranging it in the hall of the Academy.
In 1865 the Western Union Telegraph Com-
pany sent an expedition to northwestern Amer-
ica for the purpose of surveying a route for an
overland telegraph line to the Old World, and
because of Kennicott's previous experience in
this region he was chosen as leader of one party
which was to survey Alaska and the Yukon
River. In addition to the work of the survey his
party was to secure specimens of the natural his-
tory of the region traversed, to be divided be-
tween the Chicago Academy of Sciences and the
Smithsonian Institution. Before his work was
completed, however, he died of heart disease at
Fort Nulato, Alaska. He was found in the early
morning on the beach whither he had gone
for exercise and observation. Robert Ridgway
[q.z'.~\ called Kennicott "Illinois's first and most
gifted naturalist." His writings were charac-
terized by keen insight into the relationships of
animals, their habits, and distribution. His pub-
lished papers, about a dozen in number, relate
mostly to the vertebrates of North America, but
also include several valuable Indian vocabu-
laries.
[Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., vol. I (1869) ; Western
Monthly, Mar. 1870; Am. Jour. Sci., Nov. 1866; Am.
Jour, of Conchology, Apr. 4, 1867; W. C. Ransom,
Hist. Outline of the Ransom Family of America
(1903) ; A^. Y. Times, Oct. 14, 29, 1866; private infor-
mation from F. Kennicott Reilly, Esq.] p q g r#
KENRICK, FRANCIS PATRICK (Dec. 3,
1796-July 8, 1863), Roman Catholic prelate,
brother of Peter Richard Kenrick \_q.v.~\ and
son of Thomas and Jean (Eustace) Kenrick,
was born in the Liberties of Dublin, where
his father kept a scrivener's office. Educated
in local schools and under an uncle, Rev. Rich-
ard Kenrick, he was sent in 1814 to the Prop-
aganda at Rome, where he made a brilliant
course in scriptures, Greek, Hebrew, and mod-
ern languages, and learned from Pius VII how
to endure persecution and yet firmly uphold the
liberties of the Church. Ordained in Rome (Apr.
7, 1821), he was called by Bishop Flaget \_q.v.~\
to the chair of theology in St. Thomas Semi-
nary, Bardstown, Ky., and a lectureship in Greek
and history at St. Joseph's College. As pastor
of the local congregation and preacher of the
Jubilee Year throughout the diocese, he won
recognition as a pulpit orator whose sermons
were finished productions and as a controversial-
ist willing to enter the lists with local Protestant
divines (The Letters of Omega and Omicron on
Transubstantiation, 1828). As a theologian, he
attended the First Provincial Council of Balti-
more (1829), for which he acted as a secretary.
In its solution of the difficulties in the misman-
aged diocese of Philadelphia, the Council peti-
tioned the Holy See to name Kenrick coadjutor
of the enfeebled Bishop Henry Conwell [q.v.],
with full power of administration. This was
done, and Kenrick as titular bishop of Arath was
consecrated at Bardstown (June 6, 1830) by
Bishop Flaget assisted by Bishops Conwell and
David [g.z'.].
Arriving at Philadelphia a month later, he
took over the diocese (Metropolitan, August
T853), though his patience was sorely tried by
the truculent old bishop, who misunderstood his
authority and misinterpreted his kindly consid-
eration. He ended trusteeism in the diocese
by placing an interdict (1831) on St. Mary's
Church until its trustees surrendered in accord-
ance with the will of a majority of the congrega-
tion, and by ordering that the bishop's name be
substituted for that of the trustees in future do-
nations to the Church. During the cholera epi-
demic (1832), he won general approbation be-
cause of his personal services, of the ministra-
tions of his priests and Sisters of Charity, and
of the assignment of St. Augustine's school as a
hospital. Though he was keenly concerned about
poor relief, temperance, and immigrant aid, his
ardent Americanism prevented the enthusiastic
support of O'Connell and the Irish movement
for repeal of the Act of Union which the Irish-
Americans demanded of a hero. The modera-
tion of his diocesan paper, the Catholic Herald,
founded in 1833 with the aid of Michael Hurley,
O. S. A., and of his secretary, John Joseph
Hughes [q.v.~\, did not escape criticism. His
success lay in being bishop of all his people, and
Catholicity in Pennsylvania was representative
of diverse races. A strict canonist, he forbade
the Masonic funeral of Stephen Girard from
Holy Trinity Church but permitted Christian
burial on the score that Girard's sudden illness
had prevented reconciliation with the Church.
In 1832, he held a diocesan synod which was at-
tended by thirty priests representing about 100,-
000 Catholics, and thereafter he held frequent
339
Kenrick
councils and conducted scrutinizing visitations.
He not only supported parochial schools, the
Augustinian College of Villanova (1842), the
Jesuit College of St. Joseph (1851), and the
various convents, academies, and asylums, but
he successfully forced the issue with the con-
trollers of public schools in Philadelphia against
compulsory attendance of pupils at instructions
based on the King James version of the Bible
(1842). In 1844, with firmness and patience,
he faced the nativist riots which resulted in the
firing of Catholic properties including St. Mi-
chael's and St. Augustine's churches (Catholic
Herald, May-July 1844, passim). He counseled
moderation, prevented retaliation by his embit-
tered people, temporarily closed the churches,
and placed the burden of protection upon civil
authorities by turning over the keys of church
properties. Criticized as a negative character
by aggressive followers, Kenrick, nevertheless,
by the tactics he pursued, paved the way for bet-
ter relations, and in the reaction against lawless
bigotry received a number of noted converts
into the Church. A year later the situation was
sufficiently in hand so that he could journey to
Rome in the interest of his diocese. An era of
building followed, as the Catholic population in-
creased with immigration, so that on his trans-
lation to the archepiscopal See of Baltimore
(brief of Aug. 3, 1851), Kenrick left his suc-
cessor a corps of 146 priests and seminarians
and 102 churches and chapels.
Named apostolic delegate, he presided over
the First Plenary Council in 1852. The follow-
ing year, at the request of the pope, he collected
the views of the American episcopate on the doc-
trine of the Immaculate Conception, which he
heard promulgated in Rome in 1854. In 1858
he introduced the Forty Hours' devotion into
the United States. As in Philadelphia, he ac-
tively concerned himself with the foundation and
support of schools and charitable institutions,
giving full patronage to the Sulpicians and
Loyola College. A Unionist, he found Baltimore
less pleasant during the Civil War. His address
on "Christian Patriotism" in which he hinted
that national loyalty should supersede state pa-
triotism was not well received, and at times he
was irritated by the pro- Southern editorial
views of the Catholic Mirror. His death was
hurried by the reports of the slaughter at Gettys-
burg.
Kenrick was a thorough scholar, and aside
from diaries, pastoral letters, magazine articles,
and a voluminous correspondence with prelates
and Catholic scholars at home and abroad, left
the following theological studies which are in
Kenrick
current use: A Letter on Christian Union
(1836); Adnotationes in Tractatum X (n.d.) ;
Theologia Moralis (3 vols., 1841-43) ; Theo-
logia Dogmaticae (4 vols., 1839-40) ; The Cath-
olic Doctrine of Justification (1841); A Trea-
tise on Baptism (1843); The Four Gospels
(1849) ; The Acts of the Apostles, The Epistles
of St. Paul, the Catholic Epistles and the Apoca-
lypse (1851) ; A Treatise on Baptism and Con-
firmation (1852); Form of Consecration of a
Bishop of the Roman Catholic Church (4th ed.,
1850) ; A Vindication of the Catholic Church in
a Series of Letters (1855), addressed to Prot-
estant Episcopal bishop of Vermont, John Henry
Hopkins \_q.v.~\ ; The Psalms, Books of Wisdom,
and the Canticle of Canticles (1857) ; The Book
of Job and the Prophets (1859) ; The Historical
Books of the Old Testament (i860) ; The Penta-
teuch (i860) ; and The New Testament (1862).
[M. O'Connor, Archbishop Kenrick and his Work
(pamphlet, 1867) ; J. J. O'Shea, The Two Kenricks
(1904); The Philadelphia Theological Seminary of
St. Charles Borromeo (1917); J. L. J. Kirlin, Catho-
licity in Philadelphia (1909) ; The Life and Letters of
Eliza Allen Starr (1905), ed. by J. J. McGovern ; M. J.
Riordan, Cathedral Records (Baltimore, 1906) ; Am.
Cath. Hist. Researches (1884-1912), see index volume;
Records Am. Cath. Hist. Soc, Sept. 1920; Am. Cath.
Quart. Rev., Apr. 1892, Oct. 1900; Diary and Visita-
tion Record of Rt. Rev. Francis Patrick Kenrick
(191 6), ed. by F. E. Tourscher ; The Kcwrick-Frenaye
Correspondence (1920).] R T P
KENRICK, PETER RICHARD (Aug. 17,
1806-Mar. 4, 1896), Roman Catholic prelate,
son of Thomas and Jean (Eustace) Kenrick,
was born in Dublin, Ireland. He attended St.
Patrick's College, Maynooth, and was raised to
the priesthood, Mar. 6, 1832. In the following
year he joined his elder brother, Francis Pat-
rick Kenrick [q.v.~\, then bishop of Philadelphia,
and was appointed pastor of the Cathedral, pres-
ident of the Seminary, and vicar general of the
diocese. In addition to his official duties, he as-
sumed the editorship of the diocesan organ, the
Catholic Herald, and wrote three books of per-
manent value : The New Month of Mary ( 1840) ,
The Validity of Anglican Ordinations (1841),
and The Holy House of Loretto (1842).
In Philadelphia he met Bishop Rosati of St.
Louis, who was so deeply impressed with the
sterling qualities of the young priest that he
asked for his appointment as coadjutor in St.
Louis. After his consecration, Nov. 30, 1841,
Kenrick, with the title of Bishop of Drasa, start-
ed for St. Louis ; whilst Bishop Rosati journeyed
to Rome and thence, as legate, to Haiti. St.
Louis at this time was a small, straggling
frontier town, with about 20,000 inhabitants —
French, English, Irish, and German — and only
one Catholic church. After the death of Bishop
340
Kenrick
Kenrick
Rosati at Rome, Sept. 25, 1843, his coadjutor
took the title of bishop of St. Louis ; and on Jan.
30, 1847, when St. Louis was raised to the dig-
nity of an archdiocese, he became archbishop.
The rapid growth of the Catholic population
required many new buildings in city and coun-
try. To open new resources, the Archbishop en-
tered upon a banking venture that proved highly
beneficial to the parishes and institutions of St.
Louis. When he closed his bank, he had neither
debts nor superfluous funds ; all the money had
gone into the upbuilding of the Church. In the
course of his administration a large number of
separate dioceses were erected, so that the dio-
cese of St. Louis at last was reduced to the East-
ern half of Missouri, but the Catholic population
in the restricted territory had outstripped by
far the numbers Bishop Kenrick found in the
vast territory of his early days. As archbishop
he held one synod, and one provincial council.
He was a leading figure in the various Councils
of Baltimore. In the Ecumenical Council of the
Vatican he took a prominent part as an opponent
of the dogmatization of infallibility, holding, that
as the pope's decisions had been always accepted
by the Church as final, his infallibility was prac-
tically assured, and that there was no need of an
official declaration. When, however, the Coun-
cil by a large majority decreed the dogma that
the pope, when speaking ex cathedra in matters
of faith and morals, was infallible, he accepted
the decree as final. The crowning glory of Ken-
rick's life was the celebration in 1891 of the fifti-
eth anniversary of his consecration as a bishop.
After that event his health rapidly declined and
his place was taken by Archbishop Kain, while
he received the title of archbishop of Marcian-
opolis. He died in his ninetieth year, recognized,
in the capacities of preacher and scholar, ad-
ministrator and organizer, as one of the notable
Catholic churchmen of his day.
[J. J. O'Shea, The Two Kcnricks (1904) ; The Ken-
rick-Frenaye Correspondence (1920); letters selected
from the Cathedral Archives, Phila., in Records Am.
Cath. Hist. Soc, Dec. 19 19; letters in Archives of St.
Louis Hist. Soc. and of Notre Dame Univ. ; J. E.
Rothensteiner, Hist, of the Archdiocese of St. Louis
(2 vols., 1928), with additional references.]
J.E.R.
KENRICK, WILLIAM (Dec. 24, 1789-Feb.
14, 1872), nurseryman, was born in Newton,
Mass., the elder son of John Kenrick (1755—
1833) and Mehitable Meriam, daughter of Rev.
Jonas Meriam. His father, one of the pioneer
nurserymen in America, established a nursery in
1790 on Nonantum Hill, near the town line be-
tween Newton and Brighton. By 1823, William
had become associated with his father in the en-
terprise, and for half a century he was one of a
small group of nurserymen who laid the founda-
tion of the fruit industry of the present day. He
was one of the original members (1829) of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and a
member of its council, 1829-41. By 1832, if not
before, he had established a nursery independent
of his father's, for in that year he issued his own
catalogue of fruit and hardy ornamental trees
and shrubs, which were for sale at his nursery
"located near the nursery commenced 35 years
ago by the elder Kenrick." In this catalogue
there were listed 148 varieties of apples, about
twenty-five of which are well-known sorts of
the present day; 155 varieties of pears; ninety-
nine of peaches ; forty-seven of plums ; forty-
eight of cherries. In 1833, upon his father's
death, he inherited the original establishment,
and by 1838 the list of apple varieties appearing
in his catalogue had increased to 228 ; pears to
317; with fewer additions to the stone fruits.
He gave much attention to variety-testing, his
activity in this work being evinced and his
memory best perpetuated by his book, The New
American Orchardist, first published in 1833. In
all, seven editions appeared, the last being in
1844. In the early forties the author visited
France and England where he gathered much
information on yarieties, which he incorporated
in the seventh edition of his book. In 1835 the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society made a spe-
cial award to Kenrick in recognition of "his suc-
cessful efforts in procuring scions of new fruits
from Europe, and for his valuable treatise on
fruit trees" (Benson, post, p. 55). He is cred-
ited with the importation of the purple beeches
still characteristic of Newton.
His interests were not entirely centered in
nursery and fruit enterprises. At one period he
gave considerable attention to silk culture. In
1835 there appeared under his authorship The
American Silk Grower's Guide, which included
a discussion of the growing of the mulberry. A
second edition was printed in 1839. In a com-
munication to the Cidtivator (March 1837, p.
21) he expressed "sanguine hopes that the sugar
beet culture will succeed and flourish with us,
as it now does in France," and he elsewhere
stated the conviction that agriculture, commerce,
and manufactures must all flourish together. In
1845 ne gave a public park to the town of New-
ton. He retired from strenuously active partici-
pation in affairs about 1856, but until the end
of his life he watched with interest "the prog-
ress of his favorite pursuit" (Country Gentle-
man, July 31, 1856).
On May 13, 1824, he married a widow, Har-
341
Kensett
Kensett
riot (Russell) Jackson. They had no children.
He died at Newton in his eighty-third year.
[L. H. Bailey, Cyc. of Am. Horticulture, II (1900),
856, and The Standard Cyc. of Am. Horticulture, III
(1915), 1582; A. E. Benson, Hist, of the Mass. Horti-
cultural Soc. (1929); New England Farmer, Oct. 4,
and 11, 1823; Cultivator, Mar. 1837, Dec. 1841, July
1844 ! Country Gentleman., July 31, 1856 ; nursery cata-
logues, 1832, 1838-39, and others; Newton Journal,
Feb. 17, 1872; certain information from members of
the family, from Rev. G. H. Ewing of Wellesley, and
from the librarian of the Mass. Horticultural Society.]
H.P.G.
KENSETT, JOHN FREDERICK (Mar. 22,
1816-Dec. 14, 1872), landscape painter and en-
graver, born in Cheshire, Conn., was the son of
an English engraver, Thomas Kensett, who
came to America in 1812 from Hampton Court,
and the following year married Elizabeth Dag-
gett, a grand-daughter of Naphtali Daggett
[q.z'.], president of Yale College. John Ken-
sett, the second of six children, followed in his
father's footsteps, taking his first lessons in en-
graving from his father, and continuing his
training later under his uncle, Alfred Daggett
of New Haven. He then went to New York and
for a little over two years worked for the Amer-
ican Bank Note Company. Here he made the
acquaintance of A. B. Durand, John William
Casilear, and Thomas P. Rossiter [qq.v.~\ ; and
in 1840 he went to Europe with these artists for
the purpose of studying the great art collections
and for practical experience in painting. Ken-
sett remained abroad about seven years — from
the age of twenty-two to that of twenty-nine.
He was in Paris in 1841, where he shared a
studio with Benjamin Champney [q.v.~\ of Bos-
ton, in the rue de I'Universite, and made sketch-
ing excursions with him to the Forest of Fon-
tainebleau. Kensett went from Paris to Eng-
land to receive a small legacy, expecting to stay
only a short time, but there were some legal com-
plications, and his sojourn was prolonged for
two years. His time was not wasted, for he con-
tinued to paint landscapes from nature and did
some engraving. "My real life commenced
there," he wrote, "in the study of the stately
woods of Windsor and the famous beeches of
Burnham and the lovely and fascinating land-
scape that surrounds them" (Tuckerman, post,
p. 510). At length he returned to Paris, and,
after a few more weeks of sketching in the sub-
urbs, he and his friend Champney, with two
others, started on a long walking tour, sketch-
ing as they went, up the Rhine, through Switz-
erland, and over the Simplon to the Italian
Lakes. Thence Kensett went on to Rome where
he took rooms with Thomas Hicks near the Pi-
azza di Spagna. This was in November 1845.
The following summer, 1846, he and Hicks, with
other art students, went on a sketching tour
through southern Italy and the Abruzzi moun-
tains, returning to Rome in October. A part of
another summer was passed at Palermo and
along the coast of the Bay of Naples. Kensett
continued his studies in Rome until August 1847,
when he went to Venice for a month. Thence,
in company with George William Curtis [q.v.],
he traveled through Germany, finally returning
to America in the autumn and establishing him-
self in New York, where he was destined to en-
joy a great success. He was made a National
Academician in 1849.
During his extended stay abroad he had sent
many landscapes to the New York exhibitions,
and he found his reputation already won. His
"View of Windsor Castle," exhibited in London,
in 1850, was warmly praised. He did not give
up his habit of wandering after his return to
New York, for among his pictures we find sub-
jects from the Adirondacks, Lake George and
Lake Champlain, the Genesee River, the White
and the Catskill mountains, Newport, Narra-
gansett, Beverly, the Connecticut shores of Long
Island Sound, the Hudson, Niagara, and even
the Middle West. His work became more and
more popular, as it deserved to be. His land-
scapes were sweet and likable ; their sentiment,
though not deep, was authentic. Like most of
the American landscape work of the period, they
were undeniably thin : if in atmospheric delicacy
they contained a faint promise of Corot's ethe-
real refinements, they had no trace of Corot's
sense of composition ; nor were they remarkable
for solidity of construction. On the other hand,
however, they were imbued with the sincerest
love of nature, and the skies and distances were
often of an airy beauty which went far to atone
for the insignificance of the foregrounds.
Kensett was a kindly, generous, sympathetic
character. He had, says Isham, "the gift of
forming deep and lasting friendships." He was
habitually reserved, but "even his silence dif-
fused an atmosphere of friendliness about him."
In his youth, he was a romantic-looking figure,
with long dark hair, a straggling beard, high
forehead, straight nose, and sensitive expres-
sion, somewhat dreamy. He was never married.
In 1859 he was appointed a member of a com-
mission to supervise the decoration of the Capi-
tol at Washington, but it does not appear that
this body ever accomplished anything. Soon
after his death in 1872 the pictures and studies
left in his studio were sold for the great sum of
$150,000. Thirty-eight of his works, some of
them unfinished, belong to the Metropolitan
Museum of Art, New York. More than half of
342
Kent
Kent
these, painted at Darien, Conn., during his last
summer, were given to the museum by his
brother, Thomas Kensett. The Corcoran Gal-
lery, Washington, has two good examples of his
work, "Lake George" and a view of the Genesee
River.
[H. W. French, Art and Artists in Connecticut
(1879) ; C. E. Fairman, Art and Artists of the Capitol
of the U. S. A. (1927) ; S. B. Doggett, A Hist, of the
Doggett-Daggett Family (1894); Benjamin Champ-
ney, Sixty Years' Memories of Art and Artists (1900) ;
Samuel Isham, The Hist, of Am. Painting (1905) ;
H. T. Tuckerman, Book of the Artists (1867) ; Har-
per's New Monthly Mag., Apr. 1876 ; Commemorative
Exhibition by Members of the Nat. Acad, of Design,
1825-1925 (1925) ; N. Y. Times, Dec. 15, 1872; N. Y.
Tribune, Dec. 16, 1872.] W. H. D.
KENT, CHARLES FOSTER (Aug. 13,
1867-May 2, 1925), Biblical scholar, educator,
author, was born at Palmyra, N. Y., the only
child of William Hotchkiss Kent and Helen
Maria Foster. His ancestors on both sides set-
tled on Long Island before the middle of the
seventeenth century, but soon moved to western
New York. In the full and varied life of a coun-
try home, notwithstanding the Puritan ancestry
of the parents, he was given an unusual degree
of freedom. In the excellent Palmyra Union
Classical School he prepared for college. From
the very first he showed himself a good student.
At seventeen he entered the Sheffield Scientific
School in New Haven, Conn., but at the end of
his freshman year he decided to transfer to Yale
College, although this involved mastering both
French and Greek during the intervening sum-
mer. Though studious, he played a part in ath-
letics ; and, as an editor of the Yale Daily News,
he exercised and developed a native talent for
writing. He graduated with the class of 1889.
It had been his original intention to study law.
Inspired, however, by the enthusiasm of Wil-
liam Rainey Harper, the first Woolsey professor
of Biblical literature in Yale College, he de-
termined to work in that field. Accordingly he
entered the Yale Graduate School where, in
1891, he received the Ph.D. degree in Semitic
languages and philosophy. During the follow-
ing year he continued his studies at the Univer-
sity of Berlin, besides making a four months'
trip to Palestine and the Near East. At a later
period (1896-97) he devoted an additional year
to research at Breslau, Germany. From 1892 to
1895 he taught Biblical literature at the Uni-
versity of Chicago. On July 9, 1895, he married,
at Palmyra, Elizabeth Middleton Sherrill, daugh-
ter of the Rev. Samuel Bartlett Sherrill and
Louise Bloodgood Root. This year he removed
to Providence, R. I., where he was associate pro-
fessor of Biblical literature and historv in Brown
University until 1898, and professor from 1898
to 1901. He was then called back to Yale as
Woolsey professor of Biblical literature, a po-
sition which he held until his death.
The founding of the National Council on Re-
ligion in Higher Education, designed to facili-
tate the training of choice men for college teach-
ing or administration in the field of religion, was
one of his notable achievements. To provide the
necessary fellowships he secured pledges of
$20,000 a year. His other outstanding service,
through which he became widely known, con-
sisted in the publication of a series of thirty-five
or more volumes, principally on Biblical sub-
jects. From among these special mention should
be made of The Student's Old Testament (6
vols., 1904-27) ; The Historical Bible (6 vols.,
1908-16) ; and The Shorter Bible (2 vols., 1918-
21), a superior selection and translation of the
more significant portions of Scripture, made in
collaboration with several other scholars. It is
probably no exaggeration to say that, through
his readable books, Kent did more than any other
American scholar of his day to make accessible
to the public the significant results of modern
Biblical study.
[The Obituary Record of Yale Grads., 1924-25, pp.
1380-83, furnishes a detailed account of Kent's activi-
ties and publications. See also Yale College, Yale
Univ. Class of '89 Vicennial (19 10) ; Who's Who in
America, 1924-25 ; Jour, of Biblical Lit., vol. XLV
(1926), p. v ; N. Y. Times, May 4, 1925.] G. D.
KENT, EDWARD (Jan. 8, 1802-May 19,
1877), lawyer, governor of Maine, jurist, was
born in Concord, N. H, the son of William Aus-
tin and Charlotte (Mellen) Kent. His father
was a native of Charlestown, and his mother, of
Sterling, Mass. He was one of a family of eight
children. He graduated from Harvard College
in the class of 1821, at the age of nineteen, with
Phi Beta Kappa honors. Among his classmates
were Josiah Quincy and Ralph Waldo Emerson.
After reading law under Benjamin Orr and
Chancellor Kent he opened a law office in 1825
in Bangor, Me., where he maintained his legal
residence from that date until his death fifty-two
years later. His first law partner was Jonathan
P. Rogers, attorney-general of Maine ; later for
eighteen years he was a member of the firm of
Kent & Cushing; and from 1853 to 1859 he was
associated with his brother, George Kent. His
interest in public affairs, his commanding per-
sonality, and his agreeable manner soon secured
for him election to numerous local offices, in-
cluding that of moderator of the town meeting,
member of the superintending school committee
(1829-31), and mayor of Bangor (1836-38).
He first attained state office upon his election to
343
Kent
the lower house of the state legislature in which
he represented the Bangor district in 1828-29.
In 1827 Kent was admitted to practice in the
supreme judicial court. He was appointed the
same year chief justice of the court of sessions
of Penobscot County which office he filled for
two years. His legal success and political promi-
nence won for him the Whig nomination for
governor in 1836, but he was defeated by the
Democratic nominee, Robert P. Dunlap of Bruns-
wick. Nominated again in 1837 he was opposed
by his fellow townsman Gorham Parks. His
election was contested by the Democrats in the
legislature on the ground of "informalities" in
the election proceedings in several towns. The
state supreme court ruled, however, that the leg-
islature was not competent to "go behind the re-
turns" from those communities. After the Demo-
crats had won under the leadership of John
Fairfield in the next two elections Kent was
again chosen governor in 1840, but this time by
the legislature since no candidate received a clear
majority at the polls. Despite the fact that he
received only a slight plurality at the polls, it was
proclaimed in song and story that Maine "went
hell-bent for Governor Kent."
During his two terms Kent by his vigorous at-
titude probably stirred the national government
to action in bringing the Northeastern boundary
question to a final settlement. In 1842 he was
appointed by the legislature on a commission to
confer with the secretary of state, Daniel Web-
ster, during the Webster-Ashburton negotiations,
in support of Maine's claims. Although his stand
for the so-called "territorial integrity of the
state" was disregarded, he finally joined his col-
leagues in approving the agreement. Following
his support of President Taylor in the nominat-
ing convention of 1848 he was appointed consul
to Rio de Janeiro and served from 1849 to 1853.
In 1859 he was appointed by Governor Morrill
a justice of the supreme judicial court which po-
sition he filled with ability for fourteen years.
He afterward continued his law practice in Ban-
gor until his death in 1877. His last public ser-
vice was to act as chairman of a commission of
ten appointed in 1875 by Governor Dingley "to
consider and frame" amendments to the consti-
tution of Maine. Kent was married on July 26,
1827, to Sarah Johnston of Hillsboro, N. H.
She died in 1853 and in 1855 he was married to
Abby A. Rockwood, daughter of the Rev. Otis
Rockwood of Lynn, Mass.
[L. C. Hatch, Maine: A Hist. (1919), vol. I; John
E. Godfrey, memoir of Kent in the Me. Hist. Soc. Colls.,
vol. VIII (1881) ; Me. Hist, and Geneal. Recorder, Oct.
1893 1 Docs. Printed by the Order of the Leg. . . . of
Me. . . . 184 1 (1841 ) ; the Green Bag, Feb. 1896 ; L. V.
Kent
Briggs, Geneals. of the Different Families Bearing the
Name of Kent (1898) ; Hist, of Penobscot County, Me.
(1882); Daily Kennebec Jour. (Augusta), May 21,
22>i*77-] O.C.H.
KENT, JAMES (July 31, 1763-Dec. 12, 1847),
jurist, legal commentator, was the eldest son of
Moss and Hannah (Rogers) Kent, who were
married in 1760. His mother was the daughter
of Dr. Uriah Rogers of Norwalk, Conn. ; his fa-
ther was the son of the Rev. Elisha Kent, a Pres-
byterian minister who preached first at New-
town, Conn., and later in Fredericksburgh (now
Southeast, Putnam County), then a part of
Dutchess County, N. Y. Here Moss Kent prac-
tised his profession of lawyer, and here James
Kent was born. The latter was prepared by pri-
vate tutors and in schools at Norwalk, Pawling,
and Danbury, to enter Yale College in September
1-777, where he received his degree of B.A. on
Sept. 12, 1781. His college course was several
times interrupted by the events of the Revolu-
tionary War. During one of these intervals,
while living in the country, he came across a
copy of Blackstone's Commentaries. He read
the four volumes which, he said, "inspired me, at
the age of fifteen, with awe, and I fondly deter-
mined to be a lawyer." In November 1781, he
began a three years' legal apprenticeship in the
law office of Attorney-Gen. Egbert Benson, at
Poughkeepsie. At the age of twenty-one, in Janu-
ary 1785, he was admitted to the New York su-
preme court bar, and in the same year married
Elizabeth Bailey, sixteen years old, the daughter
of Col. John Bailey, of Poughkeepsie. In April
1785, Kent entered into a law partnership with
Gilbert Livingston, which continued until April
1793, when he moved to New York City.
Kent's years in Poughkeepsie were not over-
burdened with legal practice, but the use to which
his leisure was put had a great influence on his
life. His political affiliations were fixed by as-
sociation with Federalist leaders who came to
Poughkeepsie to attend the constitutional con-
vention of 1788, and particularly by admiration
for Alexander Hamilton, who was already a na-
tional figure. He supported Jay in the contested
gubernatorial election awarded to Clinton and
thus aroused the opposition of the adherents of
the latter, among whom was his brother-in-law,
Theodorus Bailey. In 1793 he ran for Congress
but was defeated by Bailey. This political check,
and the unpleasant personal relations which were
incident to it, determined him to move to New
York. The rest of his political career may be
briefly sketched. He was three times elected to
the New York Assembly, but his political influ-
ence was thereafter exerted as an incident to
344
Kent
judicial office. His appointment to the New York
supreme court, and afterward to the chancellor-
ship, made him ex officio a member of the council
of revision charged with examining bills from
the legislature and vetoing them at discretion.
His stout conservatism made him enemies, while
other members were accused of political bias. As
a consequence, in the constitutional convention
of 1821, the Democratic majority abolished the
council. In this same convention, Kent's po-
litical principles were well illustrated when he
opposed the abolition of the property qualifica-
tion for the suffrage. Throughout his career he
fought always, says Fox, "for the rights of the
individual as distinguished from those of the peo-
ple."
When Kent moved to New York, he owned
real property worth £200, had £100 in cash, and
possessed a small library. Legal business did
not come to him and for a time he was in fi-
nancial straits. He had, however, the reputa-
tion of being a scholar and a well-read lawyer,
and through the influence of prominent Federal-
ist friends was appointed professor of law in Co-
lumbia College. The appointment was dated Dec.
24, 1793, and his first course of twenty-six lec-
tures was delivered from Nov. 17, 1794, to Feb.
27, 1795, two a week, to "seven students and
thirty-six gentlemen, chiefly lawyers and law
students who did not belong to the college." His
subsequent courses did not attract students. Be-
ginning in November 1795, he read, in his office,
thirty-one lectures to two students and a few law
clerks. The announcement of his third course
attracted no students; and after the conclusion
of his lectures to six students in the winter of
1797-98, he presented his resignation to take
effect in April. This was the end of the first pro-
fessorship in law in Columbia University. In
the meantime, Kent had been active in state poli-
tics and had been thrice honored by Governor
Jay. In February 1796 the latter gave him the
lucrative appointment of master in Chancery, an
office which he retained after he became recorder
of the City of New York in March 1797. These
two offices he resigned on his appointment, on
Feb. 6, 1798, to be a judge of the New York su-
preme court. He moved to Poughkeepsie, but
after one year, took up a residence in Albany
which lasted twenty-four years. In 1804 he be-
came chief judge of the court, and on Feb. 24,
1814, he was appointed chancellor of the New
York court of Chancery.
The record of Kent's achievement as a judicial
officer is to be found in three sets of law reports :
Johnson's Cases Argued and Determined in the
Court for the Trial of Impeachments and the
Kent
Correction of Errors, 1799-1803 (3 vols.), his
Report of Cases Argued and Determined in the
Supreme Court of Judicature and in the Court
for Trial of Impeachments and the Correction of
Errors, February 1806-February 1823 (20 vols.),
and his Cases of the State Court of Chancery,
March 1814-July 1823 (7 vols). It was through
Kent's influence that the practice of handing down
written opinions in the New York supreme court
was instituted ; and, as chief justice, he appointed
William Johnson [q.z>.~\ official reporter under
the act of 1804. In 1814 Johnson followed Kent
to the court of Chancery. It was the fortunate
association of these two men through a period of
twenty-five years which developed and preserved
a line of decisions in law and equity fundamental
in American jurisprudence. Even the opinions
reported as per curiam were nearly all written
by Kent. Before he became chancellor, the court
of Chancery had had no great influence. He was
therefore loath to accept the appointment, but af-
terward he found in it his greatest judicial op-
portunity. "I took the court," he wrote, "as if
it had been a new institution, and never before
known in the United States. I had nothing to
guide me, and was left at liberty to assume all
such English Chancery powers and jurisdiction
as I thought applicable under our Constitution.
This gave me grand scope, and I was checked
only by the revision of the Senate, or Court of
Errors" (Kent, Memoirs, post, p. 158). He thus
became practically the creator of equity juris-
diction in the United States. When English law
and legal institutions were regarded with dis-
trust, he preserved their best features and by his
own personal conduct set an example of dignity
and intellectual eminence, dominated by a high
sense of judicial responsibility.
The constitutional convention of 1821 had pro-
vided that judges should be retired on reaching
the age of sixty. This brought Kent's judicial
career to a close on July 31, 1823, "in the full
meridian" of his faculties and fame, while yet in
perfect mental and bodily health. He resented
this enforced retirement and moved to New York
City on Oct. 29, 1823, with no other prospect than
that of writing opinions as chamber counsel. In
the following month, however, he was offered and
accepted a reappointment to the law professorship
in Columbia College, which had remained vacant
since his resignation in 1798. His introductory
lecture, delivered Feb. 2, 1824, in the College
Hall, was published by the trustees. Two of the
courses of lectures which followed, from Feb. 6,
1824, to May 18, 1825, were attended by more
auditors than students. The third course, from
October 1825 to Apr. 22, 1826, was taken by
345
Kent
thirteen students and no auditors. The largest
number of lectures given in a single course was
fifty. Kent disliked both the preparation and the
delivery of lectures. "They give me a good deal
of trouble and anxiety," he wrote. "I am com-
pelled to study and write all the time, as if I was
under the whip and spur." "Having got heartily
tired of lecturing, I abandoned it."
Thus came to an end, without enthusiasm or
conspicuous success, Kent's second essay as law
teacher. The lectures were not prepared with a
view to publication, and except for the urgent
solicitation of his son William, nothing more
would have been done with them. On so slight a
chance hung the preparation of his Commen-
taries on American Law, a work on which his
permanent reputation rests no less firmly than
on his judicial decisions. In the two occupations
of legal writer and of judge he found an oppor-
tunity friendly to his genius. In both he devoted
himself, under little pressure, to the dignified de-
velopment and exposition of the law, with results
which he could not produce through teaching.
At the age of sixty-three, he began the rewrit-
ing, expansion, and extension of his lectures for
the purpose of publication. Volume I was pub-
lished in 1826, at his own expense, at a cost, in
sheets, of $1,076.27. The original plan was to
complete the work in two volumes, but the pref-
ace to Volume II, published in 1827, promised a
third volume. When this volume appeared in
1828, it announced that a fourth volume would be
devoted to the doctrine of real estates. This vol-
ume was written with difficulty. The "subjects
are very abstruse and perplexing," he wrote in
January 1830, "and I move very slowly and wari-
ly through the mazes of contingent remainders,
executory devises, uses, trusts, and powers, and
the modifications which they have received by
our Revised Statutes" (Memoirs, pp. 195-96).
The volume, published in 1830, contained a dedi-
cation of the complete work to William Johnson.
By December 1830, every complete set of the
Commentaries had been sold, and Kent began the
preparation of a second edition. This edition of
1832 was followed by the third, fourth, fifth, and
sixth editions, in 1836, 1840, 1844, ar,d 1848 re-
spectively, all prepared by him. Eight editions
have been issued since his death. Part I, of Vol-
ume I, on International Law, has been twice sepa-
rately printed, in 1866 and in 1878, edited by
John T. Abdy ; and Part II of the same volume,
on the Constitution of the United States, was
translated into German (Heidelberg, 1836), and
into Spanish (Mexico City, 1878). The portion
on Commercial and Maritime Law was published
in Edinburgh in 1837. The treatise on Interna-
Kent
tional Law is the first general American work
on that subject, being ten years earlier than
Wheaton's Elements of International Law. The
fact that Kent based his discussion on the de-
cisions of American and English courts, made
his work, says Chamberlain, "superior to any
previous treatise on this subject, and a land-
mark in the history of international law." His
greatest contribution was in his treatment of the
subject of neutral commerce in time of war. The
treatise on the United States Constitution pos-
sessed less novelty, but even today, says Powell,
one who "desires a brief review of the founda-
tion stones of our constitutional jurisprudence
can go nowhere else with such profit and pleasure
as to this second part of the Commentaries." "In
his constitutional principles," says the same writ-
er, "he foreshadowed Marshall, and his opinions
are worthy of a place beside those of the great
Chief Justice." The whole work is in six parts
devoted respectively (1) to the law of nations,
(2) to the government and constitutional juris-
prudence of the United States, (3) to the sources
of the municipal law of the several states, (4) to
the rights of persons, (5) to personal property,
and (6) to real property. He had no American
model for his work, and he did not copy Black-
stone. His entire first volume has no counter-
part in the English Commentaries, and he omitted
separate treatment of the law of crimes, which is
the subject of Blackstone's fourth volume.
Strangely enough for one who made his judicial
reputation as chancellor of New York, he has no
separate part devoted to equity. Law and equity
are discussed side by side throughout the four
volumes under the various topics. During Kent's
lifetime, the work was almost extravagantly
praised, but the eulogies were not without foun-
dation, for the work still remains the foremost
American institutional legal treatise.
Only two other legal works are associated with
Kent's name — a revision of New York Laws,
prepared with Jacob Radcliff (2 vols., 1801), and
an annotated edition of the charter of New York
City, 1836. Of non-legal writing he did little, and
that little only to prepare addresses for particular
occasions. He was, however, a man of wide
learning and literary taste, the result of a life-
time of systematic reading and study. Undoubt-
edly this habit broadened his thinking, and gave
to his opinions and his Commentaries a grace
which increased their effectiveness. "I know not
how it is," wrote Joseph Story, in 1831, "but you
carry me a voluntary captive in all your labors,
whether in law or in literature. You throw over
everything which you touch a fresh and mellow
coloring, which elevates while it warms, and con-
346
Kent
vinces us that the picture is truth and the artist
a master." His reading habits were formed dur-
ing the comparative leisure of the first years of
practice in Poughkeepsie. He was influenced to
take up the study of the classics by the example
of Edward Livingston, and he gave up reading
Greek only when in old age his eyesight was fail-
ing. He divided his day between his profession,
the languages, and belles-lettres. Gradually the
small, well-chosen library which he owned in 1793
when he moved to New York City, grew into a
large and valuable collection. "My library has
at present," he wrote in 1807, "prodigious charms
and incomprehensible interest." In 1828, his 3,-
000 volumes included nearly every work, author-
ity, or document referred to in the three volumes
already published of his Commentaries. "Next
to my wife, my library has been the source of my
greatest pleasure and devoted attachment," he
wrote in 1828 ; and in his eightieth year, he said
that his ardor for reading was as alive as ever,
and that he remained fully sensitive to the charms
of nature, of literature, and society. Nearly every
volume in his library shows evidence of use, and
of his habit of reading pen in hand. In many
volumes, letters are inserted relating to the
author, or the donor ; and on fly-leaves he jotted
down not only criticisms and observations on the
books, on the authors of them, and on persons
and events mentioned in them, but items con-
cerning the intimate affairs of his own profes-
sional and family life. This devoted attachment
to reading far and wide gave him a life-time of
pleasure but also was professionally helpful. His
reading in foreign law furnishes an example in
point. "I made much use of the Corpus Juris,"
he said of his experience on the bench, "and as
the Judges (Livingston excepted) knew nothing
of French or civil law, I had an immense ad-
vantage over them. I could generally put my
brethren to rout and carry my point by my mys-
terious wand of French and civil law" (Southern
Law Review, post, pp. 387-88). On account of
his phenomenal memory, combined with his om-
nivorous reading, he was reputed by the members
of the New York Bar to know all about every-
thing he had ever studied, and to have studied
almost everything. It was said that he literally
forgot nothing.
Kent's last years were happily occupied in
reading, preparing new editions of his Commen-
taries, and in writing occasional opinions. He
spent his last summers at a cottage in Essex
County, N. J., and his winters in New York
City. Until the time of his death he suffered no
serious illness, and he died in New York, on Dec.
12, 1847, at the age of eighty-four. He was
Kent
small of stature, with a head large in proportion
to his body. His forehead was high and his eyes
widely separated, giving to- the upper half of his
countenance a mild and thoughtful expression.
His mouth was large and his lower lip set for-
ward so that, seen in profile, it gave him a look
almost of pugnacity. It indicated, however, de-
termination and steadfastness rather than com-
bativeness. He was firm in the maintenance of
his own rights as an individual even when he did
not care to exercise those rights. When a tem-
perance committee urged him to sanction their
aims and set an example by pledging himself not
to use intoxicating liquors, he replied, "Gentle-
men, I refuse to sign any pledge. I never have
been drunk, and, by the blessing of God, I never
will get drunk, but I have a constitutional privi-
lege to get drunk, and that privilege I will not sign
away" (Memoirs, p. 165). He rigidly regulated
his own life, but resented any other kind of per-
sonal control. His best work both as judge and
writer was done while he worked alone. He gave
heed to this trait when, after retiring from the
chancellorship, he declined to serve on a commit-
tee to revise the New York laws, but was will-
ing, although the offer was not accepted, to un-
dertake the task alone.
[The chief sources are an autobiographical sketch
published in the Southern Law Rev., July 1872, and in
the Am. Law School Rev., Spring 191 1 ; Wm. Kent,
Memoirs and Letters of Jos. Kent, LL.D. (1898);
John Duer, A Discourse on the Life, Character and
Pub. Services of J as. Kent (1848) ; Wm. J. Curtis, J as.
Kent, the Father of Am. Jurisprudence (1900) ; Mac-
grane Coxe, Chancellor Kent at Yale, 1777-81 (1909) ;
Frederick C. Hicks, "Jas. Kent and his Commentaries,"
in Men and Books Famous in the Law (1921), pp.
136-58, and "A Man of Law as a Man of Letters," N.
Y. Times Book Rev., May 27, 1923 ; a series of articles
in the Columbia Alumni News, Apr. 27, 1923, by Har-
lan F. Stone, Dixon R. Fox, Frederick C. Hicks, Jos.
P. Chamberlain, and Thos R. Powell ; Chas. Evans
Hughes, "Address at the Kent Centennial Celebration,
Columbia Univ.," Columbia Alumni News, July 1923 ;
F. B. Dexter, Biog. Sketches of the Grads. of Yale Coll.,
vol. IV ( 1907), and The Lit. Diary of Ezra Stiles, D.D.,
LL.D. (1901), vol. II; L. V. Briggs, Geneals. of the
Different Families Bearing the Name of Kent (1898) ;
N. Y. Daily Tribune, Dec. 13, 14, 1847. There are 15
volumes of Kent MSS., including diaries, diplomas,
and commissions, in the Lib. of Cong. Part of his legal
collection was presented in 191 1 to the Columbia Uni-
versity Law Library.] F. C. H.
KENT, JOSEPH (Jan. 14, 1779-Nov. 24,
1837), congressman, governor, senator, was born
in Calvert County, Md., the son of Daniel Kent.
His education must have included the study of
medicine, for he was licensed as a physician in
1799. He was the partner of Dr. Parran of
Lower Marlboro for a time, but in 1801 he es-
tablished an independent practice at Bladens-
burg, Md., where he also engaged in agriculture.
He entered the militia as surgeon and rose to be
colonel of cavalry. He was interested in public
347
Kent
affairs and in 1811 entered the national House of
Representatives. With the exception of the years
181 5-19 he served until 1826. Although he was
first elected as a Federalist, he voted for the War
of 1812 and later became a Republican, serving
as a Monroe elector in 1816. He opposed the
tariff bills of 1820 and 1824, voted for the bill
providing for the general survey for roads and
canals (1824), and favored other internal im-
provement measures. In the discussion over the
admission of Missouri, he supported the com-
promise measures. During the presidential elec-
tion of 1824, he took no part in the caucus, and
in the House voted for Adams, with four of the
nine Maryland representatives.
In 1826 Kent resigned from the House to be-
come governor of Maryland (Jan. 9, 1826-Jan.
15, 1829). He won his first election by a vote of
fifty-nine to thirty ; his two reflections were al-
most unanimous. His messages were said to
have established "a new era" in that he "added
the expression of opinions and recommendation
of measures, and an assumption of that respon-
sibility which justly belongs and should always
appertain to this branch of the government"
(Niles' Weekly Register, Jan. 6, 1827). Having
been a director of the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal,
he was greatly interested in internal improve-
ments by both federal and state aid. He urged
state support both for the canal and for the Bal-
timore & Ohio Railroad, deprecating the idea
of antagonism between the two projects. He
also supported the resolution of a previous legis-
lature for a popular presidential vote by districts,
but he insisted upon state equality in the election
by the House. In matters of social importance
he favored prison reform and aid to schools and
colleges.
Having become closely identified with the Na-
tional Republicans, Kent in 1831 was a member
and a vice-president of the Baltimore convention
which nominated Henry Clay for the presidency
and was himself later elected to the Senate, tak-
ing his seat on Dec. 2, 1833. Here he was a
friend and faithful follower of Clay, supporting
the censure on Jackson's removal of deposits, and
opposing Jackson's attitude toward France, the
land distribution bill, and the surplus distribution
bill. He favored some non-partisan measures,
including the bills providing for the repeal of the
four-year term of officials, forbidding interfer-
ence with anti-slavery mail, and those granting
aid to the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal and to the
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. He also favored a
reform in the method of electing the president
and a reduction of the vote necessary to override
a presidential veto. Although he seldom spoke
Kent
in debate, when he did, according to Clay, it was
always to good purpose. His death occurred at
his home, "Rosemount," near Bladensburg, fol-
lowing a fall from his horse. His eulogy was
pronounced by Clay. He had married twice. His
first wife was Eleanor Lee Wallace, who died in
1826. His second wife was Alice Lee Contee.
[H. E. Buchholz, Govs, of Md. (1908) ; Biog. Dir.
Am. Cong. (1928) ; Remarks of Mr. Kent of Md. in
Relation to the Removal of the Pub. Deposites {sic)
(1834); Niles' Weekly Reg., Jan. 10, 1829; Cong.
Globe, 25 Cong., 2 Sess., p. 8 ; Daily Nat. Intelligencer
( Washington, D. C), Nov. 25, 27, 1837.] W. C. M.
KENT, WILLIAM (Mar. 5, 1851-Sept. 18,
1918), mechanical engineer, editor, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., the son of James Kent and his
second wife Janet Scott, who came to America
from Bothwell, Scotland, in 1848. William at-
tended the public schools of Philadelphia and
graduated from Central High School at seven-
teen. After his graduation he had part-time em-
ployment with the Jersey City (N. J.) Gas Com-
pany and later with the Ringwood Iron Works,
Hewitt, N. J., and attended classes at Cooper
Union in New York City. In 1874 ne entered
the junior class of Stevens Institute of Technol-
ogy, Hoboken, N. J., and in June 1875 became
an assistant to Dr. Robert L. Thurston, profes-
sor of mechanical engineering at Stevens, with
whom he conducted (1875-77) studies of the
properties of copper-tin and copper-zinc alloys
for the United States Iron and Steel Testing
Board. At the same time he continued his class
work and was graduated with the degree of M.E.
in 1876. From 1877 to 1882 he was in turn
editor of the American Manufacturer and Iron
World, Pittsburgh, and mechanical engineer and
open-hearth superintendent for Schoenberger &
Company, Pittsburgh. In 1882 he became man-
ager of the Pittsburgh office of the Babcock &
Wilcox Company, manufacturers of water-tube
boilers, and at the same time, with William
F. Zimmerman, formed the Pittsburgh Testing
Laboratory. This business, which was the pi-
oneer commercial physical testing laboratory,
was sold to Alfred E. Hunt [q.v.~\ of Hunt &
Clapp, and Kent went to New York City as
superintendent of sales and engineer of tests for
the Babcock & Wilcox Company. In this po-
sition he carried on a series of investigations in
the proper combustion of fuel and the design of
steam boilers, the results of which are the basis
of many of the present methods of computing in
the design of combustion equipment. He ob-
tained many patents in this field and invented
among others the wing-wall furnace and a gas
producer of the Dowson type.
In 1887 Kent left the boiler company to become
348
Kenton
Kenton
general manager of the United States Torsion
Balance and Scale Company. After holding this
position for four years he established a private
consulting engineering practice in New York
City which he continued except for one or two
interruptions throughout his life. At about this
time, too, he began his serious editorial work and
writing. He became associate editor of Engi-
neering News in 1895 and served in this capacity
for eight years, resigning then to become dean
of the L. C. Smith College of Applied Science at
Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. In 1908
he left this position to become manager of the
Sandusky Foundry and Machine Company at
Sandusky, Ohio. Two years later he resumed his
consulting practice in New York, and at the
same time, from 1910 to 1914, served as editor of
Industrial Engineering. In 1895 he had pub-
lished the first edition of his Mechanical Engi-
neers' Pockct-Book. This was the first mechani-
cal engineer's handbook of the modern type and
was a carefully authenticated compilation of the
engineering data which he had collected and used
during the years of his practice. The book stood
alone for about twenty years and at the time of
his death the ninth edition had been published.
Kent will probably be remembered longest for
this reference work, but he was a leading author-
ity on all phases of fuel combustion, steam-boiler
practice, and shop planning and management.
He was also the author of Steam Boiler Economy
(1901), Report of Syracuse Chamber of Com-
merce Committee on Education (1908), Investi-
gating an Industry (1914), and Book-keeping
and Cost Accounting for Factories (1918). He
was an organizing member and vice-president
(1888-90) of the American Society of Mechani-
cal Engineers, contributing several papers to
their Transactions, and was president (1905)
of the American Society of Heating and Venti-
lating Engineers. Kent's wife was Marion Weild
Smith whom he married on Feb. 25, 1879. He
died suddenly in Gananoque, Ontario, Canada,
and was buried from his brother's home in Pas-
saic, N. J.
[Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Engineers, vol. XL (1918) ;
Who's Who in America, 1918-19 ; L. V. Briggs, Geneals.
of the Different Families Bearing the Name of Kent
(1898); N. Y. Times, Sept. 19, 1918; Patent office
records.] C.W. M.
KENTON, SIMON (Apr. 3, 1755-Apr. 29,
1836), frontiersman, Indian fighter, was the son
of Mark and Mary (Miller) Kenton and was
born in Virginia, probably in Fauquier County.
His father was an emigrant from Ireland, and
his mother was of a Scotch-Welsh family that
had settled in Virginia at an early day. As a boy
he worked on his father's farm and had no oppor-
tunities for schooling. He never learned to read
or write and signed his name only with great
difficulty. He was about six feet one in height,
of a full but not corpulent form, and in his prime
weighed about one hundred and ninety pounds.
When he had just turned sixteen he fought a
savage combat with a rival in a love affair, and,
believing that he had killed his antagonist, he
fled westward. Assuming the name of Simon
Butler, he voyaged with two companions down
the Ohio probably as far as the site of Maysville.
For more than two years, sometimes alone and
usually in imminent danger from roving bands
of Shawnees, he hunted along the Ohio and along
the Great and the Little Kanawha. In 1774 he
served as a scout in Dunmore's War. Near the
future Maysville, in the spring of 1775, he built
a cabin and planted corn, but in the autumn,
learning of the settlement at Boonesborough, he
moved there. Appointed a scout by Boone, he
took a leading part in all the local encounters
with Indians, in one of which he saved Boone's
life. In 1778, as a scout, he accompanied Gen-
eral Clark's little army to Kaskaskia, and, on be-
ing sent back with dispatches, joined Boone in a
raid against the Indian town at Chillicothe. Later
in the year he scouted for Colonel Bowman on
the Little Miami but was pursued to the Ohio
and captured. Eight times compelled to run the
gauntlet and three times tied to the stake for
burning, he was successively reprieved. Taken
to Detroit he was held by the British under close
surveillance but, on the night of June 3, 1779,
escaped. In 1780 and again in 1782 he scouted
for General Clark in Ohio. Learning that his
boyhood rival was living, he resumed his own
name and, in 1785, established himself at Mays-
ville, where, on Feb. 15, 1787, he married Martha
Dowden. He acquired large tracts of land and,
for a few years, enjoyed a period of quiet and
prosperity, although he continued to bear the
burden of constant vigilance against the Indians,
and in 1794 he served as a major in Wayne's
expedition. After his first wife died, he married
her cousin, Elizabeth Jarboe, on Mar. 27, 1798.
At the end of that year he left Kentucky, the next
spring settled near the present Springfield, Ohio,
and, two or three years later, moved to Urbana.
In 1805 he was made a brigadier-general of mil-
itia. In the War of 1812 he joined General Shel-
by's Kentuckians and took part in the battle of
the Thames. About 1820 he moved to the vicinity
of Zanesfield in Logan County. Owing to defec- '
tive titles to some of his land, improvidence, and
open-handed generosity, his later years were
spent in poverty, relieved by a government pen-
sion of twenty dollars a month. He died near
349
Keokuk
Zanesfield and was buried there. In 1865 the
remains were reinterred at Urbana and, in 1884,
marked by a monument erected by the state of
Ohio.
[Kenton Papers, Clark Papers, Kentucky Papers,
and Draper Notes in the Draper MSS. of the State
Hist. Soc. of Wis. ; Edna Kenton, Simon Kenton
(copr. 1930) ; R. W. McFarland, "Simon Kenton,"
Ohio Archaeol. and Hist. Quart., Jan. 1904 ; W. D.
McKinney, "Simon Kenton," Ibid., Jan. 1925 ; J. A.
McClung, Sketches of Western Adventure (1832) ; John
McDonald, Biog. Sketches (1838).] W. J. G.
KEOKUK (fl. 1790-1848), a Sauk war leader,
was born of the Fox clan in the great Sauk vil-
lage on Rock River, 111., near the present city of
Rock Island. His mother, Lalotte, was part
French. He himself betrayed his white blood
in his small hands and feet, his flat cheek bones,
and his blue eyes. As a horseman he early won
distinction against the swift-riding Sioux, the
hereditary foes of his nation, and was thereupon
accorded the privilege of appearing mounted on
all public occasions. His astuteness obtained for
him admission to the Sauk tribal council, and his
eloquence made for his advancement. His voice
was resonant, his bearing lofty, his thoughts
framed themselves in striking imagery. Although
not of the ruling clan, he became a chief through
the support of the United States government in
return for his unfaltering aid to its plans. In
1812 when Black Hawk [q.v.~\ left the Sauk vil-
lage to join the British against the Americans
on the Canadian frontier, Keokuk seized the op-
portunity to push himself into Black Hawk's
place. His supremacy was assured by the latter's
defeat in the so-called Black Hawk War of 1832.
Keokuk was given charge of his rival, and, by
the treaty of Sept. 21, 1832, in which the Sauk
and Fox ceded their lands in eastern Iowa to the
United States, his faction was accorded a reser-
vation of four hundred square miles on the lower
reaches of the Iowa River. Moreover, to him
fell the right to dispense the twenty-thousand-
dollar annuity that was pledged to the Sauk and
the Fox by this treaty. In 1833 by direction of
the United States government he took Black
Hawk on a sight-seeing tour of eastern America.
In 1837 the tour was repeated, principally for
the sake of a conference at Washington between
the Sauk and Fox and the Sioux in order to ad-
just their differences over the "neutral line,"
fixed in 1825 by the United States government
in the region now the state of Iowa. Here Keo-
kuk so eloquently set forth the Sauk and Fox
claim that the Niles' National Register on Oct.
7, 1837, spoke of "the celebrated Keo-Kuck, one
of the most sagacious Indians on our frontier . . .
the Thersites of the Day." In 1845, having re-
Kephart
ceded to the United States the reservation on the
Iowa, he removed with the Sauk and Fox to
Kansas. Here his intemperance and his love of
money brought him trouble and disgrace. He
died, probably in the spring of 1848, at the Sauk
Agency in Franklin County.
[Life of Black Hawk, ed. by M. M. Quaife (1916) ;
Benjamin Drake, Life and Adventures of Black Hawk
(1839) ; Perry A. Armstrong, The Sauks and the Black
Hawk War (1887) ; Frank E. Stevens, The Black Hawk
War (1903); Jacob Van der Zee, "The Black Hawk
War and the Treaty of 1832," Iowa lour, of Hist, and
Politics, July 1915 ; I. B. Richman, lohn Brown Among
the Quakers and other Sketches ( 1894) ; F. R. Aumann,
"The Watchful Fox," The Palimpsest, April 1928.]
I.B.R.
KEPHART, EZEKIEL BORING (Nov. 6,
1834-Jan. 24, 1906), college president, bishop of
the United Brethren Church, was born in De-
catur Township, Clearfield County, Pa., the son
of Henry and Sarah (Goss) Kephart, of Swiss
and Pennsylvania German ancestry. He was the
fifth of thirteen children. In his youth he was
subjected to the rigors of pioneer life and had
little opportunity for reading or schooling. In
early boyhood he responded to religious appeals
and made a public profession of faith. On a cold
winter day when the snow was deep, his father,
at the boy's request, baptized him in a running
stream. He spent a few months each winter in
a log schoolhouse and later took a partial course
in Dickinson Seminary, Williamsport, Pa. In
1857, with his brother Isaiah [q.v.], he entered
Mount Pleasant College, a United Brethren in-
stitution. This same year the college was merged
with Otterbein University, Westerville, Ohio,
and he continued his studies there. Leaving Ot-
terbein in 1858, in January of the following year,
with his brother, he was received as a member of
the Allegheny Conference and assigned to the
Troutville mission. During the next three years
he served churches in Johnstown, Pa., Altoona,
and Greensburg. In 1864 he returned to com-
plete his course at Otterbein University and
graduated the following year. He then served
for a year as president of Collegiate Institute,
Leoni, Mich., and was afterward pastor at Mount
Pleasant, Pa.
In 1868 he was elected president of Western
College (later Leander Clark College), at West-
ern, Iowa, where he served until 1881. Whether
as college teacher and president, as pastor, or as
bishop he always stood sturdily for high stand-
ards of church education. During his presidency
at Western College he was elected to the state
Senate of Iowa, serving from 1872 to 1876. Here
he was chairman of the committee on Temper-
ance, and, in 1874, of the committee to investi-
gate the Iowa State Agricultural College. He
350
Kephart
was always interested in legislation for the im-
provement of schools. The Republican party of-
fered him nomination for the governorship.
The largest service he rendered, however, was
as bishop of the United Brethren church. He
was first elected in 1881. About this time he
was invited to the presidency of Iowa Agricul-
tural College, but he preferred to remain in the
bishopric at a much lower salary. After serving
as active bishop for twenty-four years, from 1881
to 1905, he was elected bishop emeritus. In
1890-91 and again in 1892-93 he made visita-
tions to the missions abroad. On Jan. 24, 1906,
while assisting in the promotion of Indiana Cen-
tral College, a new institution in Indianapolis,
he died very suddenly. His dignified, stately
bearing, his majestic appearance, his reserve of
manner, coupled with a strong religious faith
and a deep sense of fairness, made him a strong
leader, a wise executive, and a dependable
churchman. Among his published writings are:
A Manual of Church Discipline (1895), Apolo-
getics; or a Treatise on Christian Evidences
(1901), and A Brief Treatise on the Atonement
(1902). He was married Nov. 4, i860, at Johns-
town, Pa., to Susan J. Trefts ; there were four
children of this marriage.
[L. F. John, The Life of Ezckicl Boring Kephart
(1907) ; A. W. Drury, Hist, of the Ch. of The United
Brethren in Christ (1924) ; the Religious Telescope,
Jan. 31, 1906; Watchword, Feb. 6, 1906; Indianapolis
News, Jan. 25, 1906 ; Who's Who in America, 1906-07.]
W. G. C.
KEPHART, ISAIAH LAFAYETTE (Dec.
10, 1832-Oct. 28, 1908), United Brethren cler-
gyman, editor, was born in Decatur Township,
Clearfield County, Pa., the son of Henry and
Sarah (Goss) Kephart, and brother of Bishop
Ezekiel Boring Kephart \_q.v.~\. He was reared
in a log cabin with a large family of children,
subject to the simplicities and deprivations of
such a life. His first schooling was in a log
schoolhouse under very inadequate teaching and
it was not till his twenty-third year that he stud-
ied geography and grammar. In his boyhood
days and early manhood, he spent most of his
time at logging and rafting, with many thrilling
experiences. In 1856 he attended Dickinson
Seminary at Williamsport, Pa., and in 1857 en-
tered Mount Pleasant College, which was merged
that year with Otterbein University. He soon
left, however, to earn money and was for a time
a traveling assistant pastor. In 1859 he en-
rolled at Otterbein University and the same year
was admitted to the Allegheny Conference and
assigned to the Mahoning Circuit. In 1863 he
was ordained.
His public services were varied. From 1859
Keppel
to 1867 he was engaged in pastoral work; he
was principal of public schools in Jefferson,
Iowa, 1867-69, and superintendent of schools,
Greene County, Iowa, 1869-71 ; professor of
natural science at Western College (now Lean-
der Clark College), 1871-76; actuary of the
United Brethren Mutual Aid Society, 1876-83;
professor in San Joaquin College, 1883-85, pro-
fessor in Westfield College, 1885-89 ; and editor
of the Religious Telescope from 1887 until the
time of his death. He was made a fellow of the
Society of Science, Letters, and Art of London
(1888) in recognition of a scholarly paper on
"Soul Culture" which he wrote and submitted
at that time. During two years of the Civil War
(1863-65) he served as chaplain of the 21st
Pennsylvania Cavalry. His service as editor
stands out most conspicuously, and his term of
service in this connection was longer than in
any other relationship. Although calm and re-
served, he was positive in his own convictions
and in his statement of them. Temperamentally
he was conservative but not dogmatic. He had
a fine sense of the rights of other people, and an
exalted appreciation of piety, honesty, and in-
tegrity. He was fearless and courageous as an
advocate of temperance and other aspects of
social reform, and his editorials reveal a strong
grasp on subjects of public as well as of church
interest. Among his published writings are A
Compendium for the Agents of the United Breth-
ren Mutual Aid Society of Pennsylvania ( 1877),
An Essay on the Evils of the\ Use of Tobacco by
Christians (1882), and The Holy Spirit in the
Devout Life (1904). He married in 1861 Mary
Elizabeth Sowers ; they had two children.
[C. J. Kephart and W. R. Funk, Life of Isaiah L.
Kephart (1909) ; A. W. Drury, Hist, of the Ch. of the
United Brethren in Christ (1924); L. F. John, The
Life of Ezekiel Boring Kephart (1907) ; the Religious
Telescope, Nov. 4, 1908; Watchword, Nov. 14, 1908;
Who's Who in America, 1906—07.] W G C
KEPPEL, FREDERICK (Mar. 22, 1845-
Mar. 7, 1912), print-dealer, art-critic, was the
fourth son of John and Ellen (Hadden) Kep-
pel. He was born in Tullow, Ireland, his an-
cestors on both sides having lived for centuries
in County Carlow. His mother's family was
mainly Welsh, whereas John Keppel was of
Dutch descent. Frederick's father, a stern theo-
logian, was a flour-miller in County Carlow. He
sent his son to a Dublin boarding-school, then
to Wesley College. When the boy was fifteen
the elder Keppel removed to Liverpool where he
established a grocery, but in 1862 he emigrated
to Canada, settling first in Guelph, Ontario, as
a grocer, then on a farm. Frederick liked farm-
ing, but he was incapacitated for it when he fell
351
Keppl
er
from a wagon and the prongs of a hay-fork ac-
cidentally pierced his lungs. In 1864 he went to
Utica, N. Y., to work in a store, but in time he
went to New York and became a book-seller.
While he was engaged in this business an acci-
dent turned his attention to prints. Out of pity
for an Old London print-seller, stranded in New
York, he paid one hundred dollars for a port-
folio of prints which he was not eager to buy.
Through his friend George Gebbie, a publisher
in Philadelphia, he was introduced to Philadel-
phia collectors who gave him a knowledge of the
value of prints. When he returned to New York
with money from those he had sold he determined
on print-selling for a livelihood. In 1868, after
he had collected in Europe, he set up shop at 66
Beekman Street. This shop, and its successors
at 243 Broadway and on Sixteenth and Thirty-
ninth Streets, became centers for connoisseurs
and exhibition rooms for foreign etchers whose
work he introduced to New York, and for many
an American beginner in graphic art. He be-
came one of the leading authorities in America
on etching and engraving and was valued not
only for his technical acumen, but for his per-
sonal qualities as well. He was a delightful
talker, widely read, and had a genius for friend-
ship. His annual journeys to London and Paris
during forty years brought him into contact with
celebrities of the print world, and his anecdotes
of print-makers, dealers, and collectors at home
and abroad were keen and witty. He had an un-
usual fondness for animals and wild birds. A
feature of the shop at 20 East Sixteenth Street,
not always popular with women, was a tame rac-
coon which roamed the place. His garden at
Quogue, L. I., was haunted by pet ravens, crows,
and magpies. He was an accomplished lecturer
on art topics and wrote many critical articles for
American and English periodicals. He also
published Christmas in Art (1909) ; The Golden
Age of Engraving (1910), The Gentle Art of
Resenting Injuries (1904), which records a
quarrel with Whistler, and pamphlet sketches
of engravers put out by Keppel & Company. He
married, in 1875, Fannie M. Vickery, of County
Cork, Ireland.
[There is an introductory autobiographical chapter
in The Golden Age of Engraving. See also : Who's
Who in America, 1910-11; the Bookman, July 1913 ;
Outlook, Mar. 16, 1912; N. Y. Times, Mar. 8, 1912.]
M.B.H.
KEPPLER, JOSEPH (Feb. 1, 1838-Feb. 19,
1894), caricaturist, founder of Puck, was born
in Vienna, Austria, the son of a confectioner,
John Keppler, and his Hungarian wife, Josepha
Pellwein. His youth was restricted more by his
lack of money than by his lack of wits. Possess-
Keppler
ing talent for both acting and drawing, he vacil-
lated for many years between the two profes-
sions. In an attempt to get to Italy where he
wished to study art, he twice joined strolling
theatrical companies, once traveling through
Styria and the Tyrol, and once into Hungary,
but in neither case reaching his destination. In
1856 he enrolled at the Akademie der Bildenden
Kiinste in Vienna, where he acquired a good
technical foundation in drawing. Several of his
humorous sketches were accepted by Kikeriki.
His father had emigrated to New Frankfort,
Salina County, Mo., after the Revolution of
1848, where he farmed and kept the general
store. In 1867 young Keppler followed him.
Shortly after his arrival he went to St. Louis
with the intention of studying medicine, but he
was drawn once more into acting, at which he
was successful, and from that into managing, at
which he was not. On Aug. 28, 1869, the first
number of his first humorous weekly appeared.
This was Die Vehme, Illustriertes W ochenblatt
fur Scherz und Ernst. After a year it failed, and
in March 1871 Keppler began to publish Puck,
Illustrierte Wochenschrift, which lasted until
February 1872. Shortly thereafter, with his
wife, Pauline Pfau of St. Louis, whom he had
married in July 1870, he went to New York.
There he was employed by Frank Leslie and by
1875 was preparing nearly all of the cover car-
toons for Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper,
specializing in attacks upon Grant and party
graft. He still desired a paper of his own, how-
ever, and in 1876 he and Adolph Schwarzmann
broke away from the Leslie publications and
founded another Puck, Humoristisches W ochen-
blatt. Schwarzmann supplied the financial and
business support, and permitted Keppler com-
plete editorial freedom. The German Puck was
so successful that in March 1877 an English edi-
tion was inaugurated which survived until 1918,
twenty-two years longer than its German prede-
cessor.
Previous humorous weeklies had had but one
large cartoon. Puck had three. Formerly car-
toons had been cut in wood. Ptick's were litho-
graphed, at first in black and white, later with
two colors produced by woodblocks, and finally
with several colors lithographically produced.
Its main contribution to comic art, however, was
not mechanical. Keppler brought with him from
Austria the German conception of cartooning,
in which caricature played a large part. He also
brought with him a sense of satire unrepressed
by the primness of nineteenth-century America.
As a result, particularly in the early numbers
when Keppler was drawing all the cartoons and
352
Kerens
Kerens
some of the advertisements, Puck had a foreign
and exuberant flavor quite different from its
rivals. Eventually the magazine attracted the
contributions of several good American cartoon-
ists, and a number of artists were imported from
Vienna, but until Keppler's death, his own per-
sonality was to some degree reflected in its
pages. From the beginning it espoused the
causes of the national Democratic party and
lampooned both Tammany and the Republicans.
At no time, however, were its jibes purely parti-
san. Monopolies, labor unions, woman's suf-
frage, Catholicism, camp meetings, and all forms
of graft, extravagance, and injustice were at
some time ridiculed. Keppler's cartoons were
usually large, with many figures illustrating the
parable. They were always composed with a
certain sweep of design, and delicately finished.
Characteristic examples appearing in Puck are :
"Consolidated," Jan. 26, 188 1 ; "The Carol of
the 'Waits,' " Dec. 23, 1885; "The Mephistopho-
les of Today — Honest Labor's Temptation,"
Oct. 20, 1886; "At Last," Jan. 18, 1888, and
"It Isn't the Cowl That Makes the Monk," Aug.
28, 1889. In 1893 Keppler overtaxed his strength
in the management of the World's Fair Puck,
and early in the following year he died at his
home in New York City.
[See H. C. Bunner, A Selection of Cartoons from
Puck by Jos. Keppler (1893) ; A. B. Maurice and F. T.
Cooper, The Hist, of the Nineteenth Century in Carica-
ture (1904); Frank Weitenkampf, Am. Graphic Art
(1912) ; Alfred Trumble, article in the Epoch (N. Y.),
June 13, 1890 ; Applet ons' Ann. Cyc, 1894 ; Puck, Feb.
28, 1894; A. B. Faust, The German Element in the
U. S., II (1909), 363-64; J. B. Bishop, Our Political
Drama (1904); the Illustrated American, Mar. 10,
1894; N. Y. Times, July 20, 1890, p. 3 ; AT. Y. Herald,
N. Y. Tribune and World (N. Y.), Feb. 20, 1894. In-
formation as to certain facts was supplied for this
sketch by Keppler's son, Joseph Keppler, Woodland,
N. Y.] C.P.M.
KERENS, RICHARD C. (Nov. 12, 1842-
Sept. 4, 1916), railroad builder and politician,
was born in Kilberry, County Meath, Ireland,
the son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Gugerty)
Kerens. His parents emigrated to the United
States when he was an infant and settled in
Iowa. Here he received an ordinary public-
school education and at the age of nineteen en-
tered the United States army as chief mule driver
for the Army of the Potomac. In 1863 he was
placed in charge of transportation for the Army
of the Frontier in Arkansas and Indian Terri-
tory. At the close of the war he settled at the
frontier Indian trading post, Fort Smith, and
became the proprietor of a livery stable. He
soon took a contract for carrying the Southern
overland mail by pony express. He prospered,
and on June 2, 1867, he was married to Frances
Jane Jones. In 1874 he moved to San Diego,
Cal., where he continued to prosper with his
mail business. But while he was in California
a foregleam of the immense possibilities in rail-
road construction came to him, and he moved
to St. Louis in 1876 in order to be better situ-
ated for taking part in the activities he pictured
in that field of work. In time he became closely
connected with railroad developments and played
a prominent part in the building of the Cotton
Belt & Northern Railway, the West Virginia
Central & Pittsburgh, the St. Louis & North
Arkansas, the San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt
Lake, and the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & South-
ern. He also became a heavy stockholder and
a leading director in several of the same rail-
way systems. In association with Henry Gassa-
way Davis and Senator Stephen Benton Elkins
[qq.v.] he helped to develop the lumber and
mining industries of West Virginia. These in-
vestments produced most of his wealth.
In spite of the fact that Kerens was neither an
able writer nor a forceful speaker, he held a
position of outstanding influence in Missouri
politics for almost forty years. There were two
chief reasons for his power. In the first place,
he generously donated large sums of money to
the Republican campaign funds ; and, secondly,
he displayed superior ability in the direction
and control of many faithful political lieutenants.
He was Republican national committeeman for
three consecutive terms (1884-1900) and was
the leader in dispensing federal patronage in
Missouri during that period. Three times he
was given the complimentary vote of the Re-
publican minority in the state legislature for
United States senator. But when his party had
its inning in 1905 with the selection of Maj. Wil-
liam Warner [q.v.] as a compromise candidate,
because of the deadlock over Thomas K. Nied-
ringhaus, the caucus nominee, and Kerens, the
latter was bitterly disappointed at being denied
the election. In 1891 he had been appointed by
President Harrison one of the three members
from the United States on the Continental Rail-
way Commission. He served ten years on this
board and assisted in completing a railway sur-
vey through fifteen South American republics.
For his faithfulness and liberal financial contri-
butions to the party Harrison offered him the
ambassadorship to Italy, and later McKinley
urged him to take his choice of diplomatic posts
excepting only London, Paris, and Berlin. AH
these he declined, but President Taft finally ob-
tained his acceptance of the post at Vienna in
1909. Like many another man whose ambassa-
dorship has come as a reward for political serv-
353
Kerfoot
ices, Kerens had no training and possessed no
special qualifications for such a position. Ex-
cept for the social activities of the post, in which
his wife ably aided him, his four years in Aus-
tria-Hungary were marked by an ordinary col-
orless routine. He was a devout and influential
Catholic and in 1904 received the Laetare Medal
from the University of Notre Dame, awarded
to prominent Catholic laymen. He died at
Merion, Pa.
[Sources include Who's Who in America, 1916-17;
The Book of St. Louisans (1906), ed. by J. W. Leon-
ard; St. Louis Republic, Dec. 21, 1909, Sept. 5, 1916;
St. Louis Globe-Democrat, Feb. 13, Mar. 19, 1905,
Sept. 5, 1916; Kansas City Star, Sept. 4, 1916; and
Kerens' reports to the State Dept. The middle initial
in Kerens' name probably does not stand for a name.]
H.E.N.
KERFOOT, JOHN BARRETT (Mar. 1,
1816-July 10, 1881), first Bishop of the Protest-
ant Episcopal Diocese of Pittsburgh, was born
in Dublin, Ireland, the son of Richard Kerfoot
and his wife Christiana Barrett, both of Scotch-
Irish extraction. The family removed in 1819
to Lancaster, Pa., where the father died early.
Tbe training the boy received was largely due
to the care of William Augustus Muhlenberg
[q.v.~], rector of the' parish and his lifelong
friend. Young Kerfoot afterward removed to
Flushing, L. I., to attend the Collegiate Insti-
tute which Muhlenberg had established there.
Here he graduated and became an instructor,
and studied theology under Samuel Seabury and
Samuel Roosevelt Johnson. In 1837 he was or-
dered deacon by the Rt. Rev. H. U. Onderdonk
of New York and returned to work as a teacher
with Muhlenberg until 1842. In the meanwhile,
in 1840, he was ordained presbyter. In 1842 he
married Eliza M. Anderson of New York and
removed to Washington County, Md., where he
became the head of St. James' Hall, afterward
the College of St. James. This institution had
been founded by Bishop W. R. Whittingham of
Maryland. Kerfoot was profoundly influenced
in his character and as a teacher by Muhlen-
berg, and in his theology by Whittingham. The
new school flourished and served as the model
for St. Paul's School, Concord, N. H., and
others. In 1843 Kerfoot visited England and
was greatly impressed by the services in the ca-
thedrals, his training under Muhlenberg having
led him to appreciate the esthetic side of reli-
gion. He also studied the Oxford Movement,
then at its height. But, although a High-
Churchman of the Seabury, Hobart, Whitting-
ham type, he declined the lead of Pusey and the
other Tractarians.
The Civil War ruined the college. Kerfoot
was opposed to secessionism and many of the
Kerlin
students were from the South. In a raid in 1864
Kerfoot was captured by Gen. Jubal Early to be
taken to Richmond and held as a hostage. For-
tunately he was exchanged and in the same year
became president of Trinity College, Hartford,
Conn. In 1865 the Diocese of Pittsburgh was
organized and Kerfoot was elected its first bish-
op. It comprised twenty-four counties in west-
ern Pennsylvania. In a population of possibly
700,000 there were about 1,700 communicants;
but half of the parishes were self-supporting.
Kerfoot was consecrated bishop, Jan. 25, 1866,
by the presiding bishop, John Henry Hopkins,
assisted by Bishops Mcllvaine, Whittingham,
Williams, Talbot, Coxe, and Clarkson. In the
administration of his diocese Kerfoot was so
efficient that at his death in 1881 the number of
communicants was 5,838, and of the self-sup-
porting parishes, 58. He was determined in his
resistance to the advance of Ritualism, for,
though he was a High-Churchman, he believed
that it was quite out of place in the conditions
prevailing in his diocese. In 1867 he attended
the first Lambeth Conference and received the
degree of LL.D. from Cambridge University.
In 1874 he attended the Old Catholic confer-
ences at Freiburg and at Bonn, and the second
Lambeth Conference in 1878. He died at his
summer home, Meyersdale, Somerset County,
Pa. Except for a lecture on the "Inspiration of
the Holy Scriptures" in a series of lectures on
the Evidences of Christianity (1855), edited by
Alonzo Potter, Kerfoot left no publications be-
yond the usual occasional sermons and addresses
and Convention charges. Of these a partial list
is given in Hall Harrison's life of Kerfoot.
[Hall Harrison, Life of the Right Rev. John Barrett
Kerfoot, D.D.^ LL.D., First Bishop of Pittsburgh, With
Selections from his Diaries and Correspondence (2
vols., 1886) ; Anne Ayers, Life and Work of W. A.
Muhlenberg (1880); the Churchman, July 16, 1881 ;
Pittsburgh Dispatch, July n, 1881 ; and the Journals
of the Diocese of Pittsburgh.] j q j^y r
KERLIN, ISAAC NEWTON (May 27, 1834-
Oct. 25, 1893), pioneer psychiatrist, who made
the first important contributions toward the un-
derstanding and care of mentally deficient chil-
dren and adults, was born at Burlington, N. J.,
the son of Joseph and Sarah (Ware) Kerlin.
He was educated in the Burlington public
schools, the John Collins Academy, and at the
University of Pennsylvania, where he studied
medicine under Dr. Joseph Parrish. He gradu-
ated in 1856 and after one year as resident at
the Wills Eye Hospital in Philadelphia, he be-
came assistant superintendent of the Pennsyl-
vania Training School for Feeble-minded Chil-
dren at Elwyn, near Media (1858-62). In 1862
354
Kerlin
he enlisted in the army but was soon detailed as
medical officer in an impoverished hospital at
Hagerstown, Md. In 1863 he served with the
United States Sanitary Commission in the
Army of the Potomac. The following year he
left the service to become superintendent of
the Pennsylvania Training School. Conditions
were difficult, the work discouraging. He soon
realized the necessity of closer contact and co-
operation with heads of similar institutions.
Through his efforts a national Association of
Superintendents of Institutions for the Feeble-
minded was formed at a meeting held at Elwyn
in 1876, with O. Edouard Seguin as president
and Kerlin as secretary. Kerlin remained sec-
retary until his death and became largely re-
sponsible for the gradual extension of the as-
sociation until it included almost all psychia-
trists interested in mental deficiency. The Elwyn
institution was his life work. Here he conduct-
ed a series of autopsies and laid some founda-
tion for the psychopathology of the future. He
held advanced ideas for his time, insisting that
all mental deficients were wards of the state.
He planned separate small buildings for their
care, the first of which, holding 112 children,
was opened in 1883. At his death, he had a cen-
tral building, providing schoolrooms and accom-
modations for 400 teachable deficient children,
and four detached buildings for 400 custodial
and unteachable patients. His management was
thorough and economical, but achieved at the
cost of constant strain. In 1865 he married Har-
riet C. Dix, a Massachusetts woman, who pre-
deceased him by a few months, leaving four
sons.
About 1888 cardiac and renal symptoms be-
gan to make Kerlin's work difficult, but he was
only happy when busy. His trustees offered him
ample leaves of absence, and he made protracted
visits to Europe (1889 and 1891), during which
he was enthusiastically welcomed at all promi-
nent institutions for the feeble-minded in Great
Britain, Norway, and Denmark. But he would
not give up his work. He died in the fall of 1893
and is buried in a grove on the Elwyn grounds.
During his life he had little time for extensive
literary production. His numerous short arti-
cles on subjects related to his work are able and
instructive. He published two books, Mind Un-
veiled (1858), based on his early experiences
with mental deficients, and The Manual of
Elwyn (1891), and framed the draft of a bill,
passed by the legislature, to provide institutions
similar to that at Elwyn in the western part of
Pennsylvania.
[Trans. Medic. Soc. of the State of Pa., vol. XXV
.(1894) ; H. A. Kelly and W. L. Burrage, Am. Medic.
Kern
Biogs. (1920); W. B. Atkinson, The Physicians and
Surgeons of the U. S. (1879) ; H. M. Hurd, Institu-
tional Care of the Insane in the U. S. and Canada, vol.
IV (191 7); Medic, and Surgic. Reporter, Nov. 25,
1893 .' the Phila. Press, Oct. 28, 1893.] J.R.O.
KERN, JOHN WORTH (Dec. 20, 1849-Aug.
17, 1917), statesman, was the son of Dr. Jacob
Harrison Kern and Nancy (Ligget) Kern, and
was born at Alto, Howard County, Ind. He was
a descendant of Adam Kern, an emigrant from
Germany who settled in Frederick County, Va.,
about the middle of the eighteenth century. In
1854 the family removed from Indiana to War-
ren County, Iowa, and remained there nine years
but after the death of Mrs. Kern they returned
to Alto. John attended the district schools and
the normal college at Kokomo, Ind. ; he became
a teacher in the school of his home village when
fifteen, and subsequently in the Dyar school, a
few miles distant. In this period he displayed
much interest in debating, and thereby helped to
fit himself for his future career. He entered the
law school of the University of Michigan in
1867, graduated in 1869, and entered practice
in Kokomo. Being a ready speaker and re-
sourceful in debate, he speedily won clients and
showed himself able to hold his own against
even such lawyers as Hendricks and Voorhees.
An ardent Democrat from boyhood, Kern
soon became a local leader in his party. The
county and city were prevailingly Republican
but, though defeated as a candidate for the legis-
lature in 1870, he became city attorney in 1871
and served in this office until 1884. His political
activities won him recognition by the state De-
mocracy and in 1884 he was nominated for re-
porter of the Indiana supreme court and was
elected. Upon the expiration of his term of of-
fice in 1889 he remained in Indianapolis, whither
he had moved four years before, and continued
the practice of law. Elected to the state Senate
in 1892, he served there from 1893 to l%97 ar>d
played a prominent part in legislative affairs,
being especially active in behalf of union labor.
Though opposed to free silver, he remained with
his party in 1896 and supported Bryan, with
whom he ever afterward remained on terms of
intimacy. In 1900 and again in 1904 he was the
Democratic candidate for governor but each time
was beaten. In 1908 the Democratic National
Convention at Denver nominated him by accla-
mation for the vice-presidency, and he made ex-
tended speaking tours but went down to defeat
with his ticket. In Indiana, however, the Demo-
crats won the legislature ; Kern confidently ex-
pected to be elected senator, but was beaten, as
he afterward said, by the activities of the "brew-
ery crowd" (Bowers, post, p. 196). In 1910 he
355
K
ernan
was indorsed for the Senate by the state conven-
tion and, when the Democrats carried Indiana
that year, he was elected over Albert J. Bev-
eridge, the Republican candidate.
From the outset he took a prominent part in
the Senate, being regarded as a leader of the
progressive Democrats. As a member of the
committee on privileges and elections, he helped
to investigate the notorious election of Senator
Lorimer of Illinois, who was later unseated. As
a result of the election of 1912 the Democrats
gained control of the Senate, and Kern was
chosen Democratic floor leader, a post to which
no one with so short a period of service had be-
fore been elevated. During the remainder of
his term he cooperated with President Wilson
and played an active part in connection with
the important legislation of that period. He was
especially interested in child-labor legislation
and other measures for social justice, and he se-
cured a federal investigation of the notorious la-
bor conditions that existed in West Virginia.
Beaten for reelection by a small majority in
1916, Kern retired to private life. He died of
tuberculosis the following year at Asheville,
N. C. During most of his life Kern wore a
beard, of which he wrote after his election to the
Senate that it "has been attached to me so long
it would be an act of base ingratitude to desert
it now." Though a strong partisan, he was
highly regarded by even his political opponents,
and his honesty was never seriously questioned.
He was married, in 1870, to Anna Hazzard of
Kokomo. She died in 1884, and in December
1885, he married Araminta A. Cooper, also of
Kokomo, who survived him.
[C. G. Bowers, The Life of John Worth Kern
(1918); "John Worth Kern" by "Tattler," Nation,
Dec. 9, 1915; Indianapolis News, N. Y. Times, Aug.
l8> »9i7.] P.L.H.
KERNAN, FRANCIS (Jan. 14, 1816-Sept. 7,
1892), lawyer and Democratic politician, was
born on a farm in Wayne, Steuben County (now
Tyrone, Schuyler County), N. Y. He was the
son of William and Rose (Stubbs) Kernan,
both natives of Ireland. After graduating from
Georgetown College, Washington, D. C, in
1836, Francis took up the study of law with his
brother-in-law in Watkins, N. Y. In 1839 he
moved to Utica to continue his study in the of-
fice of Joshua A. Spencer. In 1840 he was ad-
mitted to the bar and also into partnership with
Spencer. On May 23, 1843, ne was married to
Hannah Devereux of Utica. His family grew
to include six sons and two daughters. Before
1848 Kernan had not been politically conspicu-
ous, having served only a term as alderman and
Kernan
as school commissioner. In that year, however,
he entered state politics by taking the, stump for
the Free Soil candidates. The sheer brilliancy
of his speeches in this campaign gained him a
statewide reputation. After the bitterness of the
Free Soil fight had passed, he was appointed in
1854 reporter of the court of appeals and served
for three years. His work was distinguished by
accuracy and good judgment. These Reports
were published in four volumes (Albany 1855-
57). In i860 he was elected a member of the
Assembly, and in 1862 he won a seat in Congress
over Roscoe Conkling. In the election of 1864
he was defeated by Conkling by a small margin,
and he returned to his law practice.
In 1867 he was named a member of the consti-
tutional convention, and later of the constitu-
tional commission. In 1871 he was brought into
action against the "Tweed ring" by Tilden, who
believed him to be the leader best able to break
the ring's hold on the state organization. This
led to his nomination in 1872 as the Liberal
Democratic candidate for governor. He was de-
feated, probably because many Protestant Dem-
ocrats abstained from voting for him on account
of his religion, but in 1874, when the Democrats
gained control of the legislature, he was elected
to the United States Senate to succeed Fenton.
Probably John Kelly, the Tammany leader, had
as much as any one to do with making Kernan's
election possible, but his choice was universally
approved throughout the state. Kernan was the
first Democratic senator from New York in
twenty-four years. In the 1876 Democratic con-
vention at St. Louis, Kernan put Tilden in nom-
ination and took an active part in the succeeding
campaign. In 1880 the Republicans carried New
York state, and the legislature chose Thomas C.
Piatt to succeed Kernan. The following year,
when Piatt and Conkling resigned from the Sen-
ate, Kernan was the Democratic choice for the
Senate, but the Republicans combined to elect
Warner Miller. After his retirement from the
Senate, Kernan devoted his whole attention to his
law practice in Utica. He was prominent also
in educational matters, serving for over twenty
years as school commissioner in Utica, and from
1870 until his death as a member of the Board
of Regents of the State of New York. He was
a man of decided convictions, brilliant intellect,
persuasive speech, and great industry. Though
at times he suffered from the religious preju-
dices of others, he himself was among the most
tolerant of men. He retained the dress and
courtly manners of an older generation and en-
deared himself to his fellows by his honesty and
sincerity.
356
Kerr
[W. H. Watson, Address in Memory of Hon. Francis
Kernan, LL.D., 1816-1892 (1893); H. J. Cookinham,
Hist, of Oneida County, N. Y. (1912), vol. I ; C. E.
Fitch, Encyc. of Biog. of N. Y. (1916), vol. I; The
Writings and Speeches of Samuel J. Tilden (2 vols.,
1885), ed. by John Bigelow ; Biog. Dir. Am. Cong.
(1928); N. Y. Herald, N. Y. Tribune, N. Y. Times,
Sept. 8, 1892.] L. H.H.
KERR, JOHN GLASGOW (Nov. 30, 1824-
Aug. 10, 1901), missionary physician in China,
was born on the "Old Kerr Farm," one mile
east of Duncansville, Adams County, Ohio, the
son of Joseph and Jane Loughridge Kerr, both
of them children of Scotch-Irish immigrants.
Kerr's father died in 1830 and the boy spent a
number of years with an uncle in Lexington,
Va., and there began the study of Latin and
Greek. From 1840 to 1842 inclusive he at-
tended what is now Denison University. In the
autumn of 1842 he began the study of medicine
with Doctors Sharpe and Duke in Maysville,
Ky., and had a course of medical lectures in
Transylvania University. He next studied in
Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia (1846-
47), receiving the degree of M.D. in 1847. For
several years he practised medicine in Brown
and Adams counties, Ohio. Then, hearing a lec-
ture by a Chinese portraying the physical suf-
fering in China which might be relieved by
Western medicine, he decided overnight to go
as a medical missionary to that country. He
applied to the Board of Foreign Missions of the
Presbyterian Church, was appointed to Canton,
and arrived on the scene of his future labors in
May 1854. Almost immediately there was trans-
ferred to him the medical work which another
member of his mission, Andrew P. Happer
\_q.v.~\, had begun. The following year he was
placed in charge of the famous hospital of the
Medical Missionary Society in China which had
been founded two decades before by Peter Parker
and which was financed by foreign residents in
China. For over forty years he continued to
head the institution. This appointment and his
own energy and ability quickly made him the
leading foreign physician in the city, a position
which he held for nearly half a century. Most
of his time was, naturally, given to medical prac-
tice. In his hospital and, for years, in one or
more dispensaries in Canton and neighboring
cities, he and his assistants and associates treated
over three-quarters of a million patients. He
developed much skill as a surgeon, especially for
urinary calculus, and is said to have performed
successfully over twelve hundred operations for
that disorder.
At least as early as 1869 Kerr was also begin-
ning medical education in connection with his
hospital, and during his superintendency ap-
Kerr
proximately two hundred Chinese were there
trained in Western medicine. Moreover, Kerr
gave much time to preparing literature in Chi-
nese on Western medicine and related subjects
and in English on medical matters and on the
Canton dialect. The list of his works in Chinese
includes a materia medica — in which he helped
to lead the way in providing a Chinese nomen-
clature of Western medical terms — and treatises
on vaccination, on symptomatology, on affections
of the skin, and on diseases of the eye. It was
natural that when, in 1886, the Medical Mission-
ary Association of China was founded, Kerr
should be made its first president. His crown-
ing work was the founding, in Canton, of the
first hospital in China for the treatment of the
insane. For years he dreamed of such an insti-
tution, but his mission board found it impossible
— or outside the scope of its proper activities —
to provide the funds. Kerr accordingly obtained
the necessary money from friends and from his
own limited resources. In 1892 he was able to
purchase land and, after six years of waiting, in
1897 to erect buildings. In 1898 he resigned the
headship of the Canton Medical Missionary
Society's hospital and thenceforward, until his
death, Aug. 10, 1901, he gave the major portion
of his time to the new enterprise. Kerr not only
took a leading part in introducing Western medi-
cine to China ; he was also genuinely interested
in the religious side of his task, saw that Chris-
tian instruction was given his patients, and
regularly preached, conducted services, and dis-
tributed Christian literature. To a remarkable
extent he won the confidence and the affection
of the Chinese and received substantial recog-
nition of this in gifts for his hospital. He was
married three times: on Sept. 20, 1853, to Abby
L. Kingsbury, who died Aug. 24, 1855 ; on July
4, 1858, to Isabella Jane Moseley, who died Apr.
1, 1885 ; and on June 9, 1886, to Martha Noyes,
who survived him.
[Sources include : Ann. Reports of the Board of For-
eign Missions of the Prcsbyt. Ch. in the U. S. A.,
1855-1902 ; manuscript records of the Board of Foreign
Missions ; a brief manuscript autobiography of Kerr in
the possession of his family ; the Chinese Recorder,
Nov. 1871, May-June 1876, Sept. 1901 ; Harriet N.
Noyes, Hist, of the South China Mission of the Am.
Presbyt. Ch. (Shanghai, 1927) ; A Century of Prot-
estant Missions in China (1907), ed. by D. MacGilli-
vray ; the China Mission Year Book, 191 5, pp. 544-49.]
K.S.L.
KERR, WALTER CRAIG (Nov. 8, 1858-
May 8, 1910), engineer, son of Aaron Hervey
and Elizabeth (Craig) Kerr, was born at St.
Peter, Minn. His father was a home missionary
of the Presbyterian Church and chaplain of the
9th Minnesota Regiment throughout the Civil
357
Kerr
War. His mother was fond of mathematics, es-
pecially as applied to astronomy. Walter grew
up in St. Peter, then a small frontier town, but
the schools were good for the time and place and
were ably supplemented by training in the Kerr
home. As a boy he loved nature study and was
also interested in all things mechanical. With
the help of his mother he completed his prepara-
tion for college and entered the course in me-
chanic arts at Cornell University in September
1875. He made a record as a student that re-
sulted in his appointment to an instructorship at
graduation in 1879, and in 1880 he was made an
assistant professor, serving two years. But life
in calm, academic shades lacked the zest which
his nature demanded, and he resigned to enter
engineering practice in New York City in 1882.
His first engagement was with a sales' agency
for Westinghouse engines. Thus he was brought
into touch with engineers and financiers who
were undertaking the building and equipping of
large complex plants for power development,
manufacturing, and transportation. Contracts for
the construction of such plants were let, at that
time, to a number of independent bidders, each
doing a portion of the work, with resulting dis-
cussion of the limits of responsibility. This plan
brought confusion, delays, and increased expense.
Kerr foresaw the coming industrial development
and was convinced that one competent organi-
zation should undertake entire contracts, and with
the approval and financial backing of George
and H. H. Westinghouse, he became the moving
spirit in the upbuilding of such a firm, organized
as Westinghouse, Church, Kerr, & Company.
The company's first large contract on the new
plan was to complete, ready for operation, all the
mechanical equipment of the South Station in
Boston. The immediate success in operation of
this system of engineering elements was promptly
recognized, and Kerr's plan came into quite gen-
eral use for construction of large engineering
properties. This was, indeed, his most impor-
tant contribution to the engineering practice of
his time. In 1907 he became a director of the
Merchants' Association of New York City, which
at the time was considering the menace to public
safety of the surface railroad tracks on the West
Side. A committee was appointed by the asso-
ciation, with Kerr as chairman, to study the prob-
lem and to suggest a solution. The resulting re-
port (Disposal of West Side Railroad Tracks,
1908) was entirely Kerr's work, and the plan
was carried out with only minor modifications.
This was one of his last projects ; he died in 1910.
He had married, on Dec. 27, 1883, Lucy Lyon, a
daughter of Judge Marcus Lyon of Ithaca, N. Y.
Kerr
He retained always his interest in education
and for twenty years was a member of the board
of trustees of Cornell University, giving counsel
on university problems, especially those relating
to Sibley College of Engineering. His boyhood
love of nature lasted throughout his life. After
he made his home on Staten Island, in his leisure
time he studied the local flora and fauna and be-
came one of the most active members of the
Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences,
the presidency of which he held for eight years.
He was also a lover of literature, especially of
poetry. He found recreation in yachting and
was an enthusiastic member of the Seawanhaka-
Corinthian and the New York yacht clubs.
[See: Albert W. Smith, A Biog. of Walter Craig
Kerr (1927), containing quotations from his letters and
extracts from his addresses ; Trans. Am. Soc. Mech.
Engineers, vol. XXXII (1911) ; Cornell Alumni News,
May 11, 1910; N. Y. Tribune, N. Y. Times, May 9,
1910. Kerr's paper, "The Mechanical Equipment of
the New South Station, Boston," Trans. Am. Soc.
Mech. Engineers, vol. XXI (1900), gives a full account
of this project.] A. W. S.
KERR, WASHINGTON CARUTHERS
(May 24, 1827-Aug. 9, 1885), geologist, was
born in the Alamance region of Guilford County,
N. C, the son of William M. and Euphence
(Doak) Kerr. When he was quite young his
parents died and he was adopted by the Rev.
Washington Caruthers, a Presbyterian minister
after whom he had been named and under whose
guidance he received his early education. In
1847 he entered the University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill and in 1850 he graduated with
high honors. His first employment after grad-
uation was as a school teacher in the nearby
town of Williamston, a position he shortly re-
signed to accept a professorship in Marshall Uni-
versity, in Texas. In 1852 he became one of the
computers in the Nautical Almanac office in
Cambridge, Mass. Here he came into contact
with some of the most noted scientific men of the
day. Rapidly developing a love for geology,
mathematics, and engineering, he entered the
Lawrence Scientific School and remained until
1856, when he accepted the professorship of
chemistry and geology at Davidson College in
North Carolina. He retained this position until
1865, although in 1862 he was granted leave of
absence to become chemist and superintendent
in the Mecklenburg Salt Works at Mt. Pleas-
ant, S. C. When the fortunes of war brought
about the destruction and abandonment of the
works he returned to North Carolina where he
was shortly appointed state geologist " 'nominal-
ly, and without pay and with especial instruc-
tions to look after certain chemical and mineral
3S8
Kerr
Kershaw
manufactures in which this state might be vitally
interested' " (Holmes, post, p. 7). The confused
condition of affairs incidental to this closing year
of the war naturally precluded systematic work,
and the organization, if such it can be called, for
he had no regular assistants, seems to have died
a natural death. In April 1866, however, Kerr
was reappointed by Governor Worth and con-
tinued, to hold the position without interruption,
though through many difficulties, until 1882,
when he became connected with the United
States Geological Survey with headquarters in
Washington. Declining health, however, com-
pelled his final, retirement in 1883.
Kerr was a hard worker, energetic and effi-
cient, though wholly untrained along any special
lines of his profession. The state, despite previ-
ous work by Olmsted and Emmons, was still
largely unknown territory, and there were no
maps sufficiently accurate for plotting geological
details. Under these circumstances, Kerr set
himself to remedy the deficiencies. In a rough,
in part mountainous, country, notorious for its
poor roads, he was compelled to travel long dis-
tances on horseback and on foot. The one great
result of this survey was a map of the state pub-
lished in 1882, sufficiently and accurately de-
tailed to serve as a base map for future work.
His most striking geological observation was
that in both of the Carolinas the eastward flow-
ing rivers always presented high banks and bluffs
on the south side and low plains and swamps on
the north, a fact he attributed to the coordinate
action of the flowing streams and the earth's revo-
lution. He is also one of the first to call promi-
nently to attention the phenomena of "soil creep"
on inclined surfaces due to the joint action of
gravity and frost. His observations relative to
indications of possible glaciation within the
state were not generally accepted. The value of
his work was real : he advertised the resources
of North Carolina as no one before him had
done, and he worked whole-heartedly for the good
of the state, but the times were evil, and for sev-
eral years he shared the common fate of many
public officials in the South. "His motives were
misrepresented, his character assailed, his abili-
ties questioned, his work maligned" (Holmes,
post, p. 20). Kerr was a man of slight, rather
delicate frame, of a nervous, sensitive tempera-
ment, but hospitable and generous in the extreme.
In 1853 he married Emma Hall, of Iredell Coun-
ty, N. C. He died at Asheville.
[J. A. Holmes, "A Sketch of Prof. Washington
Caruthers Kerr" (with bibliography), Jour, of the Elisha
Mitchell Sci. Soc., 1887, pt. 2 ; G. P. Merrill, The First
One Hundred Years of Am. Geol. (1924) ; Am. Jour.
Sci., Sept. 1885.] G. P.M.
KERSHAW, JOSEPH BREVARD (Jan. 5,
1822-Apr. 13, 1894), soldier, jurist, was born at
Camden, S. C, the son of Col. John Kershaw
and of Harriette Du Bose, of distinguished an-
cestry. His grandfather, Joseph Kershaw, who
emigrated from England in 1748, became promi-
nent in the affairs of his state and took an active
part in the War of the Revolution. His father,
several times mayor of Camden, was a judge of
the County of Kershaw, a member of the South
Carolina House of Representatives, and a mem-
ber of Congress for one term. Joseph Brevard
Kershaw received his early schooling in and near
his birthplace, studied law in the office of Hon.
John M. De Saussure, and was admitted to the
bar in the year 1843. He entered the Mexican
War as a lieutenant in the Palmetto Regiment of
his state Feb. 6, 1843, but after seeing consider-
able field service, was forced by a protracted
illness to return to his home the following June,
when he resigned from the army and resumed the
practice of law. He was elected to the state
legislature in 1852 and again in 1854. In i860
he was a member of the secession convention
which met at Charleston, and in April 1861 he
entered the Confederate army as colonel, 2nd
South Carolina Volunteers, which regiment he
had recruited. His command was at Morris
Island during the bombardment of Fort Sumter
and formed a part of Bonham's brigade in the
first battle of Bull Run. He was commissioned
brigadier-general, Feb. 13, 1862, and thereafter
his command became well known as "Kershaw's
Brigade" of McLaws' division, Longstreet's
corps, Army of Northern Virginia. He took a
prominent part in the Peninsular campaign, and
in the battles of Second Bull Run, South Moun-
tain, and Antietam {Battles and Leaders of the
Civil War, II, 195-393, 596, 613). His brigade
distinguished itself at the battle of Fredericks-
burg, where it held the sunken road below
Marye's Heights, at Chancellorsville, and at
Gettysburg, where he led the attack of Long-
street's corps and lost over half his command
(Ibid., Ill, 78-95, 325-38). Transferred west-
ward, his brigade took part at Chickamauga in
the famous charge which crushed the Federal
right wing and in all the engagements of the
Tennessee campaign. Rejoining the Army of
Northern Virginia and promoted major-general,
May 18, 1864, he commanded a division of Long-
street's corps in the battles of the Wilderness,
Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, and Petersburg. At
Sailor's Creek his division was a part of Ewell's
corps which surrendered Apr. 6, 1865 {Ibid.,
IV, 124-246, 543).
Kershaw was confined for several months as
1W
Kester
prisoner of war at Fort Warren, Boston. After
his release he resumed the practice of law in
Camden and entered politics. He became a mem-
ber of the state Senate in 1865 and for one year
was its president. In 1870, as a member of the
Union Reform party convention, he prepared the
resolutions recognizing the Reconstruction acts.
In 1877 he was elected judge of the fifth circuit
court of his state, which office he held until fail-
ing health required his retirement sixteen years
later. When he left the bench, in 1893, he was
made postmaster of Camden, but he died the fol-
lowing year. Interment was in the Quaker burial
ground. Kershaw's wife, whom he married in
1844, was Lucretia Douglas. He had one son
and four daughters. He was prominent in Ma-
sonry and at one time was grand master of the
state of South Carolina. He prepared for Bat-
tles and Leaders of the Cizil War "Kershaw's
Brigade at Fredericksburg" and "Kershaw's
Brigade at Gettysburg" (vol. Ill, pp. 95 and
331).
[U. R. Brooks, 5". C. Bench and Bar, vol. I (1908) ;
Jefferson Davis, The Rise and Fall of the Confed. Gov-
ernment (1881), vol. II; Jas. Longstreet, From Ma-
nassas to Appomattox (1896) ; Battles and Leaders of
the Civil War, vols. II-IV (1887-88) ; J. S. Reynolds.
Reconstruction in S. C. (1905) ; Yates Snowden, Hist,
of S. C. (1920), vol. II; the S. C. Hist, and Geneal.
Mag., Jan. 1924; News and Courier (Charleston). Apr.
14, 1894; notes supplied by Kershaw's grand-daughter,
Mrs. Harriette Kershaw Leiding, Camden, S. C]
C. D. R.
KESTER, VAUGHAN (Sept. 12, 1869-July
4, 191 1 ), journalist and novelist, the son of
Franklin Cooley and Harriett Watkins Kester,
was born at New Brunswick, N. J., and died at
his home, "Gunston Hall," in Fairfax County,
Va. He was educated in the public schools of
Mt. Vernon, Ohio, and by a private tutor in
Cleveland, where his mother established a school
of art. As a young man, he traveled much in the
South and West, spending some time on a ranch
in Colorado ; the influence of these experiences
is discoverable in most of his work. On Aug. 31,
1898, he was married to Jessie B. Jennings, of
Mt. Vernon, Ohio. After having lived in Florida,
New York City, and England, Kester finally
settled at "Gunston Hall," the former home of
George Mason which he bought in 1908. Dur-
ing his residence in New York City, he served
on the staff of the Cosmopolitan Magazine and
assisted his brother, Paul Kester, in promoting
special performances of Ibsen's Ghosts and other
modern plays. His ambition to write was awak-
ened by his association with William Dean
Howells, his mother's cousin, who continued to
give encouragement, counsel, and practical as-
sistance throughout the literary career of his
protege.
Kettell
Kester began his career in literature by writ-
ing short stories for the magazines. His episodic
tale, "The Bad Man of Las Vegas," which ap-
peared in Munscy's Magazine, January 1900,
reveals his flair for melodramatic situation and
the portrayal of indigenous types of character.
In his first novel, The Manager of the B & A
(1901), which was accepted by Harper & Broth-
ers through the influence of Howells, there is a
sensational plot, which includes such materials
as a workers' strike, a political campaign, a for-
est fire, and a murder ; but there is also realistic
description of a small town in the lumber region
of Michigan, where the scene of the action is
laid, and the dialogue is genuine and racy. John
0' Jamcstoivn (1907), published appropriately
when the celebration of the tercentenary of the
first settlement in Virginia was in progress, is
a historical novel based upon the career of Cap-
tain John Smith. Like Kester's other work, it
is marked by vivid description, stirring incident,
and sincerity of purpose. Published only a short
time before his death, but not too late for Kester
to know that his book had been received en-
thusiastically by both the critics and the reading
public, The Prodigal Judge (1911) was not only
his most popular novel but his finest achieve-
ment. The book is weak structurally, and many
of its incidents are melodramatic ; but the picture
of a frontier settlement in western Tennessee has
a compelling authenticity. A fourth book by Kes-
ter, a group of short stories, collected from vari-
ous magazines, was published posthumously un-
der the title, The Hand of the Mighty (1913).
Two stories in this volume, "Mr. Feeny's Social
Experiment" and the title story, "The Hand of
the Mighty," are of particular interest for their
somewhat socialistic criticisms of capitalism.
Kester is a significant figure in the history of
early twentieth-century American fiction. His
portraits of native types of character associated
with the primitive life of the frontier, particular-
ly his sketches of itinerant wastrels, are remark-
able for their shrewdness and humor. At least
two characters in The Prodigal Judge, Slocum
Price, the judge, and Cavendish, the "man of
title," deserve to be remembered. No one since
Mark Twain, perhaps, has caught better the
idiom of the American backwoodsman.
[Who's Who in America, 1910-11 ; the A^. Y. Times,
July 6, 191 1 ; Paul Kester, "Biographical Sketch of
Vaughan Kester," in The Hand of the Mighty.']
R.S.
KETTELL, SAMUEL (Aug. 5, 1800-Dec. 3,
1855), editor, was born in Newburyport, Mass.,
the son of Jonathan and Mary (Noyes) Kettell.
His father was an officer in the custom house.
36c
Kettell
After teaching for three or four years in Mr.
Thayer's school in Chauncy Place, Boston, Ket-
tell became an amanuensis and hack writer for
Samuel Griswold Goodrich [q.v.]. He was a
simple, guileless, mild-eyed man, a life-long
haunter of libraries, with a fund of droll humor,
a faculty for acquiring languages, of which he is
said to have learned fourteen, and a baneful in-
capacity for making money. After publishing
two translations from the Spanish, the Personal
Narrative of the First Voyage of Columbus
(1827) and Records of the Spanish Inquisition
( 1828), he edited Specimens of American Poetry
( 1829), the first comprehensive anthology of na-
tive verse. The three duodecimo volumes con-
tain an introduction descriptive of early New
England verse, selections from 189 writers from
Cotton Mather to J. G. Whittier, and a catalogue
of American poetry arranged chronologically
from the Bay Psalm Book (1640) to volumes is-
sued in 1829. The work was projected by Good-
rich and originally undertaken by a Boston jour-
nalist, Frederic S. Hill, and was conceived as a
refutation of Sydney Smith and other calumni-
ators of American genius. To make the refutation
sufficiently crushing, Kettell went into the high-
ways and hedges in search of eligible bards with
the result that his collection throws a brilliant
light on the state of literary culture in the period
covered. The reviewers [e.g., S. A. Eliot, North
American Review, October 1829] fell foul of its
indiscriminate inclusiveness and of several edi-
torial shortcomings ; Goodrich, in consequence,
lost $1,500 on the venture and felt that insult was
added to injury when he discovered that the
Specimens were commonly referred to as "Good-
rich's Kettle of Poetry." While living with
Thomas Nuttall [q.v^\ in the Craigie House in
Cambridge, Kettell contributed four pleasant pa-
pers on "Our Birds" to the first volumes of the
New-England Magazine. In 1832 he went to
Europe, having Ralph Waldo Emerson, it is said,
for a companion on the voyage. During the
wearisome days at sea he amused himself by
turning a Peter Parley book into modern Greek.
He visited Malta and Sicily, lived in Naples,
Florence, Paris, and London, contributed ar-
ticles to English periodicals, and returned to
Boston and to Goodrich's employ in 1835. After
Kettell's death the Boston Courier claimed that
he had been "the veritable Peter Parley." Good-
rich denied the allegation and issued a detailed
statement of the work that Kettell had done for
him. The honesty and essential accuracy of this
statement need not be doubted. Kettell wrote
much for the Courier, being noted for humorous
and satirical articles that he contributed over the
Key
signatures of "Peeping Tom," "Timothy Titter-
well," and "Sampson Short-and-Fat." Some of
these articles were so popular that they were later
published separately. On June 25, 1848, he suc-
ceeded Joseph Tinker Buckingham [g.?'.] as
editor. Like many a shy and gentle person, he
could ramp when he had a pen in his hand, and
his vigorous editorials were relished by the
Whigs. In 1851-52 he was a representative in
the General Court. He died at his home in Mai-
den after an illness of a year and a half. His
wife and his mother survived him.
[New-Eng. Hist, and Geneal. Reg., Jan. 1856, p. 99;
H. E. Noyes, Geneal. Record of Some of the Noyes
Descendants, vol. I (1904) ; Boston Courier, Dec. 5, 8,
1855 ; Boston Transcript, Dec. 4, 5, 8, 10, 1855 ; Daily
Herald (Newburyport), Dec. 7, 8, 11, 1855; N. Y.
Times, Dec. 31, 1855 ; S. G. Goodrich, Recollections of
a Lifetime (1856) ; J. T. Buckingham, Personal Mem-
oirs (1852), II, 76, 214-15.] G. H.G.
KEY, DAVID McKENDREE (Jan. 27,
1824-Feb. 3, 1900), lawyer, soldier, senator,
judge, was born in Greene County, Tenn., the
son of John and Margaret ( Armitage) Key, both
natives of the same county. He was descended
from Moses Key who emigrated from England
in 1700 and settled in Chester County, Pa. In
1826 John Key removed to Monroe County,
where David received his early education in the
rather primitive schools of the county. Later he
attended Hiwassee College, then recently estab-
lished, and was one of the first graduates in 1850.
While at college he also read law and was ad-
mitted to the bar in the same year that he grad-
uated. In 1853 he removed to Chattanooga,
Tenn., where he made his home until his death
and where, except while serving as a soldier, he
practised law until 1870. On July 1, 1857, he
was married to Elizabeth Lenoir. In 1861 he
was made adjutant-general on General Caswell's
staff in the Confederate army, later becoming
lieutenant-colonel of the 43rd Regiment, Ten-
nessee Infantry. He was wounded and captured
at Vicksburg.
Prior to the Civil War, Key had been an elec-
tor on the Buchanan ticket in 1856 and on the
Breckenridge ticket in i860. From 1870 to 1894
his public service was unbroken. In 1870 he was
a member of the convention which framed a
new constitution for Tennessee, and in the same
year he was elected chancellor of the third dis-
trict of Tennessee. Five years later he was ap-
pointed United States senator to succeed former
President Andrew Johnson. Resigning the of-
fice of chancellor, he served in the Senate until
the legislature met in 1877, when he was a can-
didate for the unexpired term but was defeated
by James E. Bailey. In the Senate his efforts
361
Key
and speeches were directed toward a restoration
of good feeling between North and South. This
led President Hayes to tender him, though Key
was a Democrat, a place in the cabinet, and he
became postmaster-general in May 1877. He
held this office until May 1880 when he resigned
to accept, at the hands of President Hayes, the
office of United States district judge for the
eastern and middle districts of Tennessee. He
presided over the courts of these districts until
1894. Then, having reached the retiring age, he
resigned and retired to his home in Chattanooga.
Of his twenty-four years of public life, Key
spent twenty years on the bench, either as a
state or federal judge. Large of frame, dignified
but modest and gentle in bearing, he looked the
part of a just and, in his later years, a patriarchal
judge. He was distinguished as a jurist for be-
ing much more concerned with doing justice
than with following precedent or seeking ap-
proval. He was particularly at home in the field
of equity jurisprudence. In his opinions he made
no effort to display great learning but preferred
to deal simply and justly with the issue at hand.
During his fifteen years on the federal bench, he
tried many cases involving violations of the In-
ternal Revenue laws in the illicit manufacture of
liquor, especially by the mountaineers of East
Tennessee. He understood these people and their
view that they had a natural right to market their
corn by making it into whiskey, and he dealt
kindly with them. Time and again he withheld
sentence, after conviction, and permitted an of-
fender to finish making a crop, upon his promise
to return at the next term for sentence. And he
was fond of saying that not one of them had ever
broken faith with him.
[J. W. Caldwell, Sketches of the Bench and Bar of
Tenn. (1898); Biog. Dir. Am. Cong. (1928); East
Tenn.: Hist, and Biog. (1893) ; Tenn.: The Volunteer
State (1923), vol. II; Mrs. Julian C. Lane, Key and
Allied Families (1931) ; the Chattanooga Sunday Times,
Feb. 4, 1900 ; information as to certain facts from
Key's son, Commodore Albert L. Key, Chattanooga,
Tenn.] W.L.F.
KEY, FRANCIS SCOTT (Aug. 1, 1779-Jan.
11, 1843), author of "The Star Spangled Ban-
ner," lawyer, was born on the family estate,
"Terra Rubra," then in Frederick but now in
Carroll County, Md. He was the great-grand-
son of an Englishman, Philip Key, who came to
Maryland about 1720, and son of John Ross Key,
who married Ann Phoebe Charlton. He attend-
ed St. John's College, Annapolis, 1789-96, living
with his grandmother Ann Ross Key at "Bel-
voir" on the Severn River, and with her sister
Mrs. Upton Scott in Annapolis. After grad-
uation he studied law under Judge J. T. Chase
Key
in Annapolis, and in 1801 he opened practice in
Frederick, whither he was accompanied by a fel-
low student, Roger B. Taney, later chief justice,
who married his only sister. On Jan. 19, 1802, in
the beautiful "Chase House" in Annapolis, then
owned by Col. Edward Lloyd, he married the
colonel's daughter, Mary Tayloe Lloyd, by whom
he had six sons and five daughters. Shortly af-
ter his marriage the family moved from Fred-
erick to Bridge Street, Georgetown, D. C, where
Key was at first associated in practice with his
uncle, Philip Barton Key [q.v.~]. It was as an
influential young Washington attorney that Key
was called in 1814 upon the mission that occa-
sioned "The Star Spangled Banner." During
the British retreat from Washington a promi-
nent physician, Dr. William Beanes, of Upper
Marlboro, Md., was seized and confined aboard
the British fleet. Key was asked to undertake
his release. Accompanied by Col. J. S. Skinner,
government agent for exchange of prisoners, he
went down the Chesapeake from Baltimore on
Sept. 5, visited Admiral Cockburn, and secured
Beanes's liberation, but he was detained pending
the projected attack on Baltimore and was off
the city in an American vessel during the attack.
Through the night bombardment of Sept. 13-14
he remained on deck in agonized suspense but at
daybreak was overjoyed to see the flag still fly-
ing over Fort McHenry. In intense emotional
excitement he then composed the poem.
According to an account by Chief Justice
Taney in the 1857 edition of Key's poems, the
verses were first set down from memory on an
envelope on the way ashore that morning and
were rewritten in a hotel that night. Next morn-
ing he showed them at the home of Judge Joseph
Hopper Nicholson, who had married his wife's
sister. The judge was enthusiastic, and accord-
ing to a fairly authentic story, his wife at once
took the poem to a printer, who struck off hand-
bills for circulation through the city. It was
published in the Baltimore American, Sept. 21,
sung in Baltimore taverns and theatres, and soon
gained nation-wide popularity. Probably Key
himself had in mind the well-known English
tune "To Anacreon in Heaven" in writing the
poem, though its adoption has also been credited
to Judge Nicholson and to the first singer of the
poem, the actor Ferdinand Durang. The tune
had been previously used for a song of the Amer-
ican Revolution, "Adams and Liberty." Key's
manuscript fair copy was preserved in Annapolis
by Mrs. Nicholson until her death in 1847 and is
now in the Walters Gallery, Baltimore. Neither
before nor after writing his famous song did
Key take his muse at all seriously. The slender
36:
Key
collection of his poetry published posthumously
(Poems of the Late Francis S. Key, Esq., 1857)
contains obituary, religious, amatory, and mild-
ly facetious verse, respectable in meter but of
slight consequence, save perhaps the hymn,
"Lord, with Glowing Heart I'd Praise Thee,"
still included in hymnals. Key was of a warmly
religious nature, in 18 14 seriously considered
entering the clergy, was delegate to the general
conventions of the Episcopal Church, 1814-26,
and for many years was lay reader in St. John's
Church, Georgetown. An effective speaker, as
suggested by several of his addresses preserved
in print, with a quick, logical mind, he had an
extensive practice in the federal courts. He was
United States attorney for the District of Co-
lumbia, 1833-41, and in October 1833 he was
sent by President Jackson to Alabama, where he
negotiated a settlement between the state and
federal governments over the Creek Indian
Lands (T. C. McCorvey, "The Mission of Fran-
cis Scott Key to Alabama in 1833," Alabama
Historical Society Transactions, vol. IV, 1904).
About 1830 he changed his residence from
Georgetown to Washington. Until his death he
remained slender, erect, fond of riding, with
dark blue eyes and thin, mobile features, expres-
sive of his ardent, generous nature. He died of
pleurisy at the home of his daughter, Mrs.
Charles Howard, Mt. Vernon Place, Baltimore.
His body was placed first in the Howard vault,
St. Paul's Cemetery, Baltimore, then transferred
in 1866 to Mt. Olivet Cemetery, Frederick. He
has monuments there, at Fort McHenry, and at
Eutaw Place in Baltimore, and in Golden Gate
Park, San Francisco.
[Francis Scott Key Smith, Francis Scott Key, Author
of the Star Spangled Banner (19 11), and "The Star-
Spangled Banner," Current Hist., May 1930 ; P. H.
Magruder, "The Original Manuscript of the Final Text
of the 'Star-Spangled Banner,' " Proc. U . S. Naval
Inst., June 1927 ; O. G. T. Sonneck, Report on the Star-
Spanglcd Banner (1909) ; Anne Key Barstow, "Recol-
lections of Francis Scott Key," Modern Culture. Nov.
1900 ; H. D. Richardson, Sidelights on Md. Hist. (1913),
vol. II ; T. J. C. Williams, Hist, of Frederick County,
Md. (1910), vol. I; Md. Hist. Mag., June 1907, June
1909, June 1910; Mrs. Julian C. Lane, Key and Allied
Families (1931) ; the Sun (Baltimore), Jan. 13, 1843.]
A.W.
KEY, PHILIP BARTON (Apr. 12, 1757-
July 28, 1815), congressman, was born near
Charlestown, Cecil County, Md., the son of
Francis and Anne Arnold (Ross) Key, both of
prominent Maryland families. His grandfather,
Philip Key, coming from England about 1720,
had been sheriff, delegate, and councilor, and his
uncle, Edmund Key, had been provincial attor-
ney-general. Francis Scott Key [9.7'.], the au-
thor of "The Star Spangled Banner," was his
nephew. His early education was apparently
Key
private, and in 1775 he began to study law in
Annapolis. He is said to have participated in
the early Revolutionary movement, but he re-
fused to follow his brother, Lieut. John Ross
Key, with Price's Maryland Rifle Company, to
the siege of Boston. In December 1777 he joined
the British forces in Philadelphia and was com-
missioned captain in Chalmers' regiment of
Maryland Loyalists (April 1778). During 1778
he was with the regiment near New York and
is said to have been in the battle of Monmouth.
In 1779 the regiment went to Florida. Key par-
ticipated in the attempt to recapture Mobile from
the Spanish and led the defeated troops back to
Pensacola, where they were besieged and finally
forced to surrender (1781).
Paroled in Havana, Key went to England,
where he was admitted to the Middle Temple,
Feb. 2, 1784. Returning to Maryland the fol-
lowing year he was admitted to the bar and prac-
tised in Leonardtown (1787) and Annapolis
(1790). On July 4, 1790, he married Ann,
daughter of Gov. George Plater : they had two
sons and six daughters. In 1794 Key was elected
from Annapolis to the House of Delegates,
where he became a leader, serving on important
committees and commissions. In November 1796,
as chairman of the committee on the reply to the
governor's address, he drafted resolutions that
showed the Federalists' support of President
Washington and their abhorrence of "the in-
trigues of foreign emissaries" and of Republican
agitation. Narrowly defeated in 1800 (and un-
fairly, he thought), Key was appointed chief
justice of the fourth United States circuit court
and established his residence near Georgetown,
D. C. In 1802, when his office was abolished, he
resumed practice in Montgomery County, Md.,
and was in 1805 of counsel for Justice Samuel
Chase in his trial before the Senate. His speech
was a vindication of Chase's impartiality in the
Callender trial. In 1806 he resigned his British
half-pay, built a summer home in Montgomery
County, and stood as the Federalist candidate
for the third congressional district of Maryland.
He was elected, and, after a contest over his
British service and residence in the District, was
seated. Twice reelected, he was throughout a
consistent Federalist, opposing the Embargo,
non-intercourse, war with Great Britain, the
seizure of West Florida, and other Republican
measures. He supported the Navigation Bill
(1810) and the recharter of the United States
Bank (1811). He was also interested in Dis-
trict of Columbia affairs and brought about the
establishment of a standing District committee.
His death occurred in Georgetown, D. C.
363
Keyes
[Biog. Dir. Am. Cong. (1928) ; The Royal Commis-
sion on the Losses and Services of Am. Loyalists, 1783
to 1785 (1915), ed. by H. E. Egerton ; Orderly Book
of the "Maryland Loyalists Regiment" (1891), ed. by
P. L. Ford ; Chas. Evans, Report of the Trial of the
Hon. Samuel Chase (1805) ; Mrs. Julian C. Lane, Key
and Allied Families (1931); Md. Hist. Mag., June
1908, June 1910; Lorenzo Sabine, Biog. Sketches of
Loyalists of the Am. Revolution (1864), vol. I; Ber-
nard C. Steiner, The Life and Correspondence of Jas.
McHenry (1907); E. A. Jones, Am. Members of the
Inns of Court (1924) ; letter from Key to Ephraim K.
Wilson, Oct. 12, 1800, in the Manuscript Division, Lib.
of Cong.] W.C.M.
KEYES, EDWARD LAWRENCE (Aug.
28, 1843-Jan. 24, 1924), surgeon and one of the
pioneers in America in male genito-urinary
surgery, was born in Fort Moultrie, Charles-
ton, S. C, the son of Gen. Erasmus Darwin
Keyes \_q.v.~] and Caroline M., daughter of Dr.
James B. Clarke of New York City. He was
privately educated and doubtless spent much time
with his father at various military posts. In
1859 he entered Yale, graduated in 1863, and
then joined the Federal army as a member of
his father's staff with the rank of captain. At
the close of the war he began the study of medi-
cine— influenced somewhat by the fact that both
grandfathers and one great-grandfather had been
successful physicians — and received the degree
of M.D. from the medical department of the Uni-
versity of New York in 1866. His preceptor,
Dr. William H. Van Buren [q.v.], mapped out
for him a course of study in Paris, with special
emphasis on dermatology, syphilis, and male
genito-urinary diseases, and upon his return he
entered practice as Van Buren's associate, later
becoming his partner, the relationship lasting
until Van Buren's death in 1883.
He began as a general practitioner and so
great was his hold upon his patients that he re-
mained the family physician to some of them
long after he had narrowed his practice to spe-
cialties. In 1868 he had a class in the Bellevue
out-patient department and was one of the dem-
onstrators of anatomy in the Bellevue Hospital
Medical College. In 1870 he was made a lec-
turer on dermatology in the same institution and
delivered the first course of lectures on this sub-
ject in the United States. In this year he mar-
ried Sarah M. Loughborough of Georgetown,
D. C. For some years ending in 1875 he was
visiting surgeon to Charity Hospital, Blackwell's
Island, and in the latter year was made pro-
fessor of dermatology, associate professor of
surgery, and visiting surgeon at Bellevue. In
association with Van Buren he had published
in the previous year A Practical Treatise on the
Surgical Diseases of the Genito-Urinary Organs
Including Syphilis. In 1876 he was appointed a
Keyes
delegate to the International Medical Congress
at Philadelphia. In January of that year he had
published in the American Journal of the Medi-
cal Sciences a remarkable paper with blood count
determinations in which he showed that mercury
in small doses is not a poison but a tonic ("The
Effect of Small Doses of Mercury in Modifying
the Number of the Red Corpuscles in Syphilis").
This was followed in 1877 by another entitled
The Tonic Treatment of Syphilis with a descrip-
tion of a new technique, which was of interna-
tional importance. A later edition was issued in
1896, but the method having served a good pur-
pose was superseded in time by hypodermic and
intramuscular injections of mercury. In 1880
appeared a monograph, Venereal Diseases, fol-
lowed ten years later by another edition, in which
Dr. C. H. Chetwood was junior collaborator. In
1886 he contributed articles on genito-urinary
surgery to Ashhurst's International Encyclo-
pedia of Surgery. In 1888 after the death of Van
Buren there was published a new edition of the
Van Buren-Keyes textbook under the author-
ship of Keyes alone, which received a Spanish
translation. In 1905 with his son, Edward
Loughborough Keyes, he published a second
edition and in 1908 appeared Syphilis; a Trea-
tise for Practitioners. A new work, Diseases of
the Genito-Urinary Organs, came out in 1910,
second edition, 1912; and in 1917, a final effort,
Urology, second edition, 1923. A non-technical
work The Fear of Death was privately printed
in 1910 for circulation among his friends. In
addition to the preceding he contributed many
important papers on his special work to medical
periodicals. He was the founder and first presi-
dent of the American Association of Genito-
Urinary Surgeons and may be said to have found-
ed a small school of genito-urinary surgeons, for
his son, E. L. Keyes, a nephew, C. H. Chetwood,
and a third junior associate, E. M. Fuller, all
became eminent in this field.
Keyes was a man of remarkable personality.
With younger men he had an abrupt and military
way and was a strict disciplinarian but few men
equaled him in tact and sa?'oir faire in the sick-
room and in social life. Early in his career
he became affiliated with the Roman Catholic
Church and Pope Pius X conferred on him
knighthood in the Order of St. Gregory ; and he
was medical adviser to high ecclesiastical digni-
taries. His death was due to pneumonia some
years after he had retired from active practice.
[Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology, May
1924; Trans, of the Am. Asso. of Genito-Urinary
Surgeons, vol. XVIII (1925) ; Medic. Jour, and Record,
Feb. 6, 1924 ; Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics,
May 1928 ; N. Y. Times, Jan. 25, 1924-] E. P.
364
Key
es
KEYES, ELISHA WILLIAMS (Jan. 23,
1828-Nov. 29, 1910), lawyer, politician, widely
known as the Bismarck of Western politics, was
born in Northfield, Vt, third son of Capt. Joseph
Keyes, a skilled millwright and machinist, and
an inventor, and Olive Williams. In 1836 Joseph
opened a pioneer farm in Jefferson County, Wis-
consin Territory, and in 1837, being joined by
his family, he founded the village of Lake Mills
where he soon built a gristmill and a sawmill.
Elisha worked on the farm, drove a team for the
mill, and attended the district school. He also
enjoyed several winters' instruction in Beloit
Academy. In December 1850 he began the sys-
tematic study of law in Madison, was admitted
to the bar a year later, and opened an office there.
President Fillmore granted him a solicitorship
in the Post Office Department which gave him
a wide acquaintanceship in the state. In 1853
he joined a law firm which had a large general
practice. Had he not been tempted to subordi-
nate law to politics, he might have gained dis-
tinction in the profession.
He was district attorney from 1859 to 1861.
In the latter year Lincoln appointed him post-
master at Madison, a position he held for twen-
ty-one consecutive years. Then in 1898, after an
interval of sixteen years, he was appointed to
the same office by McKinley and held it till his
death twelve years later. He was mayor of
Madison three terms, assemblyman one term, and
university regent twelve years. In 1872, 1876,
and 1884 he was chairman of the Wisconsin
delegation to the Republican National Conven-
tion. But his most important political service
was as chairman of the Republican state central
committee from 1867 to 1877. Keyes was an
autocrat who ruled the party with a rod of iron.
He dictated nominations for state and national
offices and to some extent for local offices also.
His political ethics were those of his day. C. C.
Washburn, his political opponent, charged him
with being an agent and beneficiary of the whis-
key ring in Wisconsin (letter of Washburn to
President Hayes, Apr. 16, 1877; copy in Wash-
burn Collection of the state Library of Wiscon-
sin). He used every "honorable" device to con-
trol votes, induced employers of labor to line up
their men for the straight ticket, sent out heelers
where they seemed to be needed, and drew heavily
upon the railroads for free transportation. His
success was due less to subtle strategy than to
sleepless vigilance in supervising details of cam-
paigns, insight in choosing aides, and inexorable-
ness in visiting punishment upon shirking, re-
fractory, or treasonable partisans.
His greatest disappointment came in 1879
Key
es
when, as candidate for the United States sena-
torship, he succumbed to Matthew Hale Carpen-
ter's witching popularity. In January 1881 he
tried again and went down before Philetus Saw-
yer, candidate representing a working alliance
between lumber kings and the railroads which
lasted till overthrown by La Follette twenty years
later. Keyes was no more fortunate two months
later when the death of Carpenter created a
vacancy which was filled by the election of
Cameron. He made a last ineffectual attempt in
1882 as an independent "reform" candidate for
Congress against George C. Hazelton, regular
nominee, but succeeded only in electing a deserv-
ing Democrat and in eliminating himself defin-
itively from state politics. His stocky, long-
coated, high-hatted figure was familiar to Madi-
sonians for half a century. Rough, irascible,
and often profane, he was kind-hearted, affec-
tionate to family and friends, and sometimes
magnanimous to opponents. He married first
Caroline Stevens ; second, Mrs. Louise Sholes ;
third, Mrs. Eliza M. Reeves.
[The best sketch, edited by Keyes himself, is in his
Hist, of Dane County (1906). The best sources for
his political career are the voluminous Keyes MSS.,
the diaries of George B. Smith and of Willett S. Main,
all in the State Hist. Lib., Madison, Wis. Other sources
include : John Gregory, Centennial Proc. and Hist. In-
cidents of the Early Settlers of Northfield, Vt. (1878) ;
Asa Keyes, Geneal. : Solomon Keyes of Newbury . . .
and His Descendants (1880) ; E. B. Usher, Wisconsin :
Its Story and Biog. (1914), vol. IV ; Biog. Rev. of Dane
County, Wis. (1893) ; Proc. State Hist. Soc. of Wis.,
191 1 ; Wis. Hist. Colls., vol. XI (1888); State Hist.
Soc. of Wis., Bull, of Information No. 81, Mar. 1916;
Madison Democrat, Nov. 29, 30, 1910.] t 5 r
KEYES, ERASMUS DARWIN (May 29,
1810-Oct. 14, 1895), soldier, business man, was
born at Brimfield, Mass., the son of Justus
Keyes, a prominent physician, and of Elizabeth
(Corey) Keyes. His English ancestry went back
to Solomon Keyes, who emigrated to Massachu-
setts Bay Colony ; and to Giles Corey, said to
have been killed for witchcraft. When the son
was still a youth, the Keyes family moved to
Kennebec County, Me., from which state he se-
cured appointment to West Point, graduating in
the year 1832 as brevet second lieutenant. For
a time he was at Fort Monroe, Va., then he was
at Charleston, S. C, during the nullification
troubles. On Aug. 31, 1833, he was commis-
sioned second lieutenant, 3rd Artillery. He was
aide-de-camp to Gen. Winfield Scott, 1837-38,
and after a brief service in the West and South
again served as aide, 1838-41. He received pro-
motion to captain, 3rd Artillery, Nov. 30, 1841,
and from 1842 to 1844 he was in garrison at
New Orleans Barracks and at Fort Moultrie,
S. C. In the latter year he became a member of
365
Keyes
the board of visitors to the Military Academy,
immediately thereafter serving as instructor at
the Academy in field artillery and cavalry, 1844-
48. From 1851 to i860 he was for the most part
on the Pacific Coast, during which period he saw
service against the Indians in Washington in
1855 and participated in the Spokane Expedition
in the year 1858. He was commended in official
reports for services in the combat at Four Lakes,
Washington, Sept. 5, 1858, and was present at a
skirmish with Indians on Spokane River, Sept.
8. On Oct. 12, 1858, he received promotion to
major, 1st Artillery, and from Jan. 1, i860, to
Apr. 19, 1861, served as military secretary to
General Scott, with the rank of lieutenant-colo-
nel. On May 14, 1861, he became colonel, nth
Infantry, and on May 17, brigadier-general of
volunteers, commanding a brigade in General
Tyler's division at Bull Run (Battles and Lead-
ers of the Civil War, I, 175-215), for his con-
duct of which he received commendation.
He commanded the IV Army Corps in Mc-
Clellan's Peninsular campaign, participating in
many battles and engagements, and received
promotion to major-general of volunteers, May
5, 1862. His corps performed important rear-
guard service in the transfer of McClellan's base
from the York to the James River. For gallant
and meritorious conduct at Fair Oaks, Va., he
was brevetted brigadier-general, United States
Army, May 31, 1862. The IV Corps remained
on the Peninsula, 1862-63, and in a controversy
with General Dix over participation in expedi-
tions against White House and West Point, Va.
(Jan. 7, and May 7, 1863), Keyes asked for an
official investigation which was refused him. He
served on an army retiring board, July 15, 1863,
to May 6, 1864, when he resigned from the army
and moved to the city of San Francisco. In the
West he became president of the Maxwell Gold
Mining Company (1867-69), vice-president of
the California Vine-Culture Society for Napa
County, and of the Humboldt Savings and Loan
Society (1868-70). Keyes had married, on Nov.
8, 1837, Caroline M. Clarke, who became the
mother of five children, one of whom was Ed-
ward Lawrence Keyes [?.».]. She died in 1853
and on Nov. 22, 1862, he was married to Mary
(Loughborough) Bissell, by whom he had five
children. His death occurred at Nice, France,
but final interment was at West Point, Nov. 19,
1895, where his portrait in oils hangs in Cullum
Memorial Hall. His Fifty Years' Observation
of Men and Events (1884), and "The Rear-
Guard at Malvern Hill" (Battles and Leaders
of the Civil War, II, 434), are among his pub-
lished writings.
Keyt
[Keyes's autobiography, while giving intimate de-
scriptions of Scott, Sherman, Lee, Grant, McClellan,
Thomas, and. others, furnishes little regarding him-
self. Valuable details are to be found in the Twenty-
seventh Ann. Reunion, Asso. Grads., U. S. Mil. Acad.,
1896 ; G. W. Cullum, Biog. Reg. ...U.S. Mil. Acad.,
vol. I (ed. 1891) ; Battles and Leaders of the Civil War
(4 vols., 1887-88) ; F. B. Heitman, Hist. Reg. and Diet.
of the U. S. Army (1903), vol. I ; Asa Keyes, Geneal. :
Solomon Keyes of Newbury . . . and His Descendants
(1880); N. Y. Tribune, Examiner (San Francisco),
Oct. 15, 1895.] C. D.R.
KEYT, ALONZO THRASHER (Jan. 10,
1827-Nov. 9, 1885), physician, physiologist,
was born at Higginsport, Ohio, the son of Na-
than and Mary (Thrasher) Keyt. He was of
Dutch extraction on his father's side, and a de-
scendant of Edward Penn of Pennsylvania on
his mother's side. His boyhood was spent at
Moscow, Ohio, and after attending Parker's
Academy in Felicity, Ohio, he began the study
of medicine first with Dr. William Johnston and
then at the Medical College of Ohio at Cincin-
nati, taking his degree of M.D. from the latter
school in 1848. He began practice at Moscow
but in 1850 moved to Cincinnati, where he re-
mained in active practice till his death from
heart disease at the age of fifty-eight. His prin-
cipal interest was in diseases of the circulation,
and to perfect methods of diagnosis of patholog-
ical states of the heart and circulation, he de-
vised a means of simultaneously recording
graphically and accurately the heart beat and
the pulse. In 1873 ne began work in this direc-
tion using the sphygmograph of fitienne Jules
Marey of Paris, then recently invented. Finding
this instrument insufficient for his purpose, he
devised an ingenious and accurate instrument,
the best of its kind, in which the following im-
portant improvements over any previous similar
instrument were made : the medium used to
transmit the pulse or heart impulse to the re-
cording device was water, not air ; simultaneous
records were obtained of two or more pulses, or
of the heart beat and pulse ; and a chronograph
registered fifths of seconds and recorded beneath
the pulse curve. The chronograph was afterward
adopted by Marey.
Keyt's perfected instrument was called a mul-
tigraph sphygmometer and cardiograph, or the
compound sphygmograph. He applied the in-
strument to normal and diseased men, and he
made an artificial circulation scheme by which
he could produce various lesions like those oc-
curring in disease. Using these observations he
made many contributions to the knowledge of
the circulation and also greatly perfected the
clinical methods of diagnosis of diseased condi-
tions of the circulation. He made the first ac-
curate determination of the velocity of the pulse
366
Kicking Bird
wave and proved its dependence upon the char-
acter of the arterial wall and the condition of the
heart valves. He also described the delay fol-
lowing aortic regurgitation. His work was pub-
lished in a series of articles in American medi-
cal journals. Although he was widely known in
France and England by those working in his
field, he seems to have been relatively unknown
and unrecognized by American physiologists and
has suffered accordingly an unmerited neglect.
His papers, collected and rearranged after his
death, were published by his colleagues and as-
sistants, A. B. Isham and M. H. Keyt, under
the title : Sphygmography and Cardiography,
Physiological and Clinical (1887). The volume
places him in the list of great American pioneers
in physiology and medicine. Keyt was married
in 1848 to Susannah D. Hamlin of Cincinnati.
They had seven children.
[See Preface to Sphygmography and Cardiography ;
H. A. Kelly and W. L. Burrage, Am. Medic. Biogs.
(1920) ; Philadelphia Monthly Medic. Jour., Dec. 1899 ;
Jour. Am. Medic. Asso., Aug. 11, 25, Oct. 20, Dec. 1,
15, 1883 ; Cincinnati Enquirer, Nov. 10, 1885.]
A. P.M.
KICKING BIRD (d. May 3, 1875), Kiowa
chief, also called Tene-angpote, was the grand-
son of a captive Crow who had been adopted by
the Kiowa. He early won a reputation as a war-
rior of skill and resourcefulness. When, in later
life, his policy of peace was jeopardized by taunts
of cowardice, he took a small band of warriors
on a raiding expedition through Texas, defeated
the troops sent against him, and returned to
dominate once more his own tribe, now reas-
sured as to his warlike abilities. At the end of
the Civil War he seems to have been convinced
of the uselessness of opposition to the white
government, and he accepted reservation in
what is now the state of Oklahoma. In 1872
he persuaded Thomas C. Battey to open the first
school for the Kiowa. In 1873 he kept the tribe
from going to war because the government of
Texas refused to release two Kiowa chiefs as
the federal government had promised. When
the last great combination of the southern plain
Indians was formed, the next year, he found
himself in a difficult position. Broken treaty
promises, white aggression, and ruthless thefts
of Indian horses and cattle were pushing the
Kiowa to war. Kicking Bird began to doubt the
good faith of the white government, and he was
cut to the quick by his own people's distrust of
his motives. For a time he hesitated but in the
end set himself to winning adherents for peace.
By virtue of his tact and intelligence he was so
far successful that two-thirds of the Kiowa re-
fused to follow Lone Wolf to war. Shortly after
Kidd
the defeat of the war party he was taken suddenly
ill and died expressing his satisfaction that he
had chosen to follow the way of the white man.
[Files of the Office of Indian Affairs ; Seventeenth
Ann. Report of the Bureau of Am. Ethnology, pt. I
(1898) ; T. C. Battey, The Life and Adventures of a
Quaker Among the Indians (1875) ; A. L. Vail, A Me-
morial of Jas. M. Haworth (1886); Ann. Report of
the Commissioner of Indian Affairs . . . 1875 (1876).]
K. E. C.
KIDD, WILLIAM (c. 1645-May 23, 1701),
"Captain Kidd," the most celebrated pirate in
English literature, born at Greenock, Scotland,
was, according to tradition, the son of a Cal-
vinist minister. By 1690 he had established him-
self as a ship-owner and sea-captain in New
York. With the outbreak of war between France
and England, following the accession of Wil-
liam of Orange, the English colonies were har-
assed by French privateers. Kidd had brought
his ship into the king's service and was sent by
General Codrington to join Capt. Thomas Hew-
etson, with whom he fought in two engagements
against the French ; Hewetson later testified that
Kidd was a "mighty man" in the West Indies.
He had also rendered the colony useful services
during the insurrection of Leisler and Milborne
so that the Provincial Council, on Apr. 18, 1691,
appointed a committee to inform the House of
Representatives of his many good services and
to consider a suitable reward ; on May 14 they
voted him the sum of £150. Two days later Kidd
secured a license to wed Mrs. Sarah Oort, the
widow of John Oort, a sea-captain. She was
the daughter of Capt. Samuel Bradley, a man of
property, and had first married William Cox,
who died and left her his estate. Kidd and his
wife owned considerable property in New York,
including a large, luxurious home at what is now
the corner of Pearl and Hanover streets, and a
country estate at Haarlem. On May 25 Captains
Kidd and Walkington were dispatched in pur-
suit of the French ; later in the year the colony
of Massachusetts commissioned Kidd to chase
an enemy privateer from the coast.
The East India Company in 1695 petitioned
William III to send a man-of-war against the
pirates in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean,
but, because of the war with France, none was
available. The King determined that the neces-
sary ship might be fitted out as a private under-
taking and at the same time appointed Richard
Coote, Earl of Bellomont, governor of New
England (commissioned 1697), with special in-
structions to suppress piracy. In London Bello-
mont consulted Robert Livingston [q.v.~\, prom-
inent in New York affairs, about the undertak-
ing against the pirates. Livingston then met
367
Kidd
Kidd
Kidd who had been in London since August
1695, when he had given evidence before the
Lords of Trade in a colonial election case, and
introduced him to Bellomont. Articles of agree-
ment were signed on Oct. 10. Bellomont agreed
to raise four-fifths of the necessary £6,000 and
to secure the necessary royal authorization ; he
was to receive four-fifths of the net profits, and
if there were none was to be reimbursed to the
amount of the original sum. Livingston agreed
to post several bonds and Kidd accepted com-
mand of the expedition. In raising his share
Bellomont secured as partners Edmund Harri-
son, Sir John Somers, the Earls of Orford and
Romney, and the Duke of Shrewsbury; the
names of the latter four were carefully con-
cealed from public knowledge.
By the end of November Kidd had disposed
of his brigantine, the Antcgoa, and had secured
the Adventure Galley, of 287 tons and thirty-
four guns, which was launched in December.
After several delays he sailed from Plymouth
Apr. 23, 1696, for New York. During the voy-
age Kidd captured a small French vessel ; from
this prize he secured £350, used in buying sup-
plies. In New York he was forced to complete
his crew; "many flockt to him from all parts,
men of desperate fortunes and necessitous in ex-
pectation of getting vast treasure . . . 'twill not
be in Kidd's power to govern such a hord of men
under no pay" (Documents Relative to the Co-
lonial History of the State of New York, IV,
275). He sailed from New York on Sept. 6,
1696, and by the middle of December was round-
ing the Cape of Good Hope. Kidd had told Bel-
lomont that "he knew the pyrats hants so well,
that he could sail directly to 'em" (Ibid., IV,
815), but now he avoided the eastern coast of
Madagascar, infested by pirates, and headed for
the western coast. By February he had reached
the Comoro Islands, where one-third of his crew
died of cholera and the Adventure Galley began
to leak. It was almost a year since they had left
London and not a penny had been earned, for
the agreement was : no prizes, no pay. for either
Kidd or his crew. It was now that Kidd, threat-
ened by a mutinous crew, crossed the line of de-
marcation between a privateer and a pirate and
determined to plunder the ships that he had been
sent to protect. He unsuccessfully attacked the
Mocha fleet in August, but did succeed in tak-
ing several small ships during September. His
refusal to attack a Dutch ship the following
month provoked a small mutiny, which later re-
sulted in Kidd's striking one of his gunners with
a bucket. From that injury the gunner died and
Kidd definitely was embarked upon a career of
crime. On Jan. 30, 1698, Kidd captured his
richest prize, the Quedagh Merchant, an Ar-
menian merchantman of between 400 and 500
tons, and sailed with her to Madagascar, where
he arrived in May. Kidd then scuttled his
own unseaworthy ship and took the Quedagh
Merchant. He divided the booty among his
crew, some of whom deserted to join Culliford,
a notorious pirate. Kidd met and entered into
friendly relations with both Culliford and Kelly,
the very pirates that he had been sent to ap-
prehend. In September 1698 he sailed from
Madagascar, his ship richly laden with loot ;
at the end of April 1699 he anchored off An-
guilla, in the West Indies, and discovered that
he and his crew had been proclaimed pirates.
From the time that Kidd had first sailed from
London the depredations of the pirates upon
English shipping had increased, and in Au-
gust 1698 news came to London that Kidd had
himself turned pirate. This caused wild ru-
mors and a storm of protest against the lords
who had subscribed funds for the enterprise. A
general alarm was broadcast and a squadron sent
in pursuit of Kidd. He determined to return to
New England ; he left the Quedagh Merchant at
Hispaniola and sailed in the Antonio, which he
had recently purchased. Early in June he an-
chored in Oyster Bay and sent for Emmot, an
old lawyer friend, through whom he communi-
cated with Bellomont. He protested his inno-
cence and offered to surrender himself if granted
a pardon ; after long negotiations Bellomont
"wheedled" him into coming ashore by the
promise of a pardon. Kidd landed in Boston
July 2 and the following day appeared before
Bellomont and the council ; after several oppor-
tunities and several failures to produce a satis-
factory record of his voyage he was imprisoned.
He and his men were later shipped to London
as prisoners.
Kidd was privately examined by the Board
of Admiralty on Apr. 14, 1700, and was then
sent to Newgate. The House of Commons, fear-
ing the successful intervention of the powerful
lords who had underwritten the expedition, had
insisted that he should not be tried before the
next session of Parliament. He languished in
Newgate until Mar. 27, 1701, before he was
brought into the House of Commons and ex-
amined. Had he given evidence against the
lords who had contributed to the venture, he
might have been pardoned, but he proclaimed
his innocence, was truculent, and, some ac-
counts add, drunk. It was voted that he be given
an ordinary trial. On May 8 he was tried for
the murder of William Moore, his gunner. The
368
Kidd
Kidd
er
judge was patient and scrupulously fair; Kidd
was found guilty upon clear and weighty evi-
dence. The other indictments charged him with
piracy against five separate vessels ; in respect
to two of these, Kidd said that he had been de-
prived of French passes which he had taken
from them at the moment of capture. This was
true ; the prosecution concealed them and de-
nied their existence, but, had they been pro-
duced, they could not have cleared him. This
concealing of evidence was regrettable, but did
not result in a miscarriage of justice (Trial of
Captain Kidd, pp. 43-4"). The evidence against
Kidd was eloquent and abundant and he was
found guilty in the three trials for piracy.
When, on May 9, he was sentenced to be hanged,
Kidd replied : "My Lord, it is a very hard sen-
tence. For my part I am the innocentest person
of them all . . ." (Ibid., p. 187). During the next
two weeks the Rev. Paul Lorrain exhorted him
to repentance and confession, but Kidd was ada-
mant. On May 23 he was led to the gallows at
Execution Dock, saw Darby Mullins hanged,
and then, having addressed the crowd, was him-
self turned off. The rope broke and Kidd fell to
the ground with the halter around his neck. He
was finally hanged from a tree, for the gallows
had broken down. His property and effects, for-
feited to the Crown, brought only £6,471. The
value of the jewels, gold, and goods recovered
by the authorities was near £10,000. Contempo-
rary opinion was satisfied that the Quedagh
Merchant had been seized by Boulton and his
crew, and the cargo, consisting mostly of per-
ishable bale goods and valued at between £40,000
and £50,000, sold. But with time there came
new stories of hidden treasure, of jewels and
pieces-of-eight — all to the undoing of innumera-
ble and sanguine seekers of fortune. Kidd's
widow later married a Christopher Rousby ; his
daughter had died before the trial and his only
son was killed in a battle near Sterling in 1715.
[The Trial of Capt. Kidd (Edinburgh, 1930), ed. by
Graham Brooks, publishes in full the trial documents
and contains an excellent introduction. The article on
Kidd in Diet. Nat. Biog., often unreliable, contains
useful bibliographical suggestions. Sir Cornelius Neale
Dalton. The Real Capt. Kidd (ion) ; Ralph D. Paine,
The Book of Buried Treasure (191 1), pp. 26-129;
and Homer H. Cooper, in The Am. Mercury, Nov. 1924,
are extravagant vindications. References in colonial
documents are numerous, see especially : Calendar of
N. Y. Hist. MSS., Pt. z, English (1866) ; Docs. Rela-
tive to the Colonial Hist, of the State of N. Y '., vol. IV
(1854); Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Ser.,
America and West Indies, 1689-92 (1901), pp. 122,
326-27. See also Chas. Johnson, The Hist, of the
Pyrates, vol. II (n.d.) ; F. de Peyster. The Life and
Administration of Richard, Earl of Bcllomont (1879) ;
J. F. Jameson, Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial
Period (1923); I. N. P. Stokes, The Iconography of
Manhattan Island, 1490-1909 (6 vols., 1915-28) ; Lord
Birkenhead, Famous Trials of History (1926) ; Alfred
Sternbeck, Filibusters and Buccaneers (1930) ; New
York's Land-Holding Sea Rover: Capt. Kidd (N. Y.,
privately printed, 1901); and Franklin Harvey Head,
Studies in Early Am. Hist.: A Notable Lawsuit (Chi-
cago, privately printed, 1898).] F. M n.
KIDDER, DANIEL PARISH (Oct. 18,
1815-July 29, 1891), Methodist clergyman and
educator, was born of early New England stock
at South Pembroke, now Darien, Genesee Coun-
ty, N. Y., to Selvey and Mehetabel (Parish)
Kidder. His boyhood was passed in an uncle's
family in Randolph, Vt. From the age of four-
teen he taught school, attended country acade-
mies, read books, and earned his living. From
Genesee Wesleyan Seminary at Lima, N. Y., he
entered Hamilton College in 1833 as a sopho-
more. Though his father was opposed to the
Methodist doctrine, the son was converted at
Lima and brought under the conviction that he
should be a minister. In pursuance of this ob-
ject he transferred to Wesleyan University,
where he was graduated in 1836. That year he
taught French, mathematics, and ancient lan-
guages in the Amenia (N. Y.) Seminary and
began to preach. He was eager to go to China
as a missionary, but the way was closed and he
joined the Genesee Conference and received a
charge in Rochester, N. Y., whence he was
drafted in 1837 for a new Methodist mission in
Brazil. From Rio de Janeiro he traveled exten-
sively, distributing the Scriptures and Portu-
guese tracts, and preaching wherever a Prot-
estant could command a hearing.
In 1840, on the death of his wife, Kidder re-
turned to the United States. Joining New Jer-
sey Conference, he served churches in Paterson
and Trenton. In 1844 his denomination elected
him, when barely twenty-eight years old, secre-
tary of its Sunday School Union and editor of
the literature of its Sunday schools. He gave
himself with enthusiasm to this work, then quite
unorganized. He made the Catechism an avail-
able textbook for Sunday schools, provided a
Sunday-school hymnal, developed the system of
raising funds for the extension work of the
Sunday School Union, and systematized the
method of gathering the statistics of the Sunday
school. He was also a pioneer in Sunday-
school normal conventions and institute work.
He edited the Sunday School Advocate and su-
pervised hundreds of publications for the church
libraries. After twelve years in this office
(1844-56) he entered the service of theological
education. He taught practical theology in Gar-
rett Biblical Institute, Evanston, 111., 1856-71,
and in Drew Theological Seminary, Madison,
N. J., 1871-81. Not an extraordinary preacher
himself, he had the gift of teaching others the
369
Kidder
Kieft
art of preaching'. In 1880 he was elected secre-
tary of the Board of Education of his Church.
He filled this office with distinction until the
failure of his health in 1887 forced him to re-
tire. He then went to reside at Evanston, 111.,
where he died four years later. Kidder was a
thorough workman rather than an innovator,
and the remarkable developments in the field of
religious education which his successors intro-
duced were largely due to the solid educational
foundations which he had prepared. Of his many
books, one of the most popular was Sketches of
Residence and Travel in Brazil (1845). An-
other, Brazil and the Brazilians (1857), on
which he collaborated with J. G. Fletcher, was
long a standard work. His other writings in-
clude: Mormonism and the Mormons (1842);
Clerical Celibacy (1844), translated from the
original of Diogo Antonio Feijo ; A Treatise on
Homiletics (1864); and The Christian Pastor-
ate (1871). He was a delegate to the General
Conference of his denomination in 1852 and
1868. He was twice married : in 1836 to Cynthia
H. Russell, of Salisbury, Conn., who died in
Brazil ; and in 1842 to Harriette Smith, Prin-
cipal of Worthington (Ohio) Female Seminary,
who survived him.
[G. E. Strobridge, Biog. of the Rev. Daniel Parish
Kidder, D.D., LL.D. (1894) ; Alumni Record of Drew
Theol. Sem. . . . 1867-1925 (1926) ; Minutes of the
Ann. Conferences of the M. E. Ch., Spring Conferences
of 1892 (1892) ; F. E. Kidder, A Hist, of the Kidder
Family (1886) ; the Christian Advocate (N. Y.), Aug.
6, 1891 ; Chicago Tribune, July 30, 1891.] J.R.J.
KIDDER, FREDERIC (Apr. 16, 1804-Dec.
19, 1885), author, son of Isaiah and Hepsey
(Jones) Kidder, was born in New Ipswich,
N. H. Although his father, who had been suc-
cessively teacher, store-keeper, farmer, and man-
ufacturer, died in 181 1, the family managed to
send the boy to the town school and academy.
From 1819 to 1821 he attended in Hanover the
preparatory school to Dartmouth College. Be-
ing the eldest son, he was compelled to forego
college to aid in the support of the family. In
November 1826, after four and one-half years
as a grocery clerk in Boston, he went to Wil-
mington, N. C, for his health. He left with his
younger brother Edward in a schooner which
he had purchased and loaded with goods with
which to engage in trade. Edward spent the re-
mainder of his life there but Frederic returned
to Boston after eight years. Except for inter-
vals, he was in business, sometimes alone and
sometimes in partnership, on India Street, Bos-
ton, from 1836 to 1868, dealing primarily in
southern goods, such as cotton and naval stores.
The profits from his business enterprises, which
also included an investment in Maine lands, en-
abled him, in spite of setbacks during the finan-
cial depression of 1857 and the Civil War, to
spend much time, especially in the intervals be-
tween his engagements in business, in indulging
his antiquarian tastes. Encouraged by his fel-
low-members of the New-England Historic
Genealogical Society, he published in collabora-
tion with A. A. Gould a history of his native
town, The History of New Ipswich (1852).
After the Civil War, turning again to research,
he published in 1867 Military Operations in
Eastern Maine and Nova Scotia During the
Revolution. Neither in this volume nor in his
History of the Boston Massacre (1870) did
Kidder show especial ability for narrative writ-
ing but he did display a capacity for painstaking,
laborious, and minute research. Many shorter
articles from his pen appeared in the New-Eng-
land Historical and Genealogical Register, the
Historical Magazine, the Continental Monthly,
the Boston Transcript, and the Boston Journal.
His interest in the career of his great-grand-
father, Capt. Ephraim Jones, who was active in
the last French and Indian War, led him to
collect a great deal of material on the Acadians,
but he published nothing on the subject. He had
married, on Jan. 12, 1841, Harriet Maria Hagar.
She was taken sick in December 1870, and, after
long suffering, died in December 1875. From
this blow he never recovered. In failing health
he lingered on at his home in Melrose, where he
had lived since 1869.
[See J. W. Dean, "Memoir of Frederic Kidder,"
New-Eng. Hist, and Gencal. Reg., Apr. 1887 ; F. E.
Kidder, A Hist, of the Kidder Family (1886); and
the Boston Daily Advertiser, Dec. 21, 1885. The New-
Eng. Hist. Geneal. Soc. possesses Kidder's "Memorial
of the Jones Family from 1648 to 1876," which con-
tains an autobiography. For a list of Kidder's writings
see E. H. Goss, Bibliog. of Melrose (1889), or the same
author's Hist, of Melrose (1902).] R. E. M.
KIEFT, WILLEM (September 1597-Sept.
27, 1647), fifth governor of New Netherland,
was the oldest son of Gerrit Willemszoon Kieft,
a merchant living on the Oude Zyde, Voorburg-
wal, Amsterdam, and of Machteld Huydecoper,
daughter of Jan Jacobszoon Bal alias Huyde-
coper, the well-known magistrate of Amsterdam
(J. E. Elias, De Vroedschap van Amsterdam,
1578-1795 vol. 1, 1903, 187, 188). He appears
to have been born between Sept. 6 and Sept. 13,
1597, and was baptized on the latter date (Birth
Registers of the Oude Kerk at Amsterdam, vol.
III). He was brought up to be a merchant and
removed to La Rochelle, France. Before long
his business failed and he is said to have gone
to the Ottoman Empire to ransom some Chris-
tians, but he set free only those for whom the
370
Kieft
least had been paid, hoping to get more money
for the prisoners he left behind. His relatives
in Amsterdam helped him to secure a post in
New Netherland. In May 1637 the Dutch West
India Company secured permission from the
States-General in The Hague to dismiss Van
Twiller and appoint Willem Kieft in his place
as director of New Netherland. On Sept. 2,
1637, Kieft appeared in The Hague and took
the oath of office. He left Holland on the Ha-
rinck, which set sail at the end of September
1637 but did not reach New Amsterdam until
Mar. 28, 1638.
Upon his arrival in New Amsterdam, Kieft
found the city in a dilapidated condition, with
the fort practically useless and all the ships
except one unserviceable. He immediately as-
sumed absolute control of the colony, and al-
though he permitted the existence of a council,
he himself dominated it. He ordered a number
of reforms to be made in the civil administra-
tion, the police system, and the military force.
His administration is principally noted, however,
for the cruel massacre of the Indians and the se-
rious results it entailed. In 1641 he levied con-
tributions on the Indians living near New Am-
sterdam. The Raritans revenged themselves by
destroying one of the outlying colonies, while
many other settlements were similarly wiped out
during the following four years. Some of these
were English colonies within the borders of
New Netherland, such as those of Anne Hutch-
inson and of the Rev. Francis Doughty. Be-
tween 1639 and 1644 there were only five months
of peace. The climax came on Feb. 25 and 26,
1643, when, at the instigation of Kieft, eighty
Indians were murdered. In 1642 Kieft had dis-
solved the Board of Twelve Men and had pro-
hibited public meetings without his consent.
When the people began to place all the blame
of the Indian massacre upon him, he finally
asked them to meet, whereupon they elected a
Board of Eight Men to consider conditions in
the benighted colony. Kieft was still held guilty
of hypocrisy, impudence, and self-aggrandize-
ment. Complaints were sent to the States-Gen-
eral in Holland. Then (1645) Stuyvesant, di-
rector of the Dutch West Indies, who happened
to reside in the Netherlands, was appointed to
displace Kieft, who had in the meantime been
attacked by Bogardus, the Dutch preacher at
New Amsterdam (Brodhead, post, 309-465).
On Aug. 16, 1647, Kieft left America in the
Princes, carrying with him a store of various
minerals which he had collected in the Dutch
colony. Bogardus and seventy-nine others were
also on the ship. As it neared the British Isles,
Kientpoos — Kier
it was wrecked on the Welsh coast (Sept. 27,
1647). Only twenty passengers were saved.
Kieft was among the dead. In New Netherland
the news of his death caused little regret, and
in New England it was viewed as a judgment of
God (John Winthrop, A History of New Eng-
land, 1825, II, 316). It should be observed, how-
ever, that Kieft's faults are generally exagger-
ated by American historians. The impartial
critic can say no more than that he was impru-
dent in his treatment of the Indians, represented
the autocratic tendencies prevailing in Dutch
municipal governments, and therefore was con-
fronted by popular indignation in America
which he misunderstood. He resorted to abusive
language in defending his policies and was con-
sequently an unsatisfactory governor, causing
great financial loss to his superiors in Holland
and innumerable hardships to his subjects.
[The records of Kieft's administration are now in
the State Library at Albany. They form the first vol-
umes in a set of 103 volumes entitled "Historical Manu-
scripts." The first volume was burned in the fire of
191 1, but a translation by O'Callaghan has been pre-
served. The English translation of the Dutch volumes
(1638-64), which were referred to as the "Albany
Records," are lost. In addition to these there were the
"Holland Documents," also destroyed by the fire of
ion, consisting of copies made by Brodhead in Euro-
pean archives. The first eight volumes of this series
were printed in Docs. Relative to the Colonial Hist, of
the State of N. Y ., ed. by E. B. O'Callaghan, vol. I :
"Holland Documents," 1603-56 (1856). Other printed
sources are: N. Y. Hist. Soc. Colls., 2 ser. I (1841),
2 ser. Ill (1857); D. P. de Vries, Korte Historical
ende Journaels Aentcyckcninge van verscheyden Voy-
agiens (1655), reprinted in: IVerken uitgegeven door
de Linschotcn-Vereeniging, vol. Ill (191 1), ed. by
H. T. Colenbrander. An excellent treatment of Kieft's
administration is J. R. Brodhead, Hist, of the State of
N. Y. vol. I (1853). Another useful work is E. B.
O'Callaghan, Hist, of New Netherland, vol. I (1846).
Valuable source-material is found in : Ecclesiastical
Records, State of N. Y '., vol. I (1901), and in N. Y.
State Lib. Van Rensselaer Bowier MSS. (1908), ed. by
A. J. F. van Laer.] * n
KIENTPOOS [See Captain Jack, 1837?-
1873].
KIER, SAMUEL M. (1813-Oct. 6, 1874), in-
dustrialist, pioneer oil refiner, was born some-
where between Saltsburg and Livermore along
the Conemaugh River, Indiana County, Pa.,
where his father, Thomas Kier, of Scotch-Irish
descent, was engaged in the manufacture of salt
from brine. After receiving a common-school
education Kier left home and went to Pittsburgh
where he soon found employment with a for-
warding merchant. This business, the fore-
runner of the modern railway express enter-
prises, apparently appealed to him and in it he
progressed, in due time entering into partner-
ship and successfully operating under the firm
name of Hewitt & Kier. The business thrived
371
K
ler
until 1837 when it went down in the general
shipwreck of commerce and trade of that year.
Although ruined financially, Kier had estab-
lished a reputation which enabled him to organ-
ize in 1838 the firm of Kier, Royer & Company,
owners and operators of canal boats plying over
the Pennsylvania State Canal from Pittsburgh
to Philadelphia with a branch line to tidewater
at Havre de Grace, Md. Kier was even more
successful in this field of transportation than in
his earlier activities and paid off his earlier debts
although freed of them by the bankrupt laws.
He continued the active direction of the affairs
of his "Mechanics' Line" of boats for more than
ten years, taking as partner in 1847, after Royer
dropped out, Benjamin Franklin Jones, the iron
manufacturer. Aware of the pending establish-
ment of a private railway system from Philadel-
phia to Pittsburgh, Kier established the "Inde-
pendent Line" of section boats in 1846. James
Buchanan, prior to his election to the presidency
of the United States, was a partner in this en-
terprise. The boats of the "Independent Line"
were more or less amphibious canal boats which
were hauled over the railroad where that trans-
portation medium existed and pulled through
the canal in sections where the railroad did not
exist. After 1854, when the invasion of the
transportation field by the Pennsylvania Rail-
road became complete, the boat lines were
dropped.
While transportation constituted the major
part of his work, Kier was also a pioneer in the
manufacture of firebrick, having established four
works in Western Pennsylvania. Here he also
established a pottery and in his later years was
engaged in the coal mining and steel business.
During this time his father had continued in
the salt producing business, aided financially by
his son. Around 1846 oil began to flow from
their salt wells at Tarentum, Pa. Kier, know-
ing that seepage oil had been used for years as a
panacea for human ills, undertook to bottle and
distribute his oil through the medium of the
"medicine road show." Again he was partly
successful, and as a steady market was estab-
lished, "Kier's Rock Oil" was sold directly to
druggists. This market, however, did not con-
sume all of the crude oil yield of the wells and
Kier as early as 1850 began experiments with it
as an illuminant. He had burned the oil at the
wells but its offensive smoke and odor made it
unsuited for household use in the existing whale
oil and camphene lamps. He was advised by a
chemist to refine the oil by distillation, and after
much experimenting he succeeded in developing
finally a five-barrel still with which a rather
Kilbourne
clear oil, but retaining its repugnant odor, was
obtained. By slight changes in the existing
camphene lamp Kier's refined oil burned with-
out smoke. The demand for this product was
immediate for Kier sold it cheaper than the es-
tablished illuminants. Subsequently he perfect-
ed but did not patent a four-pronged burner
lamp which produced a steady flame with his
oil. For these contributions he has come to be
regarded as America's first oil refiner and indus-
trialist. Kier married Nancy Eicher of Greens-
burg, Pa., who with four children survived him.
He died in Pittsburgh.
[J. T. Henry, The Early and Later Hist, of Petroleum
O873) ; J- D- Henry, Hist, and Romance of the Petro-
leum Industry, vol. I (1914) ; G. I. Reed, ed., Century
Cyc. of Hist, and Biog. of Pa. (1904), vol. II ; Hist, of
Allegheny County, Pa. (1889); the Pittsburgh Com-
mercial, Oct. 7, 1874] Q W. M.
KILBOURNE, JAMES (Oct. 19, 1770-Apr.
9, 1850), surveyor, minister, congressman, was
born at New Britain, Conn., the son of Josiah
and Anna (Neal) Kilbourne. Because of fam-
ily losses occasioned by the Revolutionary War,
his father advised him at the age of sixteen years
to begin life for himself. Realizing that he must
have an education he secured employment with
a Mr. Griswold and studied Greek, Latin, Eng-
lish, and mathematics under his direction. On
Nov. 19, 1789, when he was nineteen, he mar-
ried Lucy Fitch, daughter of John Fitch [q.v.~\.
At the age of thirty he convinced his friends
of the practicability of organizing a company
to establish a colony in the Northwestern Ter-
ritory as soon as it should be determined that
the new state of Ohio would be free from slav-
ery. Early in 1802 he formed a company which
accepted his plans and asked him to explore the
country and select enough land for forty fami-
lies. He made a careful survey of the state of
Ohio, while his associates purchased the land
and completed the organization of the Scioto
Company. Their community was established a
few miles north of the present city of Columbus
at Worthington. A church was at once organ-
ized, the first Episcopal church in Ohio, with
Kilbourne as rector. He retired from the min-
istry in 1804.
Kilbourne became a captain of the frontier
militia in 1804, was later elected major of a
frontier regiment, then lieutenant-colonel. Fi-
nally, against his will, he was elected colonel,
but he declined the rank. In 1805 he was ap-
pointed surveyor of public lands by Albert Gal-
latin, secretary of the treasury, and in 1812 he
was appointed by the president of the United
States a commissioner to settle the boundary
line between the public lands and the great Vir-
372
Kildahl
Kilmer
ginia reservation. He was one of the first trus-
tees of Ohio University at Athens, and a mem-
ber of the commission appointed to select the
seat of Miami University. When Worthington
Academy was chartered in 1817, he was elected
president of the corporation. He was elected to
Congress in 1812 and was reelected two years
later. While in Congress he introduced the
first Homestead bill in 18 14. He was a member
of the Ohio General Assembly in 1824 and again
in 1838. He early identified himself with the
Whig party and presided at the famous Whig
Convention which nominated William Henry
Harrison for the presidency. In 181 1 he and a
few friends started the JUestern Intelligencer,
the first newspaper in central Ohio. He died
at his home in Worthington at the age of eighty
years. His first wife had died not long after
his removal to Ohio, and in 1808 he was mar-
ried to Cynthia Goodale.
TC. B. Galbreath, "Col. James Kilbourne," Ohio
Arch, and Hist. Quart., Jan. 1922 ; A. A. Graham, "An
Early Abolition Colony and Its Founder," Ohio Arch,
and Hist. Soc. Pubs., vol. IV (1895); Emma Jones,
A State in Its Making : Correspondence of the Late
Jos. Kilbourne (1913) ; P. K. Kilbourne, The Hist,
and Antiquities of the Name and Family of Kilbourn
(1856) ; A. E. Lee, Hist, of the City of Columbus, Cap-
ital of Ohio (1892), vol. I; W. A. Taylor, Ohio in
Cong, from 1803 to 1901 (1900) ; letters and MSS. in
the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society
Library, Columbus, Ohio.] H. L.
KILDAHL, JOHAN NATHAN (Jan. 4,
1857-Sept. 25, 1920), Lutheran clergyman, was
born in Beitstaden, Norway, the son of Johan
and Nicolina A. (Buvarp) Kildahl. In 1866 the
family emigrated to America, the father serving
as parochial teacher in the congregations of the
Rev. B. J. Muus in Goodhue County, Minn., un-
til invalided by ill health in 1870. Muus sent
Johan Nathan to Luther College, Decorah, Iowa,
in 1873, and in 1879 the boy received the degree
of A.B. from that school. After three years of
theological study at Luther Seminary, Madison,
Wis., he was called to Vang and Urland congre-
gations in Goodhue County, Minn., where his
pastorate of seven years was interrupted by a
year's leave of absence to serve as president of
Red Wing Seminary, Red Wing, Minn. (1885-
86). After serving as pastor in Chicago for ten
years with distinction, he was called to fill the
difficult position as president of St. Olaf College,
Northfield, Minn., at the reorganization of the
school in 1899. He still found time to serve St.
John's congregation, Northfield, Minn., from
1899 to 1903, in 1906-07, and again from 191 1 to
1913. In 1914 he was elected professor of dog-
matics at the United Norwegian Lutheran Church
Seminary, St. Paul, Minn. In this position he
remained until his death. He had married, in
1882, Bertha Soine of Holden, Minn.
Kildahl took a conspicuous part in the predes-
tination controversy that raged within the Nor-
wegian Synod from 1880 to 1887, but he was the
last to leave that body and j'oin the Anti-Mis-
sourian Brotherhood. As secretary of the Broth-
erhood, he worked for the formation of the United
Norwegian Lutheran Church of America out of
the Brotherhood, the Norwegian-Danish Con-
ference, and the Norwegian-Danish Augustana
Synod. At the formation of the United Church
in 1890, he was elected secretary of the new body
and served for five years. In 1912 he became
vice-president of the organization and served
until it entered a union in 1917 with the Nor-
wegian Synod and the Hauge's Synod. Again
he took a prominent part and became the vice-
president of the Norwegian Lutheran Church of
America, as the new body was called. Incident-
ally, he served as mission secretary of the United
Church (1895-99), as member of the committee
on union (1906-12), and as collector of the Ju-
bel Fund (1912). In 1905 he was made a knight
of the first class of the order of St. Olav, and in
1912 he was given the degree of D.D. by the
Minnesota Conference of the Augustana Synod.
His writings include: Barnedaaben (1906),
translated as Infant Baptism ( 1908) ; Naar Jesus
kommer ind i huset (1906), translated as When
Jesus Enters the Home (1917) ; Synd og Naadc
(1912, Sin and Grace) ; Helliggjorelsen (1919,
Sanctification) ; Misforstaaelse av den Hclli-
gaands ord og gjeming (1919), translated as
Misconceptions of the Word and Work of the
Holy Spirit (1927) ; and The Doctrinal Teach-
ings of Christian Science (1915, 1920).
[The chief bibliographical materials on the life of
Kildahl are: Dr. John Nathan Kildahl, En Mindcbok
(Minneapolis, 1921)., ed. by Rasmus Malmin ; O. M.
Norlie, Luthcrskc Prestcri Amerika 1843-1913 (Minne-
apolis, 1914) translated and revised by Rasmus Mal-
min, O. M. Norlie, and O. A. Tingelstad as Who's Who
Among the Pastors in All the Norwegian Lutheran Syn-
ods of America, 1843-1927 (1928) ; Who's Who in
America, 1918-19; Minneapolis Tribune, Sept. 26,
•920]- J.M.R.
KILMER, ALFRED JOYCE (Dec. 6, 1886-
July 30, 1918), poet, critic, soldier, better known
simply as Joyce Kilmer, was the son of Frederick
Barnett Kilmer, a professional chemist, and
Annie (Kilburn) Kilmer. The family ancestry
appears to have been predominatingly German
and English. Born in New Brunswick, N. J., he
attended Rutgers College (1904-06) and later
went to Columbia University (A. B., 1908). In
June 1908 he married Aline Murray, step-daugh-
ter of Henry Mills Alden, and during the follow-
ing year taught Latin in the high school at Mor-
373
Kilmer
ristown, N. J. He then moved to New York City,
where he at first found random employment.
Soon he joined the staff of the Standard Diction-
ary (1909-12) and did considerable occasional
writing for the magazines. After serving for a
year as literary editor of the Churchman, an or-
gan of the Episcopal Church of which he was a
member at the time, he secured in 1913 an ap-
pointment to the staff of the New York Times
Sunday Magazine Section and Review of Books.
During the autumn of the same year he and his
wife entered the Roman Catholic Church and
thereafter he took a fervent interest in Catholic
literature and affairs. Sometime previously the
family had moved to Mahwah, N. J.
Kilmer began to supplement his work on the
Times with various other activities. He con-
ducted poetry departments for the Literary Di-
gest and Current Literature, wrote prefaces to
books (among them Hilaire Belloc's Verses,
19 16, and Thomas Hardy's Mayor of Caster-
bridge, 1917), and lectured extensively on cur-
rent letters. Poetry had definitely become his
chief concern. Summer of Love (1911) con-
tained verse for the most part derivative in char-
acter, showing the influence of Yeats and the
Celtic Revival. Trees and Other Poems (1914)
constituted a notable advance. During the years
preceding, Kilmer had read Coventry Patmore
studiously. He seems to have adopted the met-
rical principles of this poet, adding the best char-
acteristics of American newspaper verse and an
inspiration distinctly his own. The title-poem,
published in Poetry: A Magazine of Verse in
August 1913, attained world-wide popularity.
Main Street and Other Poems (1917) is a mel-
low book which contains some of Kilmer's most
appealing lyrics. His other books are : The Cir-
cus, and Other Essays (1916) ; Literature in the
Making (1917), a series of interviews with lit-
erary personages ; and Dreams and Images
(1917), an anthology of modern English and
American Catholic poetry. As a critic Kilmer
was bright, never pedantic, but sometimes swayed
a little by enthusiasms. He is described as a
man "stockily built," of medium height and red-
dish-brown hair, whose eyes gave the impression
that the "brain behind them was working in-
tensely and perhaps even feverishly," and whose
person reflected the dignity of a sensitive spirit
conscious of having become, in a measure, a man
of the world. His attitude to the War, during
its earlier stages, is not accurately reflected in
"The White Ships and the Red," a poem written
to order for the New York Times on the occasion
of the sinking of the Lusitania (191 5). But
when the United States joined the Allies against
Kilpatrick
Germany, Kilmer entered the Columbia Officers'
Training Corps, then enlisted as a private in the
7th Regiment, New York National Guard, and
finally transferred to the 165th Regiment. He
had four children, and another was born just be-
fore he sailed for France.
Though his motives in enlisting are possibly
difficult to understand, they were in keeping with
his character and high sense of honor. In France
he transferred to the intelligence department of
his regiment, won the rank of sergeant, and
wrote poems (notably "Rouge Bouquet") in
which something of the French Catholic attitude
toward the War is reflected. This verse is sad, but
his letters show hardly any trace of diminished
enthusiasm. During the final days of July 1918,
the 165th attacked the hills above the Ourcq. On
July 30 Kilmer was found dead, an enemy bullet
through his brain, some distance from the town
of Seringes. He had volunteered to assist Col.
W. J. Donovan in place of Lieut. Oliver Ames,
who had just been killed. His bravery was re-
warded by burial with the officers at a spot near
which he fell, by mention in the official dispatches,
and by the Croix de Guerre (posthumous). In
one of his last letters he wrote : "You will find me
less a bookman when you see me next, and more,
I hope, a man." At any rate he became for Amer-
icans less a writer than a symbol of soldierly
courage and poetic idealism. At the time of his
death he was writing a historical account of the
165th Regiment which Francis P. Duffy append-
ed to Father Duffy's Story (1919). Kilmer's
selected works and letters were published by
Robert C. Holliday in a volume entitled Joyce
Kilmer: Poems, Essays and Letters (1918).
[There is a memoir of Kilmer by R. C. Holliday in
Joyce Kilmer: Poems, Essays and Letters. See also:
Annie Kilburn Kilmer, Memories of My Son Sergeant
Joyce Kilmer (1920); Katherine M. C. Bregy, Poets
and Pilgrims (1925) ; John Bunker, "Joyce Kilmer, the
Man," America, Aug. 31, 1918; Richard Le Gallienne,
"Joyce Kilmer," Bookman, Oct. 1918; N. Y. Times,
Aug. 18, 22, 25, 1918.] G.N.S.
KILPATRICK, HUGH JUDSON (Jan. 14,
1836-Dec. 2, 1881), soldier, diplomat, was the
son of a farmer who lived near Deckertown, N.
J. After a common-school education he entered
West Point in 1856 as Judson Kilpatrick, grad-
uating May 6, 1861 — a month earlier than usual
— as second lieutenant, 1st Artillery. He is said
to have possessed more than ordinary ability —
graduating seventeenth in a class of forty-five
members. On the day of his graduation he mar-
ried Alice Nailer of New York, and three days
later he secured appointment as a captain, 5th
New York Volunteers (Duryee's Zouaves). He
left with his regiment for Fort Monroe, Va., in
374
Kilpatrick
time to participate in the battle of Big Bethel,
June 10, 1861, in which he was severely wound-
ed. His gallant service won for him appoint-
ment as lieutenant-colonel, 2nd New York Caval-
ry, and thereafter until the end of the Civil War
he had almost continuous field-service with
cavalry, with unusual participation in actions,
engagements, and battles. When General Mc-
Clellan transferred the Army of the Potomac to
the James River, Kilpatrick assisted in covering
the defenses of Washington with his cavalry,
and for two years he took an active part in
cavalry operations of the Army of the Potomac:
in the Department of the Rappahannock (March-
July 1862) ; in the Northern Virginia campaign
(August-September 1862), where he was con-
stantly and gallantly fighting Stuart's cavalry;
and in the Rappahannock campaign (January-
June 1863). At Beverly Ford he commanded a
brigade and participated in the ill-fated Stone-
man's raid where he destroyed immense quan-
tities of enemy's stores and penetrated to with-
in two miles of Richmond. He was promoted
brigadier-general of volunteers (June 13, 1863)
and shortly afterward commanded a cavalry di-
vision in the engagements of Aldie, Middleburg,
and Upperville, Va. For gallant and meritori-
ous services at Aldie he was brevetted major in
the regular army. He took an active and suc-
cessful part at the battle of Gettysburg in cavalry
assaults upon the Confederate right flank, and
in pursuit of the defeated enemy. In subsequent
operations in Central Virginia (August-Novem-
ber 1863), he initiated the Kilpatrick raid on
Richmond, with the object of releasing Federal
prisoners in Libby Prison — an operation ably
executed but barren of results. Thereafter he
was transferred to command of the 3rd Cavalry
Division, Army of the Cumberland, assembling
in northern Georgia for the campaign against
Atlanta, and for conspicuous services at the bat-
tle of Resaca, where he was again severely
wounded, he was brevetted colonel in the regu-
lar army. He joined Sherman's march to the
sea while still unable to ride a horse, and in the
invasion of the Carolinas which followed, his
cavalry division performed valuable service.
He was brevetted (Mar. 13, 1865) brigadier-
general and major-general respectively for gal-
lant and meritorious services in the capture of
Fayetteville, N. C, and in the campaign in the
Carolinas.
After the war, Kilpatrick resigned from the
army and entered politics, receiving appointment
as United States minister to Chile (1865-68).
But after Grant's second campaign for the presi-
dency, Kilpatrick was recalled and joined the
Kilty
Democratic party in supporting Horace Greeley.
In the year 1876 he again became a Republican
and in 1880, while a director of the Union Pacific
Railroad, was nominated for Congress from his
native state but was defeated. In the same year
he was a delegate to the Republican National
Convention and in March 1881 was reappointed
by President Garfield United States minister to
Chile. While involved in a diplomatic contro-
versy with Stephen A. Hurlbut, United States
minister to Peru — Chile and Peru being then at
war — he died at Santiago of kidney trouble. His
first wife had died during the Civil War. He
was later married to a Chilean, who survived
him. As a cavalry commander he was a brilliant
leader, having originated the saying that "caval-
ry can fight anywhere except at sea." In po-
litical life he was an eloquent, magnetic, and
forceful public speaker.
[G. W. Cullum, Biog. Reg. ...U.S. Mil. Acad. (ed.
1891), vol. II, contains a sketch by Kilpatrick's class-
mate, Gen. James H. Wilson. See also: Thirteenth
Ann. Reunion, Asso. Grads. U. S. Mil. Acad., 1882;
War of the Rebellion, Official Records (Armv) ; Foreign
Relations of the U. S., 1867-68, 1881-82; N. Y. Trib-
une, May 19, Nov. 18, Dec. 7, 22, 1881.] C D R
KILTY, WILLIAM (1757-Oct. 10, 182*1),
army surgeon and jurist, was born in London,
England, the son of John Kilty and Ellen Ahearn.
The names are suggestive of Celtic origins. He
was educated in the College of St. Omer in
France and was brought to America by his par-
ents shortly before the outbreak of the Revolu-
tionary War, the family settling in Annapolis,
Md. Here he studied medicine under Dr. Ed-
ward Johnson and in April 1778 he was appoint-
ed surgeon's mate of the 4th Maryland Regiment
which he joined at Wilmington, Del. In April
1780, upon the resignation of Michael Wallace,
surgeon of the regiment, he was appointed to the
vacancy. He was taken prisoner at the battle of
Camden and after futile efforts to effect an ex-
change, he was paroled and compelled to await
at Annapolis the end of the war. He appears at
this time to have abandoned the profession of
medicine for that of law and in 1798 he was
authorized by an act of the legislature to com-
pile the statutes of the state. The result was The
Laws of Maryland (1799-1800) published in
two volumes. In 1818 he collaborated with
Thomas Harris and John N. Watkins in the
issue of a four-volume continuation of the same
work. In 1800 he moved to Washington and in
April of the following year President Adams
appointed him chief justice of the circuit court
of the District of Columbia. He occupied this
position until Jan. 25, 1806, when he resigned to
accept an appointment by the governor of Mary-
375
Kilty
land as chancellor of the state. He held this post
until his death in Annapolis in 1821.
Supplemental to his earlier work he compiled
A Report on All Such English Statutes as Ex-
isted at the Time of the First Emigration of the
People of Maryland, and Which by Experience
Have Been Found Applicable to their Local and
Other Circumstances (1811). Not all of his
writings were on legal matters, nor in so serious
a vein. There exists a manuscript volume by
Kilty entitled A Burlesque Translation of Ho-
mer's Iliad, with Notes. The Second Part. The
title is the same as that of a work by Thomas
Bridges, published in England in 1764. Kilty
offered his poem as a sequel to the earlier pro-
duction and thus explained his beginning with
the thirteenth book. It is probable that the poem
was not an original translation, but an adapta-
tion from that of Pope or of Cowper. Without
disclaiming a knowledge of Greek, he gives the
impression that he had scant skill in the lan-
guage. He is also credited with the authorship
of a satirical historic poem, The Vision of Don
Crocker, published in Baltimore in 1813. Except
for his service with the Revolutionary army
there is no evidence that he made any use of his
medical knowledge. His claims to remembrance
rest upon his career in the law and his legal lit-
erary work. He is described as a judge whose
opinions show industry and a close familiarity
with English equity jurisprudence. An obituary
describes him as "an honest, upright and en-
lightened man, and highly esteemed by all that
had had business to do with him, either in "his
public or private character. His death, we be-
lieve, has deprived Maryland of the only person
that exactly knew what is the constitution of the
state" (Niles' Register, Oct. 13, 1821, p. 97).
He was of a quiet unassuming character, happy
in his judicial and professional work, but vitally
interested in the welfare of his state and coun-
try. In the troubled times preceding the War
of 1812 he was active in demanding redress from
England and in calling upon the people to support
the President in his policies of defense. He was
a member of a resolution committee appointed at
a meeting in Annapolis, Feb. 4, 1809, for the
purpose of expressing approval of the course of
the President toward Great Britain and France.
He was one of the founders of the Society of the
Cincinnati. For diversion he wrote verse and
tried his hand at music. He married Elizabeth
Middleton of Calvert County, Md. They had no
children.
[See : W. L. Marbury, "The High Court of Chancery
and the Chancellors of Maryland," Proc. Tenth Ann.
Meeting of the Md. Bar Asso. (io°5) ; Old Maryland,
May 1906 ; Md. Hist. Mag., June 1918 ; H. A. Kelly and
Kimball
W. L. Burrage, Am. Medic. Biogs. (1920); the Md.
Republican, Oct. 13, 1821. The manuscript of Kilty's
Burlesque Translation of Homer's Iliad is in the Harris
Collection of American poetry in the library of Brown
University.] j M p n
KIMBALL, GILMAN (Dec. 8, 1804-July 27,
1892), surgeon, was born in New Chester (now
Hill), N. H., the son of Ebenezer and Polly
(Aiken) Kimball. He was descended from
Richard Kimball who emigrated to America in
1634 and settled eventually in Ipswich, Mass.
Kimball was graduated, M.D., from the Medical
Department of Dartmouth College in 1827. Dur-
ing his four years' medical course he spent part
of his time in Boston at the office of Edward
Reynolds [q.v.~\, at the Massachusetts General
Hospital, and at the Harvard Medical School.
He served for a time as resident physician at the
United States Marine Hospital in Boston. After
two years of general practice in Chicopee, Mass.,
he spent a year in Paris studying surgery with
Guillaume Dupuytren, the best teacher of the
time. Returning, he settled in 1830 in Lowell,
Mass., where he remained for the rest of his life.
First as a mill surgeon and later as surgeon to
the Lowell Corporation Hospital, established in
1839, he was a pioneer in difficult, and at that
time almost unknown, operations in gynecology.
One of his earliest operations was the successful
removal of a tumor of the uterus on Sept. 1,
x853, by abdominal incision (Boston Medical
and Surgical Journal, May 3, 1855), and on Mar.
1, 1854, he operated, also with success, upon a
patient with an ovarian tumor (Ibid., May 10,
1855). He performed both operations with the
use of chloroform and without the benefit of
asepsis. Kimball also performed excellent trau-
matic surgery, including an excision of the elbow
joint, amputation of the hip joint, and successful
ligation of some of the larger external arteries.
In 1870 he joined Ephraim Cutter [q.v.~] in the
treatment of uterine tumors by electrolysis (Ibid.,
Jan. 29, 1874). He performed over three hun-
dred major operations in a period of about forty
years. Many of them were unknown at the time
and even condemned by the medical profession
as unjustifiable. Living in a comparatively small
town, he achieved a reputation as one of the
foremost surgeons in America, and his courage
and skill contributed in no small degree to the
progress of medicine in the United States.
Kindly, firm, and substantial, Kimball was a
splendid figure of a progressive, pioneer surgeon.
In addition to his extensive surgical practice, he
taught in the Berkshire Medical Institution and
at a number of other local medical schools, served
during the Civil War as brigade surgeon, and
visited Europe several times to make a survey
376
Kimball
of the practice of ovariotomy. He served as
vice-president of the Massachusetts Medical So-
ciety in 1878 and as president of the American
Gynecological Association in 1882-83. He mar-
ried twice : first Mary, daughter of Henry De-
war, a physician of Edinburgh, Scotland, and,
secondly, Isabella, daughter of Henry I. Defries
of Nantucket, Mass. He was survived by his
second wife and a son.
[The chief reference to Kimball is the article by F.
H. Davenport in the Am. Jour, of Obstetrics, Oct. 1892.
See also : H. A. Kelly and W. L. Burrage, Am. Medic.
Biogs. (1920) ; Boston Medic, and Surgic. Jour., Aug.
4, 1892; Boston Evening Transcript, Boston Herald,
and Evening Star (Lowell), July 28, 1892.] H.R.V.
KIMBALL, HEBER CHASE (June 14,
1801-June 22, 1868), apostle of the Latter-day
Saints, was born in Sheldon, Vt, the son of
Solomon Farnham and Anna (Spaulding) Kim-
ball. He moved with his family in 181 1 to West
Bloomfield, N. Y., where he completed his desul-
tory schooling and learned from his father the
blacksmith's trade. When Solomon Kimball suf-
fered financial ruin following the War of 1812,
Heber was thrown upon his own resources and,
after experiencing some hardships, learned the
potter's trade from an elder brother, with whom
he later moved to Mendon, N. Y. On Nov. 7,
1822, he took as a bride of sixteen, Vilate Mur-
ray, of Victor, N. Y. The turning point in his
hitherto undistinguished career came in the
spring of 1832, when, after having met some
itinerant elders of the Church of Jesus Christ of
the Latter-day Saints, he rejected a newly made
alliance with the Baptists and became a Mor-
mon. His wife was also a ready convert. By
the fall of the year 1832 he had been ordained to
the ministry and within another year, with his
friend Brigham Young, he had decided to join
Joseph Smith at Kirtland, Ohio. He became a
guileless follower of the founder of the church,
and, possessing now a strong religious fervor
and a ready belief in the existence of miracles,
visions, and his own gift of prophecy, he was
destined to take a favored place in the hierarchy
of the church.
On Feb. 14, 1835, Kimball was ordained one
of the twelve apostles who, in the early days of
the church organization, stood next to Joseph
Smith in rank and authority. Shortly afterward
he was directed to engage in missionary service.
He toured New York and New England for two
summers and on one occasion, while traveling
with some Swiss emigrants, he believed that he
spoke to them in their own language (Life of
Heber C. Kimball, pp. 109-10). In the spring
of 1837 he was named head of the first mission
to England. His immediate astonishment at the
Kimball
thought of undertaking the task gave way to his
eagerness to promote the interests of the church,
and with four associates he sailed for Liverpool
in July. He arrived destitute but undaunted. He
began to preach in and about Preston and in less
than a year is said to have baptized some fifteen
hundred persons. After his return to Kirtland
in 1838, he joined the migration to Jackson
County, Mo. The unhappy sojourn there ended
with the expulsion of the Mormons from the
state, and he moved his family to Commerce
(later Nauvoo), 111., in the summer of 1839. In
September he was again on his way to England,
to preach and baptize, and to encourage converts
to join the Mormons in America. He returned
two years later to continue his missionary tours
in the United States and in 1844 was on a mis~
sion to urge the candidacy of Joseph Smith as
president of the United States when his cam-
paign was cut short by the prophet's death.
Kimball and one of his wives joined the first
Mormon migration to the Salt Lake Valley in
the spring of 1847. He returned to "Winter
Quarters" in the fall but joined the great trek
of the following year and settled permanently in
the West. His final promotion in the church had
come in December 1847, when, with Willard
Richards, he became one of Brigham Young's
chief counselors. The three formed the "first
presidency" and represented the executive head
of the church. Fortified by his position, he ex-
erted a forceful influence in the affairs of the
community. He was elected chief justice and
lieutenant-governor upon the organization of the
State of Deseret and later became a member of
the legislature. Under the territorial govern-
ment of Utah he served as a member of the
Council until 1858 (president, 1855-58), and as
lieutenant-governor until his death.
Kimball was a man of large build and tre-
mendous vigor. Known to the Saints as Broth-
er Heber, he stood well in the affections of his
people. His theology was his own naive in-
terpretation of the Bible and the Book of Mor-
mon, and he discoursed with a fluency of speech
which derived emphasis from his moral zeal and
native sturdiness. He believed in the divine au-
thority of Joseph Smith and Brigham Young and
accepted their teachings as infallible. Though
he suffered some mental anguish on first re-
ceiving the doctrine of plural marriage, he in
time accepted it wholeheartedly and practised it
fully, attaining to forty-five wives and sixty-five
children. Forty-one of his children survived him.
[Orson F. Whitney, Life of Heber C. Kimball, An
Apostle (1888), is a eulogistic biography written by
Kimball's grandson. The Jour, of Heber C. Kimball
377
Kimball
(1840) was reprinted in slightly different form under
the title: President Heber C. Kimball's Jour. (1882).
Other sources include : Lattcr-Day Saint Biog. Encyc,
vol. I (1901) ; L. A. Morrison and S. P. Sharpies, Hist.
of the Kimball Family in America (1897), I, 314, 585 ;
H. H. Bancroft, Hist, of Utah (1890) ; Jules Remy, A
Journey to Great-Salt-Lake City (2 vols., 1861) ; Fred-
erick Piercy, Route from Liverpool to Great Salt Lake
Valley (185s) ; E. W. Tullidge, The Women of Mor-
mondom (1877) ; Ruth and Reginald Wright Kauffman,
The Latter-Day Saints (1912) ; "Among the Mormons,"
Atlantic Monthly, Apr. 1864; Latter-Day Saints' Mil-
lennial Star, July 25, 1868.] M B P
KIMBALL, NATHAN (Nov. 22, i823?-Jan.
21, 1898), soldier, the son of Nathaniel, a small
merchant, and of Nancy (Furgeson) Kimball,
was born in Fredericksburg, Washington Coun-
ty, Ind. He matriculated at Asbury College
(now DePauw University) in 1839 but did not
graduate. In 1841, soon after leaving college,
he began to teach school at Independence, Mo.,
later tried his hand at farming, and, in 1843, un-
dertook the study of medicine with Dr. Alex-
ander McPheeters, whose sister, Martha Ann
McPheeters, he married on Sept. 23, 1845. He
practised medicine until the Mexican War, when
he raised a company and served as a captain in
the 2nd Indiana Regiment. At the battle of
Buena Vista the cowardice of the colonel caused
the regiment to retreat in disorder, but Kimball
was able to rally his company to continue fight-
ing. He was mustered out in 1847 at New Or-
leans and returned to Indiana, where he was
practising medicine at Loogootee when the Civil
War broke out. He was commissioned captain
by Governor Morton, helped to raise the 14th
Indiana Regiment, and became its colonel. In
1861 he and his regiment saw action at Cheat
Mountain and at Greenbrier. On Mar. 22, 1862,
near Winchester in the Shenandoah Valley,
where Gen. James Shields was wounded in a
skirmish, he assumed command of Shields's di-
vision, a part of the V Corps of the Army of the
Potomac. Next day he fought and defeated
"Stonewall" Jackson at the battle of Kernstown.
The Union losses were less than six hundred,
while those of the Confederates were more than
seven hundred. For this distinguished service
Kimball was made a brigadier-general. In Sep-
tember his brigade fought gloriously at Antie-
tam and in the disastrous assault on Fredericks-
burg his brigade again distinguished itself, but
he was badly wounded. On his recovery, the
next spring, he commanded a division of the
XVI Corps in the siege of Vicksburg. After the
capture of that place he served for a time in
Arkansas against Price, made a journey to
Washington with important dispatches to the
government, and returned to Arkansas for the
reorganization of the state government. In the
Kimball
spring of 1864 he joined Sherman's army in its
advance on Atlanta, being attached to the 1st
Division of the IV Army Corps. For services
in the battle of Peachtree Creek he was given
command of the division. Soon after the fall of
Atlanta he was recalled to southern Indiana to
help in suppressing the activities of the "Knights
of the Golden Circle." Successful in these ef-
forts he returned to the front in time to partici-
pate in the battles of Franklin and Nashville,
and to aid in the almost total destruction of
Hood's army. On Feb. 1, 1865, he was brevetted
major-general and was mustered out of the serv-
ice in the following August. In political and in
civil life he continued to be respected and trust-
ed by Governor Morton and by the people of the
state. In 1864 he had been offered the Republi-
can nomination for Lieutenant-Governor but
considered it his patriotic duty to remain with
the army. Soon after the war ended he helped
to organize the Grand Army of the Republic in
Indiana and became its state commander. He
contributed the article "Fighting Jackson at
Kernstown" to Battles and Leaders of the Civil
War, vol. II (1884), pp. 302-313. In 1866 and,
again, in 1868 he was elected state treasurer and
in 1872 was elected to the state legislature, where
he served on the committee of ways and means.
Appointed surveyor general of Utah by Grant
in the next year he went there and ultimately
settled in Ogden, where he became postmaster
under Hayes, and was serving in that capacity
at the time of his death.
[War of the Rebellion: Official Records (Army),
espec. ser. 1, vols. V, XII, XIX, XXI, XXII, XXIV,
XXXVIII (1881-91); F. B. Heitman, Hist. Reg. and
Diet, of the U. S. Army, vol. I (1902) ; Battles and
Leaders of the Civil War, vols. II, III, IV (1884-87) ;
F. A. Walker, Hist, of the Second Army Corps (1886) ;
What Others Say of the Gen. Nathan Kimball and
Later of Gen. S. S. Carroll Brigade (n.d.) ; L. A. Mor-
rison and S. P. Sharpies, Hist, of the Kimball Family
in Am. (1897), vol. II; Indianapolis News, Jan. 22,
1898; Indianapolis Journal, Jan. 23, 1898.] p L H
KIMBALL, RICHARD BURLEIGH (Oct.
11, 1816-Dec. 28, 1892), author, lawyer, the son
of Richard and Mary (Marsh) Kimball, was
born in Plainfield, Sullivan County, N. H, the
youngest of four children. His paternal and
maternal ancestors were identified with many of
the pioneer improvements in New England. He
was seventh in descent from Richard Kimball,
of Suffolk County, England, who landed at Bos-
ton in 1634. He passed his early childhood in
Lebanon, N. H, where the Kimballs had settled
in 1802. At the age of eleven he had passed his
examination for admission to Dartmouth Col-
lege, but because of his youth, the college au-
thorities refused to accept him until two years
378
Kimball
later. He was graduated from Dartmouth in
1834 at the age of seventeen, with the degree of
A.B., one of the first six in his class and a mem-
ber of Phi Beta Kappa. After leaving Dart-
mouth he studied law and was admitted to the
bar in Waterford, N. Y., in 1836. In that year
he went to Paris to continue his studies. On his
return he began to practise at Waterford under
the patronage of William A. Beach. He had
read law with Judge Doe, of Waterford, and
the elder Dupin, of Paris, France. Shortly be-
fore he attained his majority he was made a
master in chancery. He moved from Waterford
to Troy, N. Y., in 1840, where he lived for a
short time, in the same year going to New York
City to enter the office of his brother, Elijah H.
Kimball, at 30 Wall Street. Some months later
he opened an office of his own and continued in
active practice until 1854. Possessing much of
the pioneer instinct of his ancestors he became
interested in the Southwest and early in the fif-
ties founded the town of Kimball, Tex. He also
built part of the first railroad in that state.
Known as the Galveston, Houston & Henderson
Railroad, it ran from Galveston to Houston and
beyond. He served as its president from 1854
to i860.
After Kimball relinquished the practice of
law, he devoted much of his time to literature,
becoming an author of established reputation in
his day. For the most part his writings were
the result of his experiences in travel and in
business, and in the course of his journeys he be-
came acquainted with many of the prominent
authors and statesmen of the nineteenth century.
He knew Dickens intimately and had met La-
martine, Thackeray, Lord Palmerston, and the
elder Peel, and among prominent Americans
knew Washington Irving, Webster, and Clay.
His brief sketches of these men appeared in the
New York Times during the last two years of
his life. He became a constant contributor to
the old Knickerbocker magazine, in which ap-
peared, in 1849-50, his metaphysical novel, "St.
Leger ; or, The Threads of Life." This was his
first literary work to attract attention and was
immediately translated into the French and
Dutch languages. Among the works that fol-
lowed this successful novel are : Cuba and the
Cubans (1850) ; Romance of Student Life
Abroad (1853); Undercurrents of Wall Street
(1862); Was He Successful? (1864); Henry
Powers, Banker (1868); and To-day in New
York (1870). He edited and published In the
Tropics (1863), and The Prince of Kashua
(1866), a West Indian story. Many of his books
have been translated into Dutch, French, and
Kimball
German, and some were published in both Lon-
don and Leipzig. On Apr. 17, 1844, Kimball was
married to Julia Caroline, daughter of Dr. David
and Cornelia (Adams) Tomlinson. To them
were born five children. He died at St. Luke's
Hospital in New York City.
[Geo. T. Chapman, Sketches of the Alumni of Dart-
mouth Coll. (1867) ; L. A. Morrison and S. P. Shar-
pies, Hist, of the Kimball Family in America (1897),
vol. I ; Samuel Orcutt, Henry Tomlinson, and His
Descendants in America (1891) ; the N. Y. Times and
Sun (N. Y.), Dec. 29, 1892.] ^ L. B.
KIMBALL, SUMNER INCREASE (Sept.
2, 1834- June 21, 1923), organizer of the United
States life-saving service, was born at Lebanon,
Me., the son of Increase Sumner and Miriam
White Bodwell Kimball. He was descended from
Richard Kimball and from William White, both
of whom were early settlers at Ipswich, Mass.
He was graduated from Bowdoin College in
1855, was admitted to the bar in 1858, and in
1859 was a member of the Maine legislature. On
Oct. 12, 1858, he was married to Ellen Frothing-
ham Fenno. After a year in Boston, he went to
Washington in 1861 and began his career there
in the service of the federal government as a
clerk in the office of the second auditor of the
Treasury, where he rose to the grade of chief
clerk. In 1871 he was made chief of the revenue
marine, later revenue-cutter service, in which
position he served until his appointment as gen-
eral superintendent of the United States life-
saving service in 1878 by President Hayes. He
won the distinction at this time of receiving the
immediate and unanimous confirmation of the
Senate, without the usual reference to a commit-
tee. He occupied this post from 1878 to 1915,
when the life-saving service and the revenue-
cutter service were combined into the United
States coast guard. For seven years prior to
the establishment of the life-saving service,
from 1871 to 1878, he was at the head of the
life-saving system of the country. Wherever
governments or individuals have organized kin-
dred institutions, Kimball's work has been care-
fully studied and highly commended. It was a
unique achievement because the United States
life-saving service was one of the first, if not
the first, institution of its kind supported wholly
by the state.
The confidence reposed in Kimball during his
official career in Washington is shown by the
frequency with which he was designated tem-
porarily to perform the duties of other high of-
ficials during their absence or disability. In
April 1872 he was appointed by President Grant
a member of the board of examiners for appoint-
ments and promotions in the Treasury Depart-
379
Kimball
ment. In 1889 he was appointed by President
Cleveland to the diplomatic position of delegate
on the part of the United States to the Interna-
tional Marine Conference convened at Wash-
ington, and composed of leading representatives
of the principal maritime nations of the world.
In 1892 he was appointed by President Har-
rison acting first comptroller of the Treasury.
In the same year he received from the President
a like designation as acting register of the
Treasury. In 1900 President McKinley ap-
pointed him acting comptroller of the Treasury
and in the same year he was appointed acting
solicitor of the Treasury. The most important
of his public services, however, was the crea-
tion and development of the life-saving service.
He witnessed it grow to acknowledged suprem-
acy, through his personal industry and efforts,
and he never failed to give credit to the officers
and men of the service who had aided him.
Under the provisions of the act creating the
coast guard, Kimball was retired from active
service as general superintendent on Jan. 15,
1916. He died in Washington, D. C. His pub-
lished writings include Organisation and Meth-
ods of the United States Life-Saving Service
(1889), and Joshua James — Life-Saver (1909).
[Who's Who in America, 1922-23; Edwin Emery,
The Hist, of Sanford, Me. (1901), pp. 473~8i ; L. A.
Morrison and S. P. Sharpies, Hist, of the Kimball Fam-
ily in America (2 vols., 1897) ; Am. Mag., Aug. 1913 ;
D. H. Smith and F. W. Powell, The Coast Guard; Its
Hist., Activities, and Organization (1919); Evening
Star (Washington, D. C), June 21, 22, 1923.]
F. C. B— d.
KIMBALL, WILLIAM WIRT (Jan. 9,
1848-Jan. 26, 1930), naval officer, was born at
Paris, Me., son of Brig.-Gen. William King and
Frances Freeland (Rawson) Kimball. He was
descended from Richard Kimball who emigrated
to America in 1634. Appointed to the Naval
Academy as an officer's son, he graduated in
1869 and following a sea cruise was in the first
group of officers who studied at the torpedo sta-
tion in Newport, 1870-71. Three years later,
after serving in the Shawmut of the North At-
lantic Fleet, he was torpedo officer in the In-
trepid and Alarm, the two first torpedo boats of
the United States navy. After promotion to
lieutenant, 1874, and an Asiatic cruise in the
Alert, 1875-79, he was on ordnance duty, 1879-
82, and again, 1886-90, engaged in the develop-
ment of magazine and machine guns. Accord-
ing to his statement he "designed, constructed,
and operated the first armed cars used by United
States forces" {Who's Who in America, 1928-
29). These must have been used by the land-
ing force which guarded rai) transit in Panama,
Kimball
April-May 1885, in which Kimball served. In
that year he also prepared a special intelligence
report of progress on the Panama Canal {House
Miscellaneous Document 395, 49 Cong., 1 Sess.).
During this period he was especially interested
in submarines, and in 1885 tried vainly to ar-
range that the inventor John P. Holland \_q.v.~\
should be employed by the Navy Bureau of Ord-
nance, the government to own his designs. He
drew up the specifications when the government
first called for bids on submarines in 1886—87.
His friendship for Holland extended over many
years. A series of extant letters from Holland
to Kimball, 1886-1910, testify to the latter's un-
wavering support of the inventor's ideas, and
to his suggestions for their military adaptation
in detail. The inventor offered Kimball a finan-
cial share in his discovery, but apparently the
offer was not accepted. In 1889 Holland as-
sured Kimball that the submarine was "a sub-
ject that you must have the credit of putting
into practical shape and introducing."
After further sea duty Kimball was head of
the Office of Naval Intelligence, 1894-97, and,
promoted to lieutenant-commander, in 1897 took
command of the first American torpedo boat
flotilla, which he held till the close of the Span-
ish-American War. Torpedo combat was still
experimental, and during the war the flotilla did
not operate as a unit, but Kimball was in the
Santiago campaign in the Du Pont and offered
to try sinking Cervera's ships with a Holland
submarine, if the government would buy it. He
was at the Washington Navy Yard, 1900-01 ;
commanding the Alert, 1901-03 ; inspector of the
Eighth Light House District, 1904-05; then
commander of the New Jersey; and, with the
rank of rear admiral (1908), was given com-
mand of the Nicaragua Expeditionary Squad-
ron in December 1909. Though retired for age
in January 1910, he remained with the squadron
until it was withdrawn in the following April.
Recalled to active duty during the World War,
he served as president of the board for examin-
ing officers and was in charge of the historical
section, office of operations, of the Navy Depart-
ment. In later years he spent his winters in
Washington and summers in Paris, Me., writing
occasionally on naval topics, notably a pamphlet
on Our Question of Questions: Arm or Disarm
(1917). Of strong mechanical bent, he was al-
ways an enthusiast for progressive development
in submarines and aeronautics. He was of slight
but active physique, quick, aggressive, with keen
wit and most genial, kindly manner. It was said
that "he never commanded an unhappy ship nor
an inefficient one" {Army and Navy Register,
38c
King
Feb. I, 1930, p. ill). In 1925 he was elected
president of the Maine Three-Quarter Century
Club. He was also secretary of his naval acad-
emy class and was chiefly instrumental in pro-
moting its annual reunions, covering sixty
years. His wife was Esther Smith Spencer of
Maryland, whom he married July 18, 1882, and
who died Feb. 12, 1930. He had no children.
[In addition to references cited in the biography,
see : L. R. Hamersly, The Records of Living Officers of
the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps (7th ed., 1902) ; F. T.
Cable, The Birth and Development of the Am. Sub-
marine (1924) ; W. W. Kimball, "Submarine Torpedo-
Boats," Harper's New Monthly Mag., Sept. 1900;
L. A. Morrison and S. P. Sharpies, Hist, of the Kim-
ball Family in America (1897), vol. II; Washington
Post, Jan. 27, 1930. Information as to certain facts
was supplied by Mr. John R. McMahon, Little Falls,
N. J.] A.W.
KING, ALBERT FREEMAN AFRICANUS
(Jan. 18, 1841-Dec. 13, 1914), physician, was
born in Oxfordshire, England, to Dr. Edward
and Louisa (Freeman) King. He owed his
name Africanus to his father's interest in the
colonization of Africa. His early schooling was
obtained in Bichester, near Oxford. With his
father, brother and sister he arrived in America,
in 1851, members of a colony of immigrants for
northern Virginia. He studied medicine at the
National Medical College, now the Medical De-
partment of the George Washington University
in Washington, where he graduated in 1861. Se-
lecting Haymarket, Va., as the place to begin his
practice, he was hardly settled before the Civil
War broke and the battle of Bull Run was fought
almost at his door. He assisted in the care of the
wounded after the battle and later was assigned
to the staff of the Lincoln Hospital, on the site
of the present Lincoln Park, in Washington.
In 1865 he obtained his degree in medicine
from the University of Pennsylvania and re-
turned to Washington to practise. In the same
year he was appointed lecturer on toxicology in
the National Medical College. In 1870 he was
made an assistant in obstetrics and the following
year he became professor of obstetrics and dis-
eases of women and children. He held this
chair until 1904, when the teaching of gynecology
and pediatrics was divorced from that of ob-
stetrics, and he was continued in the chair of the
latter subject until his death. He thus taught
obstetrics for forty-five years at the same school
through its many changes of name. He was dean
of the faculty from 1879 to 1894. For many years
he conducted an "intensive" spring course in
obstetrics at the University of Vermont. His
whole teaching career was marked by unvarying
routine and method. He was an interesting,
forceful speaker, exceedingly dramatic, but with
King
a fund of good nature and a good sense of hu-
mor. He brought out his Manual of Obstetrics
in 1882. Such was its popularity that he was
engaged upon the twelfth edition at the time of
his death. He was one-time president of the
Medical Society of the District of Columbia and
of the Washington Obstetrical and Gynecologi-
cal Society.
A bibliography of King's papers shows eighty-
two titles including a number of biographical
sketches of medical men. Without question the
most notable of his papers was "The Prevention
of Malarial Diseases, Illustrating inter alia the
Conservative Function of Ague," read before the
Philosophical Society of Washington on Feb.
10, 1882, and published in abbreviated form in
the Popular Science Monthly of September 1883.
In this paper he made a clear and direct state-
ment of his belief in the transmission of malaria
by the mosquito and supported his belief by a list
of nineteen well-considered and well-presented
reasons. He also listed the means of prevention
of the mosquito dissemination of the disease, in-
cluding screening of houses, drainage of swamps
and pools, planting of trees, and the destruction
of the insects by traps and the burning of pyre-
thrum. The reading of this notable paper pro-
duced little impression upon an audience which
was skeptical and unconcerned. L. O. Howard,
the distinguished entomologist, who furnished
King with the life history of the mosquito, took
no stock in the malaria theory, and Dr. J. S. Bill-
ings, who heard the paper, could see in the mos-
quito transmission of the disease nothing more
than the chance of a possible accidental inocula-
tion. It was more than a decade before Ross
confirmed King's theory, made possible by the
discovery of the malarial parasite by Lavaran.
It is only fair to state that King's implication of
the mosquito in the transmission of malaria had
been antedated by that of Josiah Nott in 1848,
and Nott credits Sir Henry Holland with putting
forward a similar idea at an earlier date. Never,
however, had the case been presented so fully in
accordance with the subsequent confirmation.
King's credit in this matter would have been
better if he had not put forward a number of
other scientific hypotheses, usually fantastic, one
on the origin of cancer being especially so. He
apparently took much to heart the scant hearing
accorded to his theories by the local medical so-
cieties. He was taken ill in his classroom in
Washington and died two days later. He had
married, on Oct. 17, 1894, Ellen A. Dexter of
Boston, Mass.
[Trans. Am. Gynecol. Soc, vol. XL (1915) ; Album
of the Fellows of the Am. Gynecol. Soc. (1930) ; Wash-
38
King
ington Medic. Annals, Mar. 1915 ; H. A. Kelly and W.
L. Burrage, Am. Medic. Biogs. (1920); the Evening
Star (Washington), and Washington Post, Dec. 15,
J9i4-1 J.M.P— n.
KING, AUSTIN AUGUSTUS (Sept. 21,
1802-Apr. 22, 1870), judge, congressman, gov-
ernoi, was born in Sullivan County, Tenr.. His
father was Walter King, an owner of iron mines ;
his mother was the daughter of John Sevier, the
Tennessee military and political leader. His brief
formal education was obtained under frontier
conditions ; he then studied law and practised
several years in Jackson. In 1830 he moved to
Missouri and settled in Columbia, where he en-
tered immediately the civic and political life of
central Missouri. An ardent Jacksonian Demo-
crat, he was elected in 1834 and in 1836 to the
legislature from Boone, a Whig county. Here
he became a leader in the opposition to the use
of state credit to finance internal improvements.
In 1837 he was appointed by Governor Boggs to
a circuit judgeship in northwestern Missouri.
He served in this frontier judicial post for eleven
years, riding the circuit and administering jus-
tice with common sense and good judgment. He
* presided in 1838 at the trial of the Mormon lead-
ers, who accused him of bias and unfairness
( William A. Linn, Story of the Mormons, 1902,
p. 214).
King's judicial duties did not prevent him from
continuing his active interest in Democratic poli-
tics. He was an admirer and supporter of Sena-
tor Benton, submitting without question to the
political absolutism of the Missouri leader, the
most powerful figure in state politics. The state
Democracy since the early forties had been torn
by internal dissension, but the Benton faction
was able to nominate King for governor in 1848.
His views on national and state issues were
those of a "pure and consistent Democrat" (Jef-
ferson Inquirer, Apr. 1, 1848, p. 2), that is, he
represented the Jacksonian rather than the Cal-
houn element. King was elected and entered the
governorship just as the state was emerging
from the pioneer stage and when the railroad
question was foremost. The governor fully recog-
nized this problem and was eager to proceed to
its solution (Messages and Proclamations, II,
276-79, 307-11). Unfortunately for King, the
Benton and the anti-Benton factions in 1849
came to a definite parting of the ways. King, a
lifelong slave-owner, was a strong advocate of
the non-intervention doctrine for the territories
(Ibid., II, 321). The legislature, owing to fac-
tional warfare which demoralized several ses-
sions, neglected the pressing economic problems ;
but finally, at the end of his term, he was able by
skilful leadership to secure legislation incorporate
King
ing several railroads and granting them indirect
state aid. Important policies were inaugurated
concerning education and corporate economic
enterprises.
In 1852 and in 1854 King was defeated as a
Benton Democrat in contests for Congress and
for the legislature. He supported Douglas in
i860 and was instrumental in securing for him
the vote of Missouri. As the storm approached,
King, sympathetic toward the South, favored
compromise and opposed armed force. He de-
cided for the Union in 1861, however, and sup-
ported the provisional government in Missouri.
The following year as a Union or War Democrat
he was elected, after a turbulent canvass, to the
Thirty-eighth Congress. His chief concern, was
to support, against his Radical colleagues, the
conservative regime in the state. He was one
of the eleven Democrats who voted for the sub-
mission of the Thirteenth Amendment, two weeks
after slavery in Missouri had been abolished
(Congressional Globe, 38 Cong., 2 Sess., p. 531).
Because of his moderate views, King failed to
be reelected in 1864 and the triumph of the Radi-
cal Republicans eliminated him from politics.
He was active in the reorganization of the Demo-
cratic party in 1868 and favored a temporary
alliance in 1870 with the Liberal Republicans.
His successful practice of law was terminated by
death, in St. Louis, in 1870.
[King's earlier career can best be traced in the files
of the Missouri Statesman and the Jefferson Inquirer.
His official papers and a biographical sketch are con-
tained in The Messages and Proclamations of the Govs,
of the State of Mo., vol. II (1922), ed. by Buel Leopard
and F. C. Shoemaker. P. O. Ray, The Repeal of the
Mo. Compromise (1909) and S. B. Harding, "Missouri
Party Struggles in the Civil War Period," Am. Hist.
Asso. Ann. Report, 1900, vol. I, are useful for Missouri
party history. See also Appletons' Ann. Cyc, 1870,
and the Biog. Dir. Am. Cong. (1928).] T S B
KING, BASIL [See King, William Benja-
min Basil, 1859-1928].
KING, CHARLES (Mar. 16, 1789-Sept. 27,
1867), merchant, editor, and ninth president of
Columbia College, was born in New York City,
the second son of Rufus King, 1755-1827 [q.v.]
and Mary, daughter of John Alsop of New York.
When Rufus King went to England as United
States minister in 1796, he took his family with
him, and Charles and his brother, John Alsop
King [q.v.], were placed in a school near Lon-
don, whence they went to Harrow in 1799.
Charles remained there from December 1799 un-
til December 1804 (School records), and after
a few months at a school in Paris he became a
clerk in the banking house of Hope & Company
in Amsterdam. In 1806 he returned to New
York and entered the mercantile house of Archi-
3^
King
bald Gracie. On Mar. 16, 1810, he married
Gracie's daughter, Eliza, and the same year be-
came a partner in the firm. The War of 1812
found him captain of a regiment of militia in
New York City, and though he was actually in
service, he consistently opposed the war, especial-
ly during his term (1814) in the New York As-
sembly. Late in 1814 business took him to Eng-
land, and the following April, when the shooting
of some mutinous American prisoners occurred
at Dartmoor, he was asked, at the suggestion of
Henry Clay and Albert Gallatin, to serve on a
commission to investigate the affair. On Apr.
26, 1815, less than three weeks after the massacre,
King and Francis Seymour Larpent, the Eng-
lish commissioner, submitted their report (Ameri-
can State Papers, Foreign Relations, vol. IV,
1834). While this did not exonerate the Eng-
lish, it was considered too magnanimous in the
United States, and was later used against King
and his father by politicians.
In 1823, the Gracie firm failed, and King be-
came proprietor and editor of the New York
American; the same year his wife died, and on
Oct. 20, 1826, he married Henrietta Liston Low,
daughter of Nicholas Low of New York. King
was a scholarly editor and a finished writer, but
he lacked sufficient enterprise to make a success-
ful newspaper, and after a long struggle with
the penny press, the American was united in 1845
with the Courier and Enquirer, and King became
associate editor with James Watson Webb and
Henry J. Raymond [qq.v.~]. He resigned in
1848, and retired to "Cherry Lawn," his estate
at Elizabethtown, N. J. At the time of his re-
tirement, he was one of the most distinguished
citizens of New York. He was a valued direc-
tor of the Bank of New York, a prominent officer
of the Chamber of Commerce, a frequent speak-
er at public ceremonies, and an important figure
in the delightful society which Philip Hone has
recorded. He was a very handsome man, and
his dignity and the perfection of his manners and
dress earned him the nickname of "Charles the
Pink."
On Nov. 5, 1849, he was elected president of
Columbia College, succeeding Nathaniel Fish
Moore [q.v.~]. He was not an "educator," nor
was he master of any branch of learning, yet his
administration at Columbia was notable, in the
spring of 1857 the college was removed from
Park Place to Madison Avenue and Forty-ninth
Street ; the same year, after an extensive investi-
gation, the college curriculum was enlarged and
diversified, and a "university course of study,"
which marked the conscious beginning of Co-
lumbia University, was entered upon. The Law
King
School was begun in 1858, the College of Phy-
sicians and Surgeons was united with Columbia
in 1859, and in 1863 beginnings were made for
the School of Mines. During King's presidency
the faculty numbered about a dozen and the stu-
dent body did not greatly exceed a hundred ;
there was much personal contact between the
president and "his boys," and he was greatly be-
loved for his kindness, sympathy, and unfailing
sense of justice. At the age of seventy-five, he
resigned, and after a year at Oyster Bay, went
abroad with his family and settled in Rome,
where his son, Gen. Rufus King [q.v.~\, was
United States minister. In the spring of 1867,
he had a severe attack of his chronic malady, the
gout, and was taken to Frascati, where he died.
He wrote and published: A Memoir of the Con-
struction ... 0/ the Croton Aqueduct (1843);
"History of the New York Chamber of Com-
merce," in Collections of the New York His-
torical Society (2 ser., II, 1849) ; memoirs of
John Quincy Adams, James Gore King, and
Samuel Ward. He also contributed to the Out-
line of a Course of English Reading, Based on
That Prepared . . . by the Late Chancellor Kent,
with Additions by Charles King . . . Edited with
Further Additions and Notes by Henry A. Oak-
ley (1853). An anonymous volume, Abridged
Tactics for the School of the Soldier and of the
Company (1826) is ascribed to him at the New
York Historical Society.
[J. H. Van Amringe in Columbia Univ. Quart., Mar.
1904; Gertrude (King) Schuyler, "A Gentleman of the
Old School," Scribncr's Mag., May 191 4 ; N. Y. Times,
Sept. 30, 1867; files of the New York American;
manuscript minutes of the trustees of Columbia ; Ad-
dresses at the Inauguration of Mr. Charles King as
President of Columbia Coll. (1849); W. W. Spooner,
Historic Families of America (n.d.) ; C. R. King, The
Life and Correspondence of Rufus King (6 vols., 1894-
1900), passim; D. R. Fox, The Decline of Aristocracy
in the Politics of N. Y. (1918), pp. 180 et passim;
Bayard Tuckerman, The Diary of Philip Hone (2 vols.,
1889), passim.] M. H. T.
KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (c. 1809-
Sept. 27, 1845), merchant in Canton, China, was
the third of eight children of Samuel and Har-
riet (Vernon) King. His father, a son of Sam-
uel King [q.?'.~\, was the senior partner of the
New York firm of King & Talbot, engaged in
the East India trade ; his mother was a daughter
of Samuel Vernon of Newport, R. I. Charles,
the eldest son, studied at Brown University in
1823-25 and went to China in 1826 as an em-
ployee of Talbot, Olyphant & Company. With
the exception of the years 1839-42, when he was
living in New York (New York Directories),
his active life was spent in China. For many
years he was a partner in the firm of Olyphant
& Company (see sketch of D. W. C. Olyphant)
383
King
— a firm which had no dealings in opium and
which heartily supported Protestant missionary
work. He married Charlotte Elizabeth Mathews,
daughter of Rev. James McFarlane Mathews,
first chancellor of the University of the City of
New York, and had two sons and a daughter.
King's broad conception of the place of trade
in modern life is shown clearly in an address
which he delivered before the Mercantile Li-
brary Association in New York City, in which
he described commerce as the nurse and com-
panion of freedom, the civilizer and refiner of
nations, the disseminator of science and litera-
ture, and the herald of religion ("Commerce as
a Liberal Pursuit," Hunt's Merchants' Maga-
zine, January 1840). His contributions to the
Chinese Repository during the years 1832-40
give evidence of wide reading and analytical
thought. These papers deal with Central and
Southeastern Asia, the Philippines and Japan,
and analyze in a masterly manner Anglo-Chi-
nese relations prior to the treaty of Nanking. It
is doubtful whether any other American of the
period visualized as clearly as did King the sig-
nificance of Eastern Asia.
In the summer of 1837 he attempted to open
Japan to intercourse with Americans. Seven
shipwrecked Japanese at Macao gave excuse for
the expedition. The Olyphant ship Morrison,
unarmed, carried King and his wife, S. Wells
Williams, Peter Parker [qq.v.~\, Charles Gutz-
laff, and seven Japanese to Uraga in July. Re-
fused intercourse and having been fired upon,
they proceeded to Kagoshima, where they re-
ceived similar treatment. They then abandoned
the enterprise and retired to China. In his
"Notes of the Voyage of the Morrison from
China to Japan" (published in New York, 1839,
as volume I of The Claim of Japan and Malaysia
upon Christendom) King protested against the
insult to the United States flag and argued the
need for vigorous but friendly action by the
United States government in opening Japan to
foreign intercourse.
On Mar. 10, 1839, Imperial Commissioner Lin
Tse-su arrived in Canton for the purpose of end-
ing the opium traffic. From Mar. 25 to May 4,
the foreign merchants were held in the factories
pending the settlement of the question. On Mar.
25, King addressed a communication to Lin as-
suring the latter that he had "never bought, sold,
received, or delivered, one catty of opium or one
tael of sycee silver," and that he had "used his
best efforts to dissuade all men from the injuri-
ous traffic" (Chinese Repository, April 1839, p.
637). He begged that his business be allowed to
proceed undisturbed. Lin replied that he had
King
"heard that the said foreigner King never traf-
ficked in opium; of all he is the most praise-
worthy" {Ibid.) ; but that it was impossible to
change his "great plans" for the sake of one per-
son. At Chenkow, on June 17, King and his wife
and the Rev. Dr. Elijah C. Bridgman \_q.v.~\
witnessed the destruction of part of the surren-
dered opium. Later in the day, despite his refusal
to perform the kotow, King was received in
audience by Lin. Seizing the opportunity to act
as a mediator, he urged on Lin a program in-
cluding the opening to foreign nationals of three
ports to the north of Canton, the granting by the
imperial government of permission for ministers
plenipotentiary to reside in Peking, and the trial
of foreign criminal offenders by foreign con-
suls of the offender's nationality acting jointly
with the local native commissioner of justice
(Ibid., June 1839, p. 76). The principles moti-
vating King may be summarized as follows : The
West has a right to trade freely with the East,
but Western policy should be pacific. Consulates
should be established ; a show of force should be
made only as a last resort. Merchants should
have nothing to do with opium; missionaries
should be aided, since they are the "more appro-
priate agency which may be relied on, to give
the blessings of civil and religious liberty to the
whole eastern world." The views here expressed
are traceable in the China policy of the United
States through the nineteenth century.
In the summer of 1845, broken in health, King
left China. He died Sept. 27, on board the Ben-
tinck, not far from Aden, and was buried in the
Red Sea.
[A pamphlet by King, British Intercourse with China
by a Resident in China (London, 1836), was noted in
the Chinese Repository, Oct. 1836, pp. 2S3~59- A Gen.
Index of Subjects Contained in the Twenty Vols, of the
Chinese Repository (1851) lists the articles by King
and contains a comment upon him by the editors, E. C.
Bridgman and S. W. Williams. See also H. B. Morse,
International Relations of the Chinese Empire, vol. I
(1910) ; W. C. Hunter, The 'Fan Kwac' at Canton be-
fore Treaty Days (London, 1882) ; K. S. Latourette,
"The History of Early Relations between the United
States and China," Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sci.,
vol. XXII (1017) ; Chinese Repository, Nov. 1839, July
1846, July 1 85 1 ; F. W. Williams, Life and Letters of
Samuel Wells Williams (1889); G. B. Stevens, Life,
Letters and Journals of the Rev. and Hon. Peter Parker
(1896) ; Hist. Cat. of Brown Univ., 1764-1004 (1905) ;
Rufus King, Pedigree of King, of Lynn, Essex County,
Mass. (1891) ; G. A. Morrison, Jr., "The King Families
of New England" (MS. in Geneal. Div., N. Y. Pub.
Lib.), I, 83, under heading "Daniel King Branch of
Lynn, Mass."] H. F. M.
KING, CLARENCE (Jan. 6, 1842-Dec. 24,
1901), geologist, mining engineer, and adminis-
trator, was born in Newport, R. I., the only son
of James Rives — a brother of Charles William
King [q.v.~\ — and his wife Florence (Little)
384
King
King. His earliest American ancestor on his
father's side was one Daniel King, who came to
Lynn, Mass., in 1637 and who in his turn was a
younger son of Ralphe Kinge of Watford, Hert-
fordshire, England. Clarence received his ele-
mentary education at the Hopkins Grammar
School in Hartford, Conn., but when still young
was taken by his widowed mother to New Haven,
where, in 1859, he entered the Yale Scientific
School. He is described at this time as having
the same bright face, winning smile, and agile
movement that characterized his later life. At
Yale he came under the influence of Prof. J. D.
Dana, George J. Brush [qq.v.] and others, and
graduated in 1862 with the degree of B.S.
From early boyhood he had shown a taste for
the sciences which his associations at New
Haven could but have increased. In May 1863,
in company with James T. Gardiner [q.v.~\, a
geologist, he started on a horseback trip across
the continent, joining at St. Joseph an emigrant
family with which they continued as far as the
noted Comstock Lode in Nevada. Here they re-
mained to study the mine, their stay being unin-
tentionally prolonged by a fire which caused the
loss of their entire equipment, thus compelling
them to seek employment at the mine until they
had accumulated sufficient capital to continue
their journey. They crossed the Sierras on foot,
and went down the Sacramento by boat to San
Francisco. While on this trip, King formed the
acquaintance of W. H. Brewer [q.v.~\, an assist-
ant of the geological survey of California under
J. D. Whitney [q.v.~\. This resulted in his vol-
unteering his own services with the same organi-
zation, and remaining with it for nearly three
years, his duties being largely exploratory. Dur-
ing the winter of 1865-66 he also was engaged
as a scientific assistant or aid, under General
McDowell, in an exploration of the desert region
of Southern California. In the autumn of 1866,
after hi« return east, King brought to maturity
a plan he had been brooding for a survey en-
tirely across the Cordilleran ranges from eastern
Colorado to the Californian boundary. So fa-
vorably did he impress Congress with his plan
that the necessary appropriations were granted,
and King placed in charge,, subject only to the
administrative control of Gen. A. A. Humphreys
[q.v.~\. Upon this work, with a corps of geolo-
gists, King was engaged until 1877, although the
field work was for the most part completed in
1873. It comprised an area about a hundred
miles in width, extending from eastern Colorado
along the line of the fortieth parallel to the Cali-
fornia line. The published results of the survey,
filling seven large quarto volumes, reached per-
King
haps the highest standard yet attained by gov-
ernmental publications {Report of the Geological
Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel, 1870-80).
The sixth volume includes a description by F.
Zirkel of Leipzig of the microscopic structure of
the igneous rocks, thus introducing into Ameri-
can literature the newly evolved science of micro-
petrology. The third volume, "Mining Industry,"
by J. D. Hague [q.v.~\, is still considered a classic
in its line, and has served as a model for others.
The popularity of western surveys had now be-
come so great that four independent parties, each
under governmental auspices, were in the field.
More or less rivalry and overlapping was in-
evitable, and in 1878 a complete readjustment by
Congress resulted in the establishment of a single
organization, the United States Geological Sur-
vey, with Clarence King at its head. Having
accepted the position with the understanding that
he would remain only to appoint the staff and
start the activity, he resigned in 1881 to enter
private practice as a mining engineer.
King's services to geology lay as much in his
far-sighted administrative ability as in the tech-
nical quality of his writings. His standards of
work were of the highest and he was the first to
introduce into mapping the system of denoting
topography by contour lines worked out by Hoff-
mann. His "Systematic Geology," the first vol-
ume of the series of reports, was masterly, and
no more thrilling picture of the growth of the
Cordilleran country has ever been written than
is there given. He was among the first, more-
over, to make extensive use of the laboratory in
the solution of geophysical problems. Among
his latest publications is a paper on the age of
the earth (Smithsonian Institution : Annual Re-
port for 1893 ; and American Journal of Science,
January 1893), based upon the rate of cooling of
molten magmas as determined in a laboratory he
had fitted with the essential details for the work
at his own expense.
His writings are not numerous. Aside from
the report mentioned, a considerable portion of
which was prepared by others under his direc-
tion, his "Catastrophism and Evolution" (Ameri-
can Naturalist, August 1877), and "The Age of
the Earth" (supra) are the most important of
his scientific contributions. The fact should not
be overlooked, however, that from early youth
King had shown literary qualities of a high or-
der, and it has always been a source of regret
among his friends that he left so little evidence
of it. A most delightful conversationalist and
raconteur, he seemed averse to putting his
thoughts on paper. A series of sketches appear-
ing first in the Atlantic Monthly and afterward
385
King
in book form, under the caption of Mountaineer-
ing in the Sierra Nevada (1872), and his "Hel-
met of Mambrino" in the form of a letter to his
friend "Don Horacio" (Horace F. Cutter) in
San Francisco, published in the Century Maga-
zine, May 1886, serve but to show his latent
capability.
King was not a large man, but was remark-
ably robust and capable of great endurance when
occasion demanded. Notwithstanding this fact,
he was subject to sudden and serious breakdowns.
An injury to his spine caused, it is thought, by
a kick from his saddle animal, gave him much
trouble. He lost heavily in the business de-
pression of 1893, had an attack of nervous pros-
tration, and was for some months in 1893-94
mentally incapacitated and confined in Bloom-
ingdale Asylum. In 1901 he suffered an attack
of pneumonia and tuberculosis ensued. Though
one of the most companionable and charming of
men, with scores of friends, among whom may
be mentioned Henry Adams, John Hay, John
La Farge, William Dean Howells, and more of
his own professional calling, he steadfastly re-
fused to allow them to be inconvenienced by his
illness and died almost alone in far-off Arizona.
He never married. Honors came to him, though
in no way commensurate with his merits. He
was remarkably unobtrusive and never sought
them. He was a member of the National Acad-
emy of Sciences, the American Institute of Min-
ing Engineers, and the Geological Society of
London, but rarely attended or took part in their
meetings.
[Rufus King, Pedigree of King, of Lynn, Essex Coun-
ty, Mass. 1602- 1 89 1 (copr. 1891) ; Clarence King
Memoirs. The Helmet of Mambrino (1904), by the
King Memorial Committee of the Century Asso., N. Y. ;
S. F. Emmons, "Clarence King, A Memorial," Engi-
neering & Mining Jour., Jan. 4, 1902, and Am. Jour, of
Sci., Mar. 1902; Nat. Acad. Sci. Biog. Memoirs, vol.
VI (1909); Henry Adams, The Education of Henry
Adams (1918), passim; Worthington C. Ford, The Let-
ters of Henry Adams (1930), passim.; W. R. Thayer,
The Life and Letters of John Hay (191 5), passim.]
G. P. M.
KING, DAN (Jan. 27, 1791-Nov. 13, 1864),
physician, pamphleteer, was born in Mansfield,
Conn., the son of John and Jane (Knight) King.
As a youth, and against his father's will, he en-
tered the family of Dr. Adams of Mansfield as a
medical student. Matriculating at the Yale
Medical School in 1814, and receiving his license
in the following year, he began practice at
Brewster's Neck, Conn. In 1816 he married
Cynthia Pride, by whom he had eleven children.
Early in his career he removed to Charlestown,
R. I., where he eked out his professional income
by manufacturing "nigger cloth" at King's Mill.
Owing to fire and financial ruin he removed in
King
1841 to Woonsocket, R. I., where he practised
till 1848, then he proceeded to Taunton, Mass.
In 1852 the Berkshire Medical Institution con-
ferred upon him an honorary degree of M.D. In
1859 he retired to Pawtuxet, R. I., but during
the Civil War he carried on his son's practice.
For a time King was representative from
Charlestown in the General Assembly and, as
such, in 1833, with Benjamin B. Thurston, pre-
sented an important paper on the Narraganset
Indians. He took a prominent and aggressive
part in the Suffrage movement and in 1837 was
nominated, with Thomas Wilson Dorr, for Con-
gress as standard-bearer of the party. His first
medical papers were contributed chiefly to the
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, but his
main interest lay in the exposition of ethical sub-
jects in that and other publications. He was
fearless and uncompromising in his opinions,
whether spoken or written, never sacrificing
strong conviction to timid expediency. "While
all his life long he had the esteem of the com-
munity and the high respect of his professional
fellows, he never was successful as a man of
business, either within the limits of his profes-
sion or without" (Biographical Sketches of Dan
King and His Sons, p. 6).
He was a prolific writer. In 1857 he published
Spiritualism: An Address, to the Bristol County
Medical Society, and the following year he wrote
Quackery Unmasked, which, while in the main
an indictment of homeopathy, was also an elo-
quent plea for higher standards of medical edu-
cation. Tobacco, What It Is, and What It Does
(1861) was a tirade against a "useless and per-
nicious habit," under whose "depressing influ-
ence the scale of intellect has fallen, and all the
proud traits of honor, benevolence, and self-sac-
rificing heroism have been lost" (p. 155). His
most important literary work was The Life and
Times of Thomas Wilson Dorr (1859), which
preserves the history of the struggle and prog-
ress of the Suffrage movement in Rhode Island,
as seen and understood by a participant. He was
a stanch Unionist and anti-slavery man, but he
opposed conscription and is credited with hav-
ing written The Draft, or Conscription Reviewed
by the People (1863). Naturally the activities
and opinions of so implacable a protagonist often
ran counter to public sentiment, but he never
forfeited the respect and affection of the com-
munity in which he lived. When, for example,
during the Dorr War, he was arrested and
brought into prison, the officer in charge im-
mediately released him. Frequently he suffered
the trials and tribulations of a man of ideal prin-
ciple who is obliged, in the pursuit of that ideal
386
King
to have contact in politics with the practical man
of affairs.
[E. P. and Henry King, Biog. Sketches of Dr. Dan
King and His Sons (1892) ; B. H. Chace, A Discourse
Commemorative of the Life and Services of the Late
Dr. Dan King, . . . Nov. 14, 1864 (1865) ; Representa-
tive Men and Old Families of R. I. (1908), vol. III.]
G. A. B— r.
KING, EDWARD SKINNER (May 31,
1861-Sept. 10, 1931), astronomer, was born in
Liverpool, N. Y., the son of Nathaniel and Cor-
nelia C. (Skinner) King. From his paternal
ancestors he inherited a scholarly tradition. In
1887 he received the degree of B.A. from Ham-
ilton College, having distinguished himself in
mathematics during his college days. Dr. C. H.
F. Peters, then professor of astronomy at Hamil-
ton College, realizing the quality of his student,
sent him in 1887 to Professor Pickering, direc-
tor of the Harvard Observatory. Pickering
found in the diffident young man a person who
could undertake responsibility, and within two
years King was in charge of the Harvard ob-
serving station near the summit of Mount Wil-
son, California. In 1890, on his return from the
Mount Wilson station, he was married to Kate
Irene Colson, of Batchellerville, N. Y., and with
her he shared the remainder of his days. The
first few years of his married life were clouded
by his failing sight, but in 1893 he was able to
return to his temporarily suspended duties at the
Harvard Observatory.
Under King's hands, two extensive programs
of work were undertaken in the early nineties,
the standard testing of all photographic plates
used, and the photographic photometry of as-
tronomical objects on a uniform scale. The
standard testing of photographic plates was car-
ried on continuously for forty years. In addition
to providing valuable specific information about
the plates used, this work made King master of
a wealth of knowledge about photographic meth-
od. Some of the fruits of the experience of forty
years are stored in his Manual of Celestial Pho-
tography (1931), following some years after his
Photographic Photometry (1912). King's work
abounds in ingenious methods, some of them
leading to important results. He was the first
to photograph the spectrum of the aurora bo-
realis, and his photographic device for the ob-
servation of occultations is remarkable in its
simplicity. He was also an independent dis-
coverer of the Hartmann-Cornu formula, al-
though he did not publish his results until long
after Hartmann had done so. Better known
perhaps are his determinations of the apparent
magnitudes of the sun, moon, and earth. His
determinations of the brightness of the lucid
King
stars will long be standard, though they were
among the first contributions to a branch of as-
tronomy notoriously difficult of conquest.
The lifetime of scientific work did not go un-
recognized. King was successively observer
(1887-1913), assistant profesor (1913-26), and
Phillips Professor (1926-31) at the Harvard
Observatory. He practically lived out his life
in office, surviving his resignation but ten days.
He was a fellow of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences, a member of the American
Astronomical Society and the Societe Astrono-
mique de France, an honorary member of the
Maria Mitchell Association, and a member of
Phi Beta Kappa. Among his colleagues King
moved as a very individual figure, profoundly
faithful to his work, and intensely loyal to the
Observatory. As an avocation, he delighted in
old books, of which he had an interesting col-
lection. The discovery of a common interest in
such matters caused him to drop his more usual
diffident manner, and to appear as a delightful
raconteur. The greater part of his contributions
to science are to be found in the annals, circu-
lars, and bulletins of the Harvard Observatory,
where he published a large number of papers of
a fundamental nature. He also did great service
by his popular writing, published usually in the
more ephemeral periodicals, but always dis-
tinguished by the fine style and punctilious care
that were characteristic of all his work.
[Who's Who in America, 1928-29 ; S. I. Bailey, The
Hist, and Work of Harvard Observatory (1931); the
Boston Transcript and JV. Y. Times, Sept. 11, 193 1;
Science, Oct. 16, 193 1 ; personal acquaintance and in-
formation as to certain facts from Mrs. Edward Skin-
ner King.] q jj p
KING, EDWARD SMITH (Sept. 8, 1848-
Mar. 27, 1896), journalist, and author, was born
at Middlefield, Mass., the son of Edward and
Lorinda (Smith) King. When he was about
three years old his father, a Methodist minister,
disappeared while on a sea trip to recover his
health. His mother then taught school until
about i860 when she moved to Huntington,
Mass., and there married Samuel W. Fisher, a
clergyman who abandoned the ministry and be-
came a teacher and paper-mill worker. After
being educated by his step-father, King began
work in a factory, but at sixteen he left home,
went to Springfield, and became a reporter on
the Springfield Daily Union. Two years later he
joined the staff of the Springfield Republican
which he served until 1870 as reporter, sub-
editor, and editorial writer. He was sent to the
Paris exposition in 1867 and while there gath-
ered materials for his first book, My Paris
( 1868), an account of Parisian life seen through
387
King
youthful and romantic eyes. When he went to
the Boston Morning Journal in 1870, he returned
to France to cover the Franco-Prussian War and
the events of the Commune. He was adventur-
ous, was twice arrested as a spy by the Germans,
served as an emergency nurse to the wounded at
Frankfort, and claimed and cared for the bodies
of Americans killed in the street fighting of the
Commune. These experiences were exploited in
his first novel, Kentucky's hove (1873), which
involved a group of war correspondents, and
later in Under the Red Flag (1895), a story
for boys laid in Paris in the days of the Com-
mune.
After Dr. J. G. Holland, of the Springfield
Republican, became editor of Scribner's Month-
ly, he invited King to travel through the southern
states and gather materials for a series of ar-
ticles on the effects of the Civil War, the eco-
nomic promise of the South, and interesting
features of its landscape and social life. This
tour extended into 1874, and the articles pub-
lished in Scribner's, illustrated by J. Wells
Champney, appeared in book form as The Great
South (1875). This was twice reprinted in the
same year in England as The Southern States
of North America. In New Orleans he met
George W. Cable and read some of his short
stories. Through King's interest Cable's stories
began to appear in Scribner's, and an enduring
friendship grew up between them (L. L. C. Bikle,
George IV. Cable, 1928, 45-47)- In l875 he
returned to Europe as correspondent to the Bos-
ton Morning Journal, with his headquarters at
Paris, but made visits to America for the Phila-
delphia world's fair in 1876 and the opening of
the Northern Pacific Railroad in 1883. He went
to Spain to report the Carlist Wars and to the
Balkans for the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78.
In 1876 appeared his French Political Leaders,
with an introduction explaining the make-up of
the National Assembly. His first volume of
verse, Echoes from the Orient (1880), included
poetical sketches of Balkan scenes and people,
with some lyrics. This was followed by a novel,
The Gentle Savage (1883), in which an Okla-
homa Indian is placed against a background of
European sophistication. Utilizing many of his
newspaper articles, he pieced together a large
book, Europe in Storm and Calm (1885), which
described European life and events to the un-
traveled American. King was popular in Amer-
ican circles in Paris, where he founded the Stan-
ley Club and was secretary of the Societe de
Gens de Lettres. After 1885 he became involved
in a disastrous business venture, which bur-
dened him with heavy debts. In 1886 The Gold-
Kinp-
o
en Spike was published, a feeble novel in which
the opening of the Northern Pacific Railroad
and the scenery of the Northwest supply the
background and chief interest. He then returned
to poetry in A Venetian Lover (1887), a narra-
tive in decorous blank verse interspersed with
many pleasing lyrics.
Still harassed by business troubles, he returned
to America in 1888 and served as editorial writer
on the New York Morning Journal and on Col-
lier's Once a Week. In 1893 he went to Chi-
cago to write articles on the world's fair. In the
same year appeared his best novel, Joseph Zal-
monah, which exposed the conditions of the mass-
es in the slums and sweatshops of New York.
In addition to articles and correspondence, he
published many stories and poems in his news-
papers. He also compiled Cassell's Complete
Pocket Guide to Europe (1891 and later edi-
tions), contributed four chapters to an elegant
travel book, On the Rhine (1881), and wrote a
biographical and critical introduction to M.
French Sheldon's Salammbo of Gustave Flau-
bert (1885). Although all of his books were
written primarily for money, he was ambitious
to write good poetry. At his death he left in
manuscript a number of poems which his friends
praised as his best work. King never married.
He lived with his half-sister and her husband,
John McGhie, in Brooklyn. After a short illness,
he died Mar. 27, 1896, and was buried at Bridge-
port, Conn. He was described as a simple, dig-
nified man, with a restrained and gentle manner.
[Evening Post (N. Y.), Mar. 28, 1896; Springfield
Republican, Morning J oar. (N. Y.), and N. Y. Times,
Mar. 29, 1896; E. C. and P. M. Smith, A Hist, of the
Town of Middle field, Mass. (1924) ; Vital Records of
Middlefield, Mass.,, to the Year 1850 (1907).]
R.W.B.
KING, FRANKLIN HIRAM (June 8, 1848-
Aug. 4, 191 1 ), agricultural scientist, was the
son of Edmund King and Deborah (Loomer)
King. His paternal ancestors were Green Moun-
tain folk, and from them he inherited great physi-
cal energy and strength of mind. His mother,
a Nova Scotian, gave him his love of the out-of-
doors and an ability to express his thoughts in
pure and simple English. Born on a farm near
Whitewater, Wis., in the days when the state
was frontier land, the boy grew up in an environ-
ment which developed his natural seriousness of
purpose and a thoroughness in whatever he did.
From the time he was seven until he was nine-
teen, his education was obtained chiefly from
experience on the farm. Then he attended White-
water Normal School, at that time a newly opened
institution, where he was instructed by Thomas
C. Chamberlin \_q.vJ\, who later became presi-
388
King
dent of the University of Wisconsin. Under his
personal guidance, King's real interest in sci-
ence began.
The years 1873 to 1876 were spent in teaching
science in high school at Berlin, Wis. There he
published A Scheme for Plant Analysis (1875),
which was afterwards incorporated in Wood's
botanies. At Berlin he married in 1880 Carrie
H. Baker. To her untiring devotion and interest
in his work much of his later scientific success
was due, and he never failed to acknowledge this
debt.
Under Chamberlain, King had worked for a
time on the state geological survey. During this
period, he also made a study of the economics of
bird life in the northern woods. This led to two
years' study at Cornell University, where he
worked under the well-known entomologist,
Comstock. At Cornell, he examined the stomachs
of more than 2,000 birds, determining what in-
sects formed part of their diet. He also spent a
great deal of time in the study of physics, chem-
istry, biology, and geology. Returning to Wis-
consin in 1878, he taught science for ten years
in the River Falls Normal School, his summers
being used for further study. It was during this
period that he and his wife prepared relief models
and maps of the continents to be used for in-
struction in physiography and meteorology. In
this work King was a pioneer. In 1888, he was
called to the Wisconsin College of Agriculture
to occupy the chair of agricultural physics, the
first to be established in the United States. In
this field, his contributions to agriculture were
varied and valuable. His most important con-
tributions to farm life were the construction of
the round silo, a new method of barn ventilation,
and his studies of soil solution. Other impor-
tant studies which he made included the water
requirement of crops, the protection of sandy
soils from wind erosion, and original work in ir-
rigation and drainage. His books present the re-
sults of his researches in an interesting and a
permanent way. The Soil was written in 1895,
Irrigation and Drainage in 1899, d Textbook of
the Physics of Agriculture in 1900, and Ven-
tilation for Dwellings, Rural Schools and Stables,
in 1908. His findings are also recorded in bulle-
tins of the Wisconsin Experiment Station, in
publications of the United States Department of
Agriculture and the United States Geological
Survey, and in encyclopedia and periodical ar-
ticles. The Soil has been translated into Chinese
and is widely read in China. His interest in
birds led him to give considerable attention to
popular nature study. He wrote many articles
for educational journals under the headings,
King
"Our Observations on Birds," "By the Way-
side," and others. The results of his bird study
were also published under the title, "Economic
Relations of Wisconsin Birds," in Geology of
Wisconsin: Survey of 1873-79 (vol. I, pt. 2,
1883).
From 1901 to 1904, he was chief of the di-
vision of soil management of the United States
Bureau of Soils. Then he retired from this of-
fice to write and to travel. As a result of his
journeys in China, Korea, and Japan, he wrote
Farmers of Forty Centuries (1911), which came
from the press just after his death. This book is
his outstanding work, for it is the most detailed
and accurate account of soil management and
methods of maintaining soil fertility in the Ori-
ent which has yet been written. His most re-
markable mental characteristics were his scien-
tific honesty and accuracy, his open-minded
search for truth, his keen powers of observation,
and his ability to apply science to the practical
problems of agriculture.
[L. S. Ivins and A. E. Winship, Fifty Famous Farm-
ers (1924) ; R. G. Thwaites, The Univ. of Wis. (1900) ;
Wis. Alumni Mag., Nov. 1901 ; Who's Who in Amer-
ica, 1908-09; Madison Democrat, Aug. 6, 191 1 ; infor-
mation from Mrs. King and from acquaintances.]
W.A.S.
KING, GRACE ELIZABETH (Nov. 29,
1851-Jan. 14, 1932), author, was the third child
and eldest daughter of William Woodson and
Sarah Ann (Miller) King, the former a suc-
cessful New Orleans lawyer, the latter, "a charm-
ing raconteuse," the daughter of a lawyer, Branch
Walthus Miller. Though not a Creole, her par-
ents being English, Scotch, and Irish, with one
Huguenot ancestress on the mother's side, Grace
King was born in New Orleans and received
her education there. After the age of governesses
and the home instruction of the four war years
passed on a plantation, she attended the old
French Institut St. Louis described in her "Mon-
sieur Motte." She then became a pupil of the
Misses Cenas, and to the instruction of Miss
Heloise Cenas she attributed her success as a
writer. Excellent tutors followed, and to French
and English, languages in use at home, she add-
ed German and Spanish. She read widely, and
her first appearance in print, in 1885, was as the
author of an essay on "Heroines of Fiction,"
German, French, English, and American.
Her first story, "Monsieur Motte," appeared
in the New Princeton Rcvieiv for January 1886.
Written in consequence of a remark by Richard
Watson Gilder to the effect that readers dissat-
isfied with the Creole stories of George W. Cable
should attempt to better them, it endeavored to
correct what its author believed to be a false im-
389
King
pression of her fellow citizens, both white and
black. This story and three others were pub-
lished as Monsieur Motte in 1888. About the
same time Lip pine ott's Monthly Magazine ac-
cepted a novelette, "Earthlings," and Harper's
and the Century Magazine the first of many short
stories. The books that followed were Tales of
a Time and Place ( 1892), New Orleans after the
war ; Jean Baptiste le Moyne, Sieur dc Bienville
(1892), in the Makers of America Series; Bal-
cony Stories (1893), first published in the Cen-
tury Magazine; A History of Louisiana (1893),
a school book written in collaboration with John
R. Ficklen ; New Orleans, the Place and the Peo-
ple ( 1895) ; De Soto and His Men in the Land
of Florida (1898) ; Stories from Louisiana His-
tory (1905), with J. R. Ficklen; The Pleasant
Ways of St. Mcdard (1916), a novel of recon-
struction days in New Orleans ; Creole Families
of New Orleans ( 1921 ) ; Madame Girard, an Old
French Teacher of New Orleans (1922), re-
printed from the Yale Rczicw; La Dame de
Sainte Hermine (1924), a novel; and The His-
tory of Mt. Vernon on the Potomac (1929). Her
Memories of a Southern Woman of Letters
was prepared for publication just before her
death.
Besides writing the books mentioned and also
much that has not been reprinted, Miss King
served for many years as secretary of the Lou-
isiana Historical Society and as one of the editors
of its Quarterly. She was also active in many
social, cultural, and philanthropic organizations.
At home she discoursed wittily and with humor,
and endeared herself to each new generation of
writers by her appreciation of their accomplish-
ments and her understanding of their problems.
To the people of New Orleans she became a
symbol of their culture, the best representative
of their city's charm and hospitality. Her lit-
erary work, never extravagantly praised, re-
ceived commendation for its sincerity, its sensi-
tive observation, and a quality of style, more
French than English, which was at once an ex-
pression of personality and appropriate to the
matters described. The recipient of many tokens
of admiration and affection from her own people,
she was also a fellow of the Royal Society of
Arts and Letters (1913) and an Officier de
I' Instruction Publique (1915).
[Biographical information was obtained from Mem-
ories of a Southern Woman of Letters (1932) and
from members of the King family. Printed sources in-
clude : Who's Who in America, 1930-31 ; C. W. Cole-
man, Jr.. "The Recent Movement in Southern Litera-
ture," Harper's New Monthly Mag., May 1887 ; T.
Bentzon, "Les Romanciers du Sud en Amerique,"
Revue des Deux Mondes, Apr. 1893; D. A. Dondore,
The Prairie and the Making of Middle America (1926) ;
King
Edward Garnett, "A Gossip on Criticism," Atlantic
Monthly, Feb. 1916; F. L. Pattee, The Development of
the Am. Short Story (1923), and Century Readings »>
the Am. Short Story (1927); Lib. of Southern Lit.,
vol. VII (1909); La. Hist. Quart., July 1923, Apr.
1932; the Bookman, Aug. 1932; the Times-Picayune,
Jan. is, 1932.] r.r.k.
KING, HENRY (May n, 1842-Mar. 15, 1915),
journalist, was born in Salem, Ohio, the son of
Selah W. and Eliza (Aleshire) King. In child-
hood he went with his parents to Illinois, where
he learned the printer's trade. His father was a
delegate to the Bloomington convention of 1856,
at which Lincoln delivered his famous "lost
speech." Young Henry accompanied his father
on that occasion and was permanently impressed
by Lincoln's sincerity. For a time he edited and
published a weekly newspaper in his home town,
Laharpe. At the outbreak of the Civil War he
went from town to town in Illinois exhorting the
citizens to enlist in the Union cause, becoming
known locally as "the boy orator." He himself
served four years in the Union army, attaining
the rank of captain, a title which he always bore.
After the war he engaged in business and studied
law, but soon joined the staff of a Quincy, 111.,
newspaper, of which he became editor. In 1869
he went to Topeka, Kan., where he edited in
turn the Kansas State Record, the Weekly Com-
monwealth, and the Topeka Daily Capital. While
with the Capital, he contributed historical and
literary articles to the Century and other leading
monthlies, writing, among other things, remi-
niscences of the Lincoln campaigns. He was for
a time editor of the Kansas Magazine, a periodical
devoted to the literature of the West, particularly
of the young state of Kansas. In 1883 he joined
the staff of the St. Louis Globe-Democrat as
editorial writer and became its editor in 1897.
He declined an appointment as United States
senator from Missouri offered him by the Re-
publican governor of the state, declaring that a
newspaper editor should not sacrifice his influ-
ence with the public or limit his independence by
becoming an office holder. He made the Globe-
Democrat a great conservative force in American
journalism, attracting to it also some of the most
brilliant Western writers. Its Sunday edition
had an especially high literary character. Per-
sonally one of the most lovable of men, he was
constantly on the alert to help younger folk.
The door of the Globe-Dcmocrafs editorial room
was literally open at all times to youthful, as-
piring journalists. Once, in Topeka, he wrote
editorials for the editor of a rival paper who was
ill, some of them bitter attacks on his own paper.
He was much interested in education for jour-
nalism and delivered the first lecture in a series
30O
King
preparatory to the establishment of a school of
journalism at the University of Missouri. He
remained editor of the Globe-Democrat until
three weeks before his death, which was due to
chronic bronchitis. He was buried at Laharpe,
111., beside his wife, Maria Louise Lane, whom
he married Nov. 17, 1861. They had two chil-
dren. He was first president of the Missouri
Republican Editorial Association, and head of
the World's Press Parliament at the Louisiana
Purchase Centennial Exposition. Among his
writings are: American Journalism (1871), an
address delivered before the Editors' and Pub-
lishers' Association of Kansas, and "The Story
of Kansas and Kansas Newspapers," contributed
to the History of Kansas Newspapers (1916),
published by the Kansas State Historical So-
ciety.
[J. W. Leonard, The Book of St. Louisans (1906) ;
Who's Who in America, 1914-15 ; biog. sketch in Hist,
of Kansas Newspapers (1916) ; St. Louis Globe-Demo-
crat, Mar. 16, 1915 ; St. Louis Republic, Mar. 16, 1915 ;
St. Louis Post-Despatch, Feb. 27, Mar. 16, 1915 ; Kan-
sas City Times, Mar. 16, 1915 ; Kansas City Jour., Mar.
16, 1915] W.W.
KING, HENRY MELVILLE (Sept. 3, 1838-
June 16, 1919), Baptist clergyman, was born in
Oxford, Me., the son of Samuel Hall and Eliza
(Shaw) King. Through his mother he was a
descendant in the eighth generation from John
Alden of Plymouth, and through another ma-
ternal line, a descendant of Francis Eaton, also
of the Mayflower group. He was graduated
from Bowdoin College in 1859 and from Newton
Theological Institution in 1862. Called to an
instructorship in Hebrew in the latter, he was
ordained to the Baptist ministry, Aug. 28, 1862,
and on Sept. 2 of that year married Susan Ellen
Fogg of Portland, who lived until Oct. 21, 1901.
Before the end of his first year as instructor, he
began, Apr. 1, 1863, a pastorate of almost nine-
teen years at the Dudley Street Church, Rox-
bury, a town annexed to Boston in 1868,
declining calls to important educational and mis-
sionary tasks. From Jan. 1, 1882, to June 1891,
he served the Emmanuel Baptist Church, Al-
bany, N. Y. For the rest of his life he was pastor
of the First Baptist Church, Providence, R. I.,
becoming emeritus in 1906. Through most of
this time, he held a position of eminence in his
denomination. He was for many years on the
boards of control of the three oldest Baptist
seminaries in the North (Colgate, Newton,
Rochester), and also trustee of Brown Univer-
sity, Vassar College, and other educational in-
stitutions. His interest in foreign missions was
strong and persistent; he was long a member of
the executive committee of the American Baptist
King
Missionary Union and served as chairman of its
board of managers.
During his pastorates, he gave many addresses
at important religious meetings and he con-
tributed voluminously to the religious press. His
literary work, including articles in the Cliristian
Era under the pseudonym "Ephraim Plaintalk,"
was largely ethical and theological in interest
until he commenced his pastorate in Providence.
Here he began those historical studies which are
likely to be the most enduring part of his literary
production. In his theological writings and
preaching he expressed strong convictions and
was reckoned among the dogmatists. He never
intentionally misstated, but was sometimes the
advocate rather than the judge in appreciation
and emphasis. He was assiduous in search for
materials, but failed to see the bearing of some
evidence, and he had a tendency to swing the
argument from silence to serve the desired end.
Much of his interpretation, however, must be
taken into account until more positive evidence
appears. The history of his own church in Provi-
dence received his primary attention, and closely
connected with that, the status of Roger Wil-
liams. Perhaps his most constructive historical
study is A Summer Visit of Three Rhode Island-
ers to the Massachusetts Bay in 1651 (1896).
Other important historical writings are The
Mother Church (1896) ; The Baptism of Roger
Williams; A Review of Dr. }]' hitsitt's Inference
(1897); and a biographical sketch, Sir Henry
Vane, Jr. (1909).
[Who's Who in America, 1918-19 ; Providence Daily
Jour., June 17, 1919 ; sketch by the necrologist of New-
ton Theological Institution for 1919 (M. F. Johnson)
and scrapbooks compiled by King, all in the library of
the Newton Theological Institution ; data provided by
a grandson, Osborne Earle, Cambridge, Mass.]
W.H.A.
KING, HORATIO (June 21, 1811-May 20,
1897), editor, lawyer, postmaster-general, was
born at Paris, Me., a descendant of Philip King,
who had emigrated from England before 1680,
settling first at Braintree, and then at Raynham,
Mass. A farmer's boy, the seventh of the eleven
children of Samuel and Sally (Hall) King, Ho-
ratio received a common school education and at
eighteen became printer's devil on the weekly
Jcffersonian of which, in the following year
(1830) with his friend, Hannibal Hamlin, he be-
came part owner. Horatio and Hannibal turned
the press while the village schoolmaster for
twelve York shillings a week assisted in the edit-
ing. In another six months King became sole
proprietor. His paper reflected his stanch ad-
vocacy of Jacksonian Democracy. Removing
his press to Portland in 1833 he continued to
3Qi
King
adit the Jeffersonian until 1838, when he sold
out to the Standard (later merged with the East-
ern Argus). In 1839 he received from Amos
Kendall a clerkship at $1,000 a year in the Post
Office Department at Washington.
For twenty-two years, under Democratic and
Whig administrations, from Van Buren to Lin-
coln, he served in the Post Office Department
and by ability and courtesy advanced in succes-
sive promotions until he achieved the distinction
of rising from clerk to head of department. In
charge of mail contracts in New England (1841)
he became superintendent (1850) of the foreign
mail service, and was instrumental in improving
the existing postal conventions with Bremen
and Great Britain, and extending the service to
the West Indies, South American countries,
France, Prussia, Hamburg, and Belgium. The
convention with Bremen (1853) inaugurated
cheap transatlantic postage. As first assistant
postmaster-general (Mar. 28, 1854-Jan. 1, 1861)
under Pierce and Buchanan, he satisfactorily
filled a position which required infinite political
tact. He became acting postmaster-general (Jan-
uary 1861), when Joseph Holt was transferred
to the War Department, and served as postmas-
ter-general in Buchanan's cabinet from Feb. 1
to Mar. 8, 1 86 1.
"For the Union without reservations, equally
against disunionists at the South and abolition-
ists at the North" (Turning on the Light, p. 51),
King made earnest efforts during the last days
of Buchanan's administration to arouse influ-
ential men on both sides to avert the impending
struggle. In what has been termed the first of-
ficial denial of the right of secession, he warned
Representative J. D. Ashmore of South Caro-
lina (Jan. 28, 1861 ) that his continued use of the
franking privilege was evidence that both he
and his state were still in the Union. "For God's
sake," he implored Attorney-General Black
(Dec. 14, i860), "let us see the Government
placed squarely and unequivocally on the side of
the Union!" (Ibid., p. 34). To John A. Dix,
later through his efforts made secretary of the
treasury, he wrote (Dec. 17, i860) : "I am de-
termined to sustain the Union until not a hope
of its continuance remains" (Ibid., p. 35). He
remained a loyal Union Democrat throughout
the war and served on President Lincoln's com-
mission which determined compensation for
slaves emancipated within the District of Co-
lumbia.
King's law practice before the executive de-
partments, war claims, and international com-
missions at Washington won him wealth and a
considerable reputation. One of Washington's
King
foremost citizens for thirty-five years, he was
secretary of the Washington Monument society,
a leader of the Saturday Evening Literary Club
which met at his home, and a frequent contributor
to newspapers and magazines on political, his-
torical, and literary subjects. His tours of Eu-
rope (1867, 1875-76) resulted in his Sketches of
Travel (1878), and his letters in rhyme delight-
ed a wide circle of friends. Late in life he pub-
lished Turning on the Light (1895), a defense
of Buchanan's administration. He was ever ac-
tive in postal affairs, drafting the law requiring
prepayment on transient printed matter, and de-
voting seven years of "vexatious, gratuitous
labor" until, by the act of July 5, 1884, the eco-
nomical and efficient device of the official "penalty
envelope" was adopted. King was married, on
May 25, 1835, to Anne Collins of Portland. She
died in 1869 and on Feb. 8, 1875, ne was married
to Isabella G. Osborne, of Auburn, N. Y. He
died in Washington in his eighty-fifth year.
[In addition to King's books mentioned in the bi-
ography, see Horatio C. King, Horatio King (n.d.) ;
Centennial Lit. Reunion at the Residence of Horatio
King (Washington, 1884) ; Enoch Sanford, Geneal. of
the Families of Kings (1866); Evening Star (Wash-
ington), May 20, 1897. The Horatio King Papers are
in the Manuscript Division of the Lib. of Cong.]
B.M.
KING, JAMES GORE (May 8, 1791-Oct. 3,
1853), financier, the third son of Rufus King,
1755-1827 [q.v.~\, and Mary (Alsop) King, and
brother of Charles and John Alsop King [qq.v.],
was born in New York City. Several years of
his boyhood were passed in London while his
father was minister to the Court of St. James's.
Between the ages of seven and ten he was a stu-
dent in a London boarding school. One of his
masters at this period called him a "prodigy in
learning" (Life and Correspondence of Rufus
King, post, vol. Ill, p. 50). For three years he
was in a Paris school, chiefly for the purpose of
acquiring the French language. Returning to
America, he was tutored for Harvard by the
Rev. Dr. J. S. J. Gardiner, rector of Trinity
Church, Boston. He was graduated from Har-
vard in 18 10 at the age of nineteen and began
reading law with the well-known jurist, Peter
Van Schaick, of Kinderhook, N. Y., continuing
his studies at the famous Litchfield, Conn., school
under Tapping Reeve and James Gould.
In the War of 18 12 he left the legal profession
to serve as assistant adjutant-general of militia.
At the end of the war he opened a commission
house in New York, which he conducted with
moderate success for three years. In 1818 he
established in Liverpool the house of King &
Gracie and remained as senior partner in that
392
King
enterprise until 1824. He was then asked by
John Jacob Astor to become manager of the
American Fur Company, but declined. He ac-
cepted, however, a partnership in the New York
banking house of Prime, Ward & Sands, begin-
ning thus a long and successful career as a bank-
er. His interests and activities extended beyond
Wall Street. In 1835 he was made president of
the New York & Erie Railroad and served until
1839. The road was then making its first surveys
westward from the Hudson River to Lake Erie.
The first construction work on the line was done
in King's administration, but was stopped by the
financial stringency that began in 1836 and con-
tinued for over two years. King's business repu-
tation helped to get needed support for the
enterprise. In the panic of 1837, when specie
payments were suspended, he was able to render
an unusual service to the financial interests, not
of New York only but of the country at large.
Going to London, he persuaded the officials of
the Bank of England to loan £1,000,000 sterling
(with the guaranty of Baring Brothers) to be
distributed among the New York banks. The
consignment was made to Prime, Ward & King
and the responsibility for handling the money
fell chiefly to the junior partner. So wisely was
the apportionment made that the operation was
a complete success, resulting in the resumption
of specie payments in May 1838, with prompt
repayment of the loan to the Bank of England.
King's repeated election as president of the New
York Chamber of Commerce is some indication
of his standing in the business community dur-
ing that period, and the frequent references to
him in Philip Hone's diary represent him as a
leading spirit in the select social circles that
foregathered on Manhattan Island in the early
nineteenth century.
Meanwhile, King, with his brothers, had be-
come interested in Whig politics, and having
established a residence in New Jersey, where he
had a home on the heights of Weehawken, he
was elected to Congress in 1848. He served only
one term, as a minority member of the House,
his brother John holding a New York seat at
the same time. He voted against the fugitive
slave bill and the other compromise measures of
1850, and did what he could to uphold the Taylor
administration. On Feb. 4, 1813, he married
Sarah Rogers Gracie, daughter of Archibald
Gracie, and sister of Eliza, his brother Charles's
wife. She with four daughters and three sons
survived him.
[W. W. Spooner, Historic Families of America
(n.d.) ; E. H. Mott, Between the Ocean and the Lakes,
The Story of the Erie (1899); Chas. King, "James
Gore King," in Hunt's Merchants' Mag., Jan. 1854,
King
reprinted in Freeman Hunt, Lives of Am. Merchants
(1858), vol. I ; J. A. Scoville, The Old Merchants of
N. Y., vols. I-III (1863-65); The Life and Corre-
spondence of Rufus King (6 vols., 1894-1900), ed. by
C. R. King ; George Wilson, Portrait Gallery of the
Chamber of Commerce of the State of N. Y. (1890) ;
Bayard Tuckerman, The Diary of Philip Hone (2 vols.,
1889) ; N. Y. Tribune, Oct. 5, 1853.] W. B. S.
KING, JOHN (Jan. 1, 1813-June 19, 1893),
physician, leader of the reform in American
medical therapeutics, and one of the founders of
the eclectic school of medicine, was born in New
York City. His father was Harman King; his
mother was Marguerite La Porte, the daughter
of Marquis La Porte who came to America with
Lafayette. Early in his college life his bent
toward science appeared and in 1835, at twenty-
two, he lectured before the Mechanics Institute
of New York City on magnetism and its relation
to geology, astronomy, and to physiology, and
repeated the lectures later in New Bedford, Mass.
He was throughout his life an indefatigable stu-
dent, a clear, pleasant expositor, with a sense of
language and of accurate statement. As a medical
student in the Reformed Medical College of the
City of New York he came under the influence
of Wooster Beach, a leading physician who was
working to secure a reform in therapeutics to
less drastic methods. King graduated from the
college in 1838 and after teaching at the school
settled first in New Bedford but in 1845 moved
to Sharpsburg, Ky., and later to Owingsville.
In 1848 he was secretary of the first national
convention of Reform Medical Practitioners,
which was held in Cincinnati. At this convention
the name "Eclectic" was officially adopted. King
moved to Cincinnati, whither the Worthington
Reform Medical College, after its failure in
Worthington, Ohio, had been transferred and
reestablished under the name of the Eclectic
Medical Institute. He went the next year ( 1849)
to Memphis, Tenn., as professor of materia
medica, and therapeutics, but in 1851 he returned
to Cincinnati to become professor of obstetrics
in the Eclectic Medical Institute. With the ex-
ception of a few years he remained there until
his death. He was president of the National
Eclectic Medical Association in 1878 and first
president of the Ohio State Eclectic Medical
Association.
As a pharmacologist King introduced into
general use the resin of mandrake, podophyl-
lin, that of macrotys, and the oleo-resin of
iris, the first and perhaps the best of the resin
class of drugs. He also introduced hydrastis
and sanguinaria. He prepared these and other
drugs himself, and a collection of his apparatus,
together with samples of these and other drugs,
393
King
is to be found in the Smithsonian Institution at
Washington. He had a wide knowledge of botany
and discovered many of the active principles of
native plants. His most notable work, The
American Dispensatory (1852), during his life-
time passed through eighteen editions. In this
he preserved the knowledge of the therapeutic
principles of American plants and crystallized
the therapeutics of the eclectic school. It is one
of the most important American contributions
to materia medica. There followed in rapid suc-
cession American Obstetrics (1853); Women:
Their Diseases and Treatment (1858) ; The Mi-
croscopist's Companion (1859) ; The American
Family Physician (i860) ; Chronic Diseases
(1866); The Urological Dictionary (1878);
and The Coming Freeman (1886). The last was
written in behalf of laboring men. King was an
early Abolitionist, did much to help poor chil-
dren, championed the cause of labor, and fought
attempts to license and restrict medical prac-
titioners. He believed in the greatest possible
amount of personal freedom. As a medical pi-
oneer he had to stand much obloquy but he was
always courteous toward those who regarded
him as a charlatan. His mind was extraordi-
narily active, sympathetic, and kindly. He was
twice married. His first wife was Charlotte M.
Armington whom he married in 1833. She died
in 1847 and in 1853 he married Phebe (Rodman)
Piatt. He died at North Bend, Ohio.
[Trans. Nat. Eclectic Medic. Asso., vol. XXI (1894) ;
Bull, of the Lloyd Lib., no. 12, 1910; Otto Juettner,
Daniel Drake and His Followers (1909) ; H. A. Kelly
and W. L. Burrage, Am. Medic. Biogs. (1920) ; Eclec-
tic Medic. Jour., June 1891 ; Cincinnati Times-Star,
June 23, 1893J A. P.M.
KING, JOHN ALSOP (Jan. 3, 1788-July 7,
1867), congressman, governor of New York, was
the eldest son of Rufus, 1755-1827 [q.v.~\, and
Mary (Alsop) King and brother of Charles and
James Gore King [qq.z'.~\. He was born in New
York City, but a good part of his boyhood was
passed, with his brothers, in England, while the
father was United States minister to that coun-
try. He attended Harrow School under the head
mastership of Dr. Joseph Drury, while Lord
Byron and Robert Peel were pupils there. The
discipline was a rare experience for American
boys. At that time, the opening years of the
nineteenth century, the curriculum was rigidly
confined to Latin and Greek. From Harrow the
King brothers were sent to a branch of the ficole
Polytechnique in Paris for drill in the us: of the
French language. Their father, having been re-
lieved of the English mission by the Jefferson
administration, had returned to America. In
Paris the boys took prizes and were schoolfel-
King
lows of several of the Empress Josephine's young
relations. When they rejoined their parents the
family was settled at Jamaica, Long Island
John's later studies were chiefly confined to the
law. Although admitted to the bar, he had hard-
ly begun practice when the War of 1812 inter-
rupted his plans, and he was commissioned a
lieutenant of cavalry at New York.
After the peace, King, who had married Mary
Ray, Jan. 3, 1810, cultivated a farm on Long
Island not far from his father's estate. At this
time his interest in agriculture became domi-
nant. His other absorbing interest was politics.
Schooled in Federalism, his earlier alliances in
New York were with anti-Clintonian Demo-
crats, or Republicans. He was a member of the
state Assembly in 1819-21 and of the state Sen-
ate in 1823-25, resigning his seat to go to Lon-
don as secretary of legation with his father, who
was appointed minister to the Court of St.
James's by President John Quincy Adams. Af-
ter his return to America King was in turn
allied with the anti-Masons, the National Re-
publicans, and the Whigs, harboring also anti-
slavery sentiments. He was sent at intervals by
his district to the state Assembly (1832, 1838,
1840), suffering several defeats for the same
office, however. He was a delegate to the Whig
national convention of 1839 and ten years
later was sent to Congress as a Whig repre-
sentative, his brother James having a seat for a
New Jersey district in the same House. In Con-
gress King opposed the Clay compromise meas-
ures, particularly the Fugitive-slave Bill, and
urged the admission of California as a free state.
He was a delegate to the Whig national conven-
tion of 1852, but two years later he presided at
the New York state anti-Nebraska convention
and in the New York Whig convention of 1855
he moved the adoption of the name ".Republi-
can." He was a delegate to the first Republican
National Convention in 1856. In the state con-
vention of that year he was named for governor
on the second ballot and was elected in Novem-
ber by a large plurality. His term of office was
uneventful, the perennial New York issues of
education and canal enlargement receiving the
usual emphasis in his messages to the legislature.
New York's attitude on the question of slavery
extension was also set forth at length. The
private life to which King retired at the age of
seventy-one was only once interrupted, when he
was appointed a member of the New York dele-
gation to the Peace Conference of 1861 at Wash-
ington. He was stricken by paralysis while mak-
ing a Fourth of July address to his Long Island
neighbors in 1867 and died three days later in
394
King
the homestead that had been his since his father's
death in 1827. He had seven children, one of
whom, Charles Ray King, M.D., edited The Life
and Correspondence of Rufus King.
[W. W. Spooner, Historic Families of America
(n.d.) ; The Life and Correspondence of Rufus King
(6 vols., 1894-1900), ed. by C. R. King; D. S. Alex-
ander, A Pol. Hist, of the State of N. Y., vol. II
(1906) ; "Eulogium on the Late Gov. John A. King,"
Trans. N. Y. State Agric. Soc, pt. I, vol. XXVII
(1868) ; Union League Club of N. Y. Proc. in Refer-
ence to the Death of John A. King, July nth, 1867
(1867) ; Bayard Tuckerman, The Diary of Philip Hone
(2 vols., 1889) ; J. A. Scoville, The Old Merchants of
N- Y., vols. I-III (1863-65) ; N. Y. Tribune, July 8,
,867l W.B.S.
KING, JOHN PENDLETON (Apr. 3, 1799-
Mar. 19, 1888), lawyer, railroad president, sena-
tor, was born near Glasgow, Ky. His father was
Francis King, a native of Hanover County, Va. ;
his mother was, before her marriage, Mary Pat-
rick, of Pendleton District, S. C. When he was
quite young his parents moved to Bedford Coun-
ty, Tenn., where he received his first schooling.
At sixteen, with money and a horse given him
by his father, he set out for Columbia County,
Ga., to visit an uncle. Becoming strongly at-
tached to Georgia, in 1817 he entered the Acad-
emy of Richmond County at Augusta, not far
away, to complete his formal education. He
soon became acquainted with Freeman Walker,
a Georgian of note, and under his guidance be-
gan the study of law. Though under the pre-
scribed age, he was admitted to the bar in 1819
and immediately succeeded to a lucrative practice
upon Walker's election to the United States
Senate in December of that year. After three
years at the bar, he decided to visit Europe for
study and general culture. He remained two
years.
By 1829 King's fortune had become so large
and his business interests so exacting that he gave
up the law. Though not politically ambitious
and not characteristically a politician, he en-
tered the two state constitutional conventions of
1830 and 1833, acting with the Jacksonian Demo-
crats. The year following the first convention,
he was appointed a judge of the court of com-
mon pleas, a position which he soon abandoned.
So insistent was his adopted state on honoring
him that he received the appointment to the
United States Senate in 1833 to fill out the un-
expired term of George M. Troup, who had re-
signed. The next year he was reelected for the
full term, but he resigned in 1837 when he found
himself the object of considerable criticism in
Georgia because of his refusal to support the
policies of President Van Buren in their en-
tirety. Returning to private life, he became one
of the constructive industrial leaders in the ante-
King
bellum South. In 1841 he assumed the presi-
dency of the Georgia Railroad & Banking Com-
pany and through his private fortune rescued
it from bankruptcy. He remained at the head
of this road until 1878. During the Civil War
he used his resources in furthering the Confed-
eracy and for his pains, suffered damages at the
hands of Sherman's army to the amount of $3,-
000,000. He was also the chief promoter and
president of the Atlanta & West Point Railroad,
one of the most profitable short lines in the
South. He entered into the cotton manufactur-
ing business in Augusta early, and it was through
his vision and efforts that the Augusta Canal, a
water-power development, was constructed on
the Savannah River. King married in 1842 the
only daughter of J. M. Woodward of New York
City. Four children were born to them. He
died in Summerville, Chattooga County, Ga.,
and was buried in St. Paul's Churchyard, Au-
gusta.
[A. D. Candler and C. A. Evans, eds., Georgia
(1906), vol. II; L. L. Knight, Georgia's Landmarks,
Memorials and Legends, vol. II (1914) ; W.J. Northen,
ed., Men of Mark in Ga., vol. Ill (1911) ; War of the
Rebellion: Official Records {Army), 4 ser. II, pp. 273,
274; Biog. Dir. Am. Cong. (1928); Applctons' Ann.
Cyc, 1888; Atlanta Constitution, Mar. 20, 1888.]
E.M.C.
KING, JONAS (July 29, 1792-May 22, 1869),
missionary, consular officer, was the son of Jonas
and Abigail (Leonard) King. His grandfather,
Thomas King, was an early settler and a leader
in the political and religious life of Hawley,
Mass. ; his father lived a more retired life on his
little farm near the town, carrying on the strict
Puritan tradition in his home. After a frag-
mentary but eagerly acquired elementary edu-
cation he graduated from Williams College in
1816, and from Andover Theological Seminary
in 1819. He spent six months in mission work
among the negroes and seamen in Charleston, S.
C, where he was ordained as an evangelist by
the South Carolina Congregational Association
on Dec. 17, 1819, and returned to Andover for
a year of graduate work in 1820-21. Precarious
health, which more than once broke under the
strain, and slender resources, replenished by in-
tervals of teaching and preaching, only intensi-
fied his struggle for an education. He determined
to study Arabic under the noted Orientalist De
Sacy in Paris, with a view to future missionary
work, and spent nearly a year there.
Receiving an appeal from his seminary mate,
Pliny Fisk, to join him in the Palestine mission
of the American Board of Commissioners for
Foreign Missions, he accepted the call and him-
self raised the money for his support. After three
active years in the mission he left behind him
395
King
his famous Farewell Letter (1825), in which he
set forth his reasons for not joining the Roman
Catholic Church. This work, written originally
in Arabic, was translated into several languages
and exercised a wide influence. On his way home
he lingered several months in Smyrna, in the
home of a Greek family named Mengous, where
he exchanged English lessons for lessons in mod-
ern Greek, and where he became acquainted with
Annetta Aspasia Mengous, whom he married in
1829. In 1828 he was persuaded by "The Ladies'
Greek Committee of New York City," a group
of American Philhellenes, to take charge of a
shipload of food and clothing collected for the
relief of Greek sufferers in the war against Turk-
ish rule, and to remain in Greece as a missionary.
In 1830 he returned permanently to the service
of the American Board. Moving to Athens while
the city was still demoralized by wartime con-
ditions, he purchased some land near the Acrop-
olis, which he named "Philadelphia," and be-
gan the construction of a home, school, and
church. Part of this property was later seized
for public use by the government, which denied
compensation for many years.
Puritan ancestry and home influence, an in-
nate kindliness, a passion for learning, a flaming
evangelistic spirit, a profound conviction of his
calling, and an unshakable faith in his credo
were factors which combined to make a life sin-
gularly consistent in its devotion to the mission-
ary vocation. His long service was crowded with
activity. Besides translating a number of Eng-
lish works into modern Greek, he published in
addition to the Farewell Letter already men-
tioned: Defence (1845), 'n Greek; Exposition
of an Apostolic Church (1851) ; Speech before
the Areopagus (1847), in Greek; Hermeneutics
of the Sacred Scriptures (1857), in Greek; Ser-
mons (2 vols., 1859), in Greek; Synoptical Viczv
of Palestine and Syria, with Additions, in French,
translated into Greek, 1859; Miscellaneous
Works (1859), in Greek; Answer to a Pamphlet
Entitled "The Two Clergymen," by the Bishop
of Karystia, Macarius, Kaliarchus (1863). He
planned with his pupil, Dr. Kalopothakes, a dis-
tinctively Greek Protestant Church, which was
afterward realized in a permanent organization.
Several times he acted as an unofficial agent be-
tween the United States and the Greek govern-
ment, and on Mar. 15, 185 1, he was appointed
United States consular agent at Athens, and
served until Aug. 18, 1857. Six weeks later he
was appointed acting consul, his term lasting
until the following March. In 1868 he served
for a few weeks as vice-consul at Piraeus.
Among a people whose established religion was
King
as dear to them as was the Greeks', it is not
strange that his evangelical ardor, his positive
and uncompromising theology, and his contro-
versial books aroused opposition which at times
amounted to persecution. He was the object of
libelous articles in the press and was threatened
with mob violence. He was tried in the Athens
courts in 1852 on the charge of reviling the
Greek Church, and sentenced to fifteen days'
imprisonment followed by exile. Only one day
of his prison sentence was served, and the sen-
tence of exile was later reversed. An investiga-
tion of his case by George P. Marsh, United
States minister at Constantinople, in 1852 and
1853, established the injustice of his trial and
the justice of his land claims. The land claims
were settled in 1855 through Roger A. Pryor.
In 1863 King was anathematized by the Holy
Synod of Athens and one of his books burned.
Not long before his death, however, a reconcilia-
tion was effected between him and the Metro-
politan Bishop of Athens. His burial place is in
Athens.
[The letters of King are in the possession of the Am.
Bd. of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and are
deposited in the Andover-Harvard Theolog. Lib. Con-
sular letters are preserved in the U. S. State Dept.
archives, and Marsh's report is published as Sen. Ex.
Doc. No. 67, 33 Cong., 2 Sess. Long extracts are quoted
from King's letters in the Missionary Herald, vols.
XIXTLXV (1823-69). F. E. H. Haines, Jonas King:
Missionary to Syria and Greece (1879), is the only
complete biography. H. M. Baird, Modern Greece
(1856), gives an eye-witness account of King's trial.
See also H. H. Jessup, Fifty-three Years in Syria
(1910) ; Thomas Laurie, The Ely Volume, or The Con-
tributions of Our Foreign Missions to Science and Hu-
man IV ell-Being (1881) ; Congrcgationalist and Boston
Recorder, June 24, 1869; W. G. Atkins, Hist, of the
Town of Hawley, Franklin County, Mass. (1887).]
I.L.T.
KING, PRESTON (Oct. 14, 1806-Nov. 13,
1865), politician, was born in Ogdensburg, N.
Y., the son of John King and Margaret Gallo-
way. His elementary education obtained in Og-
densburg was followed by a classical course in
Union College where he graduated with honors
in 1827. He passed the bar after a study of the
law in Silas Wright's office. In 1830 he estab-
lished the St. Lawrence Republican. He was
a Democrat from principle and became a dogged,
uncompromising Jacksonian. Through Wright's
influence he served as postmaster at Ogdens-
burg from 1831 to 1834 at which time he was
elected to the Assembly. He was hostile toward
the movement to finance internal improvements
at government expense and thought Whiggery
was an extension of Federalism, neither of which
had accomplished any good. He won the con-
fidence and respect of his party before he became
involved in the Canadian Rebellion of 1837-38.
396
King
The imprisonment of some of his friends whom
he had urged to participate in that war tempo-
rarily unbalanced his mind and he entered an
asylum in Hartford, Conn., after his fourth term
in the Assembly. He recovered rapidly, how-
ever, returned to politics, and entered Congress
in 1843. Having long opposed the extension of
slavery, he broke with the majority of his party
in 1846, when he advised Wilmot to introduce
his Proviso and then gave it his powerful sup-
port. He participated in the Free Soil conven-
tion at Buffalo in 1848 and supported Van Buren.
He was not a candidate for election to the
Thirtieth Congress, but he was elected in 1848
as a Free Soiler and was reelected in 1850. He
was strong in his opposition to the Fugitive-slave
Law. In 1852 he supported Pierce for President
but later turned against him and the party, be-
cause of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and allied
himself with its opponents. He urged the nomi-
nation of Fremont and was himself considered
for the vice-presidential nomination by the
Philadelphia convention in 1856. In 1857 he
entered the Senate where he severely denounced
Buchanan as being "false to his high trust"
(Congressional Globe, 35 Cong., 1 Sess., p. 1134).
He proposed to establish agricultural land grant
colleges in every state, but he failed to secure the
passage of such a bill. The idea of secession was
repugnant to him, although he advocated state
rights in preference to extreme centralization.
He refused to support any proposed compromises
with the South in 1860, and he ardently sup-
ported Lincoln in his war policies. At the ex-
piration of his term in 1863 he returned to his
law practice. He acted as chairman of the Na-
tional Committee of the Republican party from
i860 to 1864 and served as a delegate in the
Republican Convention at Baltimore where he
urged the nomination of Johnson for vice-presi-
dent. After the latter became president, he ap-
pointed King collector of customs in New York
City (Aug. 15, 1865). King accepted the office,
for which he believed himself wholly unfitted,
only upon the earnest insistence of Weed. An
invasion of office-seekers and the fear that he
might fail to perform his duties satisfactorily
caused another mental aberration. He tied a
bag of shot about his body and slipped off a
Hoboken ferry-boat. His remains were buried
near the graves of his father and mother at Og-
densburg, N. Y., in May 1866. He had never
married.
I'D. S. Alexander, A Pol. Hist, of the State of N. Y.,
vol. II (1906); Autobiog. of Thurlow Weed (1884),
ed. by Harriet A. Weed ; C. B. Going, David Wilmot,
Free Soiler (1924); H. D. A. Donovan, The Barn-
burners (1925); Diary of Gideon Welles (3 vols.,
King
191 1) ; S. W. Durant and H. B. Pierce, Hist, of St.
Lawrence County, N. Y. (1878); obituary notices in
the World (N. Y.), Nov. 15, 16, 1865, and the N. Y.
Tribune, Nov. 15, 1865.] W. E. S— h.
KING, RICHARD (July 10, 1825-Apr. 14,
1885), steamboat captain and founder of a great
ranch, was born in Orange County, N. Y. His
parents, whose names have not been preserved,
were evidently poor, and at the age of eight the
boy was apprenticed to a jeweler. Being harsh-
ly treated, he ran away and slipped aboard a
steamship bound for Mobile, Ala. There he be-
came a cabin boy. One of his employers, Capt.
Joe Holland, took quite a fancy to the lad and
sent him to Connecticut for eight months in
school, which made up the whole of his formal
education. Returning to Mobile, he continued
with Captain Holland, served for a brief period
as a volunteer in the Seminole War, and was
then engaged on various steamers on the Chat-
tahoochee River. In 1847 he was attracted to
Texas by the Mexican War and served as a
pilot on a government steamer on the Rio Grande.
He made the acquaintance of his commander,
Capt. Mifflin Kenedy, and the two remained close
friends. When the war was over, King bought
a small steamer and engaged in trade on the
Rio Grande, and, in 1850, joined Kenedy in or-
ganizing Kenedy & Company. Between 1850
and the close of the Civil War, the company built
or purchased twenty-two vessels. During the
war, King was engaged in exchanging cotton for
supplies from Mexico for the use of the Con-
federate forces. He and his partner are de-
scribed as "too well known to render it necessary
to speak of their ability to comply with this con-
tract" (War of the Rebellion: Official Records,
Army, 1 Ser. XV, p. 1074).
King had already conceived the plan of cre-
ating a great ranch in the region between the
Nueces and the Rio Grande. In 1852 he pur-
chased a tract of 75,000 acres known as the
Santa Gertrudis ranch situated in Nueces Coun-
ty southwest of Corpus Christi. On Dec. 10,
1854, he was married to Henrietta M. Chamber-
lain, the daughter of a Presbyterian minister.
The young couple established themselves on the
ranch, where King was soon the virtual ruler
of a great sweep of country. Firm, bold, and
prompt in his decisions and actions, he did not
hesitate to hold the lawless characters of the
frontier in check with an iron hand. His ene-
mies said he was sometimes unscrupulous in his
methods of acquiring land, but even they gave
him credit for open-handed generosity. The
ranch was soon famous for its hospitality. Be-
fore the Northern markets were opened, King
397
King
erected rendering establishments on his ranch
and shipped tallow and hides to market by water.
Later thousands of his cattle were driven over
the long trail to Kansas and the Northern ranges.
From 1876 to 1880 he was engaged in building
a railroad from Corpus Christi to Laredo. At
one time his livestock holdings included 100,000
cattle, 20,000 sheep, and 10,000 horses. At the
time of his death he owned outright more than
half a million acres in flourishing condition, and
the original "longhorns" were being rapidly re-
placed by improved breeds which he imported.
The town of Kingsville has been built on land
which formerly was a part of the ranch.
[J. H. Brown, Indian Wars and Pioneers of Tex.
(n.d.) ; J. M. Hunter, The Trail Drivers of Tex. (2nd
ed., 1924) ; Harper's Weekly, Aug. 18, 1906 ; Kingsville
Record, Apr. 1, 1925 ; Jas. Cox, Cattle Industry of Tex.
(1895) ; Southwestern Hist. Quart., Apr. 1916; infor-
mation as to certain facts from King's daughter, Mrs.
R. J. Kleberg, Kingsville, Tex.] r q Qm
KING, RUFUS (Mar. 24, 1755-Apr. 29, 1827),
Federalist statesman and minister to Great Brit-
ain, was born in Scarboro, Me. (then part of
Massachusetts), the eldest son of Captain Rich-
ard King, a successful merchant, and his first
wife, Isabella (Bragdon) King. At the age of
twelve he was sent to Dummer Academy, South
Byfield, Mass., under Master Samuel Moody, and
then entered Harvard, graduating in the class of
1777. He studied law at Newburyport, Mass.,
under Theophilus Parsons [q.v.~\, incidentally
acquiring some military experience as aide to
General Glover during General Sullivan's brief
and ill-fated expedition to Rhode Island. Ad-
mitted to the bar in 1780, he opened an office in
Newburyport. As a delegate to the Massachu-
setts General Court from that town in 1783, 1784,
and 1785, he showed himself to be "a man of
business, a ready debater, and a pleasing orator"
(J. B. McMaster, A History of the People of the
United States. I, 1883, p. 359), and won a place
of leadership by favoring a bill granting a five
per cent, impost to the Continental Congress.
For three successive years, from 1784 to 1786,
he was elected by the legislature as a delegate
to Congress, then sitting in Trenton, N. J. As a
member, he moved, Mar. 16, 1785, a resolution
providing that there should be neither "slavery
nor involuntary servitude" in the section to be
known as the Northwest Territory. The phrase
employed by King was later incorporated in the
Ordinance of 1787, which was drafted in part by
him but introduced in Congress by his colleague,
Nathan Dane, while King was serving in the
Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia. As
chairman of a committee on finances, he offered
a report (Feb. 15, 1786) urging all the states
King
to contribute toward federal expenses, and he
was sent, with James Monroe, on an unsuccess-
ful mission to persuade the Pennsylvania legis-
lature to emulate Massachusetts in granting Con-
gress a five per cent, impost. Although he was
already recognized as a brilliant speaker, he
broke down in the midst of his prepared address
and had to ask Monroe to take his place. An
hour later, however, he rose and delivered ex-
temporaneously what he always declared to be
the best speech he ever made. During this period
also King sat upon a commission to adjust the
boundary between Massachusetts and New York.
In the Constitutional Convention, which
opened May 14, 1787, King was probably the
most eloquent orator. Although he had at first
been fearful of the dangers which might arise
from such an assembly and had been opposed to
any radical action in altering the Articles of
Confederation, his opinions underwent a change,
and he was found during the debates arguing
in favor of a vigorous central government. He
was on the committee which revised the style
and arranged the order of the final draft of the
Constitution, and he was one of its signers. In
the Massachusetts convention for ratification, as
a delegate from Newburyport, he courageously
pleaded for its adoption, and his logic and fervor,
as well as his familiarity with the provisions of
the document, were of vital assistance in secur-
ing the approval of his state.
Before the federal government was organized,
King, having married, Mar. 30, 1786, Mary
Alsop, only daughter of a wealthy New York
merchant, had moved to New York City and
abandoned the practice of law. Shortly after his
arrival, he was elected to the New York As-
sembly and was soon chosen by the legislature,
July 16, 1789, as United States senator from that
state, his colleague being Gen. Philip Schuyler.
King, who was fortunate enough to draw the
long term, became perhaps the ablest Federalist
in the Senate, upholding Alexander Hamilton
in all his financial measures. Of the Jay Treaty,
negotiated in 1794 with England, he was an
earnest advocate, and he joined with Hamilton
and Jay in publishing, under the signature of
"Camillus," a series of papers explaining its de-
tails, King's share being a discussion of com-
mercial matters and maritime law, on which he
was an authority. He was elected in 1791 as a
director of the Bank of the United States, which
he had labored assiduously to create. He was
chosen for a second senatorial term, Jan. 27,
1795, by a small majority in each branch of the
legislature.
Washington, after some hesitation, named
398
King
King as minister plenipotentiary to Great Brit-
ain, succeeding Thomas Pinckney, in 1796. In
recommending him to the President, Hamilton
described him as "a remarkably well informed
man, a very judicious one, a man of address, a
man of fortune and economy, whose situation
affords just ground of confidence" (The Life
and Correspondence of Rufus King, VI, p. 680).
King completely justified the hopes of his spon-
sors and is said to have been "one of the most
effective representatives the United States ever
had at London" ( Edward Channing, A History
of the United States, IV, 1917, 353). Arriving
in London, July 23, 1796, at a moment when
issues of a critical nature were arising almost
daily between the two nations, King, by firm yet
tactful diplomacy, averted any open breach. He
concluded in 1803 two important conventions
with the Addington ministry, and he even felt,
probably too optimistically, that, if he could have
remained a few months longer, he might have
persuaded Great Britain to abandon her policy
of impressment. He was, however, relieved at
his own request in 1803 and returned to the
United States. In the autumn of 1804 he was
by general agreement the Federalist candidate
for vice-president with Charles C. Pinckney as
the presidential nominee, but they received
only fourteen electoral votes — from Connecti-
cut, Delaware, and Maryland — and were over-
whelmed by Jefferson and Clinton, Being out
of sympathy with the Jefferson administration
he settled on an estate in Jamaica, Long Island,
where he interested himself in agriculture, im-
ported a herd of Devon cattle, and kept up an
extensive correspondence. In 1808 Pinckney and
King were again nominated and were given
forty-seven electoral votes — all New England,
except Vermont, going for the Federalist nomi-
nees.
Like a true Federalist, King did not approve
of the War of 1812, and when he was again
elected in 1813 to the United States Senate from
New York, he became the leader of the nine
opposition members in that body. He made a
fiery speech against the abandonment of the city
of Washington after the British had burned the
Capitol in 18 14; and, when it became evident
that the war had become one of defense, he sanc-
tioned measures for its vigorous prosecution,
thus winning the respect of his opponents for
his patriotic attitude. He was suggested fre-
quently by Republican newspapers as a possible
secretary of state, the hope being that he might
persuade his Federalist followers to join him in
standing by the administration. In the presi-
dential election in 1816, he won the votes of all
King
the Federalist electors, representing Massachu-
setts, Connecticut, and Delaware, and thus re-
ceived 34 votes to Monroe's 183. He had joined
Webster, then in the House of Representatives,
in opposing the establishment of the second Bank
of the United States ; and he was the author of
the Navigation Act of 1818. He studied care-
fully the problem of the public lands and carried
through a measure providing that they should
be sold for cash, at a lower price than before.
In 1820 he was reelected by the New York legis-
lature, although the majority of the members
differed with him politically. The following year
he was a member of the New York constitu-
tional convention.
During his last term in the Senate he took a
decisive stand on negro slavery. He resisted the
admission of Missouri as a state, with slavery,
and opposed the Missouri Compromise of 1820
on the ground that it merely prolonged the con-
troversy and postponed its adjustment. He ar-
gued that further extension of slavery would be
unfair to the free states and fatal to their wel-
fare. For the abolition of slavery he proposed
applying the proceeds of the sale of the public
lands toward the emancipation of negroes and
toward their removal to some territory outside
of the national borders. Upon the expiration of
his term King declined a reelection. He had
suffered badly from the gout. But his desire to
resume private life was overcome by the in-
sistence of President John Quincy Adams that
he should once more accept the ministry to the
Court of St. James's. Shortly after his arrival
in Liverpool, June 26, 1825, he was taken ill
and was obliged to return to America the fol-
lowing summer. Within a year he died, worn
out by the exhausting demands of a long and
creditable career in the service of his country.
He was buried in the cemetery of Grace Church,
in Jamaica.
In the estimation of one who knew him well,
King "had the appearance of one who was a
gentleman by nature and had improved all her
gifts" (William Sullivan, Familiar Letters on
Public Characters and Public Events, 2nd ed.,
1834, p. 21), but he was sometimes thought to
be haughty and austere in manner. The existing
portraits of him by John Trumbull, Gilbert Stu-
art, and Charles W. Peale would indicate that
he was handsome. The testimony as to his abil-
ity is ample. Jeremiah Mason, King's colleague
in the Senate, thought him to be "the most able
man and the greatest orator" he had ever met
(Memoir, Autobiography and Correspondence
of Jeremiah Mason, 1917, p. 57). Webster wrote
of him, Feb. 5, 1814, to his brother Ezekiel :
399
King
"You never heard such a speaker. In strength,
and dignity, and fire ; in ease, in natural effect,
and gesture as well as in matter, he is un-
equalled" (The Writings and Speeches of Daniel
Webster, National Edition, 1903, XVII, 241).
During a long and stormy political career, he
never had a serious quarrel nor was there the
slightest imputation against his public or private
life. He reared a notable family of children of
whom several attained distinction, among them
being John Alsop, Charles, and James Gore
King [qq.v.~\.
[The standard authority on Rufus King is The Life
and Correspondence of Rufus King (6 vols., 1894-
1900), edited by his grandson, Charles R. King. Other
sources include: C. E. Fitch, Encyc. of Biog. of N. Y.
(1916), I, 34-37; W. W. Spooner, Hist. Families of
America (n.d.) ; Autobiog. of Martin Van Buren
(1920), published as Vol. II of the annual reports of
the Am. Hist. Asso. for the year 1918; D. S. Alexan-
der, A Pol. Hist, of the State of N. Y., vol. I (1906) ;
Max Farrand, The Records of the Fed. Convention of
1787 (3 vols., 1911) ; D. R. Fox, The Decline of Aris-
tocracy in the Politics of N. Y. (1919) ; E. H. Brush,
Rufus King and His Times (1926).] C. M. F.
KING, RUFUS (Jan. 26, 1814-Oct. 13, 1876),
soldier, editor, diplomat, was born in New York
City, the son of Charles \_q.v.~\ and Eliza
(Gracie) King, and grandson of Rufus King
[g.7'.]. He attended the preparatory department
of Columbia College, entered the United States
Military Academy, West Point, July 1, 1829,
graduated in 1833, and was commissioned in the
corps of engineers. Resigning, Sept. 30, 1836,
because he felt that the army in peace time of-
fered little opportunity for a career, he became
assistant engineer in surveying for the New
York & Erie Railroad, of which his uncle, James
Gore King [?.#.], was president. In 1839 he
went to Albany and was editor of the Albany
Daily Advertiser until 1841, after which year
till 1845 he was associated with Thurlow Weed
in editing the Albany Evening Journal. From
1839 to 1843 he was adjutant-general of New
York under Gov. William H. Seward and com-
manded the troops called out to suppress the
anti-rent disturbances.
Removing to Milwaukee in 1845, he became
part owner and editor of the Milwaukee Sentinel
and Gazette (later the Milwaukee Sentinel). In
1857 he sold his share but remained as editor
until 1 86 1. He made the paper one of the lead-
ing journals of the Northwest. He himself en-
gaged actively in many public affairs. He was
a leader in the fight to defeat the first constitu-
tion proposed for Wisconsin (1846), and was an
influential member of the second convention
which framed the constitution adopted in 1848.
Especially interested in education, he served for
years as superintendent of schools of Milwaukee
King
without the title or compensation, and was for-
mally superintendent, 1859-60. He was an earnest
proponent of "free instruction in all the institu-
tions of the state, from the primary schools to the
university," and was one of the first regents of
the University of Wisconsin (1848-54).
His old friend, Secretary Seward, secured his
appointment, Mar. 22, 1861, as minister to the
Papal States, but as he was about to sail for
Rome, Fort Sumter was fired upon. He re-
turned to Washington and on May 17, 1861, was
commissioned a brigadier-general, organized the
famous "Iron Brigade," and served in the de-
fenses of Washington until March 1862, when
he was given a division. On Aug. 28, 1862, near
Gainesville, his division, a part of Pope's army,
was unexpectedly attacked by Stonewall Jack-
son with a large force. King held his ground
until nightfall, then retreated. Next day Jack-
son and Lee united and defeated Pope in the
battle of Manassas. After this disastrous en-
gagement the false impression got abroad that
King, when he retreated, disobeyed Pope's or-
ders, and that he was therefore responsible for
the junction of Jackson with Lee. "For long
years he had to bear the stigma," says his son,
Gen. Charles King (post, p. 380), "and it ruined
his health and broke his heart." He continued
in the army until October 20, 1863, when ill
health — he was a victim of epilepsy — forced him
to resign.
He had, on Oct. 7, been reappointed minister
to Rome. While there he apprehended John H.
Surratt, implicated in the conspiracy to assassi-
nate Lincoln and Seward, who had fled to Italy.
In 1867 Congress failed to appropriate funds for
continuing the mission at the Papal Court on
what King called "the alleged but erroneous
grounds that the Pope refuses to permit Protes-
tant worship within the walls of Rome" (Papers
Relating to Foreign Affairs, 1867, pt. 1, p. 708).
King protested, but Congress at its next session
having again made no appropriation for the con-
tinuance of the mission, he resigned Jan. 1, 1868.
He served as deputy collector of customs for the
port of New York until 1869, when ill health
compelled his retirement from public life. In
1836 he married Ellen Eliot, who died in 1838;
in 1843 he married her sister Susan, by whom
he had a son and a daughter.
[W. W. Spooner, Historic Families of America
(n.d.) ; Charles King, in Wis. Maq. of Hist., June 1921 ;
Wis. Hist. Soc. Colls., vol. XXVIII (1920), vol. XXIX
(1928) ; files of the Milwaukee Sentinel, 1845-61 ; G.
W. Cullum, Biog. Reg. Officers and Grads. U. S. Mil.
Acad., vol. I (3rd ed., 1891); War of the Rebellion,
Official Records (Army), 1 ser. XII, pt. 1 ; Papers Re-
lating to Foreign Affairs, 1866, pt. 2, pp. 127ft., i867.
pt. 1, pp. 69.sff- ; Milwaukee Sentinel, Oct. 14, 1876;
information from Gen. Charles King.] W. E. M.
4OO
King
KING, SAMUEL (Jan. 24, 1748-Dec. 30,
1819), portrait painter and maker of nautical
instruments, was a son of Benjamin and Mary
(Haggar) King, of Newport, R. I. The father,
described as "a gentleman of very respectable
character," was born at Salem, Mass., a de-
scendant of Daniel King, the emigrant, who
settled in Lynn, Mass., before 1644. The mother
was of a Rhode Island family. The senior King
made and repaired instruments for navigators
in a shop bearing a quadrant as its sign at the
corner of Thames and Pelham streets and here
Samuel learned his principal means of liveli-
hood. He was sent to Boston to study house-
painting and perhaps other forms of applied art,
according to a plausible tradition. On his return
to Newport he is said to have painted a portrait
of a local gentleman which he exhibited in his
father's shop window. It was so lifelike that the
sitter's negro factotum, mistaking it for reality,
bowed low before it. It has also been said (Bol-
ton, post, p. 92) that King received the encour-
agement of Cosmo Alexander, the visiting Scot-
tish painter, who also befriended Stuart. King
married, Aug. 26, 1770, Amey Vernon, daughter
of Samuel Vernon, a prominent Newport mer-
chant. She died Feb. 14, 1792, and in November
1795 he married Sarah Ward, also of Newport.
Although he was an able portraitist, as shown
by his likeness of Benjamin Mumford (New-
port Historical Society) and other examples,
King appears to have been unable to live from
his art but continued to follow his father's busi-
ness after the latter's death. Washington All-
ston (Flagg, post, p. 9) speaks of Samuel King
as one "who made quadrants and compasses, and
occasionally painted portraits," and depicts him
as a friendly man to whom "sometimes I would
take ... a drawing, and was sure to get a kind
word of encouragement." King also instructed
Edward Malbone, Gilbert Stuart, Anne Hall,
who became a miniaturist, and Charles B. King,
prolific painter of portraits at Washington, D.
C, and benefactor of the Redwood Library,
Newport. A fine portrait of Mrs. Richard Derby
may have been painted by King at Salem while
he visited his father's relatives. In August 1770
Ezra Stiles sat for a portrait in Newport. In
the same month he married King and Miss Ver-
non.
In May 1783 King designed and displayed in
front of the Rhode Island State House, New-
port, a patriotic transparency which disclosed,
among other execrated personages, Benedict
Arnold suspended from a gallows. His name
does not thereafter appear very frequently in the
local records. His son Samuel King, Jr., father
King
of Charles William King [q.v.], became an opu-
lent East India merchant in New York, of the
firm of King & Talbot, and another son, William
Vernon King, a graduate of Brown University,
successfully practised law in Rhode Island. The
artist was buried at Newport.
[Rufus King, Pedigree of King, of Lynn, Essex
County, Mass. (1891) ; New-Eng. Hist, and Gencal.
Reg., July 1879, for the Vernon Family; Maud Howe
Elliott, "Some Recollections of Newport Artists," Bull.
of the Newport Hist. Soc., Jan. 1921 ; Theodore Bol-
ton, Early Am. Portrait Painters in Miniature (1921) ;
Win. Dunlap, A Hist, of the Rise and Progress of the
Arts of Design in the U. S. (19 18), vol. II ; J. B. Flagg,
The Life and Letters of Washington Allston (1892);
F. B. Dexter, The Lit. Diary of Ezra Stiles, D.D.,
LL.D. (190 1 ), vol. I; Hannah R. London, Portraits
of Jews by Gilbert Stuart and Other Early Am. Artists
(1927) ; J. N. Arnold, Vital Records of R. I., 1636-
1850, vol. VIII (1896), vol. XVIII (1909) ; Newport
Mercury, Nov. 27, 1786; Rhode-Island Republican
(Newport), Jan. 5, 1820.] F. W. C.
KING, SAMUEL ARCHER (Apr. 9, 1828-
Nov. 3, 1914), aeronaut, was born at Tinicum,
Pa., the son of Dr. Isaac B. King. Early in life
he became interested in aeronautics, and on Sept.
25, 1851, he made his first balloon ascent at
Philadelphia. In the course of his life he made
several hundred ascensions, for the most part in
the vicinity of Philadelphia and Boston. Fourth
of July celebrations and state fairs figured large-
ly in his life because the flight of a balloon carry-
ing one or more men was an attraction that could
be depended upon to draw crowds, and those
taking part were accordingly liberally paid. In
the early eighties King became convinced that
the balloon offered a means of crossing the At-
lantic, and he did much of his later work with
this end in view. At this time he got in touch
with the United States Signal Service and of-
fered to carry an observer on some of the pre-
liminary voyages from inland cities like Minne-
apolis and Chicago to the Atlantic seaboard. On
Sept. 13, 1881, with Prof. Winslow Upton as
representative of the Signal Service, he made a
preliminary ascent at Minneapolis. The weather
was unfavorable and nothing definite came of
the effort. King hoped by this and later ascents
to prove that a balloon could be constructed of
such material that a sufficient volume of hydro-
gen gas could be kept within it for three or more
days. He himself devised a fabric, a kind of
rubber cloth, for this purpose. He also hoped to
prove that either by one long voyage, lasting
four or five days, or by a succession of shorter
ones, he could go in one general direction.
King estimated that a balloon of 300,000 cubic
feet capacity, with supplies and outfits for three
persons, would cost about $14,000. He proposed
to build such a balloon and attempt to cross the
Atlantic under official sanction but the sugges-
4OI
King
tion was rejected. In an article in the Century
Magazine ( October 1901 ) he gave at some length
his views on the practicability of the experiment.
He placed much reliance upon his drag-rope
method of controlling the balloon. He also sug-
gested the employment of water anchors, made
of stout canvas, which when lowered to the
ocean would serve as anchors and retard prog-
ress in the wrong direction. In 1885 W. H. Ham-
mon, representing the Signal Service of the
army, made four voyages with King in order to
obtain data concerning winds and temperatures
at moderate elevations. The balloon was the
Eagle Eyrie, the use of which, as well as his
own services, King gave without charge. More-
over he agreed to start on telegraphic notice
from Washington. The campaign was success-
fully carried out, and flights were made under
different weather conditions on Jan. 19, Mar. 13,
Mar. 27, and Apr. 16, 1885. A detailed account
of the observations made are recorded in a paper
by Hammon in the Proceedings of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science,
1890 ( 1891 ) . King did not live to the time when
the Atlantic Ocean was crossed by dirigible
balloons. Though it is doubtful whether he would
have succeeded in making the journey he must
nevertheless be credited with a positive faith in
the feasibility of such an undertaking, and if
means had been provided, he would doubtless
have made the attempt. He lived to old age, a
marked exception to the fate of most of the early
aeronauts. Prof. Cleveland Abbe regarded King
as the most cautious, wisest, and safest balloon-
ist of his age. He died in Philadelphia, survived
by his wife, Margaret Roberts, and two sons.
[Fulton T. Chalmers article in Fly, Feb. 1009 ; W.
H. Hammon, article in Am. Meteorol. Jour., Feb. 1891 ;
The Balloon: Noteworthy Aerial Voyages from the
Discovery of the Balloon to the Present Time, with a
Narrative of the Aeronautic Experiences of Mr. Samuel
A. King and a Full Description of His Great Captive
Balloons and Their Apparatus (1879), pub. by the
American Aeronautic Society of New York ; the Press
(Phila.), Philadelphia Inquirer, and Pub. Ledger, Nov.
4, 1914; information as to certain facts from Mr. W.
N. Jennings.] A.M.
KING, SAMUEL WARD (May 23, 1786-
Jan. 21, 1851 ) , physician and governor, was born
in Johnston, R. I., the son of William Borden
and Welthian (Walton) King. Although he en-
tered Brown University in 1802 and attended
for four years, he did not graduate with his class.
Instead he studied medicine and received a diplo-
ma in Providence in 1807. In the course of the
War of 1812, he married Catherine Latham
Angell (May 20, 1813), and employed his talents
as a surgeon, first on a privateer and later on the
Hornet. After the war he became interested in
King
business and politics. Elected in 1839 as first
assistant, he served as acting governor in de-
fault of the election of a governor and lieutenant-
governor, then served as governor in his own
right, upon his election to the office in the Whig
year of 1840. He was reelected in 1841 and
1842. During his administration a vigorous at-
tempt was made to supersede the charter of 1663
with a new constitution. The governor's relation
to this episode, known as the Dorr War, is his
only claim to importance. The old charter, in an
era of Jacksonian democracy, seemed to many
Rhode Islanders a distasteful anachronism.
Agitation against its provisions had occurred
from time to time but new vitality was breathed
into the movement by the formation in 1840 of
the Rhode Island Suffrage Association. This
organization, adopting the high ground of "nat-
ural rights," proceeded to choose a "people's con-
vention," draw up a "people's constitution,"
ratify that document and elect officers under its
provisions. The governor chosen, Thomas W.
Dorr [q.v.'], was inaugurated May 3, 1842, and
affected to regard himself as the lawful execu-
tive of the state.
In dealing with this movement, the King
administration proceeded with caution. While
busying itself with arrangements for drawing
up a counter constitution, conciliatory in tone,
it apparently hoped to obliterate the Dorr menace
with the aid of the national government. In
early April Governor King made an appeal to
President Tyler for federal assistance on the
ground that Rhode Island was "threatened with
domestic violence." The President preferred to
await an overt act. In later May and June, King
lived under the fear of "an incursion" headed by
Dorr from neighboring states, and he so in-
formed Tyler on two separate occasions. The
President, however, could not be persuaded that
federal intervention was warranted. Consequent-
ly when Dorr entered the state at the end of
June, to place himself at the head of a few of his
followers, the state authorities had to deal with
the situation. On June 26 King proclaimed
martial law under an authorization of the legis-
lature, and Dorr's army dispersed before the
arrival of the state militia. Before King left
office in 1843, tne franchise movement had been
practically allayed by a more liberal constitution.
King does not seem to have played a decisive
part in these proceedings. The governor's pow-
er, for one thing, was severely limited by the
charter. In the second place, he was aided
throughout the crisis by a special board of coun-
cilors, appointed by the legislature at his own re-
quest. He retired from the governorship having
402
King
played a comparatively colorless role, and died
a few years later.
[A. M. Mowry, The Dorr War (1901) ; House Re-
port $46, 28 Cong., 1 Sess. ; Representative Men and
Old Families of R. I. (1908), vol. I ; G. A. Morrison,
Jr., King Gcneal. : Clement King, of Marshficld, Mass.,
1668, and His Descendants (1898) ; Providence Daily
Jour., Jan. 23, 185 1 ; Dorr MSS., Brown Univ.]
E.C.K.
KING, THOMAS BUTLER (Aug. 27, 1800-
May 10, 1864), lawyer, planter, congressman,
diplomat, was of English ancestry in both
branches of his family. His great-grandfather
came from Suffolk County, England, and settled
in Massachusetts. His father was Daniel King,
who became a captain in the Revolution ; his
mother was Hannah Lord, of New London,
Conn. Thomas Butler King was born in Palmer,
Mass., one of nine sons. He attended Westfield
Academy, but both his father and mother died
before 181 6, and he was placed under the care
of his uncle, Zebulon Butler \_q.v.~\, who made
it possible for him to study law in Philadelphia.
Here he was admitted to the bar in 1822. The
next year he decided to visit a brother in
Waynesville, Ga., and so well did he like his new
surroundings that he began the practice of law
there. On Dec. 2, 1824, he was married to Anna
Matilda, the only daughter of William Page,
who was a large cotton planter on St. Simon's
Island. In due time King succeeded to this es-
tate, called "Retreat," and thereby combined
with other interests the pleasures of a great
planter. He was soon in politics, serving as
state senator in 1832, 1834, 1835, and 1837. True
to his station in life, he developed into a stanch
Whig and entered upon a national career. He
was elected to the Twenty-sixth and Twenty-
seventh congresses (1839-43), failed of election
to the Twenty-eighth, but was victorious in the
next three campaigns. He was a positive figure
in Congress. As chairman of the committee on
naval affairs, he became greatly interested in
navigation and in the merchant marine. He oro-
moted the founding of the National Observatory
in Washington and the appointment of Matthew
F. Maury to direct it. He also used his influ-
ence to help American shipping through mail
subsidies granted to the Collins and other lines.
He accompanied Henry Clay on his Southern
campaign in 1844, and in 1849 when President
Taylor needed a personal adviser on the situ-
ation in California with regard to statehood,
King was selected to make the investigation.
He resigned from Congress to make the trip.
Following the death of Taylor, he was appointed
in 185 1 by President Fillmore collector for the
port of San Francisco. He was soon in the race
King
for the senatorship from California but lost by
a slight margin on a strictly party vote. In 1852
he resigned from his San Francisco post and
returned to Georgia.
King was almost as important a figure in the
economic world as in the political. His activi-
ties as a planter led him to become greatly in-
terested in transportation. He was a delegate
to the railroad convention held in Macon in 1836,
and in 1840 he became president of the Bruns-
wick Railroad & Canal Company. He was
among the earliest to dream of a transcontinental
railroad. In 1859 he was elected to the state
Senate again and in i860 he was sent as a dele-
gate to the Democratic Convention held in
Charleston. He was opposed to secession, but
when the movement had run its course he worked
loyally for the Confederacy. Immediately after
Georgia left the Union but before the Confed-
eracy had been organized, Gov. Joseph E. Brown
appointed him a commissioner to England,
France, and Belgium to explain the state's new
position, to gain recognition of her independ-
ence, and especially to establish direct steamboat
connections between Savannah and European
ports. The success of his negotiations was pre-
vented by the blockade of the South. He re-
turned to Georgia early in 1862. Two years later
he died of pneumonia at Waresboro, in Ware
County, and was buried on St. Simon's Island.
He had six sons and four daughters. Four of
his sons achieved distinction in the military serv-
ice of the Confederacy.
[A. D. Candler and C. A. Evans, eds., Georgia
(1906), vol. II; W. J. Northen, ed., Men of Mark in
Ga., vol. II (1910) ; I. W. Avery, The Hist, of the State
of Ga. from 1850 to 188 1 (1881) ; A. D. Candler, The
Confed. Records of the State of Ga., vol. II (1909) ;
L. L. Knight, Georgia's Landmarks, Memorials, and
Legends, vol. I ( 1913) ; "The Diary and Correspondence
of Salmon P. Chase," Ann. Report, Am. Hist. Asso.,
1902, vol. II, and "The Correspondence of Robert
Toombs, Alexander H. Stephens, and Howell Cobb,"
Ibid., 1913, vol. II; Appletons' Ann. Cyc, 1864; War
of the Rebellion: Official Records {Army) ; Biog. Dir.
Am. Cong. (1928) ; H. G. Wheeler, Hist, of Cong. (N.
Y., 1848), II, 9-63 ; De Bow's Commercial Rev. of the
South and West, June 1850.] EMC
KING, THOMAS STARR (Dec. 17, 1824-
Mar. 4, 1864), Unitarian clergyman, lecturer,
and writer, was of German, French, and Eng-
lish descent. His mother's father, Thomas Starr,
was a native of the Rhineland, but was brought
by his father to America in the latter part of the
eighteenth century, where he married a woman
of French extraction, Mary Lavinus. Starr
King, as he was commonly called, was the oldest
child of their daughter Susan and Rev. Thomas
Farrington King, a Universalist minister, of
English ancestry. The boy was born in New
4° 3
King
York while his mother was on a visit to her
parents. His father, then in charge of a circuit
in Connecticut, was living in Norwalk, but soon
settled in Hudson, N. Y. In 1828 he removed
to Portsmouth, N. H., and seven years later be-
came pastor of the Universalist society in
Charlestown, Mass. In Portsmouth and Charles-
town Thomas had all the formal schooling which
he ever received. Before he was fifteen years
old and while he was preparing for college, the
physical breakdown and subsequent death of his
father compelled him to help support the family,
which now included five younger children. He
first worked as clerk and bookkeeper in a dry-
goods store, but in December 1840, although
barely sixteen, he was appointed assistant teach-
er in the Bunker Hill Grammar School, Charles-
town. Two years later he became principal of
the West Grammar School, Medford. Because
of the larger compensation offered and the pros-
pect of more leisure time, in 1843 he accepted
the position of bookkeeper in the Charlestown
Navy Yard.
The responsibilities laid upon his youthful
shoulders interrupted his schooling but not his
education. He gathered knowledge from every
side with the spontaneity and delight of a child
at play. Having an agile and retentive mind, he
absorbed the contents of books with great rapid-
ity. He gathered his acquaintances together for
reading, debate, and dramatics, and attended lec-
tures in Boston and Cambridge. At seventeen
he was deep in metaphysics, and astonished older
men by his quick understanding of abstruse prob-
lems. Edwin H. Chapin, the younger Hosea
Ballou, and Theodore Parker [qq.v.~\ became
his advisers and friends. Meeting him in Med-
ford, Parker wrote in his diary under date of
Apr. 13, 1843 : "Saw Schoolmaster Thomas Starr
King, — capital fellow, only nineteen. Taught
school three years. Supports his mother. . . .
Reads French, Spanish, Latin, Italian, a little
Greek, and begins German. He is a good lis-
tener." (Quoted by Frothingham, post.) From
his earliest years onward, he captivated all who
met him. "Slight of build, golden haired, with
a homely mouth which everyone thought beauti-
ful on account of the beaming eyes, the winning
smile, and the earnest desire of always wanting
to do what was best and right," is the portrait
drawn by one of his schoolmasters (Simonds,
post, p. 4). A generous disposition, sunny tem-
perament, and almost rollicking mirthfulness
were also a part of his attractiveness. Soon he
began to preach, for from boyhood he had
considered no calling but the ministry, and peo-
ple were held by his clear thought, electric de-
King
livery, and rich, resounding voice. "He has the
grace of God in his heart and the gift of tongues,"
wrote Parker (Ibid., p. 6). Later the rough
settlers of California were equally charmed. "I
say, Jim, stand on your toes and get a sight of
him !" exclaimed an old miner to a companion
as on the edge of a crowd they listened to one of
his speeches in support of the Union : "Why, the
boy is taking every trick" (Wendte, post, p.
196).
His first pastorate began in 1846 at the Uni-
versalist church, Charlestown, which his father
had formerly served. Two years later he was in-
stalled over the Hollis Street Church, Uni-
tarian, Boston; and on Dec. 17, 1848, he married
Julia Wiggin of East Boston. During his eleven
years' stay he became one of the leading preach-
ers of the city and one of the most popular
Lyceum lecturers in the country, rivaling Beech-
er in his ability to draw large audiences. An en-
thusiastic lover of natural scenery, he did much
to make the beauties of New Hampshire widely
known through the publication in i860 of an
elaborate descriptive work, The White Hills,
Their Legends, Landscapes, and Poetry. This
same year he accepted a call to the struggling
Unitarian parish in San Francisco. "We are
unfaithful," he wrote to a friend, "in huddling
so closely around the cosy stove of civilization
in this blessed Boston, and I, for one, am ready
to go out into the cold and see if I am good for
anything" (Ibid., p. 69). People flocked to hear
him preach and lecture. He soon freed his parish
of a $20,000 debt and built a new church costing
$90,000, to which amount he contributed $5,000
from the proceeds of his lectures. An enthusi-
astic explorer and mountain climber, he intro-
duced the East to the beauties cf the Pacific
Coast through vivid letters to the Boston Tran-
script. When the Civil War came and with it
the danger of California's secession from the
Union and the formation of a Pacific republic,
his arguments and patriotic appeals were a
powerful factor in keeping the state loyal. He
was the mainstay of the United States Sanitary
Commission in California. According to a re-
cent writer, "It was the eloquence of Starr King
that saved the Commission's work from financial
ruin. Of the total of $4,800,000 cash received
from the country California alone supplied up-
wards of $1,234,000." (Rockwell D. Hunt and
Nellie Van de Grift Sanchez, A Short History
of California, copyrighted 1929, p. 526.) Un-
fortunately, his career was cut short in his fortieth
year by an attack of diphtheria followed by pneu-
monia. In four years he had become one of the
best known and most beloved men on the Pacific
404
King
Coast. At the news of his death, places of busi-
ness, the United States Mint, government of-
fices, and the courts were closed. The state leg-
islature adjourned for three days. In the East,
Whittier, and in the West, Bret Harte, com-
memorated him in poems. His portrait was hung
in the State House at Sacramento, and in reso-
lutions passed by the legislature he is described
as "the man whose matchless oratory saved
California to the Union." A monument was
erected to him in Golden Gate Park, San Fran-
cisco; a peak in the White Mountains and one
in the Yosemite National Park are named for
him; and in 1931 a statue, the gift of the state
of California, was unveiled in the Capitol at
Washington. A number of his sermons and ad-
dresses were published during his lifetime, and
after his death there were issued Christianity
and Humanity, A Series of Sermons (1877)
and Substance and Show and Other Lectures
(1877), both edited by Edwin P. Whipple, the
former with a memoir.
[Richard Frothingham, A Tribute to Thomas Starr
King (1865) ; C. D. Bradlee, The Life, Writings, and
Character of Rev. Thomas Starr King* (1870) ; H. W.
Bellows. In Memory of Thomas Starr King (1864) ;
Elbert Hubbard, Little Journeys to the Homes of Emi-
nent Orators (1903) ; S. A. Eliot, Heralds of a Liberal
Faith (1910), vol. Ill; C. W. Wendte, Thomas Starr
King, Patriot and Preacher (1921) ; W. D. Simonds,
Starr King in California (1917); Christian Register,
Mar. 12, Apr. g, 1864 ; Unitarian Rev., Dec. 1877 ;
Boston Transcript, Mar. 5, 1864; Bulletin (San Fran-
cisco), Mar. 4, 1864; San Francisco Chronicle, Mar.
'. '93I-1 H.E.S.
KING, WILLIAM (Feb. 9, 1768-June 17,
1852), ship-owner, first governor of Maine, the
seventh child of Richard King, a wealthy lumber
exporter, and his second wife, Mary (Black),
was born in Scarboro, Me., then a part of Massa-
chusetts. When William was seven years old,
his father died, leaving the bulk of his wealth in
unproductive lands, thus depriving the boy of
the educational advantages which his half-broth-
er, Rufus, 1755-1827 [q.v.~], and his brother,
Cyrus, received. After a short stay at Phillips
Academy, Andover, Mass., at the age of thirteen,
he worked in sawmills in Saco, and in Topsham,
where he later formed a mercantile partnership
with his brother-in-law, Dr. Benjamin Porter.
In 1800 he moved to Bath, where he spent the
remainder of his life as merchant and ship-build-
er and owner, amassing a large fortune and be-
coming at the height of his career the largest
ship-owner in Maine. He was organizer and
president of Bath's first bank, one of the prin-
cipal owners of the first cotton-mill in Maine,
at Brunswick (1809), and an extensive owner
of real estate, including the township of King-
field, Franklin County.
King
He entered politics as the representative of
Topsham in the Massachusetts General Court
for 1795 and 1799. He represented Bath from
1804 to 1806, and was Lincoln County's senator,
1807 to 181 1, and 1818 to 1819. In the legisla-
ture he successfully championed the "Betterment
Act" (1808), which obliged owners of wild lands
to sell them at appraised original value to settlers
or pay for the improvements made. He was one
of the chief spirits behind the "Toleration Act"
(181 1 ), doing away with the law which obliged
towns to support a minister. He was twice the
defeated candidate for the office of lieutenant-
governor of Massachusetts.
The Embargo Act and the War of 1812 seri-
ously affected his business enterprises but he
gave freely of his time and money in carrying
out measures for the protection of the coast in
his capacity as major-general of militia, and in
recruiting soldiers as colonel in the United States
army. Subsequently, he was accused by his po-
litical enemies (see Benjamin Ames and J. F.
Wingate, The Disclosure — No. 1. Documents
Relating to Violations and Evasions of the Laws,
etc., 1824), of violating the Embargo and of
trading with the enemy during the war. King's
defense (Mr. King's Reply to a Pamphlet Pub-
lished at Bath, Me., etc., 1825), in which he
showed the unreliability of the witnesses against
him and charged his accusers of violating the
same laws, is a vigorous and powerful, though,
as other evidence indicates, not a conclusive vin-
dication.
King's greatest work was done in his leader-
ship of the movement for the separation of Maine
from Massachusetts. For seven years until the
successful result in 1820, he was the moving
force behind the Democracy of Maine. He wrote
letters and petitions ; organized clubs, caucuses,
and conventions ; argued, threatened, and ca-
joled, with such recognized skill and success that
he was made president of the constitutional con-
vention of 1819 and elected Maine's first gover-
nor with a vote of 21,083 'n a total of 22,014.
As governor, he was non-partisan in his appoint-
ments, and by his moderate policy did much to
quiet the fears of the opponents of separation.
Failing to put through some cherished plans, and
perhaps because he was ambitious for a position
in national affairs, he resigned the governorship
in 1821 to become a commissioner (1821-24) to
put into effect the treaty with Spain. Never a
Jacksonian, he failed to be reappointed collector
of the customs at Bath, a position which he had
occupied from 1830 to 1834. In 1835, as the
Whig candidate for the governorship, he was
overwhelmingly defeated. Even in his home
405
King
town, where he was known as the "Sultan," his
political power was gone. He was a trustee of
Waterville (now Colby) College, 1821-48, over-
seer of Bowdoin, 1797-1821, and trustee, 1821-
49.
Naturally commanding, forceful rather than
persuasive, he rode rough-shod over all oppo-
sition. His lack of education was seriously felt ;
his opponents made sport of his blunders in
grammar and spelling. Yet in thought he was
original, and in reason, sometimes profound.
Many who knew both Rufus and William King
considered William the intellectual superior.
Financial and family troubles darkened his old
age ; his mental powers failed ; "his sun went
down in great darkness" (Willis, post, p. 504).
The state of Maine has recognized his services
by placing his statue by Franklin Simmons [q.v.~\
in the Capitol's statuary hall. In 1802 he mar-
ried Ann Frazier of Boston, by whom he had
two children.
[See William Willis, A Hist, of the Law, the Courts,
and the Lawyers of Me. (1863) ; H. C. Williams, Biog.
Encyc. of Me. of the Nineteenth Century (1885) ; A.
F. Moulton, Memorials of Me. (1916), Me. Hist.
Sketches (1929); Deane Dudley, "Recollections of
Gen. King, First Gov. of Me.," in Me. Hist, and Geneal.
Recorder, vol. I (1884) ; P. M. Reed, Hist, of Bath and
Environs (1894) ; G. A. and H. W. Wheeler, Hist, of
Brunswick, Topsham, and Harpswell, Me. (1878); G.
T. Eaton, "William King," in Phillips Bull. (Andover,
Mass.), Jan. 1926; Kennebec Jour. (Augusta, Me.),
June 24, 1852. The William King Papers are owned
by the Me. Hist. Soc] R. E.M.
KING, WILLIAM BENJAMIN BASIL
(Feb. 26, 1859- June 22, 1928), Episcopal clergy-
man, novelist, and spiritualist, best known by his
pen name, Basil King, was born at Charlotte-
town, Prince Edward Island, Canada, and died
at Cambridge, Mass. His parents were William
and Mary Anne Lucretia King. He attended
St. Peter's School in Charlottetown, and the
University of King's College in Windsor, Nova
Scotia, where he was graduated in 1881. He
married Esther (Manton) Foote, at Dublin, N.
H., June 28, 1893. From 1884 to 1892 he served
as curate and rector of St. Luke's Pro-Cathedral
in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and from 1892 to 1900,
as rector of Christ Church, Cambridge, Mass.
Because of ill health, accompanied by failing
eyesight, he abandoned his ecclesiastical career
in 1900, and devoted the rest of his life to writ-
ing. Although continuing to reside in Cambridge,
he spent much of his time in Europe.
During his literary career King wrote twenty
novels. The following books may be taken as
representative of their author's talent in this
genre: Let Not Man Put Asunder (1901), The
Steps of Honor (1904), The Inner Shrine
(1909), The Street Called Straight (1912), The
King
Side of the Angels (1916), and The Happy Isles
(1923). The first novel to win a wide popularity
was The Inner Shrine, which was published
anonymously. His subsequent stories were al-
most invariably "best sellers." It cannot be
claimed that his novels achieve a high distinction.
His prose style is undistinguished ; his plots are
little more than ingenious mechanisms ; his char-
acters rarely come to life. Written with a frank-
ly moral purpose, his fiction is too often ponder-
ously didactic or mawkishly sentimental. He was
particularly anxious to demonstrate the sanctity
of marriage and the evils of agnosticism. It is
not likely that his novels will be read in the fu-
ture, except perhaps by students of popular lit-
erary taste.
During the last decade of his life, King wrote
eight "serious" books, dealing with psychologi-
cal, religious, and spiritualistic subjects from
the point of view of his own personal experience.
Two of these, The Abolishing of Death (1919),
and The Conquest of Fear (1921), are of par-
ticular interest. During the World War, his
attention was attracted to spiritualistic phenom-
ena, and in The Abolishing of Death he gave an
account of messages received from a great chem-
ist, fictitiously named Henry Talbot, through
the mediumistic agency of a young girl called
Jennifer, who was in reality King's daughter
Penelope. The Conquest of Fear is largely a
record of his own courageous struggle, pro-
longed over a period of nearly thirty years,
against physical infirmities — failing eyesight
and a disease of the thyroid gland. The con-
tinued popularity of this book is attested by the
fact that thirty thousand copies were sold in
1930. It is possible that in the modern neuras-
thenic world this authentic record of a personal
experience may continue to attract many who
will find in Basil King's life and counsel an aid
in the conquest of fear.
[Who's Who in America, 1928-29; N. Y. Times,
June 23, 1928; Christian Century, July 19, 1928; in-
formation from Mrs. Esther Manton King.] R. S.
KING, WILLIAM RUFUS DEVANE (Apr.
7, 1786-Apr. 18, 1853), congressman, minister
to France, vice-president of the United States,
was born in Sampson County, N. C, the son of
William and Margaret (Devane) King. His
ancestors came of North of Ireland and also of
Huguenot stock, and his father was a Patriot
planter of means. He graduated from the Uni-
versity of North Carolina in 1803 and after law
study under William Duffy of Fayetteville was
admitted to the bar in 1806. He served in the
state legislature and was elected to Congress in
1810. From 181 1 to 1816 he acted with the "War
406
King
Hawks" and then resigned to accompany Wil-
liam Pinkney to Naples and St. Petersburg as
secretary of legation. Returning in 1818 he
moved to Alabama, settling in Dallas County
where he maintained his residence for the rest
of his life. He became immediately active in
politics, served in the first constitutional con-
vention and became one of Alabama's first sena-
tors. During his senatorship his principal in-
terest was in public lands. For a time he served
as chairman of that committee in the Senate and
in his early years was active in doing away with
the credit system of land purchase. With the
advent of Jackson he became his faithful sup-
porter and participated in the various moves of
attack and defense for which the Senate from
1829 to 1837 was famous. From 1836 to 1841 he
was president pro tempore of the Senate, an of-
fice which was of more than usual importance
while the inefficient Richard Mentor Johnson
occupied the vice-presidency. When the Texas
question arose he was eager for annexation and
his ardor in that cause transferred him to a new
scene of action.
In April 1844, fearing that Great Britain and
France were going to act in concert to oppose
the annexation of Texas, President Tyler ap-
pointed King minister to France, after the nomi-
nation of Henry A. Wise had been rejected by
the Senate. So threatening was the situation
that the new minister left Washington for France
without delay. At first he was assured by Louis
Philippe and Guizot that they would take no
such action but during the winter he became
suspicious and was on the verge of offering a
formal protest against French interference in
Texas. He refrained, however, and in October
1845 could report that France had acquiesced in
annexation. Upon his return to the United States
in 1846 he sought to reenter the Senate. He
sided with the Union faction of his party and
the state-rights wing succeeded in defeating him
and electing his chief rival, Dixon H. Lewis.
When Bagby resigned in 1848, the governor ap-
pointed King as his successor in the Senate and
the legislature later elected him. His second
senatorial term was chiefly marked by his ac-
tivity in behalf of the compromise measures of
1850 and the Clayton-Bulwer treaty. As chair-
man of the committee on foreign relations he
labored strenuously to secure the ratification of
the treaty. When Fillmore became president,
King was elected to preside over the Senate.
During these later years he had been active
in supporting James Buchanan for the presi-
dency; and when at the convention of 1852 the
latter's hopes were blasted, King was given sec-
King of William
ond place on the Democratic ticket to placate
Buchanan's friends. Pierce and King were
easily elected but King was so weakened by
tuberculosis that he resigned from the Senate to
find strength in Cuba. When it became apparent
that he could not attend the inauguration a spe-
cial act was passed to permit him to take the oath
in Cuba. Shortly thereafter he determined to
come home and died the day after he reached
his plantation, "King's Bend." He had never
married. His friends in the Senate who sought
to eulogize him could point to little more than
the extraordinary length of his service in the
Senate, nearly twenty-nine years.
[The best short sketch of King is in T. M. Owen,
Hist, of Ala. and Diet, of Ala. Biog. (1921), vol. III.
A few of hia letters are in the Buchanan MSS. in the
Historical Society of Pennsylvania. His diplomatic
career is best noticed in the sketches of John C. Cal-
houn and James Buchanan in The Am. Secretaries of
State and Their Diplomacy, vol. V (1928), ed. by S.
F. Bemis. See also: Biog. Dir. Am. Cong. (1928);
Obit. Addresses on the Occasion of the Death of Wm.
R. King . . . Delivered in the Senate and the House of
Representatives (1854); Mobile Daily Advertiser,
Apr. 20, 1853.] R.F.N.
KING OF WILLIAM, JAMES (Jan. 28,
1822-May 20, 1856), editor, was born at George-
town, D. C, and there he received his educa-
tion. He adopted the suffix "of William" (his
father's name) in order to distinguish himself
from other James Kings. When about fifteen he
left home to earn his living, going first to Pitts-
burgh, where for a year he was clerk in a store.
Then, after a brief stay in Berrien and St. Jo-
seph, Mich., ill health caused his return to
Georgetown (1838), where he became a post-
office clerk. Between 1840 and 1848 he was
connected with Kendall's Expositor, a Demo-
cratic campaign paper, with the Washington
Daily Globe, and with the banking house of Cor-
coran & Riggs of Washington.
Letters from an elder brother, Henry, a mem-
ber of Colonel Fremont's exploring expeditions
(1846-48), led him to set out for the Pacific
Coast, May 24, 1848, by way of Panama and
Valparaiso. At the latter place he learned of
the discovery of gold in California and started
thither. After reaching San Francisco, Nov. 10,
1848, he had a brief but successful experience in
digging gold at Hangtown (Placerville). Short-
ly thereafter he was in business in Sacramento.
Seeing the possibilities of profitable banking in
the new country, he went East, secured capital,
and opened a bank in San Francisco, Dec. 5,
1849. As a banker, he carried on an extensive
and lucrative business. He was reported in 1853
to be worth $250,000. The dishonesty of a trust-
ed agent, however, brought the institution to
407
King of William
the verge of bankruptcy, and King used up his
private fortune in paying creditors and deposi-
tors. In June 1854, he became cashier for the
express and banking firm of Adams & Company.
When that firm failed in February 1855, he
turned to newspaper work. On borrowed capi-
tal, he started a small newspaper, the Daily Eve-
ning Bulletin. The first issue appeared Oct. 8,
1855, with King in full control. In his editorial
position, he gave free rein to the instincts of a
militant reformer. He had been a member of the
first Vigilante in San Francisco (1851), and
one of its executive committee. In 1853 ne had
been foreman of a grand jury which, in the
face of murderous threats, returned an indict-
ment against the city treasurer. He viewed the
flagrant immorality and unblushing public cor-
ruption of the day with implacable hatred. From
its first appearance, the Evening Bulletin fairly
bristled with scourging attacks upon every per-
son, firm, institution, judge, and law-maker —
all called by name — that he regarded as guilty
of dishonesty, corruption, wickedness, or fraud.
His paper met with instant success and soon
became the forum in which all kinds of public
questions were discussed by correspondents. At
the same time, its attacks infuriated the corrupt
and criminal element. Finally, James P. Casey,
the owner of the Sunday Times, a politician with
a Sing Sing record, whose character had been
incidentally assailed, shot King, openly and
without warning, on the streets of San Fran-
cisco, May 14, 1856. He lingered for several
days, dying on May 20. Two days later he was
buried in Lone Mountain cemetery. Meantime,
Casey had surrendered to the authorities. So
low was public confidence in their integrity,
however, that it was generally believed justice
would be thwarted. In less than a week, there-
fore, the Vigilante had been revived, had com-
pelled the sheriff to surrender the prisoner, and
had tried and convicted him. His execution oc-
curred at the very hour of King's funeral.
In 1843 King married Charlotte M. Libbey
of Georgetown. In 1851 she and their four chil-
dren joined her husband in San Francisco.
They and two other children survived him. So
great was the popular sympathy for the family,
that a public subscription of nearly $32,000 was
raised and presented to the widow and children.
[The most complete accounts of King's editorial ca-
reer and the popular uprising which followed his mur-
der are in H. H. Bancroft, Popular Tribunals (2 vols.,
1887), and T. H. Hittell, Hist, of Cal. (4 vols., 1885-
97). Briefer narratives appear in O. T. Shuck, Rep-
resentative and Leading Men of the Pacific (1870);
Z. S. Eldredge, Hist, of Cal. (5 vols., copr. 1915);
Alonzo Phelps, Contemporary Biog. of Cal.'s Represen-
tative Men (1881), and G. W. James, Heroes of Cal.
Kingsbury
(1910). See also files of the Daily Evening Bull., San
Francisco, especially the issues of May 14-22, 1856;
and two contemporary pamphlets, C. Rivers, A Full
and Authentic Account of the Murder of James King
of William (1857) ; and A True and Minute Hist, of
the Assassination of James King of William at San
Francisco (1856).] P O R
KINGSBURY, JOHN (May 26, 1801-Dec. 21,
1874), educator, was born in South Coventry,
Conn., son of a farmer, John Kingsbury, and
Dorothy Leavens, daughter of Benjamin Leav-
ens of Killingly, R. I. On his father's side he
was descended from Henry Kingsbury who,
with his wife, Susan, emigrated to Massachu-
setts in 1630. Until he was twenty years old he
worked on the farm, attending winter sessions
of the district school as pupil to the age of fif-
teen, and then for four years serving as teacher
in his own or a neighboring district. Having
prepared himself in the classics under Rev.
Chauncey Booth of South Coventry, Conn., he
entered Brown University in 1822, still teaching
part of the year to pay expenses ; in 1826 he
graduated, ranking second in his class.
Before graduation he had joined G. A. Dewitt
in conducting the Providence high school (a
private venture), and two years later he opened
a department for girls, which soon became a
separate young ladies' high school, startlingly
novel in every feature. Its room had papered
walls, carpeted floor, comfortable chairs, desks
covered with broadcloth ; instead of six annual
holidays it had a four-weeks' vacation; tuition
was fifty dollars a year ; pupils were courteously
treated, corrected for faults in manners, dismissed
with curtsies on the one side and bows on the
other. There softness ended, however : a weekly
certificate of scholarship and behavior and a sys-
tem of honors and rewards secured regular at-
tendance, punctuality, and a wholesome rivalry
in excellence ; and the curriculum included no
"showy and superficial accomplishments," but
thorough drill in Latin, algebra, geometry, sev-
eral natural sciences, and "the higher English
branches." Doubt and ridicule had no effect
upon Kingsbury's reasoned proceedings ; shouts
of "There goes the man who is teaching the girls
Latin" left him unperturbed. The school was
soon full, drew visitors from near and far, and
in time could easily have doubled its size ; it
never received more than forty-three, even after
occupying a fine new building in 1848. During
its thirty years under Kingsbury, it educated
more than five hundred young women, some of
them from distant places.
Kingsbury helped to originate and direct pub-
lic movements for better education. In 1830 he
was among the founders of the American Insti-
408
Kingsbury
tute of Instruction, and was for many years an
officer and councilor, serving as president from
1855 to 1857. His Lecture on Failures in Teach-
ing (1848), an address delivered before the In-
stitute, at Bangor, Me., in August 1848, is a
singularly clear and sane analysis of what goes
to make a good school and a good teacher. The
degree of illiteracy and of prejudice against free
public schools, especially in rural parts of Rhode
Island, was a subject of serious concern. The
Rhode Island Institute of Instruction, founded
1845, undertook to secure cooperation in every
community for putting into force a new system
of public instruction just authorized by the state.
Kingsbury was its most active founder and for
the first eleven years its president. Upon him
fell the task of raising funds and securing speak-
ers to win popular approval of the schools. His
year of service as commissioner of public in-
struction (1857-58) was a fitting culmination of
these labors ; his tour of inspection included every
school ; he investigated, consulted, made practi-
cal suggestions, and bade the workers go on
"with steady courage and cheerful hearts." "The
welfare of children," he said, "should never be
weighed in the scales of pecuniary gain or loss.
There is something infinitely higher and better
than money — and that is character" (E. M.
Stone, post, p. 42). His constant insistence upon
high moral character in teachers, and his own
rare firmness, patience, and self-control were
altogether in keeping with this article of faith.
In many kindred ways Kingsbury served his
generation : as teacher of a young men's Bible
class, beginning when Sunday schools were a
novelty; mover for a new church (the Central
Congregational) in a growing part of Providence
and" collector of funds to build it ; member of the
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign
Missions ; distributor of Bibles to the poor of
Rhode Island ; raiser of endowment to finance
President Wayland's "New System" of education
at Brown University ; officer of the Rhode Island
Alpha of Phi Beta Kappa for seventeen years ;
president of the Franklin Society ; trustee for
twenty years of the Butler Hospital for the In-
sane ; trustee, fellow, and secretary of the cor-
poration of Brown University. For the last fif-
teen years of his life, he was president of the
Washington Insurance Company in Providence.
His wife, Mary Mackie Burgess, whom he mar-
ried Aug. 19, 1834, died before him ; three daugh-
ters survived.
[F. J. Kingsbury, The Gcneal. of the Descendants of
Henry Kingsbury of Ipsivich and Haverhill, Mass.
(1905); Henry Barnard, Am. Jour, of Educ., June
1858 ; E. M. Stone, Manual of Educ: A Brief Hist, of
the R. I. Institute of Instruction (1874); Providence
Kingsford
Jour., Dec. 22, 1874 ; "Necrology of Brown Univ.," in
Providence Jour., June 16, 1875.] E M S B
KINGSFORD, THOMAS (Sept. 29, 1799-
Nov. 28, 1869), inventor, manufacturer, was born
in Wickham, Kent County, England, the son of
George and Mary (Love) Kingsford. He at-
tended school until he was seventeen years old
when the death of his father compelled him to
find employment to help support his widowed
mother. For five years he was a baker in Lon-
don. He then found employment in a chemical
plant where he developed a marked ability for
chemical research and acquired a practical work-
ing knowledge of chemistry. Ill health, however,
compelled him to give up this occupation after a
few years and he again turned baker, working
at his trade in various parts of England. At
Kensington in addition to his baking business he
maintained a general store. About 1830, when
financial reverses ruined his business, he went
to Headcorn in Kent County and with the as-
sistance of his wife started a school. The fol-
lowing year he determined to seek his fortune in
America, and leaving his wife in charge of the
school, he emigrated to New York City, landing
on Dec. 12, 1831. He was able to send for his
family in 1833. After working at his trade for a
few months he found employment in the starch
factory of William Colgate & Company at Har-
simus, Bergen County, N. J., then the largest
firm engaged in the manufacture of this com-
modity, and by his energy and resourcefulness
soon rose to be superintendent. Starch was then
made from wheat and there were many objec-
tionable features in both the methods of manu-
facture and in the product. As early as 1833
Kingsford began to study means of improving
the methods in use and became convinced that
in ripe Indian corn lay a source of obtaining
starch. For seven or eight years he continued
this study without any encouragement from his
employers and followed it in 1841 by a series of
experiments. After many discouraging trials,
upon determining that the starch in corn could
not be extracted as in wheat, Kingsford acci-
dentally placed some lime-treated corn in a re-
ceptacle containing corn treated with lye which
a few days later yielded a thoroughly separated
starch. Almost a year had transpired before this
successful accident occurred, and very quickly
thereafter, in 1842, Kingsford perfected his proc-
ess and produced a quantity of marketable starch.
A business engagement quickly followed be-
tween Kingsford and William Colgate & Com-
pany whereby Kingsford was to superintend all
of the operations, devise the manufacturing
machinery, and at the same time retain knowl-
409
Kingsley
edge of the process for himself. Four years later,
in 1846, Kingsford organized his own company
with his son Thomson, erected a small factory
at Bergen, N. J., and there began the manufac-
ture of Kingsford starch. Two years later he
founded the Oswego Starch Factory and erected
a large plant at Oswego, N. Y., where he carried
on a successful business until his death. In 1850,
after a series of experiments, Kingsford success-
fully produced cornstarch for food purposes,
which quickly came into public favor. Aside
from his manufacturing interests, he was active
in banking circles in Oswego and also promi-
nent in the establishment of the Oswego water
works. Kingsford's first wife, Ann Thomson,
whom he married in 1818, died in 1834, and in
1839 he married Mrs. Elizabeth Austen. At the
time of his death in Oswego his sole survivor
was his son Thomson.
[Chauncey Depevv, 1795-1895 : One Hundred Years
of Am. Commerce (1895); Crisfield Johnson, History
of Oswego County, N. Y. (1877) I John C. Churchill,
Landmarks of Oswego County, N. Y. (1895).]
C.W.M.
KINGSLEY, CALVIN (Sept. 8, 1812-Apr. 6,
1870) , bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church,
was born in Annsville, Oneida County, N. Y.,
the oldest of twelve children. His father, Oran
Kingsley, Jr., was a native of Connecticut, and
his mother, of the north of Ireland. When Cal-
vin was about twelve years old the family moved
to Ellington, Chautauqua County. His parents
were not actively affiliated with any church, but
here the boy came under Methodist influence,
was converted, and made up his mind to get an
education. He worked on the farm summers,
attended school winters, and at the end of three
years was employed by the trustees to teach the
school. Later he taught at Randolph, Catta-
raugus County. It was not until he was twenty-
four that he found opportunity to go to college.
With no means of support other than his hands
and brains, he entered Allegheny College in 1836,
eking out a bare living, first by acting as janitor,
and then by cutting wood, which he found more
remunerative. Twice his course was interrupted
by periods of teaching. He had a keen, logical
mind, and showed especial aptitude for mathe-
matics and such science as was then taught.
During his senior year he was made instructor
in mathematics and after his graduation in 1841
he continued to teach at Allegheny, becoming in
1843 professor of mathematics and civil engi-
neering. The year he graduated he was admitted
to the Erie Conference of the Methodist Epis-
copal Church on trial and married Delia Scud-
der. Except for the period 1843 to 1846, when
the withdrawal of state aid necessitated the clos-
Kingsley
ing of the college, he was connected with the in-
stitution until 1856. Ordained deacon in 1843
and elder in 1845, he held preaching appoint-
ments at Saegerstown, Pa. (1841), Meadville
(1842), and Erie (1844-46). In these earlier
years he became known as an able controver-
sialist and defender of the doctrines and polity
of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1843,
first at Salem, N. Y., and later at Jamestown,
he met in debate Luther Lee [q.v.~\, one of the
organizers of the Wesleyan Methodist Connec-
tion, the question being whether the Methodist
Episcopal Church justified slavery, and in gov-
ernment was arbitrary and unscriptural. In Erie
he took a tilt at the Universalists ; in Meadville,
at the Unitarians ; and in 1847, having read
Anastasis by George Bush [q.v.], he published
The Resurrection of the Dead: a Vindication of
the Literal Resurrection of the Human Body: in
Opposition to the Work of Prof. Bush, which
went through several editions.
He was a delegate from the Erie Conference
to the General Conference of 1852, and had by
this time become well enough known and highly
enough esteemed to receive a respectable num-
ber of votes for bishop. At the succeeding Gen-
eral Conference (1856), he was elected editor of
the Western Christian Advocate, Cincinnati.
The question of slavery was causing strife and
division in the Church, and Kingsley made the
Advocate aggressively anti-slavery. He was
chairman of the committee on slavery at the Gen-
eral Conference of i860, and presented and ably
supported the substituted chapter in the Disci-
pline, which admonished the membership of the
Church to seek the "extirpation" of slavery "by
all lawful and Christian means." Throughout
the Civil War the Advocate gave strong support
to the Union cause. At the General Conference
of 1864 he was elected bishop. Although he was
a comparatively young man, his service was brief.
He made his home in Cleveland, but his duties
carried him far. In 1865 and 1866 he presided
at Conferences on the Pacific Coast, and the fol-
lowing year attended the mission Conference in
Switzerland and Germany. In 1869 he was again
on the Pacific Coast, and from there went to In-
dia and China and then again to Switzerland
and Germany. While on a trip to the Holy Land
he died suddenly of heart disease at Beirut, where
he was buried. A monument erected by Ameri-
can Methodists marks his grave. His account
of some of his travels, Round the World: A Seiics
of Letters, in two volumes, with a biographical
sketch, was published in 1870.
[Samuel Gregg, The Hist, of Methodism Within th*
Bounds of the Erie Ann. Conference of the M. E. Ch.,
410
Kingsley
vol. II (1873) ; J. N. Fradenburg, Hist, of Erie Con-
ference (1907), vol. II; Minutes of the Ann. Confer-
ences of the M. E. Ch. for the Year 1870 ; Western
Christian Advocate, Apr. 13, 20, 1870; E. A. Smith,
Allegheny — A Century of Education, 1815-1915
(1916) ; John McClintock and James Strong, Cyc. of
Biblical, Theol. and Eccl. Lit., vol. V (1873); J. P.
Downs and F. Y. Hedley, Hist, of Chautauqua County,
N. Y., and Its People (3 vols., 1921) ; Autobiog. of the
Rev. Luther Lee (1882); Ladies' Repository, May
l86S-] H.E. S.
KINGSLEY, ELBRIDGE (Sept. 17, 1842-
Aug. 28, 1918), engraver, painter, was born in
Carthage, Ohio, son of Moses W. and Rachel
W. (Curtis) Kingsley and grandson of Seth
Kingsley of Hatfield, Mass. His parents re-
turned frqm Ohio to Hatfield in 1843, where they
lived on a farm and reared a family of six boys.
Elbridge studied at the Hopkins Academy in
Hadley, Mass., for two years and then entered
the office of the Hampshire Gazette at Northamp-
ton. He used his spare time in drawing, taking
his subjects from the Bible and Indian stories.
When his apprenticeship was over, he studied
painting at the Cooper Union in New York and
in the establishment of J. W. Orr, where he
acquired the rudiments of wood-engraving. He
was employed as engraver by the Century Com-
pany and about 1880 started a school to inspire
students to become creative artists rather than
mechanical engravers. In 1882 he made a no-
table original picture and engraving of the Hat-
field woods, "In a New England Forest." He
was particularly successful in presenting the rich
foliage of Rousseau, Diaz, and Corot, and the
misty works of Tryon. He engraved fifteen il-
lustrations directly from nature for Whittier's
Poems of Nature (1886). He also illustrated
an article by John Burroughs entitled "Signs
and Seasons" (Century Magazine, March 1883).
"White Birches" earned for him a gold medal
at the Paris Exposition, 1889. In 1884 he be-
came a member of the Grolier Club of New York
and of the Society of American Wood-engrav-
ers, serving on the exhibition committee in Paris,
where he was awarded a gold medal by the in-
ternational jury.
At a meeting of the members of the Grolier
Club in May 191 5 a paper of Kingsley's was read
in which he described his travels in his "sketch-
ing car." In order that he might be out of doors
to enjoy the scenery of Hadley he had a gipsy
car constructed in which he could live. It con-
tained two sleeping berths at one end, a desk for
his work, and a kitchen in the rear. A farmer's
horse was always available when he desired to
change his location. His descriptions of the
dawns, the cool mists, and the glory of New
England in its autumn coloring, are as poetic as
his sketches. He entertained many painters, en-
Kin gsley
gravers, and poets in his unique touring car.
After 1890 he devoted himself to his original
engravings from nature and reproductions from
prominent painters, mainly large work for Japan
proof, representing Daubigny, Inness, Ryder,
and others. Kingsley was twice married : to
Emma Brown, who died within a year after
their marriage, and on Oct. 14, 1869, to Eliza-
beth W. Cook of Hadley. He died at the home
of his daughter in Brooklyn, N. Y. He was
awarded, besides the Paris gold medal, a medal
at the Columbian Exposition at Chicago, 1893,
a gold medal at the California Midwinter Inter-
national Exposition, 1894, ar>d he received hon-
ors in Vienna and Berlin. A complete collection
of his engravings is contained in a room entirely
devoted to his work in the Dwight Memorial Art
Building, Mt. Holyoke College, known as the
"Clara Leigh Dwight Collection."
[Cat. of the Works of Elbridge Kingsley, Consisting
of a Life Sketch, Complete List of Book and Mag. En-
graving . . . (1901) ; Am. Art Ann., 1918; Who's Who
in America, 1916-17; Scribner's Mag., July 1895;
Springfield Republican, Aug. 30, 1918; A. V. S. An-
thony, Timothy Cole, and Elbridge Kingsley, Wood-
Engraving (1916), pub. by the Grolier Club.]
H.W.
KINGSLEY, JAMES LUCE (Aug. 28, 1778-
Aug. 31, 1852), educator, was born at Scotland,
Windham County, Conn., the son of Jonathan
Kingsley and Zillah (Cary) Kingsley, widow of
James Luce. He was a descendant of John
Kingsley of Hampshire, England, who emigrated
to Plymouth, Mass., in 1630 and died in 1678.
James's father was a man of some prominence in
the community, fond of reading, and a founder
of a local society for the circulation of books.
Young Kingsley early manifested an unusual in-
terest in study. Prepared at Plainfield Academy
and under clergymen of neighboring towns, he
entered Williams College in 1795 and completed
the freshman year. After a period at home due
to ill health, he joined the sophomore class at
Yale in May 1797 and graduated with the degree
of B.A. in 1799. The next year he taught school
in Wethersfield, Conn., and spent the following
year at home giving private instruction. In
1801 he was appointed tutor in Yale College, and
from 180 1 to 1812 he performed the arduous task
of giving instruction to a group in all the re-
quired studies up to the end of junior year. In
1805 he was appointed professor of the Hebrew,
Greek, and Latin languages and of ecclesiastical
history, being the first professor of languages at
Yale. The title of professor of ecclesiastical his-
tory was merely nominal and was dropped after
1817. He gave up the teaching of Greek in 1831,
and of Hebrew in 1835, and from that time until
4II
Kingsley
his retirement in 1851 he devoted himself ex-
clusively to Latin, which had always been his
major interest. In addition to his duties as pro-
fessor he acted as librarian from 1805 to 1824.
He married, Sept. 23, 181 1, Lydia, daughter of
Daniel Lathrop and Elizabeth (Bill) Coit of
Norwich, Conn. They had three sons and one
daughter.
Kingsley was distinguished in his generation
for breadth of intellectual interest and accuracy
of scholarship. The original trend of his mind
was toward mathematics, and he always main-
tained an activity in that field, particularly in
astronomical calculations. The study of science,
then in its infancy, attracted him strongly, and
he was a regular attendant at the scientific lec-
tures given for seniors. His contemporaries
testified to his thorough acquaintance with the
classics of English literature. In history, par-
ticularly the history of Connecticut and of New
England, he was a recognized authority, and in
this field he contributed frequently to periodicals.
His Historical Discourse Delivered . . . on the
Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Settlement
of Neiv Haven (1838) was an authoritative work,
and his articles on the history of Yale College
(American Quarterly Register, August 1835,
February 1836, and American Biblical Reposi-
tory, July, October 1841, January 1842) were
for many years standard accounts. He con-
tributed a biography of Ezra Stiles [q.v.~\ to
Jared Sparks's Library of American Biography
(2 ser., vol. VI, 1845). In the field of Latin his
competence was great, but his publications few,
consisting of several textbooks — an edition of
Cicero's De Oratore, and two volumes of Latin
selections. The purity and elegance of his Latin
style was justly admired, and few have excelled
him in mastery of the subtleties of the language.
The bent of his mind was critical rather than
creative, however, and his most characteristic
work was done on reviews in periodicals, mostly
published anonymously. The temper of the age
favored controversy, and here Kingsley's enor-
mous fund of accurate knowledge and his gift
of keen satire made him a formidable adversary.
His review of Stuart's Select Classics in the
American Monthly Review, April 1833, is an
excellent example of his critical and scholarly
powers at their best.
[W. R. Cutter, New Eng. Families (1913), vol. II,
and Leroy Brown, Kingsley Geneal. (1907), for Jona-
than Kingsley's ancestry ; F. B. Dexter, Biog. Sketches
Grads. Yale Coll., vol. V ( 191 1 ) ; T. A. Thacher, A Dis-
course Commemorative of Professor James L. Kings-
ley, to Which is Prefixed the Address at the Funeral
by Theodore D. Woolsey (1852); Memorial Biogs. of
the New-Eng. Historic Geneal. Soc., vol. I (1880);
Congregational Quart., Apr. 1863.] H. M. H.
Kingsley
KINGSLEY, NORMAN WILLIAM (Oct.
26, 1829-Feb. 20, 1913), dentist, sculptor, a son
of Nathaniel and Eliza (Williams) Kingsley,
was born in Stockholm, St. Lawrence County, N.
Y. He received his early education in the pub-
lic school of Poultney, Vt, and at an academy in
Troy, N. Y. After serving as a clerk in several
stores in Elmira and Troy, in 1848 he paid for
a course of instruction in dentistry with his
uncle, Dr. A. W. Kingsley, of Elizabeth, N. J.,
who stipulated that the then secret process of
making porcelain teeth was not to be included in
the course; but young Kingsley soon mastered
the process without assistance and otherwise
demonstrated his native mechanical and artistic
abilities. In 1850 he began the practice of den-
tistry with B. C. Leffler in Owego, N. Y., where
he shortly established an independent office. In
1852 he removed to New York City, practised
about a year in partnership with Solyman Brown
[q.v.~\ and Samuel Lockwood, and then estab-
lished himself independently at 858 Broadway.
For his artificial teeth on gold plates he received
a gold medal from the world's fair at the Crystal
Palace in 1853, and other medals from the Paris
exposition of 1855. I" ^58 he published the
first of his many articles on the correction of
irregularities of the teeth and thenceforth spe-
cialized largely on oral deformities. Beginning
in i860, he perfected the gold obturator and arti-
ficial velum of soft rubber for cleft palate cases,
for which he received several medals, diplomas
of merit, and honorary memberships in dental
and medical societies at home and abroad. His
first articles on artificial vela and obturators ap-
peared in 1863 and 1864.
Kingsley visited Europe in 1864 and was cor-
dially received by the medical and dental societies
of Great Britain and France. Shortly afterward
he invented and patented the first portable gas
blowpipe for dentists' use. He was one of the
founders of the New York College of Dentistry
and served as its first dean and first professor of
dental art and mechanism from 1866 to 1869.
He originated several ingenious methods and
appliances for regulating teeth and in 1880 pub-
lished A Treatise on Oral Deformities as a
Branch of Mechanical Surgery, in which he gave
a comprehensive review of the scattered knowl-
edge of the subject, together with descriptions
of his own improvements. For many years it
was the only standard textbook on orthodontia
as well as oral deformities. A German version
was published at Leipzig in 1881. Kingsley wrote
the long article on "Surgery of the Teeth and
Adjacent Parts" in The International Encyclo-
paedia of Surgery (vol. V, 1884), edited by John
412
Kinkead
Kinkead
Ashhurst. In 1886 and 1887 he was president of
the New York State Dental Society.
He had considerable reputation as a modeler
of portrait-busts in clay, and he also worked in
other media ot art. In his youth, while a clerk
at Elmira and Troy he was known locally as a
clever engraver on copper and wood, and he did
some creditable paintings in oil. When he re-
moved to New York in 1852, he tried his hand
at sculpture. In 186 1 he modeled an idealized
female head, called the "Evening Star." His
finest work in this line is a bust of Christ, made
in 1868, a steel engraving of which appears as
the frontispiece of Howard Crosby's Jesus, His
Life and Work (1871). Kingsley's best-known
portrait-bust was that of Whitelaw Reid, pre-
sented to the Lotos Club. He finally became in-
terested in pyrography, in which art heated iron
instruments were then employed ; but he substi-
tuted a modification of the dentists' blowpipe,
which he had invented, and used it successfully
in making his "flame-paintings" on wood, in-
cluding numerous copies of Rembrandt's por-
traits. Kingsley was married, in 1850, to Alma
W. Shepard. They had two daughters. He died
in his eighty-fourth year at Warren Point,
N. J., and was interred in Woodlawn Cemetery,
N. Y.
[The best sketch of Kingsley is that by R. Otto-
lengui, in the dental Items of Interest, Apr. 1913. See
also the sketch by B. L. Thorpe, in C. R. E. Koch,
Hist, of Dental Surgery (1910), vol. Ill; Who's Who
in America, 19 12-13 ; Dental Cosmos, Dental Register,
Apr. 1913.] L. P. B.
KINKEAD, EDGAR BENTON (Mar. 14,
1863-Apr. 9, 1930), jurist, son of Isaac Benton
and Hannah A. (Thornburg) Kinkead, was born
in the little village of Beverly, Washington
County, Ohio. His paternal ancestors came from
Ireland and remotely from Scotland, while his
maternal ancestors were of Scotch-English or-
igin. His father was a captain and later a colonel
of the Ohio volunteers during the Civil War. He
received his early education at the common
schools of the village in which he lived and at
Marietta Academy and was for two years ( 1880-
82) at Marietta College where his record as a
student was high. On Jan. 20, 1883, he married
Nellie M. Snyder, a native of Canada. In 1884
he became deputy clerk of the probate court of
Washington County, Ohio, at the same time be-
ginning by himself the study of law. He con-
tinued his study while holding successively the
positions of deputy clerk of the Ohio supreme
court and of assistant librarian of the Ohio su-
preme court law library. He was admitted to
the bar in 1889 and began practice in Columbus.
In 1890 he was editor of the Ohio Law Journal
and from 1898 to 1900 was special counsel in the
office of the attorney-general of Ohio. While
holding this position he was especially engaged
in the preparation of important anti-trust cases
against the Standard Oil Company. In 1908 he
was elected a judge of the common pleas court
of Ohio, was reelected in 1914, in 1920, and for a
fourth time in 1926.
Though in the active practice of law for eigh-
teen years, he is best known as a teacher, writer,
and judge. For twenty years he was a professor
of law at the college of law of Ohio State Uni-
versity, teaching common law and code pleading.
Not trained in modern methods of legal educa-
tion he taught law in the older fashion, using
lectures and textbooks as his means of instruc-
tion. He was a prolific writer on legal subjects
and was the author of The Law of Pleading in
Civil Actions and Defenses under the Code (2
vols., 1895) ; Forms of Instructions to Juries
(1897), part of which was enlarged and repub-
lished in 1914 as Approved Forms . . . of Instruc-
tions to Jury, both Civil and Criminal ; Exposi-
tion of Common Law and Equity Pleading
(1900), a historical comparison with the code;
A Treatise on the Law of Court Practice and
Procedure (1900) ; The Probate Law and Prac-
tice of the State of Ohio (1901) ; Commentaries
on the Law of Torts (2 vols., 1903) ; and Pro-
cedure in Civil Trials and on Appeal and Error
(1915), some of which had already appeared in
1897 'n tne Forms of Instructions to Juries.
These books were the product of careful accurate
labor and have been for many years of great
value to the practising lawyers and judges of
Ohio. His ablest writing was done in the field
of procedure. When he ventured from this field
as he did in his Commentaries on the Law of
Torts he was not so successful. His extended
article on "Libel and Slander" for the Cyclo-
pedia of Law and Procedure (vol. XXV, 1907)
was, however, well done.
Kinkead was a judge of the common pleas court
of Ohio for twenty-two years and it was prob-
ably here that he did his best work. He was noted
for his painstaking industry and for his orig-
inality and independence of thinking. "Every-
one makes mistakes sometimes" was his favorite
remark as expressing his attitude toward prec-
edents in legal cases. In his willingness to re-
fuse to follow precedent he was thought by some
to be almost iconoclastic, but in spite of his in-
dependent opinions he was rarely overruled by
the higher courts. Among the outstanding cases
which he tried during his term as judge were the
"Slaymaker" case (his opinion in the case was
later published in a separate volume) which was
4-13
Kinloch
a suit involving over a million dollars brought
by the minority shareholders of the Columbus
Railway & Light Company against the Clark in-
terests of Philadelphia and resulted in the ouster
of these interests from their control of the local
company; the "Bribery Cases" involving bribery
charges against several members of the Ohio
State Senate resulting in their conviction and
penitentiary imprisonment ; the libel suit brought
by a United States federal judge against a To-
ledo newspaper which was decided in favor of
the newspaper; and an injunction suit brought
to prevent the Federal Gas & Fuel Company
from turning off the supply of gas from the city
of Columbus, resulting in favor of the city. Kin-
kead was known as a particularly able and fear-
less judge in the trial of criminal cases. He
tried thirty-two murder cases, almost all of which
resulted in conviction. He did not live to com-
plete his last judicial term. He died in Atlanta,
Ga., at the home of his daughter and only child.
Though he was not a great jurist or great re-
search scholar or great teacher of the law, he
was a careful, indefatigable worker, and gave
valuable service to his state.
[Who's Who in America, 1912-13 ; Atlanta Jour.,
Ohio State Journal (Columbus), Apr. 10, 1930 ; Frank-
lin County court records.] A. H.T.
KINLOCH, CLELAND (1760-Sept. 12,
1823), rice planter, was born in Charleston, S.
C. His parents, Anne Isabella (Cleland) and
Francis Kinloch, of "New Gilmerton," "We-
haw," "Kensington," and "Rice Hope" planta-
tions, were both of Scotch ancestry and of
families prominent in South Carolina. His great-
grandfather was Sir Francis Kinloch of Gilmer-
ton, Scotland, whose second son, James, came to
the province in 1703, prospered, and acquired
"New Gilmerton" on Goose Creek. Upon his
father's death, he was left at the age of seven to
the guardianship of Gov. Thomas Boone. Five
years later he entered Eton, where his exercises
were frequently "sent up to the Doctor for being
particular good ones." His "long & pretty" let-
ters gave pleasant pictures of schooldays and
visits to cousins at Gilmerton House. Wishing
to be a merchant, he later went to Holland for
his commercial education. The American Revo-
lution delayed his homecoming until after the
South Carolina Confiscation Act of 1782, which
lists him to be amerced. He seriously considered
returning to England ; but upon the partition of
his father's estate in 1784, when "Wehaw" fell
to him, he energetically began its restoration.
He is said to have been relieved from amerce-
ment, yet as late as 1790 his factor, John White,
was trustee for his 300 slaves. He was a mem-
Kinloch
ber of the convention which ratified the Federal
Constitution. His votes on the Constitution and
in the South Carolina convention of 1790, as
well as in the legislature, 1791-93, suggest that
he was in harmony with his class and probably
a Federalist.
He was one of the first to adopt Gideon Du-
pont's system of flooding river ricefields by tide
movement, using trunks and floodgates similar
to those he had seen in Holland. On the plans of
Jonathan Lucas, he erected and improved one of
the first tidal rice-pounding mills, operated like
those of Bordeaux and Holland by the rise and
fall of the tide, and so complete that it threshed,
husked, and barreled the grain. He enlarged
"Wehaw" to some 5,000 acres, using many oxen
and animals for its operation, and imported a
Scotch gardener for the grounds. He also began
embankments on new lands along the Wateree.
On Apr. 15, 1786, he married Harriott, daughter
of Ebenezer Simmons of Charleston. For sev-
eral years they summered at Newport, R. I., and
in 1804 he returned to Europe; but in 1807, he
bought 611 acres in the High Hills of Santee and
erected a three-story summer residence, sur-
mounted by a rotunda, which he named "Acton."
Benevolent and genial in his manners, he was
popular with his neighbors and enjoyed con-
versing upon "the inexhaustible subjects of win-
ter-grass, English & Latin prosody, the prop-
erties of the lever & the law of Nations." He
was a handsome man, with blond coloring, regu-
lar features, and tall, robust figure. Industrious
and economical, he prospered until in the great
storm of 1822 his tide-water plantations suffered
damages estimated at $30,000. The year follow-
ing this disaster, he died at "Acton" and was
buried in the Episcopal churchyard at States-
burg, S. C.
[Manuscript sketch of Cleland Kinloch by Langdon
Cheves ; extracts from Kinloch family papers in pos-
session of Langdon Cheves ; United States census of
1790; David Ramsey, Hist, of S. C, vol. II (1809);
the Charleston Courier and Southern Patriot and Com-
mercial Advertiser (Charleston), Sept. 17, 1823.]
A.K.G.
KINLOCH, ROBERT ALEXANDER (Feb.
20, 1826-Dec. 23, 1891), surgeon, was born at
Charleston, S. C, to Dr. George Kinloch and
Charlotte Granby, the former a native of Scot-
land and the latter of Wales. After graduating
from Charleston College in 1845 ar>d taking his
degree in medicine at the University of Pennsyl-
vania in 1848, he spent two years in the hospitals
of London, Edinburgh, and Paris. With this un-
usual preparation, he returned to his native city
and established himself in practice. The advent
of the Civil War brought him into the Confed-
4-14
Kinloch
Kinne
erate army as a surgeon. He served at various
times upon the staffs of Generals Lee, Pember-
ton, and Beauregard and upon medical examin-
ing boards at Norfolk, Richmond, and Charles-
ton. Later he held the position of inspector
of hospitals for South Carolina, Georgia, and
Florida. Following the close of the war he re-
turned to his practice in Charleston. His teach-
ing career began in 1866 with his election to the
chair of materia medica in the Medical College
of the State of South Carolina. Three years later
he was transferred to the chair of the principles
and practice of surgery and finally to that of
clinical surgery, which he occupied to the time
of his death. He was elected dean of the faculty
in 1888 and continued in that position for the
remainder of his life.
As professor and as dean he was always an
advocate of higher standards of education for
the school and was deeply disappointed with the
scant success attainable. It is as an operating
surgeon, however, that Dr. Kinloch is best re-
membered. From the beginning of his career
he was a bold and self-reliant operator with a
manual dexterity and resourcefulness in emer-
gency that soon put him in the forefront of the
profession of his locality. He is credited with
being the first American surgeon to perform a
resection of the knee-joint for chronic disease
and to treat fractures of the lower jaw and of
other bones by wiring together the fragments.
He was one of the first to open the abdomen and
suture perforations of the intestines following
gunshot wounds. His medical writings, mainly
surgical case reports, were usually contributed
to the Charleston Medical Journal of which he
acted as editor for a short time. He was a mem-
ber of the Medical Society of South Carolina
and of the American Surgical Association and
an associated fellow of the Philadelphia College
of Physicians. He died in his native city of in-
fluenzal pneumonia during the influenza pan-
demic of 1891. Kinloch was tall with a slight,
erect figure. His portrait shows a handsome
face with kindly eyes. His professional skill,
combined with his attractive personality, brought
him a very large general practice, and he was for
decades the leading medical man of Charleston.
Though rather abrupt in his manner he won the
devotion of his patients and the admiration of
his pupils. He was married to Elizabeth Cald-
well of Fairfield County, S. C, in 1856, and had
four sons and four daughters. Two sons fol-
lowed him in the practice of medicine.
[Trans. Am. Surgic. Asso., vol. X (1892); Medic.
Record, Jan. 2, 1892; H. A. Kelly and W. L. Burrage,
Am. Medic. Biogs. (1920); the News and Courier
(Charleston), Dec. 24, 1891.] J.M.P n.
KINNE, LA VEGA GEORGE (Nov. 5, 1846-
Mar. 16, 1906), jurist, was born in Syracuse, N.
Y., the son of ^Esop and Lydia (Beebe) Kinne.
His father was a farmer of moderate circum-
stance. Desirous that their son should have the
full advantage of the educational opportunities
of their community the parents sent him through
high school and to Ames Business School before
he began the study of law in a Syracuse office.
In 1865, he went to Mendota, 111., where he con-
tinued his study of law in private while working
in an implement store. He was admitted to the
bar the following spring, but, being discontented
with a mere law-office preparation, he enrolled
in the law school of the University of Michigan.
He received the degree of LL.B. in the spring
of 1868, returned to Mendota, and entered the
practice of law. On Sept. 23, 1869, he married
Mary E. Abrams, of Peru, 111., and moved to
Toledo, Iowa, where in 1869 he became the junior
member of the law firm of Crawford & Kinne.
He continued in the practice of law until 1886
when he was elected judge of the seventeenth
judicial district. Except for a few months while
editor of the Des Moines Leader, he served as
district judge until he was elected to the state
supreme court in 1891. In 1897 he became chief
justice.
Because he had abandoned the Republican
party in 1869 ar|d become a stanch Democrat his
election to the supreme court caused great ap-
prehension in the state. He had taken an active
part in opposing a state prohibitory act which a
Republican majority had adopted ; and his po-
litical enemies, consequently, questioned his abil-
ity impartially to administer a law which he had
so strongly opposed. His vigorous support of
all laws not only silenced his political opponents
but demonstrated to the state that political be-
lief .need play no part in judicial decision. His
success in public life was indeed remarkable con-
sidering that as a Democrat he was representa-
tive of the minority group. He was twice can-
didate for governor (1881, 1883), and once for
United States senator, and on each occasion ran
well ahead of his party's ticket. A leader of his
party, he was for many years a member, and
several times chairman, of the Democratic state
central committee and twice a delegate to the
national convention (1876, 1884).
He was also the recipient of many offices of a
non-political nature. He was a law lecturer at
the State University of Iowa from 1888 to 1898,
served for a time as law lecturer at the Iowa Col-
lege of Law, Des Moines, and wrote Iowa Plead-
ing, Practice and Forms in Actions and Special
Proceedings at Law and Equity (1888), which
415
Kinnersley
became the standard procedural text for Iowa
lawyers. He was president of the Iowa Bar As-
sociation in 1896 and appointed as representative
from Iowa on the commission for uniform state
laws. He served as an officer of the National
Conference of Charities and Corrections, and
was the Iowa representative of the International
Prison Association. In 1898 Iowa reorganized
the administration of its penal and charitable in-
stitutions by the creation of the board of control
of state institutions, consisting of three members
appointed by the governor. Kinne was named
as the Democratic member of the board, serving
until his death. As senior member he gave the
greatest measure of service to his state. His
sympathetic insight into human relations coupled
with courageous executive abilities made him the
creator of policies rather than administrator of
details. He died in Des Moines.
[The Bench and Bar of Iowa (1901) ; Board of Con-
trol of State Institutions, Bull, of Iowa Institutions,
Apr. 1906; E. H. Stiles, Recollections and Sketches of
Notable Lawyers and Public Men of Early Iowa
(1916); B. F. Gue, Hist, of Iowa (1903), vol. IV;
Proc. of the Twelfth Ann. Meeting of the Iowa State
Bar Asso. (1906) ; Register and Leader (Des Moines),
Mar. 16, 17, 1906; Who's Who in America, 1906-07.]
F. E. H— k.
KINNERSLEY, EBENEZER (Nov. 30,
1711-July 4, 1778), teacher and physical experi-
menter, was born at Gloucester, England, the son
of William Kinnersley, who came to America in
1714 to take the position of assistant pastor of
the Pennepek Baptist Church, Lower Dublin,
near Philadelphia. Ebenezer spent most of his
early life at Lower Dublin, studying at home
under his father's direction. As a young man he
went to Philadelphia, where he established a
small school. In 1743 he was ordained to the
Baptist ministry, but never held a pastorate,
though he was one of the constituent members
of the Philadelphia Baptist Church and remained
connected with it until his death. Attracted by
the popular and spectacular experiments which
Franklin was carrying on with the little known
"electric fluid," he became associated with the
group that was responsible for the "Philadelphia
Experiments" in electricity. Of him Joseph
Priestley wrote: "We must by no means over-
look what was done by Mr. Kinnersley, the Doc-
tor's [Franklin's] friend. . . . Some of his ob-
servations . . . are very curious ; and some later
accounts . . . seem to promise, that, if he con-
tinue his electrical inquiries, his name, after that
of his friend [Franklin], will be second to few
in the history of electricity." Concerning the
exact nature of Kinnersley's contributions Priest-
ley continues : "He first distinguished himself by
re-discovering Mr. Du Faye's two contrary elec-
Kinnersley
tricities of glass and sulphur, with which both
he and Dr. Franklin were at that time wholly
unacquainted. But Mr. Kinnersley had a great
advantage over Mr. Du Faye; for, making his
experiments in a more advanced state of the sci-
ence, he saw immediately, that the two contrary
electricities of glass and sulphur were the very
same positive and negative electricities which
had just been discovered by Dr. Watson and
Dr. Franklin" (The History and Present State
of Electricity, post, pp. 178-79). This discovery
was made in Boston in 1751 where Kinnersley
had gone (with a letter to Gov. James Bowdoin
from Franklin) to deliver a series of lectures at
Faneuil Hall. These lectures were a repetition
of his series, "The Newly Discovered Electric
Fire," the first to be given in America or Europe
(advertisement in Pennsylvania Gazette, Apr.
IT. l75I), delivered at Philadelphia the same
year. Kinnersley was next at Newport, R. I.,
where he repeated his experiments and lectures
in March 1752, and suggested methods of pro-
tecting buildings from lightning. He then lec-
tured at New York and returned to Philadelphia
in 1753 when he was elected chief master in the
College of Philadelphia. He was appointed pro-
fessor of English and oratory in 1755. About
this time he demonstrated that heat could be
produced by electricity and invented an electrical
air thermometer, upon which most of his fame
rests. His experiments in this connection he
described in a letter to Franklin, dated Mar. 12,
1761, which Franklin read before the Royal So-
ciety of London (Philosophical Transactions,
vol. LIII, 1763). In his Experiments and Ob-
servations on Electricity Made at Philadelphia
in America (1769), Franklin wrote: "That the
electric fire thus actually passes through the
water, has . . . been satisfactorily demonstrated
to many by an experiment of Mr. Kinnersley's,
performed in a trough of water about ten feet
long. The hand being placed under water in the
direction of the spark (which always takes the
strait or shortest course) is struck and penetrated
by it as it passes" (A. H. Smyth, The Writings
of Benjamin Franklin, 1905, II, 410-11). In
1757 Kinnersley received the degree of M.A.
from the College of Philadelphia. In 1764 he
published a syllabus of his lectures on electricity
in which he described an orrery propelled by
electricity and suggested that perhaps the solar
system might be sustained by electricity (A
Course of Experiments in that Curious and En-
tertaining Branch of Natural Philosophy Called
Electricity). His "On Some Electrical Experi-
ments Made with Charcoal" was published in
Philosophical Transactions (London, vol. LXIII,
416
Kinney
l772>)- ^ 's sa'd that at the time Kinnersley was
better known as an electrical experimenter in
America than was Franklin. He was a member
of the American Philosophical Society. Resign-
ing from the faculty of the College in 1772-73
because of failing health, he died at Philadelphia
a few years later, leaving a wife, Sarah Duffield,-
whom he married in 1739, a daughter, and a son.
[Joseph Priestley, The Hist, and Present State of
Electricity (2nd ed., London, 1769), and Familiar In-
troduction to the Study of Electricity (London, 1768) ;
A. H. Smyth, The Writings of Benjamin Franklin
(1905), vol. I ; J. L. Chamberlain, Univ. of Pa., vol. I
(1901) ; E. J. Houston, Electricity One Hundred Years
Ago and Today (i8g4) ; P. L. Ford, Franklin Bibliog.
(1889) ; Park Benjamin, The Intellectual Rise in Elec-
tricity (1895); W. B. Sprague, Annals Am. Pulpit,
vol. VI (i860).] fa. T.
KINNEY, ELIZABETH CLEMENTINE
DODGE STEDMAN (Dec. 18, 1810-Nov. 19,
1889), poet, essayist, was a native of New York
City. She was the daughter of David Low
Dodge \_q.v.~\, a prominent New York merchant,
and Sarah (Cleveland) Dodge. Her maternal
grandfather was the colonial poet Aaron Cleve-
land [q.v.~\. In March 1830 she married Col.
Edmund Burke Stedman — Edmund Clarence
Stedman [q.v.~\ was a child of this marriage — of
Hartford, Conn., where she lived until the death
of her husband in 1835. She then moved to her
father's country estate, "Cedar Brook," near
Plainfield, N. J. From here she contributed
poems and articles to numerous magazines in-
cluding Graham's, Sartain's, and the Knicker-
bocker. Her second marriage, in November 1841,
connected her even more firmly with the world
of letters as she became the wife of the well-
known publicist and writer, William Burnet
Kinney [q.v.~\, at that time editor of the Newark
Daily Advertiser, of which he was the founder.
Some of her best essays and critical articles ap-
peared in the pages of the Advertiser during the
ten years succeeding her marriage. In 1850 Mr.
Kinney was appointed charge d'affaires at Sar-
dinia, and from 1850 to 1853 the Kinneys made
their residence in Turin where both were popular
in social and literary circles. In 1853, the Sar-
dinian mission having ended, the Kinneys moved
to Florence where they lived for more than ten
years. Here they were members of the circle
which included the Brownings, the Tennysons,
the Trollopes, Hiram Powers, the American
sculptor, and others. It was during this period
that Mrs. Kinney wrote Fclicita ( 1855), a metri-
cal romance based on an incident in Italian his-
tory. In 1865 she and her husband returned to
Newark. Two years later Mrs. Kinney's poems,
which were widely scattered throughout Eng-
lish and American periodicals, were collected
Kinney
and published (Poems, 1867), and met with both
critical and popular approval. Bianca Cappello,
a second Italian romance in verse, was published
in 1873. This like all of Mrs. Kinney's poetical
works is marked by a virile romantic quality.
Many of her poems were in reality tales of ad-
venture, in verse full of color and action but
couched in the "poetic" diction of the late nine-
teenth century. Her nature poetry is simple in
manner and expresses a very sincere love of the
world. Her essays and critical articles are as a
rule sharply to the point in subject matter but
softened in the presentation by lightness of treat-
ment and a witty style.
[See: E. C. Stedman and Ellen McKay Hutchinson,
A Lib. of Am. Lit., vol. XI (1890) ; T. B. Read, The
Female Poets of America (1849) ; John S. Hart, The
Female Prose Writers of America (1852) ; E. A. and
G. L. Duyckinck, Cyc. of Am. Lit. (ed. 1875) I E. J.
and H. G. Cleveland, The Gcneal. of the Cleveland and
Clcaveland Families (1899). vol. II; obituary in the
Newark Daily Advertiser, Nov. 20, 1889. Mrs. Kin-
ney's "Reminiscences" are unpublished.] q q
KINNEY, WILLIAM BURNET (Sept. 4,
1799-Oct. 21, 1880), journalist, diplomat, was
born in Speedwell, Morris County, N. J., the
youngest son of Abraham and Hannah (Burnet)
Kinney and the grandson of Sir Thomas Kinney,
an English baronet, who settled near Morris-
town prior to the Revolution. On his mother's
side he was a descendant of William Burnet
[<7.z\], colonial official. At the age of thirteen he
was the constant companion of his father, a
colonel in the War of 1812, and on several oc-
casions acted as a dispatch bearer. It was his
father's intention that he should pursue a mili-
tary career and accordingly he was sent to the
Military Academy at West Point. While William
was studying there his father died and at the
wish to his mother he resigned from the institu-
tion and studied under the direction of private
tutors. Two years later he entered upon the study
of law in the office of his brother, Thomas T.
Kinney, working under the guidance of his
cousin, Joseph C. Hornblower [q.v.~\, later chief
justice of the state of New Jersey. His tastes
were so decidedly in the direction of a literary
calling, however, that he gave up the law without
being admitted to the bar and went into journal-
ism. In 1820 he became editor of the New Jersey
Eagle, a weekly paper of Newark. In 1825 he
moved to New York to become literary adviser
to Harper & Brothers. While there he took an
active part in the organization of the Mercan-
tile Library, serving for a time as the librarian.
After ten years in New York City he returned
to Newark to assume the editorship of the New-
ark Daily Advertiser, at that time the only daily
paper in the state. He became the largest stock-
417
Kinney
holder of this paper and united with it the Senti-
nel of Freedom.
In 1843, he entered actively into politics as
the Whig candidate for Congress from the fifth
district but was defeated. The next year he rep-
resented his party as the delegate-at-large from
New Jersey to the Whig Convention in Balti-
more, where he was instrumental in procuring
the vice-presidential nomination for Theodore
Frelinghuysen [q.v.~]. For his stanch support
of the Whig party in his newspaper, he was ap-
pointed by President Taylor the representative
of the United States to the court of Sardinia at
Turin. He was commissioned charge on Apr.
22, 1850, and served until Oct. 8, 1853. It was
during these years that the Sardinian govern-
ment was being reconstructed along constitu-
tional lines and he was often consulted by Cavour
and other Italian leaders as to the practical work-
ings of the American governmental system. His
influence was continually being exercised in the
interest of liberal and humanitarian measures,
an instance of which was his success in procur-
ing toleration for the Waldensian sect which was
given permission to erect a place of worship in
Turin, the first church building they had ever
been allowed to own in that city. His services
were recognized by his being chosen to lay the
corner-stone.
The episode of Louis Kossuth's visit to the
United States occurred during Kinney's service
as charge at Turin, and his letters to Secretary
Daniel Webster and to Commodore Charles W.
Morgan, in command of the United States Medi-
terranean Squadron, aided in preventing the
American government from establishing any of-
ficial connection with Kossuth's cause which
would have involved grave international com-
plications. He remained abroad after the expi-
ration of his term as charge, removing from
Turin to Florence where he became well ac-
quainted with the Brownings and began a his-
tory of the Medici family, which he did not live
to complete. In 1865 he returned to Newark
but was not actively engaged again in journal-
ism. He died in New York and was buried in the
churchyard of the First Presbyterian Church
of Newark. His first wife was Mary Chandler
Kinney who died in 1841, leaving two children.
His second wife, whom he married in Novem-
ber 1841, was Elizabeth Clementine (Dodge)
Stedman Kinney [q.v.~]. There were two chil-
dren of this marriage.
[A Hist of the City of Newark, N. J. (19 13), vol.
Ill ; W. H. Shaw, Hist, of Essex and Hudson Counties,
N. J. (1884), vol. I; E. J. and H. G. Cleveland, The
Geneal. of the Cleveland and Cleaveland Families
(1899), vol. II; Daily State Gazette (Trenton), Oct.
41
Kinnicutt
22, 1880; Newark Daily Advertiser, Oct. si, 23, 25,
1880; and Kinney's diary in the possession of W. B.
Kinney, II, Newark, N. }.] C R E Tr
KINNICUTT, LEONARD PARKER (May
22, 1854-Feb. 6, 191 1 ), educator, chemist, sani-
tary engineer, was born in Worcester, Mass.,
the youngest of the six children of Francis Har-
rison and Elizabeth Waldo (Parker) Kinnicutt.
His father, a prosperous hardware merchant, was
descended in the seventh generation, from Roger
Kinnicutt who emigrated from Devon, England,
about 1650. On his mother's side he was de-
scended in the eighth generation from Samuel
Lincoln, who came to Hingham, Mass., from
Hingham, England, in 1637. Young Kinnicutt
received his early education in the schools of
Worcester, graduating from the high school in
1871. He went at once to the Massachusetts In-
stitute of Technology, where he devoted him-
self chiefly to the study of chemistry. Following
his graduation in 1875, he spent four years in
professional studies in Germany. At Heidelberg
he came under the inspiring influence of Bun-
sen, from whom he acquired an appreciation of
the value of careful and accurate analysis. Here
also under Bunsen's guidance he was initiated
into the refinements of gas analysis. At this time
organic chemistry was developing with tre-
mendous rapidity especially in Germany. Bunsen
had passed the zenith of his career and was not
in sympathy with the new tendency which was
manifesting itself in chemistry. It is not surpris-
ing, therefore, to find young Kinnicutt leaving
Heidelberg and matriculating at Bonn, where
Kekule was lecturing with such success that
Kinnicutt was captivated by the spirit and beau-
ty of organic chemistry and devoted himself dil-
igently to its study. He was fortunate in being
accepted into the private laboratory of the mas-
ter, where he became associated with Richard
Anschiitz, at that time lecture assistant, but later,
after the retirement of Kekule, director of the
Chemical Institute at Bonn. In collaboration
with Anschiitz he published a number of papers,
chiefly on phenyl-glyceric acid. This associa-
tion ripened into a lasting friendship. Return-
ing to the United States in 1879, he spent a year
in study with Ira Remsen at the Johns Hopkins
University, and then three years at Harvard,
where he served as instructor in quantitative
analysis and as private assistant to Wolcott
Gibbs, at that time Rumford Professor of Chem-
istry. In 1882 he received from Harvard the de-
gree of doctor of science and in September of
the same year accepted an appointment as in-
structor of organic chemistry at the Worcester
Polytechnic Institute. In the following January
8
Kinnicutt
Kino
he became assistant professor of chemistry, three
years later he was made full professor, and from
1892 he was director of the department.
As early as 1885 Kinnicutt began to give at-
tention to the question of sewage disposal and
sanitary problems. He became an authority on
the sanitation of air, water, and gas ; on the
methods of analysis ; and on the disposal of
wastes. He paid particular attention to the ex-
amination of water and water-sheds, the con-
tamination of rivers and ponds by trade wastes
and sewage, and made numerous reports on pri-
vate and public water supplies. After 1894 he
visited England on an average every other year,
familiarizing himself with the work done in that
country, and the results were embodied in vari-
ous articles which he published on the subject.
He paid special attention to the subject of the
pollution of streams by wool-washings, and
made a careful study of this problem at Brad-
ford, England, where a greater amount of wool
was washed annually than in any other city in
England or in the United States. He was em-
ployed as an expert in numerous cases regard-
ing the pollution of streams and ponds, and was
one of the experts in the case of the pollution of
the Mississippi River at St. Louis by the sewage
of Chicago. In 1903 he was appointed consult-
ing chemist of the Connecticut sewage commis-
sion, a position which he retained up to the time
of his death. He was a frequent contributor to
scientific periodicals and the proceedings of
learned societies upon topics relating to his spe-
cialty. In 1910, in collaboration with Prof. C. E.
A. Winslow of the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, and R. Winthrop Pratt of the Ohio
state board of health, he published a book entitled
Sewage Disposal which is considered to be one
of the best treatises on the subject in the Eng-
lish language.
He was deeply interested in the sanitary prob-
lems of his native city, Worcester, and kept a
careful watch upon the city's water supply. Dur-
ing the "water famine" of the winter of 1910-11
he directed from his sick-bed the tests to be made,
had daily reports brought to him, and outlined
the policy by which, in his opinion, the city's
health might be best safeguarded. He also de-
voted a great deal of time and money to secure
a pure' milk supply in summer for the babies in
needy families, and at the time of his death he
was a member of the Worcester Medical Milk
Commission.
While a student in Germany he had discovered
that he had incipient tuberculosis. For a long
time it seemed to have been arrested, but at
length it developed and after a lingering illness
he died in his fifty-seventh year. He was twice
married but had no children. His first wife was
Louisa Hoar Clarke, daughter of Dr. Henry
Clarke, whom he married June 4, 1885. On July
9, 1898, he married Frances Ayres Clarke,
daughter of Josiah Clarke, and a cousin of his
first wife.
[Charles Nutt, Hist, of Worcester and Its People
(19 1 9), vol. IV; W. L. Jennings, in Science, Apr. 28,
191 1 ; Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sciences, vol. LIII,
no. 10 (Sept. 1918) ; R. Anschutz, Berichte der Deut~
schen Chemischen Gesellschaft, vol. XLIV (191 1);
Jour, of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Mar.,
July 191 1 ; Technology Rev., Apr. 191 1 ; Jour, of the
Asso. of Engineering Societies, May 191 1 ; Jour, of the
New Eng. Water Works Asso., Mar. 191 1 ; Proc. Am.
Antiquarian Soc, n.s., vol. XXI (1911); Who's Who
in America, 1910-11.] W.L. J s.
KINO, EUSEBIO FRANCISCO (c. 1645-
Mar. 15, 1711), Jesuit missionary, explorer,
cartographer, was born at Segno, Italy. The
Italian spelling of his name was Chini or Chino.
In America he generally wrote it Kino or Quino.
He was baptized on Aug. 10, 1645. On Nov. 16,
1680, he wrote that he was thirty-seven years
old, which would seem to put his birth date in
1643 or J644, but this was apparently an inad-
vertence on his part. At an early age he made a
vow that he would become a missionary. He
entered the Jesuit order at Freiburg in 1665 and
received his higher education in Upper Germany,
where he spent many years. He showed a great
predilection for mathematics and studied it as-
siduously with the hope of going to China, where
Jesuit mathematicians had found official favor.
After many petitions to the Father General, in
1678 he was assigned to a foreign mission that
was being organized in Spain. His dream for
years had been of a career in China, but he drew
lots with a friend and chance assigned him to
Mexico. Sailing from Genoa to Cadiz in 1678,
he was delayed in Spain over two years. Mean-
while the Duchess of Aveiro y Arcos became his
friend and patron, and a long correspondence be-
tween them followed.
Late in December 1680, he sailed from Cadiz
to Vera Cruz, where he landed in May 1681.
Soon after arrival in Mexico City he published
a little book about the comet of 1680, which he
had observed and studied while in Cadiz. His
treatise, Exposition Astronomica de el Cometa
(Mexico, 1681) was vigorously attacked by the
Mexican Jesuit scholar Sigiienza y Gongora, in
another little book. Still hoping to go to the
Orient, in 1682 Kino joined the Atondo expedi-
tion to Lower California, as the head of the Jesuit
mission. After a few months' trial at La Paz
(1683), they moved north to San Bruno, near
the place where Loreto was later founded. Here
419
Kino
Kinsella
Kino explored, wrote diaries and letters, made
maps, and succeeded admirably with missionary
work, but drought caused the abandonment of the
enterprise in 1685. Returning to Mexico City,
Kino two years later went to Pimeria Alta, to
work among the Pimas, in a district now em-
braced in northern Sonora and southern Ari-
zona. Laboring for nearly a quarter century
(1687-1711), with headquarters at Mission Do-
lores, he founded missions in the San Miguel,
Magdalena, Altar, Sonoita, Santa Cruz, and San
Pedro river valleys. A score of present-day
towns began as missions that he established. He
was the pioneer cattleman of the district, for in
all these places he made the beginnings of stock
raising.
From Dolores he made numerous expeditions
on horseback north, northwest, and northeast,
covering many thousand miles and several times
reaching the Gila and Colorado rivers. He dis-
covered and wrote the first description of the
Casa Grande (unless it be the Red House of the
Coronado expedition). He was instrumental in
the return of the Jesuits to the California penin-
sula in 1697. He was named by the Spanish king
to go there with Father Salvatierra, but he was
too useful to be spared from the mainland. From
his mission ranches he often shipped cattle and
supplies across the Gulf to the new settlements.
Finally, he conceived the idea of opening a road
around the head of the Gulf to save the difficult
water passage. California had commonly been
regarded as an island, but as a result of two ex-
peditions which he made to the lower Colorado
River he concluded that it was a peninsula. His
map showing it thus was several times published
in Europe and became widely known. On Mar.
15, 171 1, Kino died at Magdalena, one of the
missions he had founded, and was buried in the
chapel "on the Gospel side" by Father Agustin
de Campos (original burial register).
[The chief printed source for Kino's career is his
autobiography (Favor cs Celestialcs) discovered, edited,
and published in English by H. E. Bolton as Kino's
Historical Memoir of Pimeria Alta (2 vols., 1919).
In this work the editor has supplied a long biographical
sketch. Three years later the original of the Favores
Celestialcs was published by the Archivo General y
Publico of Mexico (Las Misiones de Sonera y Arizona,
Mexico, 1922). Juan Matheo Manje's (Mange) Lns de
Tierra Incognita (Mexico, 1926) is a contemporary
narrative by Kino's chief traveling companion. Early
Jesuit accounts are in Jose de Ortega, Apostolicos
A fanes (Barcelona, 1754), and Francisco Javier Alegre,
Historia de la Compaiiia de Jesus en Nucva-Espaiia
(Mexico, 3 vols., 1841-42). Brief sketches in English
are in H. E. Bolton, The Spanish Borderlands (1921)
and The Padre on Horseback (1932), and in H. H.
Bancroft, North Mexican States, vol. I (1883). Eugenia
Ricci has written the first extensive sketch in Italian,
// Padre Euscbio Chini, Esploratore Missionario delta
California e dell' Arizona (Milano, 1930). H. E. Bol-
ton is preparing for the press three additional volumes
of unpublished letters and diaries of Father Kino.]
H.E. B.
KINSELLA, THOMAS (Dec. 31, 1832-Feb.
11, 1884), editor, politician, was born in County
Wexford, Ireland, from which place, in his seven-
teenth year, he emigrated to New York. After
learning the printer's trade, he worked on the
Cambridge Post, a weekly Whig newspaper in
western New York. The publisher gave the lad
free access to his library, and Kinsella read and
studied eagerly to complete his grammar-school
education. Editorial work attracted him and in
addition to his compositor's duties he attempted
articles for the paper. When the death of Henry
Clay occurred, the editor being absent, Kinsella
wrote an editorial on the statesman, and was
much elated by the commendation it received.
Leaving the Cambridge Post, Kinsella in 1854
went South to familiarize himself with conditions
there. Returning North in 1858, he obtained
employment as a typesetter on the Brooklyn
Daily Eagle. From the first, however, he con-
tributed material to the paper. His ambition and
ability attracted the attention of the proprietor,
Isaac Van Anden, who promoted him to the po-
sition of law reporter. The Civil War found the
Eagle under the editorship of Henry McCloskey,
whose sympathies were with the South. So pro-
nounced were his editorials that the government
took notice of their treasonable character. Mc-
Closkey was forced to resign and Van Anden
appointed Kinsella editor, Sept. 7, 1861. That
position he held, with short interruptions, until
his death. As editor, he made a marked success.
He was a clear, forcible, and effective writer,
and he supervised all departments of the paper,
at the same time giving proper independence to
those who won his confidence. The Eagle gained
in prestige, in circulation, and in wealth under
his leadership.
In 1865, the paper actively supported Presi-
dent Johnson, and in 1866 the President gave
Kinsella a recess appointment as postmaster of
Brooklyn, in which capacity he served for sev-
eral months. The Senate, however, failed to con-
firm the appointment and he was displaced May
1, 1867. In 1868 he became a member of the
Brooklyn board of education. In this connection
his name is identified with two reforms : first,
open bidding for supplies ; and second, free op-
portunity and equal pay for women in the schools.
A year later, he was appointed one of the three
commissioners for the newly organized water
and sewerage board. Finding that his duties con-
sisted largely of "peddling out jobs" at the in-
sistence of politicians, he resigned after a few
420
Kinsey
months. In 1870, he was elected to Congress for
the 2nd District as a Democrat. He took a con-
spicuous part in the organization of the Liberal
Republican movement (1871-72), and influenced
the New York Democratic convention to instruct
for Horace Greeley. In the 1880 campaign Kin-
sella, in the Eagle, was the first to propose Gen-
eral Hancock as a candidate. After election,
convinced that the Kings County Democratic
organization had not given Hancock whole-
hearted support, he opened up a bitter contest
with "Boss" McLaughlin.
His health failed in 1883 and he traveled
abroad, returning in the autumn apparently much
improved. In December, however, he broke
down again, and from this attack he never rallied.
After three months' illness, he died at his home
in Brooklyn, a splendid example of the immi-
grant Irish boy rising to wealth and honored
position in the country of his adoption. With
only a fair education as a foundation, his eager-
ness for learning, his industry, his honesty, and
sincerity of purpose gained him a multitude of
friends. He was divorced from his first wife, by
whom he had four daughters (New York Trib-
une, Feb. 12, 1884), and later he married Emiline
Van Siclen, the divorced wife of Thomas W.
Field [q.v.].
[H. R. Stiles, The Civil, Political, Professional and
Ecclesiastical Hist. . . . of the County of Kings and the
City of Brooklyn, N. Y ., from 1683 to 1884 (1884) ;
Biog. Dir. Am. Cong. (1928) ; N. Y. Times, Feb. 12,
1884; Evening Post (N. Y.), Feb. 11, 1884.]
L.H.H.
KINSEY, JOHN (1693-May n, 1750, o. s.),
lawyer, politician, jurist, was born in Burling-
ton, N. J., the son of John and Sarah (Stevens)
Kinsey. His paternal grandfather was one of the
commissioners sent out from England in 1677 by
the West Jersey proprietors to buy land from the
Indians and to lay out a town. His father was a
prominent lawyer, member of the New Jersey
legislature, for some time its speaker, and a
Quaker preacher. John had the advantages of a
good school education, studied law, was admitted
to the bar, and after practising his profession
several years was elected to the assembly, suc-
ceeding his father as speaker (1730). Conspicu-
ous there for his sound judgment and knowledge
of law, he led the opposition to Gov. William
Burnet [g.t\], and the movement for a separate
governor for New Jersey, and was largely
responsible for the acts establishing Quaker
affirmation and biennial assemblies (New Jersey
Archives, 1 ser., V, 261-64).
Kinsey first attracted attention in Philadelphia
in 1725 as a lawyer in the court of Gov. William
Keith [g.^.]. Addressing the court with his hat
Kinsey
on, he was ordered to take it off, but refused on
conscientious grounds ; whereupon the governor
ordered the court officers to remove it. Quaker
protests against this attack on their religious
liberty moved Keith to issue an order allowing
Friends thereafter to speak in court without un-
covering. In 1730 Kinsey moved to Philadelphia,
apparently seeking wider political opportunities.
The following year he was elected to the as-
sembly, holding this post, with the exception of
one year, until his death. After 1739 he was
speaker. In the contests with the governor over
defense appropriations, bills of credit, taxation
of proprietary lands, and other questions, his
shrewd political management and adroit argu-
ments generally steered the Quaker party to suc-
cess at the polls and in the legislature. Invariably
he succeeded in defeating the requests of Gov-
ernor Thomas (1739-47) f°r appropriations for
frontier defenses, and by withholding the gov-
ernor's salary finally forced him to follow the
assembly's suggestion that he raise a force of
men personally. Although opposing direct war
aid and compulsory military service, Kinsey
sanctioned the voting of funds "for the King's
use," which usually went for military purposes.
He was a stout defender of the system of raising
money by issuing bills of credit rather than by
direct taxes, and was a trustee of the loan office
entrusted with issuing these bills. From 1738 to
1741 he was attorney-general of the province
and from 1743 to 1750, chief justice of the su-
preme court of Pennsylvania. He was one of the
commissioners appointed in 1737 with a view to
improving the relations between Pennsylvania
and Maryland. Anxious to preserve the friend-
ship of the Indians but opposed to arming them,
he was influential as a member of the commis-
sion sent to Albany by the colonies in 1745 to
reach an agreement with the Six Nations in
temporarily averting a war with the French.
Kinsey died suddenly from a stroke of ap-
oplexy at Burlington where he had gone to plead
a case in court. His great learning, professional
skill, and probity, his agreeable disposition, gen-
erosity, and simplicity of life made him greatly
esteemed. He was influential in the yearly meet-
ing of the Friends, and for many years was clerk
of the Philadelphia Meeting. He was prominent
in the Quaker social circle of Philadelphia and
possessed a beautiful estate, "Plantation," on the
east bank of the Schuylkill. His last years were
saddened by the accidental death of his son, John,
a young lawyer of great promise. Another son,
James, was a distinguished lawyer and chief
justice of the supreme court of New Jersey.
While speaker of the New Jersey assembly Kin-
421
Kintpuash — Kinzie
sey prepared for publication The Acts of the
General Assembly of the Province of New Jersey
. . . (1732), the first compilation of New Jersey
laws.
[J. S. Walton, John Kinsey (1900), and a sketch in
Isaac Sharpless, Political Leaders of Provincial Pa.
(1919), give the most adequate accounts of Kinsey's
political life. See also J. H. Martin, Martin's Bench
and Bar of Phila. (1883) ; N. J. Archives, 1 ser., vols.
V (1882), XI (1894), XII (1895), XIV (1890); Pa.
Colonial Records, vol. IV (1851) ; Pa. Mag. of Hist,
and Biog., Jan. 1903; and Votes and Proc. of the Pa.
Assembly, 1739-50.] J. H. P.
KINTPUASH [See Captain Jack, 1837?-
1873].
KINZIE, JOHN (Dec. 3, 1763-Jan. 6, 1828),
a fur-trader on the site of Chicago, was born at
Quebec. His father, John McKenzie, had come
thither as a surgeon with the British army and
had there married Anne, the widow of William
Haliburton, an army chaplain. When McKenzie
died soon after their son was born, Anne Mc-
Kenzie took as her third husband William For-
syth, who removed to Detroit and there opened
the first tavern. Young John, who changed his
name to Kinzie, left home early and learned the
trade of silversmith, from which he received the
Indian name, "Shaw-nee-aw-kee," the Silver
Man. When about eighteen, he began trading
with Indians on the Maumee River, at Fort
Wayne, then on the site of Defiance, Ohio. Here
he lived with Margaret McKenzie, an Indian
captive, whose legal marriage to him has been
often asserted and as often denied. In 1795 she
found her own family and went home to Vir-
ginia. The next year Kinzie moved to St. Joseph
River, where in 1798 he brought his bride,
Eleanor (Little) McKillip, whose first husband
Daniel McKillip, an officer in the British mili-
tia, had fallen at Wayne's battle of 1794. The
Kinzies removed, in 1804, to the mouth of the
Chicago River, a site Kinzie had visited and
traded on years earlier, where in 1803 Fort Dear-
born had been built. Here business prospered
and three of their four children were born. In
1812 Kinzie had a quarrel with Jean Lalime, a
French trader, whom he killed, supposedly in
self-defense. In the massacre of Fort Dearborn
troops in August of that year, Kinzie and his
family were saved by friendly Indians. They re-
treated first to St. Joseph and then to Detroit,
where Kinzie, suspected of American sym-
pathies, was arrested by the British and for some
time imprisoned. He never recovered from the
effects of the war either in his property or per-
son. In 1816 he returned to Chicago and lived
there until his death. In 1821 he aided the com-
missioners who came to make an Indian treaty,
Kip
and in 1825 was commissioned justice of the
peace. He was remembered as a kindly, pleasant
man, devoted to his family, shrewd at trade, and
always popular with his Indian customers. A
subdivision and a street in Chicago bear his
name.
[Letters and account books in the Chicago Hist. Soc. ;
J. A. Kinzie, Wau-Bun (1856 and later editions, latest
one 1930) ; E. L. K. Gordon, John Kinsie (copr. 1910) ;
M. M. Quaife, Chicago and the Old Northwest (copr.
1913), and "Eleanor Little, Pioneer," Burton Hist.
Coll. Leaflet, Jan. 1930; The John Askin Papers, ed.
by M. M. Quaife, vol. I (1928).] L. P. K.
KIP, WILLIAM INGRAHAM (Oct. 3, 181 1-
Apr. 7, 1893), first bishop of the Protestant Epis-
copal Church in California, was born in New
York, the eldest son of Leonard and Maria (In-
graham) Kip. The Kip family was originally
French. RulofT de Kype was forced during the
religious wars of the sixteenth century to flee to
the Low Countries. He returned to France to
die in battle in 1569; but one of his sons re-
mained, settled in Amsterdam, and became a
Protestant. About 1637 Hendrick, the then head
of the family, came to New Amsterdam where he
and his sons secured large properties and from
that time on the family, now known as Kip, was
prominently identified with the social and busi-
ness life of Manhattan Island. They were Loyal-
ists during the Revolution and lost much of their
property but Leonard reestablished the family
fortunes. William's boyhood was spent in New
York. He studied at Rutgers College, then went
to Yale, where he graduated in 1831. He began
the study of law ; but his interest turned to the
ministry. After a short time at the Theological
Seminary in Virginia, at Alexandria, he entered
the General Theological Seminary, New York.
Graduating there in 1835, he was ordained deacon
on July 1 and priest in the following November.
He married, July 1, 1835, Maria Elizabeth Law-
rence, daughter of Isaac Lawrence of New York.
He was successively rector of St. Peter's Church,
Morristown, N. J., assistant minister of Grace
Church, New York, and rector of St. Paul's
Church, Albany. He was elected missionary
bishop of California by the General Convention
of 1853, was consecrated on Oct. 28, and reached
San Francisco on Jan. 29, 1854.
The Episcopal Church in California at the
time of his arrival was very weak. There were
only two completed church buildings and only
three regularly settled clergymen. In spite of
their small numbers the Episcopalians had or-
ganized as a diocese, which, according to the law
of the church, had a right to elect its own bishop.
It had had no hand in the election of Bishop Kip.
He came as a "missionary," and for three years
422
Kip
by mutual consent acted as bishop, finally in 1857
accepting the election of the diocese and becom-
ing its bishop in name as well as fact. His work
was for many years difficult pioneering. It took
three or four days by steamer to reach Los An-
geles. River boats and horses took him into
the mining camps. The population was shifting
everywhere. Work flourishing one day had van-
ished the next. The bishop traveled constantly,
laid foundations, acted as pastor to people scat-
tered over the vast area of the state, and, when
in San Francisco, ordinarily served as rector of
one of the churches there. In 1862 he accepted
formally the rectorship of Grace Church, San
Francisco, and with the approval of the vestry
and congregation established it as his cathedral.
This was the first cathedral of the Episcopal
Church in America. Under his administration
the diocese grew, parishes were established in
the permanent centers, church schools, St. Luke's
Hospital in San Francisco, and other church in-
stitutions appeared. Although travel had become
easier and the northern part of the state had been
turned over to another bishop, the infirmities of
age pressed heavily upon Bishop Kip and in
1890, in response to his request for assistance,
the diocese elected Dr. William Ford Nichols of
Philadelphia as his assistant and successor.
Kip was a scholar of the old-fashioned type,
an able preacher, and a man of great social gifts.
In theology he was an orthodox High Church-
man, but neither in his ecclesiastical position nor
as a citizen was he of an aggressive type. He
was a man of distinguished bearing, tall, hand-
some, aristocratic; in character a simple Chris-
tian gentleman who met with devoted courage
pioneering problems and tasks which must often
have been distasteful to his scholarly habit of
mind. Among his published writings are: The
Double Witness of the Church (1843) ; The His-
tory, Object, and Proper Observance of the Holy
Season of Lent (copr. 1843), which went through
many editions ; The Early Jesuit Missions in
North America (1846); The Christmas Holy-
days in Rome (1846) ; The Early Conflicts of
Christianity (1850) ; The Catacombs of Rome
(1854) ; The Unnoticed Things of the Scripture
(1868) ; The Olden Time in New York (1872) ;
Historical Scenes in the Old Jesuit Missions
(1875); The Early Days of My Episcopate
(1892). He was also the author of Historical
Notes of the Family of Kip of Kipsburg and Kip's
Bay, N. Y. (privately printed, 1871).
[F. E. Kip, Hist, of the Kip Family in America
(1928) ; W. S. Perry, Hist, of the Am. Episcopal Ch.,
vol. II (1885) ; H. G. Batterson, A Sketchbook of the
Am. Episcopate (1878) ; A Calif. Pilgrimage, Being an
Account of the Observance of the Sixty-fifth Anniver-
Kirby
sary of Bishop Kip's First Missionary Journey through
the San Joaquin Valley, together with Bishop Kip's
Own Story of the Event Commemorated (1921) ; Obit.
Record Grads. Yale Univ., 1930; Morning Call (San
Francisco), Apr. 7, 1893.] E. L. P s.
KIRBY, EPHRAIM (Feb. 21, 1757-Oct. 20,
1804), lawyer, law reporter, was born in Litch-
field County, Conn., the eldest of the twelve chil-
dren of Abraham and Eunice (Starkweather)
Kirby, and a descendant of Joseph Kirby who
emigrated from Warwickshire, England, and
was one of the early settlers of Hartford, Conn.
Leaving his father's farm in Litchfield at the age
of nineteen, he joined a company of volunteers
which participated in the battle of Bunker Hill.
He was a private in the 5th Company, 7th Con-
necticut Regiment, from July 10 to Dec. 19,
1775 ; reenlisted in the 2nd Continental Dragoons
on Dec. 24, 1776, and, serving until Aug. 7, 1779,
was with Washington's army in New Jersey and
Pennsylvania. He took part in the battles of
Brandywine, Monmouth, and Germantown, and
in the last action was left for dead on the field.
Subsequently he served as ensign in Olney's
Rhode Island battalion (Aug. 23, 1782-Dec. 25,
1783). After the close of the war, Kirby studied
law in Litchfield in the office of Reynold Marvin,
formerly King's Attorney, and on Mar. 17, 1784,
married his daughter Ruth, by whom he had
eight children. One of these, Frances, was the
mother of Edmund Kirby-Smith [g.z\]. Kirby
practised law in Litchfield until 1803, and quick-
ly became a leading citizen with varied interests.
In 1787 the honorary degree of M.A. was con-
ferred upon him by Yale College. He was sec-
retary of St. Paul's Masonic Lodge, Litchfield,
and was an organizer and officer both of the
Grand Lodge of Connecticut and of the Grand
Chapter of Royal Arch Masons of the United
States. He was an original member of the Con-
necticut Society of the Cincinnati, its secretary
for three years, and a delegate to the meeting of
the National Society at Philadelphia in 1796.
His political career began in 1791 when he
served the first of his fourteen semi-annual ses-
sions in the state legislature. President Jeffer-
son, in January 1802, appointed him supervisor
of the national revenue for the state of Connecti-
cut. He had been successful in business, having
been a director of the company organized in 1795
to purchase Connecticut lands in the Western
Reserve ; but in 1802 he lost his entire fortune in
a Virginia land venture. His appointment by
President Jefferson, on July 14, 1803, as a com-
missioner on the Spanish Boundary, to receive
and determine the titles of lands held on the east
side of Pearl River, offered him an opportunity
for a new start. He had reached Fort Stoddart,
423
Kirby
Mississippi Territory, and had begun hearings,
when he fell sick and died at the age of forty-
seven.
Kirby made a permanent place for his name in
the annals of American law by publishing, in
Litchfield, his Reports of Cases Adjudged in the
Superior Court and Court of Errors of the State
of Connecticut, From the Year 1785 to May, 1788
(1789). It was the first fully developed volume
of law reports published in the United States and
in American legal literature holds a place com-
parable to that which Plowden's Commentaries
holds in English legal literature. In a remark-
able preface, Kirby demonstrated that a system
of law reporting was essential to the development
of American law. As a lawyer, he is said to have
been "remarkable for the frankness and down-
right honesty of his advice to clients, striving
always to prevent litigation" (P. K. Kilbourne,
post, p. 105). Starting out with few opportuni-
ties for education, he rose to a position of leader-
ship by sheer force of character, and won the
friendship and respect of many national figures
of his time.
[Date of death is authenticated by a letter from
Chambers to Thomas Jefferson, Oct. 27, 1804, in the
Lib. of Cong. ; service in the 7th Conn. Regt. is veri-
fied by copies of letters in the possession of F. C. Hicks,
New Haven. The original MS. of Kirby's Reports is
in the custody of the Litchfield Hist. Soc. Published
sources include : P. K. Kilbourne. A Biog. Hist, of the
County of Litchfield (1851) and Sketches and Chroni-
cles of the Town of Litchfield, Conn. (1859); P. L.
Ford, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson (10 vols.,
1892-99) ; M. E. Dwight, The Kirbys of New Eng.
(1898) ; G. C. Woodruff, A Gencal. Register of the In-
habitants of the Town of Litchfield, Conn. (1900) ; D.
C. Kilbourn, The Bench and Bar of Litchfield County,
Conn., 1709-1009 (1909). F. B. Heitman, Hist. Reg.
of Officers of the Continental Army (1914).] p q jj
KIRBY, J. HUDSON (Apr. 3, 1819-1848),
actor, gave through his robustious method of
acting in tragedy and melodrama a lasting phrase
to the annals of the American theatre. So ad-
mired was he by the gallery gods who frequented
the theatres of New York, where the heyday of
his brief life on the stage was passed, that "Wake
me up when Kirby dies" has become historic as
their favorite expression. He was born aboard
ship near Sandy Hook while his parents were on
their way to America, and little is known about
him until at the age of eighteen he made his first
appearance in subordinate characters at the Wal-
nut Street Theatre in Philadelphia. The greater
part of his professional career, which extended
over a period of only ten years, was passed in the
Bowery, the National, the Chatham, and other
New York theatres of the cheaper grade. As
early as the spring of 1838 he was acting in lead-
ing supporting roles with James W. Wallack and
Thomas S. Hamblin, and he soon acquired an
Kirby
extensive repertory of characters in plays that
have endured and in plays now long forgotten,
among the latter being Six Degrees of Crime,
The Siege of Tripoli, The Surgeon of Paris, and
The Carpenter of Rouen.
One after another he supported the leading
stars of his day as they came to New York, per-
haps his most notable efforts of that kind being
made with Edwin Forrest in May 1842 at the
Chatham Theatre, when he acted Pythias to that
actor's Damon, Icilius to his Virginius, De Mau-
prat to his Richelieu, and Friar Lacy to his Jack
Cade. Despite his strenuous acting, he was
neither large in stature nor powerful in appear-
ance, being of medium height and slight figure.
His complexion and hair were rather dark. For
his effects upon his audiences he relied main-
ly upon his voice, which had a melodious quality
and strength that enabled it to rise above the
turmoil of the people in the audience of that day
who put no restraint upon either their approval
or their disapproval of a play or an actor. The
note of approval in his case was distinctly domi-
nant, and he is an excellent example of the ephem-
eral vogue and popularity of many an actor. His
occasional acting in cities other than New York
widened his repute, and in 1845 he went to Eng-
land, repeating his success in tragedy and melo-
drama at the Surrey and other London theatres
of the popular type. He died in London in 1848,
on the eve of his projected return to the United
States. His wife, who was known on the stage
as Mrs. J. Hudson Kirby, was a favorite actress
during Hudson's lifetime and for some years af-
ter his death.
[F. C. Wemyss, Wemvss' Chronology of the Am.
Stage (1852); J. N. Ireland, Records of the N. Y.
Stage, vol. II (1867) ; T. A. Brown, Hist, of the Am.
Stage (1870) and A Hist, of the N. Y. Stage (1903),
vol. I ; H. P. Phelps, Players of a Century : A Record
of the Albany Stage (1880) ; Abram C. Dayton, Last
Days of Knickerbocker Life in N. Y. (1882) ; Arthur
Hornblow, A Hist, of the Theatre in America (1919),
vol. II ; G. C. D. Odell, Annals of the N. Y. Stage, vol.
IV (1928).] E.F.E.
KIRBY-SMITH, EDMUND (May 16, 1824-
Mar. 28, 1893), Confederate soldier, educator,
was born in St. Augustine, Fla. His father,
Joseph Lee Smith, a native of Connecticut, had
a distinguished career as a soldier in the War of
1812, as a lawyer, and as a judge. He married
Frances Marvin Kirby, daughter of Ephraim
Kirby [q.v.] of Litchfield, Conn., and gave her
surname to each of their children. After the
death of an older brother, Ephraim Kirby Smith,
in the Mexican War, Edmund, until that time
known as Edmund K. Smith, began to use his
full name, and a generation later the family
name had become Kirby-Smith.
424
Kirby
Of warrior stock on both sides of his house,
Edmund early chose a military career. In 1836
he went to Alexandria to be prepared for the
United States Military Academy by Benjamin
Hallowell [q.?:~\, then famous as a teacher of
boys. He entered the Academy in 1841 and was
graduated four years later, having been a cadet
at the period during which the majority of West
Point trained general officers of both the Union
and the Confederate armies received their prep-
aration. Assigned to the 5th Infantry upon grad-
uation, he took part in the war with Mexico,
first under Taylor and later under Scott, par-
ticipating in the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de
la Palma, Monterey, Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo,
Contreras, Molino del Rey, and Chapultepec. He
was brevetted for gallantry at Cerro Gordo and
at Contreras. After the war he was stationed at
Jefferson Barracks, and in 1849 became assistant
professor of mathematics at West Point. He re-
joined his regiment in 1852 and served on the
frontier for three years, during which time he
was in command of the military escort for the
Mexican Boundary Commission, and was him-
self botanist of the expedition. His report of his
observations was published by the Smithsonian
Institution.
In 1855 he was promoted to captain, and as-
signed to the famous 2nd Cavalry, which was at
once sent to Texas, where at frequent intervals
during the next few years it was operating against
hostile Indians. Kirby-Smith exulted in the life,
both as a soldier in active service and as an
ardent hunter in a sportsman's paradise. In
1858, on leave, he spent several months in Eu-
rope, touring England, Wales, France, Germany,
Austria, and Italy. Upon his return he rejoined
his regiment, then in New Mexico on the Wichita
Expedition, and was wounded at the battle of
Nescatunga, June 13, 1859. For some months
after the battle he commanded the expedition.
Later he was in command of the regiment, sta-
tioned for a time at Camp Cooper, and in i860
he was promoted to major.
The secession of Florida found him fully de-
cided as to his own course, and he resigned from
the army on Mar. 3, 1861. Before resigning,
however, he had declined to surrender Camp
Colorado, then under his command, to the Texas
militia under General McCulloch, and had ex-
pressed his readiness to fight to hold it. Return-
ing to Florida, he was at once commissioned
colonel of cavalry and sent to Lynchburg to or-
ganize, muster into service, and equip the regi-
ments as they arrived in Virginia. He was chief
of staff to Joseph E. Johnston at Harper's Ferry,
aided in organizing the army of the Shenandoah,
Kirby
and, promoted to brigadier-general in June, was
placed in command of the 4th Brigade of that
army. He was severely wounded at Manassas,
where he had a part in turning the tide of battle
in favor of the Confederates. While recuperat-
ing at Lynchburg he met and married (Sept. 24,
1861) Cassie Selden, the daughter of Samuel S.
Selden. Returning to service in October, he was
promoted major-general and placed in command
of a division of Beauregard's army. Early in
1862 he was given command of the department
of East Tennessee, Kentucky, North Georgia,
and Western North Carolina. In June, in order
to recover the Cumberland Gap, and in coopera-
tion with Bragg to crush the Federal force under
Buell and recover Nashville, he invaded Ken-
tucky, fought and won the battle of Richmond,
cleared the Gap of Federal troops, and occupied
Lexington, threatening Cincinnati. He with-
drew only after Bragg's retirement. The Con-
federate Congress thanked him, and in October
he was promoted lieutenant-general. Disgusted
with Bragg, he asked that his own command be
detached, but this request was refused.
In January 1863 he was ordered to Richmond
to assist in reorganizing the army and in Febru-
ary was placed in command of the Trans-
Mississippi Department, consisting of Texas,
Louisiana, Arkansas, and Indian Territory. Cut
off from the East after the fall of Vicksburg, he
became the virtual civil and military ruler of the
whole region, which wags now called "Kirby-
Smithdom." At once he set out to learn the re-
sources of the country. Such communication as
he had with Richmond was through the blockade,
so he usually acted upon his own responsibility,
sending great quantities of cotton abroad and
selling it at high prices, bringing in machinery
for factories and shops. Untouched by Federal
troops, Texas produced great crops of grain and
huge quantities of meat for supplying the rest of
the department. The only military movement of
importance was the Federal expedition under
Banks which Kirby-Smith repulsed at Mansfield
on Apr. 8, 1864. In February of that year he
had been commissioned general. On June 2, 1865,
he surrendered the last military force of the Con-
federacy.
After the surrender, Kirby-Smith went into
Mexico and thence to Cuba. A plan to settle in
Mexico was soon abandoned, and in November
he returned to the United States. For a brief
period he was president of an insurance company
and of the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Com-
pany. He was an active layman in the Protes-
tant Episcopal church, and longed to enter the
ministry, but deciding, finally, that he was too
425
Kirchhoff
old to be ordained, he turned to teaching and es-
tablished a short-lived, military school in Ken-
tucky. In 1870 he became president of the Uni-
versity of Nashville, resigning in 1875 to accept
the professorship of mathematics at the Univer-
sity of the South, where he taught happily and
with distinction for eighteen years. He con-
tributed an article on "The Defense of the Red
River" to Battles and Leaders of the Civil War
(vol. IV, 1888). The last surviving full general
of either army, he died at Sewanee, Tenn., at the
age of sixty-eight. He had five sons and six
daughters.
[A. H. Noll, General Kirby-Smith (1907); Confed.
Mil. Hist. (1899), I, 655; G. W. Cullum, Biog. Reg.
Officers and Grads. U. S. Mil. Acad. (3rd ed., 1891) ;
Twenty-fourth Ann. Reunion Asso. Grads. U. S. Mil.
Acad. (1893) ; P. F. Hammond, "Campaign of Gen. E.
Kirby-Smith in Kentucky in 1862," So. Hist. Soc. Pa-
pers, vols. IX, X (1881-82); War of the Rebellion:
Official Records {Army) ; Battles and Leaders of the
Civil War (4 vols., 1887-88) ; G. R. Fairbanks, Hist,
of the Univ. of the South (1905) ; Confed. Veteran,
Apr. 1893; Daily American (Nashville), Mar. 29,
1893-] J.G.deR.H.
KIRCHHOFF, CHARLES WILLIAM
HENRY (Mar. 28, 1853-July 22, 1916), editor
of technical journals, was born in San Francisco,
son of Charles and Virginia (Siemsen) Kirch-
hoff. The father was in the German consular
service. A few years after the boy's birth the
family moved to Hoboken, N. J. He attended
school in this country and in Germany, entered
the Prussian Royal School of Mines in Clausthal
in 1870, and was graduated in 1874 as a mining
engineer and metallurgist. For the next three
years he was chemist for the Delaware lead re-
finery in Philadelphia. During the Centennial
Exhibition in that city he acted as correspondent
for a number of British, German, and South
African papers, and thus began his career in
technical journalism, for which he was especially
fitted both by education and by his careful dis-
crimination in evaluating statistics. In 1877 he
formed a connection with David Williams, an
important figure in technical publishing, and
served as assistant editor of his Metallurgical
Review, a well-written but short-lived monthly.
Williams transferred him to the editorial staff
of The Iron Age as assistant editor in 1878. In
1881 he went to the Engineering and Mining
Journal as managing editor and for a three-year
period was under the inspiring direction of R.
W. Raymond and R. P. Roth well [qq.v.~\, but
returned to The Iron Age as associate editor in
1884. He became editor-in-chief in 1889, suc-
ceeding James C. Bayles \_q.v.~\, and served un-
til 1910, when he retired because of poor health.
For several years before his retirement he also
acted as vice-president and manager for the
Kirchmayer
David Williams Company, publishers of The
Iron Age. Combining knowledge of foreign lan-
guages, understanding of the important metal-
lurgical processes that were being developed,
and commercial acumen, he made The Iron Age
the recognized authority on the American iron
and steel industry. Some of his articles in that
journal were reprinted as a book in 1900 under
the title Notes on Some European Iron-Making
Districts. In connection with his work as a tech-
nical editor, he also acted from 1883 to 1906 as
special agent for the United States Geological
Survey in the gathering of statistics connected
with the production of lead, copper, and zinc.
He thoroughly understood the collection of such
data and won the cooperation of producers.
Among his many associates in the iron trade
was Andrew Carnegie, who was interested in the
publicity regarding consolidations mentioned by
editorial writers. Kirchhoff's policy with respect
to new developments and consolidations in the
steel trade was quietly constructive and well in-
formed but never sensational or irresponsible.
A man of slight build and of professional appear-
ance, he participated in many conferences with
the great ironmasters of this formative period.
He was one of the distinguished group of Ameri-
can editors who made modern technical journal-
ism respected throughout the world. The Ameri-
can Institute of Mining Engineers, of which he
was an early and active member, did him the
unusual honor of electing him president on two
widely separate occasions, in 1898-99 and in
1911-12. His presidential address in 1899 on "A
Decade of Progress in Reducing Costs" showed
his discernment and ability at their best. He also
belonged to many other organizations, both in the
United States and abroad, including the Ameri-
can Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Iron
and Steel Institute of Great Britain, and the
Century Club of New York. In 1908 he was
awarded a decoration by the French government
for his work in industrial safety and hygiene.
On Feb. 26, 1912, he was married to Erwina
Diepenbrock. His death occurred at his summer
home near Asbury Park, N. J.
[R. W. Raymond in Travis. Am. Inst. Mining Engi-
neers, vol. LVI (1917) ; The Iron Age, July 27, 1916;
Engineering and Mining Jour., July 29, 1916; Iron
Trade Rev., July 27, 1916 ; Trans. Am. Soc. Mechanical
Engineers, vol. XXXVIII (1917) ; Jour. Iron and Steel
Inst. (London), vol. XCIV (1916) ; Engineering Rec-
ord, July 29, 1916 ; Who's Who in America, 1916— 17;
N. Y. Times, July 24, Aug. 3, 1916.] P. B. M.
KIRCHMAYER, JOHN (c. 1860-Nov. 29,
1930), wood-carver, was born in Bavaria, pre-
sumably at Oberammergau, where he had train-
ing which, combined with artistic genius, made
him one of the most remarkable sculptors in wood
26
Kirchmayer
since Veit Stoss and Tillmann Riemenschneider.
He may have been illegitimate (Sinclair, post).
His certificate of death at Cambridge, Mass.,
records his age at death as seventy years ; his
father, John Kirchmayer; his mother, unknown.
Circumstances of his early life are difficult to
establish since, though often talkative, he was
not always explicitly communicative in the family
circle which he entered upon his first American
marriage, to Frances Leclair in 1904. Accord-
ing to his own story, "as long ago as 1870 he
played the part of Joseph in the Passion Play at
Oberammergau, his birthplace" (Cram, post, p.
87). The cast of the play of 1870-71, however,
names no Kirchmayer. He would then have
been, according to the age given on his death
certificate, ten or eleven years old. His name
does not appear among the casts of 1880, 1890,
or 1900. He plausibly told others (Bergengren,
Tower, and Coburn, post), that his father was a
revolutionist and a "realistic" wood-carver, one
who made souvenirs for tourists, and that he
himself began to carve in his father's shop at six
years. He learned to make pottery with the
Langs and he had drawing lessons at the village
school, his teacher nominating him successfully
for a scholarship at Munich. He later, so he
said, had training and professional employment
at Paris and London.
Arriving at New York, Kirchmayer was spe-
cially befriended by Stanford White [q.v.]. Cram
describes his appearance at Boston about 1895,
"a big, raw-boned, heavily bearded Bavarian."
Architects then desperately needed intelligent
and inspired artist craftsmen. Kirchmayer, crea-
tive and productive, one of the indubitably great
artists of his era, found abundant encouragement
from Henry Vaughan, from Cram, Goodhue &
Ferguson, and other architects, and from the
management of the Boston Society of Arts and
Crafts of which he became a master craftsman.
Working for wages in the shops of Irving &
Casson and W. F. Ross & Company, "philos-
opher, churchman and artist combined," he pro-
duced such carvings as the great reredos of St.
Paul's Cathedral, Detroit; the doors and other
decorations of the Henry H. Rogers Memorial
Church, Fairhaven, Mass. ; important carvings
at St. Paul's School, Concord, N. H. ; Madonna
and Child, All Saints' Church, Boston ; the St.
Patrick reredos, St. Vincent Ferrer Church, New
York ; St. Augustine of Hippo, Washington
Cathedral ; mantel wood sculptures at the United
States Military Academy, West Point, and many
more. His latest ecclesiastic works were the
reredos of All Saints' Church, Peterboro, N. H.
In middle life Kirchmayer gave up journey-
Kirk
man's work and took at his unpretentious home,
379 Cambridge St., East Cambridge, only such
commissions as he cared to execute. Many of his
carvings were made for "Cranbrook," the coun-
try home of George G. Booth, publisher of the
Detroit (Mich.) News. Kirchmayer's first wife
having died, his studio for some years was in his
kitchen to which only a few intimates were ad-
mitted. A devout Catholic by rearing and pro-
fession he had a mystical philosophy which ani-
mates his exquisite panels and detached figures.
A contest over his will brought into print in 1930-
31 peculiarities of his daily life which must in-
terest students of abnormal psychology. Assert-
ing himself a thorough American, devoted to
American institutions, he frequently acclaimed
his "American Gothic" as his own special con-
tribution to American civilization. He married
in 1929 Elizabeth Burdett, of Florida, to whom
he left his property except such of his unsold
carvings as she might give to the Boston Museum
of Fine Arts. This will, after considerable pub-
licity had been given to the testator's personal
characteristics, was settled by compromise out of
court.
[Sources include: Ralph Adams Cram, "John Kirch-
mayer, Master Craftsman," Architecture, Feb. 1931 ;
Livingston Wright, "A Door Carved by I. Kirchmayer,"
Art World, July 1917 ; L. L. Tower, "The Wood Carv-
ings of I. Kirchmayer," Internat. Studio, Nov. 1913,
pp. lxxxix-xciii ; Anne Webb Karnaghan, "Ecclesiasti-
cal Carvings in America," Ibid., Oct. 1926 ; Ralph Ber-
gengren, "I. Kirchmayer, Wood Carver," House Beau-
tiful, Mar. 191 5; F. W. Coburn, "Woodcarving and
Architecture — Work by I. Kirchmayer and Others," In-
ternat. Studio, Sept. 1910, pp. lxiii-lxv ; Boston Herald,
Nov. 30, 1930, Feb. 13, 1931 ; Boston Globe, Mar. 26,
1 93 1. Information as to certain facts was supplied by
Mrs. Marion Sinclair, Kirchmayer's sister-in-law, who
understands that Johannes Kirchmayer, from whom the
artist took his name, was his maternal grandfather.]
F.W.C.
KIRK, EDWARD NORRIS (Aug. 14, 1802-
Mar. 27, 1874), clergyman, pastor of Presby-
terian and Congregational churches and pro-
moter of revivals, was born in New York. His
father, George, a Scotchman, came to that city
when eighteen years old, and married for his
second wife Mary Norris, of Welsh and Irish
ancestry, daughter of Thomas and Mary (Wade)
Norris of Princeton, N. J. Edward was the third
of her four children, and her only son. The head
of the family was a store-keeper, without much
ambition, but displaying all the stubbornness and
piety commonly attributed to his race. After he
was ten years old, Edward made his home with
an uncle and aunt at Princeton, Robert and Sarah
(Norris) Voorhees, the former a merchant of
some means. At fifteen he was enrolled in the
sophomore class of the College of New Jersey,
and after his graduation in 1820 entered a New
427
Kirk
Kirk
York law office. He had not been particularly
studious at college, and lived a care-free life un-
til his conversion in 1822. Thereafter the spir-
itual we'fare of his fellow men absorbed him
utterly. He immediately entered the Princeton
Theological Seminary, where he spent four years,
and in June 1826 was licensed to preach.
After two years' service in the Middle and
Southern states as agent of the American Board
of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, he ac-
cepted an invitation to supply the Second Pres-
byterian Church, Albany, N. Y., during the ill
health of its pastor, Dr. John Chester. Intensely
evangelistic, plain-spoken, sometimes denunci-
atory, always uncompromising, his preaching
was not acceptable to a fashionable congregation
which included Martin Van Buren, Benjamin
F. Butler, and William L. Marcy, and he was
soon summarily dismissed. Some of his sym-
pathizers then organized the Fourth Presbyterian
Church of which he was installed pastor on Apr.
21, 1829, having been ordained in the Second
Presbyterian Church, New York, Oct. 24, 1828.
In the eight years that followed the new church
grew rapidly and its pastor became widely known
as a promoter of revivals and a lecturer in be-
half of missions, temperance, and the anti-slav-
ery movement. He also prepared young men for
the ministry, uniting his class with that of Dr.
Nathaniel S. S. Beman [q.v.~\ of Troy in 1833
and establishing the Troy and Albany Theo-
logical School, first located at Port Schuyler,
later at Troy, and discontinued in 1837, when
Kirk resigned his pastorate. From April of this
year until September 1839 he was in Europe,
studying conditions there and frequently preach-
ing and lecturing. Upon his return he became
secretary of the Foreign Evangelical Society
(American and Foreign Christian Union) and
helped to conduct revivals in the principal cities
of the East, attracting crowds wherever he spoke.
Calls to pastorates came to him from many
places, and in 1842 he consented to settle in Bos-
ton where a Congregational church was or-
ganized for him.
For more than a quarter of a century he was
one of the outstanding preachers of the city, and
under his leadership the Mount Vernon Church
became an aggressive agency of evangelism and
reform. In 1846 he was prominent in the gath-
ering at London which gave birth to the Evan-
gelical Alliance. He was sent to Paris by the
American and Foreign Christian Union in 1857
to establish an American chapel there, a mission
which he successfully performed. Throughout
the Civil War he was a fiery supporter of the
Union, and when in 1865 the American Mission-
ary Association was free to extend its work
among the colored people of the South he was
elected president. Besides scores of sermons and
addresses which appeared in periodicals or in
pamphlet form, he published : Sermons Delivered
in England and America (1840) ; Thcopneusty,
or the Plenary Inspiration of the Holy Scrip-
ture (1842) and The Canon of the Holy Scrip-
tures (1862), both translations from the French
of Louis Gaussen, the latter an abridgment ;
Louis Fourteenth and the Writers of His Age
(1855), a translation from the French of Jean
Frederic Astie; Lectures on the Parables of Our
Saviour ( 1856) ; Discourses Doctrinal and Prac-
tical (1857). He also edited and compiled Songs
for Social and Public Worship ( 1868). His Lec-
tures on Revivals, edited by D. O. Mears, ap-
peared in 1875. He never married, and died aj
his home in Boston.
[D. O. Mears, Life of Edward N orris Kirk, D.D.
(1877) ; Justin Winsor, The Memorial Hist, of Boston
(1881), vol. Ill ; F. G. Beardsley, A Hist, of Am. Re-
vivals (1904) ; John Ross Dix, Pulpit Portraits . . . of
Distinguished Am. Divines (1854) ; Princeton Theolog.
Son. Gen. Cat. (1894) ; Boston Transcript and Boston
Daily Advertiser, Mar. 28, 1874.] • H E S
KIRK, JOHN FOSTER (Mar. 22, 1824-Sept.
2i, 1904), author, editor, born at Fredericton,
New Brunswick, was the son of Abdiel and Mary
Kirk. His family moved to Halifax and he was
educated under a clergyman, an Oxford grad-
uate, at Truro, Nova Scotia. He left Halifax
in 1842 and, after a short period in Quebec, came
to New England and settled in Boston. Here
for several years he continued his studies, unde-
cided what career to enter. An actor friend,
Macready, advised him to go on the stage.
When, however, another friend, Robert Carter,
who had served the historian, William H. Pres-
cott [q.v.~\, as secretary, recommended him for
that position, Kirk accepted and remained with
Prescott from 1848 until the death of the latter
in January 1859. His broad background of Eu-
ropean history, facility with its languages, and
capacity for unwearied research made him in-
valuable to Prescott, who, in the preface to his
History of the Reign of Philip the Second, King
of Spain and elsewhere, generously acknowl-
edged the value of Kirk's criticism and assist-
ance. Kirk accompanied Prescott to England in
May 1850 and, after visiting France, Holland,
and Belgium, returned to America in September.
Prescott's splendid library gave him opportuni-
ties for his own researches and he supplemented
his secretarial work by contributing critical and
historical papers to the North American Review.
From Barante's Histoire des Dues de Bour-
gogne de la Maison de Valois he had become
428
Kirkbride
deeply interested in the career of Charles the
Bold of Burgundy ; this interest was encouraged
and materially assisted by both Prescott and
Francis Parkman [q.v.], who was himself indebt-
ed to Kirk's scholarship. The death of Prescott
in 1859 gave him the time necessary to complete
the first two volumes of his History of Charles
the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, published in 1864.
Before the appearance of the third and final vol-
ume in 1868 he spent many months in a detailed
study of the French and Swiss manuscript
sources and in a careful examination of the
scene of Charles's defeat. Edward A. Freeman
in reviewing the volumes gladly hailed him as
"a welcome recruit to the small band of real his-
torians" (Historical Essays, p. 315) and "a
worthy accession to the same company as . . .
Prescott and Motley" (Ibid., p. 372). His view-
point was essentially that which De Gingins,
the Swiss historian, had already developed and
set forth. Founded as it was upon years of care-
ful research, Charles the Bold was marked by a
sane scholarship and was written with narrative
power. The work, however, was marred by cer-
tain infelicities of style and by an extravagance
that sometimes bordered on the sensational ; nor
was Kirk able to relate his story to the historical
events that came before and after.
In 1870 he moved to Philadelphia to edit Lip-
pincott's Magazine and to prepare a new edition
of Prescott's historical works. He remained as
editor of the Magazine for sixteen years ; his edi-
tions of Prescott's JJ'orks were published at vari-
ous times from 1873 to 1902. He married in
1879 Ellen Warner Olney, a prolific popular
novelist under the pseudonym of "Henry Hayes."
From 1885 to 1888 he was lecturer on European
history at the University of Pennsylvania. He
was engaged from 1886 to 1891 in editing the
two-volume Supplement to Allibone's Critical
Dictionary of English Literature (1891). The
remaining years of his life, though varied by an
occasional contribution to Lippincott's Maga-
zine and the Atlantic Monthly, were devoted to
the preparation of Lippincott's New Dictionary.
[J. F. Kirk, "A Slender Sheaf of Memories," in
Lippincott's Monthly Mag., Nov. 1902; "J. F. Kirk:
An Appreciation," Ibid., Feb. 1905 ; Who's Who in
America, 1903-05 ; Geo. Ticknor, Life of William
Hickling Prescott (1864) ; E. A. Freeman, Hist. Essays
(London, 1871).] F. M— n.
KIRKBRIDE, THOMAS STORY (July
31, 1809-Dec. 16, 1883), physician, was born on
a farm on the Pennsylvania bank of the Delaware
River, near Trenton, the son of John and Eliza-
beth (Story) Kirkbride. His parents were
Friends, his paternal ancestors having come to
Kirkbride
America with William Penn. He received a
classical education under Jared D. Tyler of Tren-
ton, studied under the mathematician, John Gum-
mere [<7.J'.], at Burlington, and later began his
medical preparation with Dr. Nicholas Belle-
ville of Trenton. Subsequently, he enrolled at
the University of Pennsylvania and in 1832 re-
ceived the degree of M.D.
Soon after his graduation he became resident
physician at the Friends' Asylum for the Insane,
at Frankford, a suburb of Philadelphia, and in
1833 ne was appointed resident physician of the
Pennsylvania Hospital, where he supervised the
treatment of the mentally diseased. After two
years there, he engaged in general practice in
Philadelphia until October 1840, when he was
elected physician-in-chief and superintendent of
the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, a de-
partment of the Pennsylvania Hospital, for which
a separate building had just been erected. This
position he held until his death, forty-three years
later. Here he met novel problems with such
executive ability and sympathetic understanding
as to make his influence in the field of mental
disorders a lasting one. The period in which he
flourished has been termed "the Renaissance in
psychiatry," and Kirkbride put into his institu-
tion the advanced ideas that insanity is a disease
to be treated in a hospital (not in an asylum) ;
that occupational therapy would "restore mental
health, tranquilize the restlessness and mitigate
the sorrows of disease" ; and that patients should
be individualized and respected as persons who
appreciate libraries, lectures, and courtesy. He
prepared and published in 1844 a set of rules for
those employed in the care of the insane. In 1847
he issued a small work, Remarks on the Con-
struction and Arrangements of Hospitals for the
Insane ; a larger work, On the Construction, Or-
ganization and General Arrangements of Hos-
pitals for the Insane, appeared in 1854; and a
more extensive edition, with some remarks on
insanity and its treatment in 1880. The "Kirk-
bride plan" for building hospitals for mental
cases was widely adopted. He also contributed to
the American Journal of Insanity and the Amer-
ican Journal of the Medical Sciences. With
other specialists he established in 1844 the As-
sociation of Medical Superintendents of Ameri-
can Institutions for the Insane, was its secretary
for eight years, and its president for a like
term. He also served as trustee of the first state
hospital in Pennsylvania, and of the Pennsyl-
vania Institute for the Blind.
His life was one of laboriousness in a wide
field of interests. To Quaker inheritance and
training may be ascribed his tranquility and his
429
Kirkland
tenacity in holding to a course which was guided
by an inner light. He was "gentle as a woman,
firm as adamant." Among his most conspicu-
ous qualities were continuing enthusiasm and
the power to formulate his ideas definitely and
clearly. Kirkbride was a man of medium height
with a rather frail body. He was twice married :
first in 1839 to Ann West Jenks of Philadelphia,
who died in 1862, and four years after her death,
in 1866, he married Eliza Butler.
[Ann. reports of the Pa. Hospital for the Insane,
1841 to 1883, esp. a memorial notice in the report of
1883 ; Am. Jour, of Insanity, Jan. 1884 ; T. G. Morton
and Frank Woodbury, Hist, of the Pa. Hospital (1897) ;
H. A. Kelly and W. L. Burrage, Am. Medic. Biogs.
(1920); Phila. Record and Public Ledger, Dec. 18,
l883] E. D. B.
KIRKLAND, CAROLINE MATILDA
STANSBURY (Jan. 12, 1801-Apr. 6, 1864),
author, mother of Joseph Kirkland [q.v.~], was
born in New York City, the daughter of Samuel
Stansbury, a bookseller and publisher, and the
grand-daughter of the Loyalist poet, Joseph
Stansbury [q.v.~\. After her father's death she
moved with her mother, Elizabeth (Alexander)
Stansbury, to the western part of the state, where
in 1827 or 1828 she married William Kirkland
(1800-1846), a grand-nephew of Samuel Kirk-
land [q.i'.] and for a time a member of the
faculty of Hamilton College. The Kirklands
conducted a seminary in Geneva for several
years, then one in Detroit. Later they were
among the earliest settlers of the village of Pinck-
ney, Mich.
The trials of a housewife on the untutored
frontier prompted Mrs. Kirkland to written ex-
pression. Having gone to the West with con-
ceptions derived from such books as Chateau-
briand's Atala, where no "vulgar inconvenience
is once hinted at," she viewed with amusement
and dismay the idiosyncrasies of life on the
border and sketched with vivid pen the varying
character types that surrounded her. Her first
book, A New Home — Who'll Follow (1839;
published in England as Montacute; and in 1874,
with illustrations by Darley, as Our New Home
in the West: or, Glimpses of Life among Early
Settlers), was issued under the pseudonym of
Mrs. Mary Clavers. The false pride of the rus-
tic belles, the exterior coarseness of the pioneers
and their utilitarianism — together with their
hospitality and their innate delicacy in periods
of trial — the delusive charms of the paper cities
and the misery caused by the failure of the paper
banks, the sufferings due to the ague, the crude
merrymakings, and the frontier ideas of equality
and communal property rights, all are painted
with unusual boldness and humor. Her Forest
Kirkland
Life (2 vols, in 1, 1842), a series of essay-like
disquisitions, and the loosely woven stories which
make up Western Clearings (1845) likewise
bear out the author's claim of presenting "more
minute and life-like representations of a peculiar
people, than can well be given in a grave,
straightforward history" (Western Clearings,
p. vi). Faults of diffuseness and preciosite of
style as well as the constraint caused by Western
critics and the sentimentality characteristic of
the period mark the later books.
In 1843 the family moved to New York City,
and thereafter Mrs. Kirkland's work lost its
distinctive flavor. She still wrote a few essays
on Western life, but they were published in such
conventional and didactic collections as The Eve-
ning Book: or, Fireside Talk on Morals and
Manners (copr. 1851 ), and A Book for the Home
Circle (copr. 1852). Meantime the death of her
husband in 1846 forced her to support herself
and her children by teaching, by acting as editor,
1847-48, and associate editor, 1849-51, of the
Union Magazine (called Sartain's Union Maga-
zine after 1849), and by miscellaneous writing.
Her taste for reading, shown in frequent allusion
and quotation in her Western sketches, found
outlet in Spenser and the Faery Queen (1847),
with a reprint of a portion of the poem, in her
anthologies, Garden Walks with the Poets
(1852) and The School-Girl's Garland (2 ser.,
1864), as well as in her discussion of Bryant
written in 1853 for Putnam's Homes of Ameri-
can Authors (reprinted by that publishing house
as Little Journeys to the Homes of American
Authors, 1896). Her Holidays Abroad (2 vols.,
1849) is the conventional series of travel letters,
as Memoirs of Washington (1857) is the stereo-
typed biography.
According to Poe (post), Mrs. Kirkland was
"frank, cordial, yet sufficiently dignified — even
bold, yet especially ladylike; converses with re-
markable accuracy as well as fluency; is bril-
liantly witty, and now and then not a little sar-
castic, but a general amiability prevails." In
1845 she had contributed an introduction to Mrs.
Hugo Reid's A Plea for Woman: Being a Vin-
dication of the Importance and Extent of Her
Natural Sphere of Action. Her interest in wel-
fare work is shown by her pamphlet, The Helping
Hand (1853), in behalf of discharged female
convicts, and by the fact that the night before
her death she was actively engaged at the Metro-
politan Fair in aid of the United States Sanitary
Commission. She died of apoplexy, Apr. 6,
1864. Among her pall-bearers were Peter Coop-
er, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and William Cul-
len Bryant.
43°
Kirkland
Kirkland
[D. A. Dondore, The Prairie and the Making of
Middle America (1926); Edna H. Twamley, "The
Western Sketches of Caroline Mathilda (Stansbury)
Kirkland," Mich. Hist. Colls., vol. XXXIX (1915) ; F.
B. Streeter, Mich. Bibliog. (1921), vol. II ; V. C. San-
born, The Kirkland or Kirtland Family (1894) ; E. A.
Poe, "The Literati of New York," Godey's Magazine,
Aug. 1846, repr. in The Complete Works of Edgar
Allan Poe (17 vols., 1902), ed. by J. A. Harrison, vol.
XV ; J. S. Hart, The Female Prose Writers of America
(1852); Evening Post (N. Y.), Apr. 6, 7, 11, 1864,
notice of Apr. 6 repr. in Littell's Living Age, Apr. 30,
1864; E. A. and G. L. Duyckinck, Cyc. of Am. Lit.,
1875, vol. II; Thomas Powell, The Living Authors of
America (1850).] D.A. D.
KIRKLAND, JOHN THORNTON (Aug.
17, 1770-Apr. 26, 1840), president of Harvard
College, was a child of the frontier: one of twin
sons born to the Rev. Samuel Kirkland [q.v.],
missionary to the Oneida Indians, in General
Herkimer's house near Little Falls, N. Y. The
Indians called the child Agonewiska, or Fair
Face. His mother (Jerusha Bingham, a niece
of Eleazar Wheelock) took the children to Stock-
bridge, Mass., during the Revolution. In 1784
John entered Phillips Academy, Andover ; and
in the spring of 1786, Harvard College. He
served as volunteer against Shays and grad-
uated in 1789, the second scholar in his class,
and a general favorite for his social qualities.
After teaching a year at Andover, he studied
divinity under an extreme Calvinist, and in re-
action returned to Harvard to study the works
of liberal divines. While he was still so engaged,
the College appointed him (Nov. 19, 1792) tutor
in logic and metaphysics. "A complete gentleman
in his manners," wrote one of his pupils, "he
aimed to treat the students as gentlemen that, if
possible, he might make them so" (Pierce, post,
pp. 145-46). In 1793, Kirkland was chosen pas-
tor of the New South Church on Church Green,
Boston, and ordained Feb. 5, 1794. As a preach-
er, he made religion attractive, and was success-
ful in winning back the young and the sophisti-
cated from "French infidelity." As a social
companion he was a favorite of the gentry. His
Phi Beta Kappa oration of 1798 against French
infidelity and his sermon on the death of Wash-
ington (1800) made him a public character and
earned him the degree of D.D. at Princeton.
Without mentioning the then dreaded name Uni-
tarian, he tactfully guided his congregation into
that fold. He was one of the group who founded
the Monthly Anthology (November 1803), and
the Boston Athenaeum. When the Harvard presi-
dency became vacant in 1810, Kirkland had be-
come the personified ideal of a New England
gentleman and scholar. He was chosen without
opposition, taking office Nov. 14.
During Kirkland's administration Harvard
College became definitely a university, in the
American sense of a congeries of professional
schools (Law, Medicine, and Divinity) grouped
about an arts college, which in turn became na-
tional rather than local in its clientele. No Har-
vard president was ever more popular, or equally
beloved. Of fine presence and dignity, yet toler-
ant of the foibles of youth ; a fervid preacher yet
a man of the world ; he attracted many students
from outside New England, especially from the
South, although the college was under constant
attack on the grounds of impiety and aristocracy.
Kirkland, working in complete harmony with
the College corporation, increased the standard
of teaching and study, secured the young G6t-
tingen group — Bancroft, Everett, Ticknor, and
Follen \_qq.v.~\ — as instructors, introduced the
lecture method and the first electives. It was
hardly chance that graduates of such future dis-
tinction as Emerson, Prescott, Motley, Holmes,
and Sumner were educated under Kirkland.
About 1823 he began to lose his grip, though
not his popularity. Student disorders culmi-
nated in the "Great Rebellion" of 1823, when
half the senior class were expelled just before
Commencement. The loss of the state grant in
1824, when Massachusetts went Republican,
made a serious deficit in college finances. Na-
thaniel Bowditch \_q.v.~\, elected fellow of the
Corporation in 1826, forced a retrenchment
which undermined the president's authority. In
1827 Kirkland suffered a slight paralytic stroke.
An outburst of Bowditch against him on a point
of student discipline caused his sudden resigna-
tion on Apr. 2, 1828. With Mrs. Kirkland
(Elizabeth, daughter of George Cabot, whom he
married Sept. 1, 1827) , he then visited the South,
where he was warmly received by former pupils,
and proceeded on an extended tour to Europe
and the Near East. Returning to Boston in 1832,
he lived there quietly until his death on Apr. 26,
1840. A lively tradition of his personality re-
mained, and his administration was known as
the "Augustan Age" of Harvard until long after
his death.
[A Discourse on the Life and Character of the Rev.
John Thornton Kirkland by J. G. Palfrey, and another
with the same title by Alexander Young, both published
in 1840 ; sketch by John Pierce, with bibliography of
Kirkland's writings (sermons, addresses, and articles
in the Monthly Anthology) in Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc,
2 ser., IX (1895) ; C. M. Fuess, Men of Andover
(1928) ; S. E. Morison, "The Great Rebellion in Har-
vard College and the Resignation of President Kirk-
and," Pubs. Colonial Soc. of Mass., XXVII (1932),
54-112. The portrait by Gilbert Stuart, painted in
1816, is reproduced in the last two items.] g g j^j
KIRKLAND, JOSEPH (Jan. 7, 1830-Apr.
29, 1894), writer, received from his mother,
Caroline Matilda (Stansbury) Kirkland [q.v.~\,
431
Kirkland
Kirkland
the torch of Middle-Western realism and handed
it on to his distinguished disciple, Hamlin Gar-
land. Born in Geneva, N. Y., where his parents
were conducting a seminary, he spent the im-
pressionable years of boyhood in the "back-
woods" of Michigan and his young manhood in
pioneer Illinois. He received little formal school-
ing, but had the benefit of excellent home train-
ing ; he went to sea for about a year for the bene-
fit of his health ; after the death of his father,
William Kirkland, in 1846, he probably assisted
his mother in the support of the family — al-
though only the fact that he was a clerk in the
office of Putnam's Monthly about 1852 is fixed.
Shortly after arriving in Chicago in 1856 he was
employed in the auditing department of the
Illinois Central Railroad.
His novels are based almost entirely upon his
own experiences and observations. The best of
them, Ziiry: The Meanest Man in Spring Coun-
ty (1885), depicts the terrible toil and privations
of those first settlers who, granted land as a
bonus for their war services or going West to
make their fortunes, were destitute of funds and
markets during the hard period of breaking and
settling. It was the lesson learned in his child-
hood— that money was life, and the lack of mon-
ey, death — that gave Zury his title ; and it was
doubtless the observation of such struggles as
Zury's that prompted Kirkland to write to Gar-
land, "You're the first actual farmer in Ameri-
can fiction, — now tell the truth about it" (Gar-
land, A Son of the Middle Border, 1917, p. 371).
The general truth of the novel is attested by the
fact that its plot, in a Kansas background, was
reproduced almost exactly by Emanuel and Anna
M. Haldeman-Julius in their novel, Dust ( 1921 ).
Their hero, however, lacks the redeeming factor
of Kirkland's novel, a wife who has strength to
overcome the miserliness and sordidness of out-
look engendered by her husband's early struggles.
Kirkland's second volume, The McVeys (1888),
thinner and more forced and uneven than its
predecessor, has only a slight interest today be-
cause of its sketches of local types and the fact
that it is almost the only work of fiction to por-
tray, however pallidly, the mining districts of
the upper Mississippi. The Captain of Company
K ("issued in book form in 1891) won the first
prize in the novel contest conducted by the De-
troit Free Press, and was published serially in
1890. It is a chronicle of the Civil War, in
which Kirkland himself took part from 1861
until 1863, as private, lieutenant, captain, and
major, in the line and on the staffs of Generals
McClellan and Fitz-John Porter. True to his
earlier realistic code, he strips the conflict of its
glamor by showing the misery and bitterness of
the private soldier and line officer, helpless
pawns in a tragic game they neither can nor
wish to understand.
These volumes are Kirkland's chief claims to
literary recognition, for The Story of Chicago
(2 vols., 1892-94), completed after his death by
his daughter Caroline, and The Chicago Mas-
sacre of 1812 (1893), belong to the field of local
history and are no better and no worse than
scores of similar volumes ; his periodical contri-
butions are scattered and not particularly out-
standing ; and his dramatization with James B.
Runnion of Daudet's Sidonie as The Married
Flirt is notable chiefly for the protests it aroused
among the moralists. The novels themselves
save for Zury, a noteworthy realistic novel, have
certain marked defects. Their plots lack smooth-
ness and effectiveness of structure; they bear
traces of toil rather than inspiration. As Kirk-
land himself realized, he could not emotionalize
contemporary Western life.
In estimating his work, however, it must be
remembered that he was not primarily a man of
letters. After the Civil War he engaged in busi-
ness in Central Illinois and Chicago. From 1875
until 1880 he was in the United States revenue
service. In the latter year he was admitted to
the Illinois bar and formed a partnership with
Mark Bangs. He practised as an attorney until
1890. It was not until he was over fifty years
old that he made himself known as a writer and
not until he was about sixty that he served on the
staff of the Chicago Tribune as special corre-
spondent, reviewer, and literary editor. Small
wonder, then, that in the significant interview
with Hamlin Garland, which did much to shape
the latter's career, he stated simply, "I began
too late" {A Son of the Middle Border, p. 355).
Kirkland was married in 1863 to Theodosia
Burr Wilkinson, a belle from Syracuse, N. Y.
His wife's charm and his own wit, kindness, and
enthusiasm made not only a pleasant home circle
for their four children but a center in Chicago
for men of intellect and imagination.
[The most complete account of Kirkland's life is to
be found in a thesis by Winifred Wilson, in the North-
western University library. See also V. C. Sanborn,
The Kirkland or Kirtland Family (1894) ; In Memo-
riam, published by the Chicago Literary Club in 1894;
Chicago Daily Tribune, Apr. 30, 1894 ; and D. A. Don-
dore, The Prairie and the Making of Middle America
(1926).] D.A.D.
KIRKLAND, SAMUEL (Nov. 20, 1741-Feb.
28, 1808), missionary to the Oneida Indians,
was born in Norwich, Conn., the son of Rev.
Daniel and Mary (Perkins) Kirtland, Samuel
later changing the spelling of the name to Kirk-
432
Kirkland
Kirkland
land. He was a descendant of Nathaniel Kyrt-
land, or Kertland, of Sherrington, Bucks, Eng-
land, who was in Lynn, Mass., in 1635. Samuel's
father, a graduate of Yale College in the class of
1720, was for many years the pastor of the Parish
of Newent, now Lisbon, in the town of Norwich.
Young Kirkland, having determined to devote
himself to missionary work among the Indians,
prepared for college at Eleazar Wheelock's
school at Lebanon, Conn., where he began his
lifelong friendship with Joseph Brant [q.v.~\ and
other Indian pupils, and acquired some knowl-
edge of the Mohawk language. He entered the
College of New Jersey as a sophomore in 1762,
and received his degree in absentia in 1765, hav-
ing set out on his first mission to the Indians in
the autumn of 1764. With recommendations
from Wheelock and Sir William Johnson he
proceeded to Canadasaga, the principal village
of the Senecas. Here he was adopted into the
family of the chief sachem and remained until
May 1766, learning the language, instructing his
neighbors, and making acquaintances through-
out the tribe. In spite of the loyalty of his friends,
many of the Senecas, still excited on account of
the late war, were suspicious and hostile. His
life was often in danger, but his courage and tact
gradually won for him general confidence. He
returned to Lebanon in the spring of 1766 to be
ordained (June 19), and, yielding to the advice
of his friends, determined to establish his perma-
nent mission among the Oneidas. He settled at
Canowaroghare (Oneida Castle), their chief
village, in August 1766, and carried on his mis-
sion in this vicinity for forty years. Receiving
no regular financial support, he endured extreme
poverty, living as an Indian. He soon gained the
affection and confidence of the Oneidas to such
a degree that they looked to him for counsel in
all their affairs. He established a vigorous
church, taught the people habits of industry, and
persuaded them to prohibit the sale of liquor in
their territory. During this period Wheelock
gave full accounts of Kirkland's activities in the
successive Narratives which he printed for his
English contributors, and early in 1769 there
came a gift of £30 from an admirer in Scotland,
almost the first money Kirkland had received
since he came among the Oneidas. Much of this
went for relief of the Indians in a famine.
He passed the summer of 1769 in New England
to regain his health, which had broken down
from exposure and hardships. He was married
to Jerusha Bingham, a niece of Wheelock's, Sept.
19, and at once returned with his wife to his
mission. In 1770 a disagreement with Wheelock,
who was now engaged in the establishment of
Dartmouth College, induced Kirkland, with
Wheelock's consent, to place nimself under the
charge of the Boston commissioners of the Hon-
orable Society in Scotland for Propagating
Christian Knowledge. He now received a salary
of f 100 from the Society and from Harvard Col-
lege. He found means to erect a church, set up
mills, and obtain oxen and tools for the Indians.
From Kirkland's papers, it appears that he was
instrumental in preventing Lord Dunmore's War
from becoming a general Indian uprising in
1774-75. The Shawnees of Virginia, infuriated
by encroachments upon their lands and the mur-
der of several of their tribesmen and a number
of Senecas, sent messengers to the Six Nations
to inform them of the facts and to incite them to
take the lead in a general war against the colo-
nists, assuring them that the Indians of the Ohio
region were pledged to join in a great alliance
on condition that the Six Nations would give
their support. A council was called at Onondaga,
and continued for more than a month before a
decision was reached. Largely on account of the
vigorous opposition of the Oneidas and Tus-
caroras, the Six Nations refused to enter the war
and advised the Shawnees to make peace with
the Virginians. A general Indian war at that
time might well have forced the colonists to look
to Britain for aid and have suppressed the revo-
lutionary movement.
Kirkland's second great service to the colonists
followed in 1775. He persuaded the Oneidas to
issue a formal declaration of neutrality (May
l77S) and soon afterward obtained a general
declaration of neutrality from the Six Nations.
The authorities in Albany were unable, however,
to complete the work which Kirkland had begun ;
the western tribes of the Confederacy, like the
Mohawks, were unwilling to remain mere spec-
tators when a war was in progress ; and the
Loyalists, with the aid of Brant, were unable to
break the League of the Iroquois at a council
held near Niagara. Only the Oneidas and Tus-
caroras remained loyal to the colonies. During
the war the Oneidas were scattered and Kirk-
land's mission was suspended. He directed
Oneida scouts, securing valuable information of
the movements of the enemy ; served as chaplain
at Fort Schuyler (Stanwix) and with Sullivan's
expedition ; and performed other services. His
aid was formally recognized by Congress and
by the legislatures of Connecticut, Massachusetts,
and New York. At the close of the war he re-
turned to Canowaroghare. He assisted at the
treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784) and helped in
persuading the Senecas to accept the terms laid
down by the government. He rebuilt the church
433
Kirkland
and found encouragement in the rapid progress
of his people. In the summer of 1788 he made
a tour through the Seneca country, discussed
with Brant plans for the welfare of the Indians,
and counseled the Six Nations in the business of
the Phelps and Gorham purchase. In recognition
of his services the Indians and the state of New
York made him a grant of some 4,000 acres of
wild land along the boundary of the Oneida ter-
ritory a few miles east of Utica. During the fol-
lowing summer he journeyed through the entire
country of the Six Nations, making an elaborate
census of the Indians by families.
Hostile demonstrations of the Ohio Indians
were causing anxiety in 1790. Kirkland pro-
posed to the government in Philadelphia that a
delegation be sent from the Six Nations to the
Miamis to persuade them against war. But on
account of delays, and the unwillingness of the
government to treat with all the Indians in one
great council, the embassy failed. Shortly after-
ward the victory of the Miamis over St. Clair so
excited the Senecas that there was prospect of a
further uprising under their leadership. At the
request of Gen. Henry Knox, secretary of war,
Kirkland went through the western part of the
state in the winter of 1792 to convince the In-
dians, if possible, that such a policy would des-
troy them. He succeeded in bringing together
a council of the Six Nations in spite of the threats
of the western Indians and the intrigues of hos-
tile whites, and persuaded the council to send a
large delegation of chiefs to Philadelphia to
negotiate with the federal government. As a re-
sult, the Six Nations continued friendly with the
United States. Kirkland now set about the ac-
complishment of a plan which he had long cher-
ished : the equipment of an academy on the boun-
dary between the Indian lands and the white
settlements for the coeducation of Indian and
white boys. With the approval of President
Washington and the promise of support from
Alexander Hamilton, he obtained a charter for
the Hamilton Oneida Academy in January 1793.
He was the most liberal contributor to the school
both in lands and in funds, and supported several
Indian pupils ; but the public had lost faith in the
possibility of civilizing the Indians, and the
school proved of more value to the white settle-
ments. In 1812 it received a new charter as
Hamilton College. The last years of Kirkland's
life were uneventful. Despite painful illnesses
and personal misfortunes he continued his mis-
sionary labors among the Oneidas until shortly
before his death. Kindly, wise, and brave, he
was respected and loved by the Oneidas and
throughout the Iroquois Confederacy as a father
Kirk
man
and faithful counselor. John Thornton Kirkland
[q.v.~\ was his son.
[V. C. Sanborn, "The Kirkland or Kirtland Family,"
New-Eng. Hist, and Geneal. Reg., Jan. 1894, reprinted
separately, with some additional matter, the same year ;
Vital Records of Norwich 1659-1848 (1913); S. K.
Lothrop, Life of Samuel Kirkland (1848) ; Documen-
tary History of Hamilton Coll. (1922) ; F. B. Dexter,
Biog. Sketches Grads. Yale Coll., vol. I (1885) ; letters
and journals of Kirkland, in the Hamilton Coll. Lib. ;
letters to Wheelock, at Dartmouth Coll. ; Pickering
Papers and letters of Kirkland, in the library of the
Mass. Hist. Soc]
J.D.I.
KIRKMAN, MARSHALL MONROE (July
10, 1842-Apr. 18, 1921), railroad executive, au-
thor, was born on a farm in Morgan County, 111.,
the son of Thomas and Catherine (Sweet) Kirk-
man. After receiving only the most elementary
schooling he entered the employ of the Chicago
and North Western Railroad Company in 1856
as a messenger boy on the Chicago-Oshkosh line.
He continued with the company until his retire-
ment in 1910, at which time he held the office of
vice-president in charge of receipts and disburse-
ments. He was thus connected with the road
from almost the beginning of its history. Per-
sonally, Kirkman was precise and meticulous,
both in appearance and utterance. "Few men so
polemic and positive as Mr. Kirkman have so
many warm friends and admirers," wrote a con-
temporary (Railroad Gazette, Nov. 1, 1889, p.
722). His primary interest was railroad finance,
particularly the accounting of operating receipts
and expenditures. He held the position of audi-
tor of freight accounts as early as 1861, and by
1 88 1 had been promoted to the rank of comp-
troller of the entire line. This latter office he re-
tained until his retirement, although the name
was twice changed prior to 1910. He was active
in advocating the simplification and standardiza-
tion of railroad accounting, and many of his
published works were written with that end in
view. He was instrumental in the formation of
the Association of American Railway Account-
ing Officers in 1888, and was the first president
of that body. He was chairman of a committee
of railway accounting officers which worked with
representatives of the Interstate Commerce Com-
mission to obtain a greater uniformity in rail-
road accounting. The most important contribu-
tion of Kirkman, however, was his numerous
publications. Starting in 1877, he published
many pamphlets and books touching all phases
of the railroad business, but emphasizing the
financial. Among them he included treatises on
interstate commerce, railway disbursements, rail-
way revenue, baggage car traffic, railway serv-
ice, track accounts, maintenance of railways,
rates, legislation, and the handling of supplies.
434
Kirkpatrick
His most pretentious work was The Science of
Railways (12 vols., 1894; many later editions).
Also of considerable value was his Classical Port-
folio of Primitive Carriers (1895), which was
profusely illustrated. After 1900 his published
works were all historical novels, except for A
History of Alexander the Great (1913). Pos-
sibly the change was due in part to his contact
with the World's Columbian Exposition at Chi-
cago in 1893, f°r he was one of its early sponsors
and served for two years on the committee on
transportation. His first novel was The Ro-
mance of Gilbert Holmes (1900), which dealt
with a boy prodigy who knew all of the impor-
tant men who lived in Illinois, during the thirties
and forties, and survived numerous wrecks, at-
tacks, murders, explosions and other harrowing
experiences with unblemished character and un-
shaken nerves. Kirkman's later fiction dealt en-
tirely with the life and times of Alexander the
Great, which he described in five novels, two of
which he later revised and republished under
different titles. His fiction was in no sense ex-
cellent, but it was better done than might have
been expected in view of his temperament and
background. His wife was Fannie Lincoln, by
whom he had two children. He died in Chicago.
[Who's Who in America, 1920-21 ; Railway Age
Gazette, May 6, 1910 ; Railway Age, Apr. 22, 1921 ;
Chicago Tribune and N. Y. Times, Apr. 19, 1921 ; Re-
port of the President to the Board of Directors of the
World's Columbian Exposition (1898) ; information as
to certain facts from Mrs. M. M. Kirkman.]
R. E. R.
KIRKPATRICK, ANDREW (Feb. 17, 1756-
Jan. 6, 1831), jurist, third child of David and
Mary (McEowen) Kirkpatrick, was born at
Minebrook, N. J., on the old homestead estab-
lished by his grandfather, Alexander, who had
emigrated from Belfast, Ireland, in 1736. His
grandfather, who was a strict Scotch-Presby-
terian, had been exiled for taking part in the re-
bellion of the Old Pretender to the throne of
England in 1715. Andrew, who was intended for
the ministry by his devoutly religious father,
graduated from the College of New Jersey in
1775, and began reading theology under a Scotch
minister, Rev. Samuel Kennedy, residing about
two miles from the Kirkpatrick home. Six
months' trial was enough to convince Andrew
that the ministry was not his calling, and with-
out hesitation he suffered expulsion from his fa-
ther's home as punishment for deserting theology
for the law. Having no money, he was forced
to teach for a while, but shortly entered the law
office of William Paterson [q.v.'], later gov-
ernor of New Jersey, and was admitted to the
New Jersey bar in 1785. Practice in Morris-
Kirkpatrick
town not proving sufficiently profitable, he moved
to New Brunswick in 1787. On Nov. 1, 1792,
he married Jane Bayard, daughter of Col. John
Bubenheim Bayard [q.Z'.l, by whom he had seven
children. Kirkpatrick and his wife were said to
be the handsomest couple in New Brunswick,
and the most popular.
In 1797 he was elected to the lower house of
the New Jersey legislature, but resigned in Janu-
ary 1798, to become associate justice on the New
Jersey supreme court. Six years later he was
elevated by the legislature to the office of chief
justice. He was twice reelected, filling the office
till 1824, when, as a result of a combination of
political influences and opposition to his judicial
conservatism, the legislature appointed another
justice in his place. He was generally reputed
to be an able judge, and in the law of real estate,
profoundly learned. "He was the beau ideal of
a minister of justice. . . . His enunciation was
slow and distinct ; his voice full and musical ;
and his opinions, when not previously prepared,
were delivered with fluency and clearness ; when
written, the language . . . was marked by great
purity and precision" (J. G. Wilson, post, pp. 19,
20). Two of the more important cases that he
decided were Arnold vs. Mundy ( 1 Halstcd, 1 ) ,
and Johnson vs. Morris (2 Halstcd, 6). Al-
though eminently qualified for his office, Kirk-
patrick had defects, not so grave then as they
would be in a chief justice of today. He was a
worshipper of the Common Law of England, es-
pecially that developed before 1776, and preferred
the learning of Coke to the "modern innovations,"
regarding them as not worthy of his study. "He
was a firm believer in capital punishment and
the whipping post, and had little faith in the
efficacy of confining criminals in state prisons"
(Wilson, p. 26), because he believed it was too
easy for them to escape or to secure release. Af-
ter leaving the bench he spent his remaining
years in retirement at his home in New Bruns-
wick, where he 'died. He was one of the original
trustees of Princeton Theological Seminary and
chairman of the board from 1822 to 1831 ; and a
trustee of the College of New Jersey from 1807
to 1831.
[J. G. Wilson, Memorials of Andrew Kirkpatrick
and His Wife Jane Bayard (1870), an enlargement of
sketch in Proc. N. J. Hist. Soc, 2 ser., vol. II (1872) ;
John Whitehead, The Judicial and Civil Hist, of N. J.
(1897) ; F. B. Lee, Geneal. and Memorial Hist, of the
State of N. J. (1910), vol. II ; S. F. Bigelow, and G.
J. Hagar, The Biog. Cyc. of N. J. (n.d.) ; The Biog.
Encyc. of N. J. of the Nineteenth Century (1877);
L. Q. C. Elmer, The Constitution and Government of
the Province and State of N. J. (1872) ; W. C. Arm-
strong, Capt. John Kirkpatrick of N. J. 1739-1822
(1927) ; Emporium and True Advertiser (Trenton, N.
J.), Jan. is, 1831.] D.V.S.
435
Kirkwood
KIRKWOOD, DANIEL (Sept. 27, 1814-
June 11, 1895), astronomer, teacher, probably a
first cousin of Samuel Jordan Kirkwood [g.r.],
was born in Harford County, Md. His grand-
father was an emigrant from Ireland who settled
in Delaware ; his parents were John and Agnes
(Hope) Kirkwood. Daniel spent his early life
on a farm and attended school in his native coun-
ty. He began his career as a teacher in 1833, at
Hopewell, York County, Pa. Since one of his
pupils wished to study algebra, the two of them
worked through Bonnycastle's Algebra together.
The following year Kirkwood entered the York
County Academy, and in 1838 was appointed
mathematical instructor. In 1843 he accepted
the principalship of the Lancaster High School
and later became principal of the Pottsville Acad-
emy. In 1845 he married Sarah A. McNair of
Newton, Bucks County, Pa.
His first college position was in Delaware Col-
lege, Newark, Del., where he was professor of
mathematics from 1851 to 1856, during the last
two years serving also as president of the col-
lege. In conversation with his friends he inti-
mated that he did not enjoy being a college
president. He was an enthusiastic teacher and
ready to serve the institution of which he was a
member in any way he could, but apparently
shrank from public notice. In 1856 he was called
to Indiana University as professor of mathe-
matics, and served there for thirty years, with the
exception of a two-year interval (Aug. 2, 1865—
Dec. 18, 1867) as professor of mathematics and
astronomy at Jefferson College, Canonsburg,
Pa. In 1891 he was appointed lecturer in Leland
Stanford, Jr., University. He died at Riverside,
Cal., in his eighty-first year.
Kirkwood's intellectual interests lay chiefly in
mathematical astronomy. In the course of his ca-
reer he contributed well over a hundred articles
to the American Journal of Science and Arts,
Proceedings of the American Philosophical So-
ciety, The Analyst, the Sidereal Messenger,
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So-
ciety (London), and other scientific periodicals.
Writing at a time when interest in the nebular
hypothesis of Kant and La Place was strong, he
criticized this theory in detail and worked out
many ingenious consequences of it. In the Pro-
ceedings of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science for 1849, he first pub-
lished his formula for the rotation periods of the
planets. In the same Proceedings for 1866, when
only about fifty asteroids had been discovered, he
confidently pointed out gaps among them where
periods of revolution would bear simple ratios to
that of Jupiter. He further attributed the gaps
Kirkwood
in the rings of Saturn similarly to perturbations
and collisions. In 1861 he published a masterly
article on comets and meteors (Danville Quar-
terly Review, December 1861), following this
in 1867 with a book entitled Meteoric Astron-
omy: A Treatise on Shooting Stars, Fire-Bails,
and Aerolites and, in 1873, with Comets and
Meteors: Their Phenomena in All Ages, Their
Mutual Relations, and the Theory of their Origin.
Olivier, in his treatise on Meteors (1925), says
that in these writings of Kirkwood "we see the
first sound argument, based upon philosophical
grounds, which was given to prove the connec-
tion between comets and meteors" (p. 50). His
writings show both clear thinking and lucid
style. "In intellect he was keen, logical, and far-
seeing. In integrity he was without reproach.
. . . He was as natural as a child. . . . The laws
of Nature were to him the laws of God" ( Swain,
post, p. 147).
[Robt. J. Aley, memoir in Indiana School Jour., Mar.
1896 ; Jos. Swain, memoir in Pubs, of the Astronomical
Soc. of the Pacific, vol. XIII, no. 80 (Oct. 1, 1901) ;
bibliography of Kirkwood's writings in Circulars of
Information of the Bureau of Education, No. 4-1873
(1873), and in S. B. Harding, Indiana Univ. (1904) ;
T. A. Wylie, Indiana Univ. (1890) ; W. W. Payne, in
Popular Astronomy, Dec. 1893 ; The Observatory
(London), Sept. 1895 ; A. M. Clerke, A Popular Hist,
of Astronomy during the Nineteenth Century (1886) ;
C. P. Olivier, Meteors (1925) ; San Francisco Chroni-
cle, June 12, 1895.] R. S. D.
KIRKWOOD, SAMUEL JORDAN (Dec.
20, 1813-Sept. 1, 1894), secretary of the interior,
senator, and "war governor" of Iowa, was born
in Harford County, Md., the son of well-to-do
Scotch-Irish parents, Jabez Kirkwood and his
second wife, Mary (Alexander) Wallace. His
grandfather, Robert Kirkwood, coming from
Londonderry, Ireland, had settled at Newcastle,
Del, in 1731. Jabez Kirkwood, a farmer and
blacksmith, was so desirous that his sons should
have a thorough education that he sent Samuel
to school when he was so small his older brothers
had to carry him. In 1823 he went to Washing-
ton and for four years studied Latin and Greek
in the private school of a family connection,
John McLoed. After teaching a year and work-
ing for a time as a drug clerk, he returned to his
family, who had met with financial reverses and
were starting west in an effort to regain their
fortunes. The family settled in Richland Coun-
ty, Ohio, and young Kirkwood spent his first
few years there in clearing land for the new
farm and occasionally teaching school or acting
as deputy county assessor. In 1841 he moved to
the county seat and after two years' study was
admitted to the bar. In 1843 he married Jane
Clark, whose people soon moved to Iowa City,
Iowa. Twelve years later, after much urging
436
Kirkwood
from his wife's relatives, Kirkwood also moved
to Iowa and purchased an interest in the Clark
grist and flour mill.
In Ohio he had served as prosecuting attorney
of Richland County, 1845-49, and had been a
member of the state constitutional convention of
I850-5i. Becoming established in his new home
just as the Iowa Republican party was being
organized, he was immediately accepted as a
leader. After a term in the state Senate, he was
nominated for governor in 1859. In one of the
hottest campaigns ever conducted in Iowa, the
unpolished miller-farmer triumphed over his
Democratic rival, Augustus Caesar Dodge [q.v.~\,
just returned from the Court of Spain. Two
years later he was reelected. Kirkwood's office
brought to him the responsibility of directing a
state lacking in financial strength and divided by
the political issue of the day. Before the end of
his first term the nation was plunged in civil war.
Rising to the situation, Kirkwood called a special
session of the legislature, pledged his personal
fortune, and borrowed from his friends to equip
volunteers in the Union cause with the necessary
arms and supplies. During his second term the
pro-slavery element, or "Copperheads," gained
great strength and at several times threatened
insurrection, but the Governor's prompt dispatch
of home-guard troops so successfully quelled in-
ternal dissension that the seriousness of the situ-
ation in Iowa at that time has often been over-
looked. Kirkwood's vigor and promptness in
action won him a place of prominence among the
Northern war governors. In March 1863 he was
appointed minister to Denmark, but fearing that
it was a move to keep him from the United States
Senate, he declined the appointment. With his
term as governor completed, he returned to pri-
vate life and the practice of law ; but he was soon
called to fill the unexpired term (1866-67) OI
James Harlan [q.v.~\, who left the Senate to be-
come secretary of the interior.
Against his wishes, Kirkwood was again nomi-
nated in 1875 f°r governor, and in an uneventful
campaign was returned to office for a third term
by an overwhelming majority. In the following
year, however, he was elected to the Senate, and
consequently relinquished the governor's office in
1877. In 1881 he was appointed secretary of the
interior. He held the office commendably but
not brilliantly until some months after the death
of Garfield, resigning Apr. 17, 1882. His last
political adventure was unsuccessful; in 1886 he
was Republican candidate for the United States
House of Representatives and was defeated by
Walter I. Hayes, who won his victory through
a split in the Republican party that even the old
Kirl
in
War Governor could not mend. This was the
last political activity of the now aging man, who
spent the remaining years of his life at his home
in Iowa City, where he died.
[Dan E. Clark, Samuel Jordan Kirkwood (191 7) ;
H. W. Lathrop, The Life and Times of Samuel J. Kirk-
wood (1893); B. F. Shambaugh, The Messages and
Proclamations of the Governors of Iowa, vols. II, IV
(1903) ; Civil War letters of Kirkwood in Iowa Hist
Record, July, Oct. 1886, Jan. 1887, Oct. 1890, Jan. 1891 ;
biog. sketch, Ibid., Oct. 1894; Annals of Iowa, Oct.
1873, Oct. 1894, Jan. 1898, Oct. 1900; Biog. Dir. Am.
Cong. (1928).] F.E.H— k.
KIRLIN, JOSEPH LOUIS JEROME (Mar.
20, 1868-Nov. 26, 1926), Catholic priest, writer,
son of Patrick and Anne Kirlin, immigrants
from Ulster, Ireland, was born in Philadelphia.
Trained by the Christian Brothers at St. Paul's
School and at La Salle College (A.B., 1886), he
studied theology at the Seminary of St. Charles
Borromeo in Overbrook and at the Catholic Uni-
versity of America in Washington, D. C, where
he earned a theological degree (1893). He was
ordained, Dec. 17, 1892, by the papal delegate,
Cardinal Satolli, and appointed to curacies at
Ivy Mills, at St. Joachim's Church, Frankford
(1894-1901), and at St. Patrick's Church in
Philadelphia (1901-1907). During these years,
he won commendation as a preacher, as a social
worker among the poor, as an advocate of tem-
perance, and as a promoter of temperance and
parochial societies. In 1903 he wrote a Life of
the Most Rev. Patrick John Ryan, which gave
him entree into literary circles and whetted his
interest in local church history, with the result
that he published Catholicity in Philadelphia
(1909), an example of what can be done in
diocesan history. In 1907 he organized the new
parish of the Most Precious Blood, Philadelphia,
and soon built a large church and school. While
continuing as rector, he was named in 1912
diocesan director of the Priests' Eucharistic
League. In 1920 he was made a private cham-
berlain to the Pope. As a result of his devo-
tional studies, he became sufficiently known to
merit a place as a preacher and a reader of a
paper at the international Eucharistic Congress
at Chicago (1926). Despite ill health, he main-
tained an interest in civic affairs to the last, serv-
ing on one of the Philadelphia Sesqui-Centennial
committees. A contributor to Catholic periodi-
cals, he wrote in 1920 a series of meditative,
doctrinal articles for Emmanuel, published in
book form as Christ the Builder (1929). He was
also the author of three devotional books : One
Hour with Him (1923), Our Tryst with Him
(1925), and With Him in Mind (1926). He
left an unfinished manuscript which was pub-
437
Kirtland
lished after his death under the title, Priestly
Virtue and Zeal, a Study of the Life of St. John
Baptist Vianney, the Cure d'Ars and Patron of
Priests, Applied to the Sacerdotal Life of Today
(1928).
[Am. Cath. Who's Who (1911) ; Katherine Bregy in
Records of the Am. Cath. Hist. Soc, June 1927 ; Eve-
ning Bulletin (Phila.)> Nov. 26, 27, Public Ledger,
Nov. 27, 1926.] R T P
KIRTLAND, JARED POTTER (Nov. 10,
1793-Dec. 10, 1877), physician, naturalist, public
servant, was born at Wallingford, Conn., the son
of Turhand and Mary (Potter) Kirtland and a
descendant of Nathaniel Kyrtland, immigrant
from Buckinghamshire, England, who settled in
Lynn, Mass., about 1635. His father, a stock-
holder and general agent of the Connecticut Land
Company, moved to the Western Reserve in 1803,
leaving Jared in Wallingford with his maternal
grandfather. The boy received his early edu-
cation in the academies of Cheshire and of Wal-
lingford, and under the stimulating influence of
his grandfather, Dr. Jared Potter, reputed to be
the best-educated physician in the state, he de-
veloped a deep interest in natural history and
horticulture. At the age of fifteen he discovered
parthenogenesis in the moth of the silkworm, a
phenomenon previously unknown in that insect.
This was his first scientific contribution.
In 181 1, having inherited his grandfather's
medical library and money enough to finance his
professional education, he began the study of
medicine under preceptors. With the opening,
in 1813, of the Medical Institution of Yale Col-
lege, he became a member of the first class ma-
triculated there. In the same year he was a
private pupil of Professor Eli Ives in botany
and of the elder Silliman in geology and miner-
alogy. The next year, at the Medical Depart-
ment of the University of Pennsylvania, he came
in contact with Benjamin S. Barton in botany
and Benjamin Rush in medicine. He returned
to Yale and received the degree of M.D. in 1815.
On May 22, 1815, he married Caroline Atwater
of Wallingford, who died in 1823. From 1815 to
1818 he practised medicine at Wallingford, and
from 1818 to 1823 at Durham, Conn. At the age
of twenty-five he was chosen probate judge in
Wallingford.
In 1823, following the death of his wife, he
moved to Poland, Mahoning County, Ohio, where
his father had settled twenty years before ; and
was soon reputed the best-informed physician in
that part of the state. Two years later he mar-
ried Hannah Fitch Tousey of Newton, Conn.
He was sent to the Ohio legislature in 1828 and
was reelected twice, holding office for six years.
Kirtland
His especial service was a reformation of the
penitentiary system by which industrial work
for the inmates was substituted for the previous
confinement in idleness.
In 1837 he removed from Poland, Ohio, to a
farm near Cleveland, but in the same year as-
sumed the chair of theory and practice of medi-
cine in the Medical College of Ohio at Cincinnati,
which he occupied until 1842. In 1839 he was
president of the Third Ohio Medical Conven-
tion. In 1842-43 he gave a course of lectures in
the Willoughby (Ohio) Medical College, and in
1843 he became one of the founders of the Cleve-
land Medical College, the medical department of
Western Reserve College. Here he was profes-
sor of the theory and practice of medicine until
1864 and professor emeritus until his death. In
this institution over two thousand students came
under his stimulating instruction. He contrib-
uted to leading medical journals, and in 1849
was fourth president of the Ohio State Medical
Society.
Throughout his life he assiduously continued
his observations and collections in natural his-
tory. He discovered that the bivalve freshwater
mollusks are bisexual, although previously de-
scribed as hermaphroditic. He also discovered
the byssus, an embryonic organ of the mollusks.
These discoveries, published in the American
Journal of Science and Arts in 1834 and 1840,
brought him international notice. When the geo-
logical survey of Ohio was organized in 1837,
he was given charge of zoology. He made ex-
tensive collections, and in the Second Annual
Report of the Geological Surr<ey of the State of
Ohio (1838) published a checklist, with descrip-
tive notes, containing the names of 585 Ohio ani-
mal species which he had assembled. In 1839 he
became a member of the Boston Society of Nat-
ural History and subsequently published in its
Journal several papers on climatology, insects,
birds, and, notably, the fishes of Ohio.
From 1812 to his death his interest in experi-
mental floriculture and horticulture was un-
abated. He developed many improved varieties
of flowers and fruits, some of which are still
popular, and made important improvements in
apiculture. He was keenly interested in ornithol-
ogy, trained himself to be an expert taxidermist,
and instructed many in the art. He accumulated
a large collection of birds and some of his per-
sonally prepared specimens went into leading
European museums. That he might interest
others in natural history, in 1845 he organized
the Cleveland Academy of Natural Science,
which was active until the Civil War. He was
one of its officers throughout this period. In 1869
438
Kitchin
it was reorganized as the Kirtland Society of
Natural Science, of which he was president un-
til 1875. The present Cleveland Museum of Nat-
ural History is the continuation of these earlier
organizations. Throughout his career he car-
ried on an extensive correspondence with Ameri-
can and European scientists. His correspondence
with Louis Agassiz was frequent. He accom-
panied Spencer F. Baird as a member of a
natural history exploration to the regions around
Lake Superior in 1853 and made an independent
exploration to Florida in 1869. The bibliography
of his published articles includes nearly two hun-
dred titles.
His public service was unusually extensive.
Besides his work in legislature, geological sur-
veys, and medical schools, he was a trustee of
Western Reserve College from 1833 to 1835, and
a trustee of the Ohio Agricultural College until
1870. For several years, beginning in 1851, he
was editor of the Ohio Family Visitor, a paper
devoted to domestic affairs and agriculture. Al-
though nearly seventy, he was an examining
surgeon for several months during the Civil
War. He was a member in its first year (1848)
of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, a member of the National Acad-
emy of Sciences, of the American Philosophical
Society, and of many other scientific and horti-
cultural organizations. Personally he was a man
of commanding and dignified presence, of a
benevolent nature, and of a friendly disposition.
One of his biographers, a personal acquaintance,
writes of "his universal and unextinguishable
cheerfulness, the result of an enthusiasm in the
pursuit of knowledge and an enjoyment of na-
ture which kept him fresh and green and youth-
ful to the very last. Sorrow and bereavement
. . . neither soured his feelings nor chilled his
interest in men and things" (Newberry, post,
pp. 137-38). The same biographer characterizes
Kirtland's life as not only "one of the most ad-
mirable and useful" but also "the happiest of
which I have any knowledge" (Ibid.). He died
at Rockport, near Cleveland, a month after his
eighty-fourth birthday, survived by one daughter
and a family of grandchildren.
[Ncw-Eng. Hist, and Gcncal. Reg., July i860 ; Cleve-
land Leader, Dec. n, 1877; Obit. Record Grads. Yale
Coll., 1878 ; Maurice Joblin, Cleveland Past and Pres-
ent (1869) ; E. Cleave, A Biog. Cyc. of Ohio (1875) ;
Benjamin Silliman, in Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, Jan.
1878 ; M. P. Wilder, in Trans. Mass. Horticultural Soc,
1878 ; Charles Whittlesey, in Mag. of Western Hist.,
May 1885; J. S. Newberry, in Biog. Memoirs of the
Mat. Acad, of Sci., vol. II (1886) ; S. P. Orth, Hist,
of Cleveland (1010), vol. I ; H. A. Kelly and W. L.
Burrage, Am. Medic. Biogs. (1920).] F. C W.
KITCHIN, CLAUDE (Mar. 24, 1869-May
31, 1923), congressman, was born near Scotland
Kitchin
Neck, N. C. His father, William Hodges Kitch-
in, noted for his power as a political campaigner,
was a member of the Forty-sixth Congress. He
married Maria F. Arrington, and lived to see
two sons, William Walton [q.i'.] and Claude,
elected to the House of Representatives. Claude
Kitchin was graduated (B.L.) from Wake Forest
College in 1888 and on Nov. 13 following was
married to Kate, the daughter of Luther R. Mills,
a professor at Wake Forest. He studied law,
was admitted to the bar in 1890, began practice,
and was quickly successful. In 1900, as a re-
sult of his work in the white-supremacy cam-
paigns of 1898 and 1900, he was elected to
Congress and served until his death.
In Congress Kitchin won, rather quickly, rec-
ognition as a ready, spirited, and effective speak-
er, and, in the course of time, the accepted repu-
tation of being the most powerful debater in the
House. Attractive in appearance, full of vigor
and strength, possessed of a fine voice, a ready
wit, and a fluent ease in speaking, moved always
by passionate conviction, he was at once a val-
uable champion of a cause and an opponent to be
dreaded. His favorite weapon was ridicule,
which he employed effectively but never with
malice, for his good nature was so abounding as
to become well-nigh proverbial. Presently his
colleagues found that he was always prepared
with respect to the subject matter of his speeches,
especially when a tariff question was under dis-
cussion, and after a particularly able speech on
the Payne-Aldrich tariff bill, he was placed on
the ways and means committee. In 191 5 he be-
came its chairman. By virtue of this appoint-
ment he was majority leader, a position at that
time perhaps second only to the presidency in
power and influence. An earnest supporter of
President Wilson, he nevertheless opposed and
voted against the declaration of war with Ger-
many. "My conscience and judgment," said he
in an impressive explanation of his position, "af-
ter mature thought and fervent prayer for right-
ful guidance, have marked out clearly the path
of my duty and I have made up my mind to walk
it, if I go barefooted and alone" (Congressional
Record, 65 Cong., 1 Sess., p. 332, Apr. 5, 1917).
At the same time, however, he made clear his
intention, when once war was declared, of giving
to its prosecution his full support. Upon him
as majority leader and chairman of the ways and
means committee fell a tremendous burden of
labor and responsibility, into which he threw
himself with all his forces, working without rest
day and night, until, in the words of Represen-
tative Clarence Cannon of Missouri, he "fell as
truly a casualty of the war as if he had died lead-
439
Kitchin
Kitchin
ing the charge upon the crimson fields of France"
(Memorial Addresses, p. 83). He supported
actively the administration measures, and after
aiding in the preparation of the two great war
revenue bills, he directed their passage through
the House. His vote on the declaration called
forth bitter criticism which was intensified pres-
ently by a false newspaper report that he had de-
clared his intention of so framing the revenue
measures as to place the financial burden of the
war upon the Northern states. In spite of the
entreaties of his colleagues he declined to dig-
nify the slander by an answer (Ibid., p. 15), and
it found wide acceptance. His active career
ended on Apr. 9, 1920, when, after closing a
powerful speech against making peace with Ger-
many by joint resolution, he suffered a cerebral
hemorrhage from which he never recovered suf-
ficiently to resume his place in the House. He
died three years later at Wilson, N. C.
Kitchin was a man of unusual power and abil-
ity. Clarence Cannon, in the speech already men-
tioned, said that he had "the strength and cour-
age of a gladiator, the wisdom and vision of a
statesman, and with them all the intuition and
tenderness of a woman" (p. 81). Woodrow Wil-
son described another side, "I never knew a man
who could state his position more lucidly or state
yours more fairly" (ATews and Observer, June
1, 1923). Honest, utterly frank and sincere, he
commanded the respect and affection of his col-
leagues regardless of party.
[Claude Kitchin: Memorial Addresses (1925), and
Cong. Record, 68 Cong., 1 Sess., pp. 753-69 ; Biog.
Dir. Am. Cong. (1928) ; Who's Who in America, 1922-
23 ; News and Observer (Raleigh, N. C), June 1, 1923 ;
N. Y. Timej, June 1, 1923; Outlook, June 13, 1923;
Claude Kitchin papers in library of the Univ. of N. C]
J.G.deR.H.
KITCHIN, WILLIAM WALTON (Oct. 9.
1866-Nov. 9, 1924), congressman, governor of
North Carolina, brother of Claude Kitchin [q.vJ],
was born near Scotland Neck, N. C, the son
of William Hodges and Maria F. (Arrington)
Kitchin. At Wake Forest College, where he
graduated (A.B.) in 1884, he was studious and
of a retiring disposition — like his mother rather
than his father, who had come up from Alabama,
bought rich farming lands, fought through the
Civil War to a captaincy, and then to a seat in
Congress from a district theretofore heavily Re-
publican. By 1890, after brief periods of teach-
ing and editing the Scotland Neck Democrat,
young William had established himself as a law-
yer in Roxboro and had become chairman of
the county Democratic executive committee. By
1893, having been defeated the previous year for
the state Senate, he was a legislator, interested
in fiscal affairs, education, and charities (House
Journal, 1893, passim). In 1896 came his first
great success. Nominated for Congress as a for-
lorn hope, he met his Republican opponent in
joint debate and had the distinction of being the
only Democratic congressman elected in the
state, in that year of rampant Populism and con-
sequent Republican opportunity. The grateful
Democracy of the fifth district continuously re-
elected him until 1908. No particular distinction
was derived from this service ; his best assign-
ments were to the committee on naval affairs
and to that on manufactures ; on the first he did
good work, especially in 1901-02.
Twice, in 1902 and 1906, Kitchin had swung
Democratic state conventions to continued sup-
port of W. J. Bryan and his platforms, which the
"machine" wing of the party seemed inclined to
abandon. Now, in 1908, he sought from the peo-
ple the governorship on an anti-machine and
anti-trust platform. Handsome, mellow-voiced,
inclined to reason with his hearers, he impressed
men as able, fearless, honest; and in the mem-
orable June convention of that year he won,
though the great leaders were against him. In
the capacity of governor, 1909-13, he recom-
mended direct primaries as being fairer to poor
men, strict regulation of corporations, strict
obedience to the new prohibition law, experi-
ments in drainage and careful study of the road
problem before adopting comprehensive con-
struction policies, progressive but cautious fac-
tory legislation, support of schools and charities,
and a budget balanced by assessing property at
its real value. In 1912, resuming the contest of
1908, he entered the primary against Senator
Furnifold M. Simmons, leader of the "machine"
and protagonist of industrial and commercial de-
velopment. Kitchin had not been sufficiently
radical for some, however, while others thought
him too radical ; times were now good ; the Sim-
mons machine was working smoothly. Conse-
quently he was overwhelmed, lost his bid for
party leadership, and passed from public life.
For five years he practised law in Raleigh ; then,
prematurely invalided, he retired to Scotland
Neck, where he died. His wife, Musette (Sat-
ter field) Kitchin, whom he had married Dec. 22,
1892, and five children survived him. Looking
back, men said that as a political speaker he was
equaled in his generation only by Charles Brant-
ley Aycock [q.t'.'], and that he spoke for the
economic needs of the common man as Aycock
did for his education.
[Brief outlines of Kitchin's life appear in Who's
Who in America, 1924-25, and Biog. Dir. Am. Cong.
(1928); sketches and estimates, in the Wake Forest
440
Kittson
Kittson
Student, Jan. 1909, the News and Observer (Raleigh),
Nov. 10, 1924, and Proc. . . . N. C. Bar Asso., 1925.
R. D. W. Connor, in North Carolina (1929), vol. II,
gives an excellent though unsympathetic general ac-
count. None of Kitchin's important speeches appear
to have been preserved.] q C. P.
KITTSON, NORMAN WOLFRED (Mar.
5, 1814-May 10, 18S8), fur-trader, promoter of
transportation, was born at Chambly, Lower
Canada, the son of George and Nancy (Tucker)
Kittson. His grandfather, John George Kittson,
was a native of England and, according to family
tradition, served under Wolfe at Quebec. Kitt-
son obtained a limited education at the Sorel
Grammar School. Fired by the tales of William
Morrison, a retired fur-trader, he began, at six-
teen, an apprenticeship with the American Fur
Company and served as clerk at various posts in
the region which includes the present Wiscon-
sin, Minnesota, and Iowa.
Since 1834 Henry Hastings Sibley \_q.v.~] had
been the chief agent of the American Fur Com-
pany at St. Peter's (later Mendota, Minn.), op-
posite Fort Snelling. In 1843 Sibley admitted
Kittson as one of his special partners and as-
signed him the still profitable valleys of the upper
Minnesota and the Red River of the North as far
as the British possessions. Sibley supplied the
merchandise ; Kittson was manager, and profits
and losses were equally shared. Although the
boundary between the United States and the
British possessions had been established in 1818
at the Forty-ninth parallel, the Hudson's Bay
Company, with headquarters at Fort Garry
(later Winnipeg), still traded on United States
soil. Kittson resolved to expel the intruder. In
1844 ne established a trading post at Pembina,
near the international boundary. Eastward and
westward on a frontier of 300 miles he planted
smaller posts. The winter he devoted to trade ;
the summer, to transportation. In June a train
of ox-drawn, peltry-laden carts began a 400-mile
trip to civilization ; in August the carts came
creaking back with supplies. During ten strenu-
ous years Kittson carried on a spirited trade war
with the Hudson's Bay Company, each side bid-
ding for the trade of the Indians and half-breeds.
The Company rehabilitated its posts and cut
prices ruinously. Kittson competed shrewdly,
sometimes bought furs on British soil, but
frowned upon the use of liquor. Handicapped by
limited capital, distance from his base, and in-
ferior American supplies, and finally convinced
that his opponent would not buy him out, he with-
drew in 1854. His total profits "in this rascally
fur business" were not large, but he had prompted
the extension of de facto American government
to the boundary.
Kittson was member for the Pembina district
in the legislative council of Minnesota Territory,
1852-55, thrice making the arduous trip to the
capital in winter by dog-train. In 1854 he moved
to St. Paul, where he owned real estate that was
rapidly increasing in value, and in 1858, al-
though he hated politics, he was elected mayor as
a Democrat. When the Hudson's Bay Company
began importing supplies by way of Minnesota
for the Fort Garry trade, it made Kittson, in
i860, its purchasing and forwarding agent — a
remarkable tribute. In 1861 the Company placed
a steamboat on the Red River of the North,
thereby shortening the journey by ox-train. For
years Kittson directed overland and river traffic,
both for the Company and for private individuals.
In 1871 James J. Hill [q.v.~\ began a steamboat
service in opposition ; but the following year
Kittson and Hill wisely combined, and formed
presently the highly remunerative Red River
Transportation Company, with "Commodore"
Kittson as manager.
In 1873 the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, which
was expected to open the Red River Valley to
settlement and to connect with a Canadian line
from Winnipeg, became insolvent. Kittson, Hill,
and Donald A. Smith (later Lord Strathcona),
an influential Scotch-Canadian interested in
Manitoba, watched proceedings closely and, in
1878, in association with George Stephen (later
Lord Mount Stephen), a Montreal magnate, se-
cured control, reorganizing the line strongly
(1879) as the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba
Railway. To consummate the transaction, Hill
and Kittson pledged $280,000 — almost every-
thing they had. "I did not dare to tell you,"
Kittson later told his best friend, Sibley, "because
you would have thought that I was mad." This
solid achievement made Kittson enormously
wealthy.
His health was failing, however, and he short-
ly retired from business, to become one of the
large horse-fanciers of the country, with stables
in Midway Park, St. Paul, and Erdenheim, Pa.
His sudden death in 1888 removed the oldest
white settler in Minnesota and Dakota. Tall,
energetic, straightforward, unassuming, warm in
friendship with a few, respected by the many, he
ranked high among the pioneer leaders and did
much to open the Red River Valley to settlement.
[C. W. Rife, "Norman W. Kittson, a Fur-Trader
at Pembina," Minn. Hist., Sept. 1925, based largely
upon Kittson's letters in the Sibley Papers (Minn.
Hist. Soc.) ; information as to certain facts from Kitt-
son's son, Rev. Henry Kittson ; C. C. Andrews. Hist,
of St. Paul (1890), pt. II; Defendant's Exhibits and
Defendant's Testimony in Jesse P. Farley vs. James J.
Hill et al., in U. S. circuit court, district of Minnesota,
in equity ; W. W. Folwell, A Hist, of Minn., vol. Ill
441
Klein
(1926), App. 10 ; J. G. Pyle, The Life of James J. Hill
(1917), I, passim; T. M. Newson, Pen Pictures of St.
Paul (1886) ; Daily Pioneer Press (St. Paul), May 11,
l888-] C. W. R.
KLEIN, BRUNO OSCAR (June 6, 1858-
June 22, 191 1 ), pianist, composer, and teacher,
was born in Osnabriick, Hanover, Germany, the
third of five children of Karl and Mathilde von
Warnecke Klein. His father, a distinguished
musician — conductor, pianist, and organist at
the cathedral at Osnabriick — instructed his chil-
dren in music. An older son, Bernhard, became a
prominent organist in Philadelphia and a com-
poser of much Catholic Church music. At the
age of twelve, Bruno Oscar played the Mozart
sonatas from memory and was able to read al-
most any music at sight. He was graduated
from the Gymnasium, where he took special hon-
ors in Latin and Greek, but he decided to follow
music as a profession and entered the Munich
Conservatory in 1875. He became a student of
Carl Baermann in piano, of Rheinberger in coun-
terpoint, and of Wiillner in orchestration. Upon
the completion of his studies in 1877 he visited
his brother in Philadelphia and was so impressed
with the new country that, after spending a short
time in Germany, he decided to make America
his home. He returned in 1878 and for five years
toured the country as a concert pianist, in 1879
with the violinist Wilhemj. On Jan. 31, 1880, he
married Emmy Schaefer, a German pianist, a
graduate of the Leipzig Conservatory. In 1884
he took up permanent residence in New York
and for many years was organist of Jesuit
churches (St. Francis Xavier's, 1884-94, and St.
Ignatius', 1904-11). From 1884 until his death
he was head of the piano department of the Con-
vent of the Sacred Heart, New York City. From
1887 to 1892 he was professor of counterpoint
and composition at the National Conservatory,
to which position he was called on recommenda-
tion of Rafael Joseffy and William Mason. Dur-
ing 1894-95 he gave concerts in Germany.
While he wrote numerous small pieces before
going to New York, his first large work was a
well-written sonata for piano and violin (opus
10), which was composed in 1883 and dedicated
to William Mason. Thereafter he produced nu-
merous works, among them a piano concerto in
E minor (four movements), dedicated to Rafael
Joseffy (who had performed many of Klein's
works), a "Conzertstiick" for piano and orches-
tra dedicated to Emil Liebling, a suite for piano
(opus 25) in five movements, "Five Fantasy
Pieces" (opus 20) for piano, after poems by
Heine, and "Album Poetique" (opus 40) , a group
of six pieces for piano. His orchestral works
Klein
include two overtures and several violin compo-
sitions with orchestral accompaniment ("Ro-
manza" and "Spinnlied," and "Ballade" in D
minor). He composed also many short piano
pieces, all of poetic content, but he was most
prolific as a song writer, having published eighty
or more separately in addition to three song vol-
umes. His quintet for soprano, violin, 'cello,
horn, and piano (accepted by the Kneisel Quar-
tet) ranks especially high as a representative
work and is probably unique in form. His larg-
est work was his one opera, Kenilworth, after
Scott's novel, which had its first performance
in Hamburg on Feb. 13, 1895, with a splendid
cast including Katharina Klafsky in the role of
Amy Robsart. He composed much music for the
Catholic Church, including six masses. While
his compositions appeared often on programs
during the eighties and nineties they lost their
popularity, though many of them remain useful
teaching pieces. As a pianist, he had an adequate
technique and a fine quality of tone and was
among the best performers in America ; as an
accompanist he excelled, for he could make any
transposition at sight.
[Who's Who in America, 1910-11; Neue Berliner
Musiczeitung, Jan. 16, 1896; Music, May 1895; Musi-
cal Record, Jan. 1, 1900 ; Musical Courier, July 4, 1898,
June 28, July 5, 191 1 ; information as to certain facts
from Mrs. Bruno Oscar Klein.] F. L. G C
KLEIN, CHARLES (Jan. 7, 1867-May 7,
1915), dramatist, began his association with the
theatre as an actor but soon gave up that branch
of the profession for the writing of plays. He was
born in London, the son of Hermann and Adelaide
(Soman) Klein, and was one of four brothers:
Hermann, musician and teacher of singing; Al-
fred, actor ; and Manuel, musician and composer ;
and Charles. He came to the United States in
1883 and for a time acted the title role in Little
Lord Fauntleroy, and parts in The Messenger
from Jarvis Section and The Romany Rye, for
which he was especially fitted by his diminutive
stature. While appearing in The Schatchen in
New York (1890), he was commissioned by M.
B. Curtis to rewrite that play, and thus he began
his labors as a dramatist that continued unin-
terruptedly for the rest of his life. His next
work was the construction, in collaboration with
Charles Coote, an English actor, of a melodrama
for Minnie Palmer, A Mile a Minute, its inspira-
tion being two large lithographic pictures in the
possession of her manager. Thereafter his plays
followed one another so rapidly that there was
scarcely a theatrical season which did not bring
to the stage from him at least one play, some of
them written by his own unassisted hand, and
442
Klein
Klein
others in collaboration. Among the most popular
of the latter were The District Attorney with
Harrison Grey Fiske (1895), Heartsease with
J. I. C. Clarke (1897), and The Auctioneer with
Lee Arthur (1901), the last especially prepared
for David Warfield when he was beginning his
career as a star under the direction of David
Belasco. Its popularity led to the writing of
another play of Jewish character for the same
actor, The Music Master (1904), a sentimental
comedy that succeeded through Warfield's per-
sonality and dramatic skill rather than on account
of any merits of its own. Among the better
known of his plays that followed are The Lion
and the Mouse (1905), The Third Degree
(1909), The Gamblers (1910), and Maggie Pep-
per (1911). These and many of his other plays
were as timely and as transitory as the first page
of a daily newspaper. As Arthur Hobson Quinn
(post, p. 104) has said: Klein "belongs in our
dramatic history mainly by the fact that his plays
were concerned frequently with themes of con-
temporary life in the United States. He had a
theory of playwriting which was higher than
his practice." Klein's personal attitude toward
his work is clearly shown by his remark : "I can-
not see how Bernard Shaw, who denies every-
thing from pure love to pure music, can be a
public benefactor; only the man who affirms
what is good tells the whole truth." (Quoted by
Montrose J. Moses in The American Dramatist,
ed. 1925, pp. 15-16.) He was not unversatile,
however, for he made an English version of
Pierre de Courcelles's French melodrama, Les
Deux Gosscs, under the title of Tzvo Little Va-
grants ( 1896), and he wrote the librettos of two
light operas, El Capitan (1896) with music by
John Philip Sousa, acted with De Wolf Hopper
in the title role, and of Red Feather ( 1903) , with
music by Reginald de Koven. He served for a
time as play reader and censor on the staff of
Charles Frohman, with whom he was one of the
victims of the sinking of the Lusitania by the
Germans in the second year of the World War.
His theory of the dramatist's work was that it is
primarily a reportorial task that took the ideas
of the moment for texts, and that it was an arti-
fice rather than an art. Thus his plays are not so
much reproductions of real life as they are
shrewd and clever constructions designed to hold
the attention of the audience as it may also be
held by the reading of a daily newspaper or
timely magazine article. His wife was Lillian
Gottlieb of New York, to whom he was married
on July 10, 1888.
[Who's Who in America, 1912-13; Montrose J.
Moses, The Am. Dramatist (2nd ed., 1917, 3rd ed.,
1925) ; A. H. Quinn, A Hist, of the Am. Drama from
the Civil War to the Present Day (1927), vol. II ; the
N. Y. Dramatic Mirror, Dec. 12, 1896, Nov. 2, 1910,
May 12, 1915 ; Harper's Weekly, Dec. 8, 1906 ; Theatre,
June 1 915; N. Y. Times, May 8, 9, 191 5.] E. F. E.
KLEIN, JOSEPH FREDERIC (Oct. 10,
1849-Feb. 11, 1918), mechanical engineer and
teacher, was born at Paris, France, the son of
Wilhelmina and Frederic Muse. His father was
a saddler and served for a time in the French
cavalry. A year or two after Joseph was born
his father died, his mother was married again —
to Theobold Klein, and Joseph was given his
stepfather's name. In 1852 the family came to
America and settled at Bridgeport, Conn., where
Joseph attended the public schools. In 1858
they moved to New Haven, and he attended the
Eaton Grammar School. After completing the
grammar-school course, he worked a short time
in the shops of the New York, New Haven &
Hartford Railroad, and then (1866-67) attended
the preparatory school of William Russell, at
New Haven. The next year he worked with Sar-
gent & Company and with the W. & E. T. Fitch
Company as salesman and shipping clerk, but in
1868, at the suggestion of a friend, J. Willard
Gibbs \_q.v.~\, later a professor in Yale Univer-
sity, he registered at the Sheffield Scientific
School in the course of dynamic (mechanical)
engineering. The same year he became an in-
structor in an evening school in New Haven, a
position that he was able to fill while attending
college. He received the degree of Ph.B. in
187 1, and from then until 1873 he served as as-
sistant to Professor W. P. Trowbridge at the
University and continued his course in mechani-
cal engineering to receive the degree of D.E.
In 1873 he entered the employ of the Colt Com-
pany at Hartford as a draftsman, remaining with
them four years and rising to the position of as-
sistant to the chief engineer. In 1877 he re-
turned to Yale as an instructor in the mechanical
engineering department. While a member of the
Yale faculty he engaged in experimental re-
search in the application of the laws of thermo-
dynamics and published "The Absolute Zero
of Temperature" (Van Nostrand's Engineering
Magazine, April 1880) and "Concerning (Ti-
T6) /Ti, or the Limit of Efficiency of Heat En-
gines" (Journal of the Franklin Institute. March,
April 1879). At this time he also published "Tables
and Diagram for Determining the Diameters of
Speed Cones when Connected by an Open Belt
of Constant Length" (Ibid., May 1880).
In 1 88 1 he went to Lehigh University to es-
tablish a course in mechanical engineering, and
remained at Lehigh until his death. Almost as
443
Kline
important, however, as the work that he did
there in creating and developing one of the fore-
most engineering schools in America, are his
contributions to engineering literature. He
translated into English many of the standard
German texts on machine design and thermo-
dynamics and wrote as many more of his own
based on the research that he carried on in the
kinematics and mechanics of machines. He
translated Mechanics of Machinery Transmis-
sion by J. Weisbach and G. Hermann in 1883,
G. A. Zeuner's Treatise on Valve Gears in 1884,
and Zeuner's Technical Thermodynamics in 1906.
He was the author of Mechanical Technology
of Machine Construction (1889); Elements of
Machine Design (1889) ; Tables of Co-ordinates
for Laying out Gear Teeth (1889) ; The Design
of a High-Speed Steam Engine ( 1892) ; and The
Physical Significance of Entropy or of the Sec-
ond Law (1910). In addition to his work as
head of the mechanical engineering department,
he was secretary of the faculty, 1887-88, dean
of the faculty from 1907 to his death, and acting
president of the University from February to
April 191 o. He was a member of the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers. Klein mar-
ried Ada Louise Warner of Thomaston, Conn.,
Dec. 30, 1879. He died at Bethlehem, Pa.
[Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs., vol. XL (1919);
Who's Who in America, 1916-17 ; Obit. Record Grads.
Yale Univ., 1918; The Brown and White (Bethlehem,
Pa.), Feb. 12, 19 18; biographical sketch in the posses-
sion of Klein's son, A. W. Klein, who also furnished
several interesting facts.] F.A.T.
KLINE, GEORGE (c. 1757-Nov. 12, 1820),
frontier newspaper editor and book publisher,
was born in Germany. At an early age he emi-
grated to America and worked at his trade of
printer in Philadelphia, where in 1781 he pub-
lished the Allied Mercury. Evidence of the thor-
oughness of his separation from the old coun-
try appears in his voluntary rearrangement of
the letters of his name from Klein to Kline, in
order to avoid the implication of alien birth. His
social acceptability is indicated by his marriage,
one year after his arrival in Philadelphia, to Re-
becca, daughter of Judge Lewis Weiss, who be-
came the mother of his eleven children.
In 1785 Kline removed to Carlisle, Pa., then
scarcely more than a frontier settlement but al-
ready a place of considerable culture and the
seat of Dickinson College. For thirty-five years
thereafter Carlisle was the locus of his life and
labors as a journalist and a purveyor of serious
literature. In the same year that he arrived he
started a Federalist weekly, The Carlisle Gazette,
and the Western Repository of Knowledge, the
first newspaper in Pennsylvania west of the Sus-
Klingelsmith
quehanna River. It was a small four-page sheet
on very blue paper, well printed and executed,
and sold for six cents a copy or fifteen shillings
for one year's subscription. With several changes
of title, it was issued without interruption until
1817, when it was absorbed by the Carlisle Spirit
of the Times.
Kline had an individual style and was a ca-
pable editor. In his paper events and movements
characterizing the first decades of the history of
the United States under the Constitution were
viewed from the frontier rather than from the
center of political and social activities. The Ga-
zette's columns carried real news from the little
but ambitious and growing towns of Cincinnati,
Detroit, and St. Louis. Accounts of Indian at-
tacks on the Ohio kept its readers conscious of
the perils of the not-distant wilderness and forest.
The embarrassment caused by delinquent sub-
scribers was tacitly acknowledged in the editor's
announcement of his willingness to receive "flour,
wheat, corn, wood, pork, or spirits" in lieu of
cash.
Thoroughly public spirited, George Kline was
sympathetic with every project which promised
to promote civic improvement, particularly the
quality of public reading. His press issued, in
1797, Rules of the Carlisle Library Company;
with a Catalogue of Books Belonging thereto,
and he reprinted among other works Isaac Watts's
Scripture History (1797), John Brown's West-
minster Assembly of Divines (1797), Charlotte
Smith's Montalbert, a Novel (c. 1800), vol. I,
Twenty Sermons (1803) of Jonathan Edwards,
and James Hervey's Meditations and Contem-
plations (2 vols., 1806). He died at Carlisle,
after ten days of illness, and was buried in the
Old Graveyard there. His wife survived him
nearly fourteen years, dying July 13, 1834, at
the home of a son in Harrisburg.
[See Leonore E. Flower, Early Hist, of the Cumber-
land Valley (1923) ; Sarah W. Parkinson, Local Hist.:
A Few Early Carlisle Publications (1910) ; C. P. Wing,
Hist, of Cumberland County, Pa. (1879) ; C. S; Brig-
ham, "Bibliography of American Newspapers," Proc.
Am. Antiq. Soc, n.s. XXX, pt. 1 (1920); Poulson's
Am. Daily Advertiser (Phila.), Nov. 21, 1820; Harris-
burg Chronicle, July 21, 1834. Broken files of Khne's
Weekly Gazette are preserved in the Hamilton Library
at Carlisle and in the library of the Am. Antiq. Soc. ;
the Library of Congress possesses a complete file from
the first issue of Aug. 10, 1785, to July 30, 1788; and
the Dauphin County Historical Society of Harrisburg,
a file complete from Aug. 8, 1787, to Oct. 23, 1817, be-
lieved to be Kline's office file.] L. C. P.
KLINGELSMITH, MARGARET CENTER
(Nov. 27, 1859-Jan. 19, 1931). librarian and
author, was born in Portland, Me. Her parents,
Isaac Henry and Caroline How (Evans) Center,
both belonged to old and prominent New Eng-
444
Klingelsmith
land families. She attended private schools at
Newton, Mass., and Portland, Me. In 1884 she
was married to Joseph M. Klingelsmith at At-
lanta, Ga. She entered the law school of the
University of Pennsylvania in 1896 and soon
made a record for herself as a student. Her
essay on "The Tendency of Common Law in
Crimes and Torts" won honorable mention for
the Meredith Prize. She graduated in 1898, re-
ceiving the degree of bachelor of laws. Having
been one of the first women admitted to the law
school, she was also one of the first admitted to
the Philadelphia bar. In 1899 she was appointed
librarian of the Biddle Law Library of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania law school, a position
which she held until her last illness, serving for
nearly thirty-two years. When she undertook
this work the library contained only seven or
eight thousand volumes. With the assistance and
support of the faculty, especially former Dean
William Draper Lewis, she was able to develop
it until it numbered nearly 80,000 volumes and
was one of the leading law libraries in the coun-
try. Her unusual talent as well as knowledge in
her line of work was often shown during her
frequent trips abroad in the interest of the li-
brary, when she purchased many rare and val-
uable books.
When the law school was moved from its tem-
porary quarters in old Congress Hall, at Sixth
and Chestnut Streets, to its new building at
Thirty-fourth and Chestnut Streets, Mrs. Klin-
gelsmith wrote a history of the school which was
published in the University of Pennsylvania:
The Proceedings at the Dedication of the New
Building of the Department of Law (1900).
Meanwhile paleography was attracting her, and
she became widely known as an authority in that
field. She was also recognized as being unusually
well informed on the subject of early English
year books. In 191 5 she published under the
title Statham's Abridgment of the Law (2 vols.),
a translation of a fifteenth-century work in Nor-
man French. The University recognized this
scholarly achievement in 1916 by conferring upon
her the honorary degree of master of laws, the
first time that the institution had conferred this
distinction upon a woman. She was the author
of a number of essays and biographies, including
lives of James Wilson and Jeremiah Sullivan
Black in volumes I and VI (1907, 1909) of Wil-
liam Draper Lewis' Great American Lawyers.
Her writings reflected much of the charm and
originality of her character. She contributed
frequently to legal magazines and did much work
on William Draper Lewis' and George Wharton
Pepper's Digest of Decisions and Encyclopaedia
Klippart
of Pennsylvania Law 1754-1898 (23 vols., 1898-
1906) and on the second edition of Pepper and
Lewis's Digest of Laivs (1910).
During 1912 and 1913 she was vice-president
of the American Association of Law Libraries.
She was a member of the Woman's Suffrage As-
sociation and took an active interest in politics.
At one time she received the support of the
Democratic state organization as a candidate
for justice of the superior court of Pennsylvania.
She was one of the leading members of the First
Unitarian Church of Philadelphia. Undoubtedly
no other woman was so well known to the Phila-
delphia bar and her kindly, helpful spirit en-
deared her to several generations of law students.
After her death the faculty of the law school and
other friends erected a tablet to her memory in
the Biddle Law Library.
[Pa. Gazette, Feb. 4, 1931 ; Index to Periodicals and
Law Library Jour., Apr. 193 1 ; Univ. of Pa. Law Rev.,
Nov. 1931 ; Evening Public Ledger, Jan. 20, 1931 ;
Phila. Inquirer, Jan. 21, 1931 ; Woman's Who's Who
of America, 1914-15; information from George E.
Nitzsche, Esq., recorder of the Univ. of Pa.] A. L. L.
KLIPPART, JOHN HANCOCK (July 26,
1823-Oct. 24, 1878), agricultural writer and for
nearly twenty-two years secretary of the Ohio
State Board of Agriculture, was born near Can-
ton, Stark County, Ohio, son of Henry and Eve
(Henning) Klippart. His forebears were Ger-
man, though they had been citizens of the United
States for two or three generations. His parents
were poor and were able to give him only the ele-
mentary education of the common schools. In
his tenth year he went to live with an aunt to
help her in her work of weaving. At thirteen he
was an errand boy in a store in Louisville, Stark
County. A few months later he became a drug
clerk, working at first in a store in Canton and
afterwards in Massillon and in Mount Eaton,
Wayne County. In 1847 he married Emeline
Rahn of Canton. During the next nine years he
tried being a merchant, a railroad contractor,
and an editor, but for some cause or other failed
in all these ventures. Then, near the close of
1856, after a brief employment on the Ohio
Farmer, he was elected corresponding secretary
of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture. In this
work he was successful, being reelected to the
office year after year until his death.
He also received numerous other appointments,
mostly from his native state. In i860 he was
one of the state commissioners to visit Massa-
chusetts to examine and make a report on the
pleuro-pneumonia of cattle. The following year
he was designated a member of the American
Board of Commissioners of the London Inter-
national Exhibition of 1862. He went abroad in
445
Klippart
1865 with a commission from the Ohio State
Board of Agriculture to examine the European
institutions for teaching theoretical and practi-
cal agriculture and to observe the systems of
agriculture practised in Europe and Great Brit-
ain. In 1869 he was appointed one of the assist-
ant geologists of the Ohio Geological Survey,
being assigned to the section dealing with agri-
culture. He was one of the delegates from Ohio
to the National Agricultural Convention held at
Washington, D. C, Feb. 15-17, 1872, and the
next year was appointed one of the three state
fish commissioners to take measures for restock-
ing the waters of Ohio with food fish.
He was a frequent contributor to the agricul-
tural press. The reports of the Ohio State Board
of Agriculture from 1857 to 1877, which he
edited, were among the best state agricultural
reports of that time. He contributed to them
numerous articles on agricultural and scientific
subjects, among the more important of which
were the following: "An Essay on the Origin,
Growth, Diseases, Varieties, etc., of the Wheat
Plant" (1857) ; "An Essay on Practical Drain-
age" (i860); "An Essay on the Varieties of
Sheep and Sheep Culture in Ohio" (1862);
"Report on an Agricultural Tour in Europe"
(1865); "Address on Agricultural Education"
(1865); "An Essay on Dairy Husbandry"
(1870). Two of the articles were enlarged and
subsequently published in book form : The Wheat
Plant (i860) and Principles and Practice of
Land Drainage (1861). His report on the agri-
cultural survey of Ohio is contained in the Geo-
logical Survey of Ohio: Report of Progress in
1870 (1871). His writings were for the most
part in the nature of compilations.
Klippart was self-trained and brought to his
office of corresponding secretary of the Board of
Agriculture no practical knowledge of any branch
of farming, but he had a passion for knowledge
and an intense desire for improvement. He was
an indefatigable worker, and was earnestly de-
voted to the interests of agriculture. He thus
was able through his own efforts to acquire quite
an extensive store of information, not only on
agriculture but also on geology, botany, and
archeology, and he learned to read several for-
eign languages. He used all this knowledge to
advantage in his work, but he scattered his en-
ergies. Some of his contemporaries felt that he
might have profited by greater concentration and
greater moderation. He died of paralysis of the
throat, probably brought on by overwork. His
wife and one daughter survived him.
[L. H. Bailey, Cyc. of Am. Agriculture, IV (1909),
590 ; Ohio State Board of Agric, Thirty-third Ann.
Klipstein
Report . . . for 1878 (1879) ; Cincinnati Daily Gazette,
Oct. 25. 1878.] C.R.B.
KLIPSTEIN, LOUIS FREDERICK (Jan.
2, 1813-Aug. 20, 1878), philologist, the first
American to publish works on Anglo-Saxon, was
born at Winchester, Va., the son of Peter and
Frances (Kimmelmyer) Klipstein. His mother
came from Baltimore. His father, who is de-
scribed as a "gentleman of leisure," was a son
of Philipp Klipstein, born in 1751 at Darmstadt,
Grand Duchy of Hesse, who came to America as
a surgeon with a regiment of Hessian troops and
settled at Winchester after the close of the Revo-
lution. Klipstein graduated in 1832 from Hamp-
den-Sydney College and was enrolled in 1832-
35 as a student at Union Theological Seminary,
now at Richmond but then located at Hampden-
Sydney. He was absent on leave, however, from
December 1833 to November 1834 to teach in a
school at Charlottesville. While there he could
hardly fail to meet Prof. George Blattermann of
the University of Virginia, who was prepared to
give instruction in Anglo-Saxon ; it is possible,
therefore, that Klipstein's interest in the language
began at this time. He was licensed Oct. 17,
1835, by the Winchester Presbytery and during
part of that year, at least, was stated supply at
Leesburg. Since he was in poor health, he went
to South Carolina in 1839 and secured a position
of some sort as tutor or teacher. On Oct. 3, 1840,
he was dropped from the rolls of the Presbytery
for having gone over to the New School, and in
1842 he became a candidate for orders in the
Episcopal Church. In April 1844 the Southern
Literary Messenger announced that Klipstein
had started at Charleston a periodical, the Poly-
glot, devoted to the study of French, Italian,
Spanish, Portuguese, German, and English. The
Polyglot was soon abandoned, but its editor sal-
vaged its contents for republication in his first
book, The Study of Modern Languages (New
York, no date — not seen). On Sept. 10, 1845,
the University of Giessen conferred on him, in
absentia, the degree of Ph.D., ostensibly in recog-
nition of his work in Anglo-Saxon but actually,
it would appear, as the result of pressure exerted
by his distant cousin, August von Klipstein, pro-
fessor of mineralogy in the university. As yet
none of his works on Anglo-Saxon had been pub-
lished, and the university authorities had not
even received proof sheets. It is a curious fact,
too, that the university library, in 1927, was still
without a copy of any of his books.
He was employed about this time as tutor in
the household of Mrs. Rebecca Jerman in the
upper part of St. James's Parish, Santee, S. C,
and married Allston Cahusac Jerman, a daughter
446
Klipstein
of Mrs. Jerman. His sister Cornelia, who had
come with him to South Carolina, married Ed-
ward Dupre Jerman. Having thus come into
money, Klipstein thought himself ahle to realize
his ambition to publish a series of textbooks on
Anglo-Saxon. He issued, through the firm of
George P. Putnam in New York, A Grammar of
the Anglo-Saxon Language, which went into
two editions in 1848, was revised and enlarged
in 1849, and reprinted in 1853, l&57, and 1859;
a reprint of Benjamin Thorpe's Tha Halgan
Godspcl on Englisc ( 1848) ; Nat ale Sancti
Gregorii Papac : Aelfric's Anglo-Saxon Homily
on the Birthday of St. Gregory (1848), which
he dedicated to the Rev. Samuel Gilman [q.z>.~\ ;
and Analccta Anglo-Saxonica: Selections in
Prose and Verse from the Anglo-Saxon Litera-
ture (2 vols., 1849). In addition he announced
that he was preparing "A Glossary to the Ana-
lecta Anglo-Saxonica" ; "The Anglo-Saxon Par-
aphrase of the Book of Psalms" ; "Anglo-Saxon
Metrical Legends" ; "The Anglo-Saxon Poem
of Beowulf" ; "The Rites, Ceremonies, and Pol-
ity of the Anglican Church" ; and "A Philosoph-
ical Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Language as
Exemplified in the Monuments of the Language
Chronologically Arranged." Klipstein drew
heavily, but with proper acknowledgment, on the
work of Kemble, Thorpe, Wright, Bosworth,
Rask, and Ebeling, and took his texts from
them, but he displayed a good deal of independ-
ence in regularizing spelling and inflectional
endings. Apparently he counted on the proceeds
from the sales of his first books to pay for the
later ones, but in this expectation he was disap-
pointed cruelly. Losses on his books cut into
his wife's inheritance and led to a family quarrel.
Overworked, disillusioned, unhappy, he took to
drinking heavily, left home, and lived among
negroes. Finally his wife sold her plantation on
Hog Island, across the Cooper River from
Charleston, and removed to Florida, where she
died in 1897. Klipstein, destitute and disrepu-
table, haunted Charleston and its vicinity for
many years. In 1878 he was begging for food
on the streets of the city, and that same year he
wandered to Florida, perhaps in search of his
wife, and died there.
[J. B. Henneman, "Two Pioneers in the Historical
Study of English — -Thomas Jefferson and Louis F.
Klipstein," Pubs. Mod. Lang. Asso., VIII (1893),
xliii-xlix ; Walther Fischer, "Aus der Friihzeit der
Amerikanischen Anglistik ; Louis F. Klipstein (1813-
79)," Englischc Studicn (Leipzig), LXII (1927-28),
250-64 ; further information from Miss Ida K. Briggs
of Warrenton, Va. ; Prof. Wm. H. Whiting, Jr., of
Hampden-Sydney College ; H. M. Brimm of Union
Theol. Sem., Richmond, Va. ; Prof. Edwin B. Setzler
of Newberry College, Newberry, S. C. ; and Miss Kath-
erine Walsh of Charleston, S. C] G. H.G.
Klopsch
KLOPSCH, LOUIS (Mar. 26, 1852-Mar. 7,
1910), publisher, humanitarian, was born at
Liibben, a suburb of Berlin, Germany. His fa-
ther, Dr. Osmar Klopsch, was a physician by
profession, and a liberal in politics. Louis's
mother died shortly after his birth, and when he
was two years old his father emigrated, arriving
in New York with him in 1854. The family for-
tunes did not prosper in the new home ; Louis
received a scanty education in the New York
City public schools, and at an early age was
employed in advertising and publishing estab-
lishments. When he was twenty (1872) he
launched out for himself with a four-page pub-
lication entitled Good Morning, to be distrib-
uted among customers by retail merchants. This
he followed with the Daily Hotel Reporter (be-
gun in 1877), and shortly afterward he was able
to purchase a printing establishment.
Young Klopsch was of an essentially religious
nature and devoted much time to evangelistic
work, through which he was brought into con-
tact with the Rev. T. DeWitt Talmage \_q.v.~\,
of the Brooklyn Tabernacle. Klopsch conceived
the idea of syndicating Talmadge's sermons to
several hundred newspapers (1885), and this
syndication, together with another original idea,
the Pictorial Associated Press, brought pros-
perity and success. Klopsch traveled with Tal-
mage through Europe and the Holy Land in
1889-90, and on this journey took over the man-
agement of the American edition of the Chris-
tian Herald. Thereafter he relinquished his other
publishing interests and purchased control of
the Herald.
At last he had found his life work. Under his
editorship the Christian Herald rapidly became
a national and even an international influence,
and "a medium of American bounty to the needy
throughout the world" (Pepper, post). Through
its pages he appealed to the American public for
funds to support a wide variety of philanthropic
and religious undertakings. In eighteen years a
total of $3,365,648.14 was thus raised. Approxi-
mately half this sum went to famines in China
(1901, 1907), India ("1897, 1900), Japan (1906),
Russia (1892), and Cuba (1897). To Klopsch
may be given much of the credit for teaching the
American people large-scale public charity. He
twice visited India, and was awarded the Kaiser-
I-Hind medal by King Edward VII for his serv-
ices to the people of that land. While more than
eighty charities are listed as having been sup-
ported by him, dearest to his heart of all were the
Children's Homes at Nyack, founded in June
1895 with money left over after the relief of re-
cent famines. He established his residence at
447
Knab
Tarrytown, across the river, that he might be
near them. In 1895 he became president of the
Bowery Mission, which long continued one of
his major interests.
In 1886 he married Mary Merritt, daughter of
the Rev. Stephen Merritt. His wife shared his
enthusiasms, and their union was a most happy
one. To them four children were born, three
sons and one daughter, all of whom survived
him. He was a man of broad sympathies and
limited by no narrow creed. Irving Bacheller
(post) said of him, "He preached with bread;
he prayed with human kindness ; he blessed with
wheat and corn. His best missionaries were
loaded ships ; his happiness was in mitigated
pain. His week-day was as holy as his Sabbath,
his office as consecrated as his church." His
untimely death, following an operation, was
mourned from the White House to the poorest
tenements. Messages of sympathy were received
from the Viceroy of India and representatives of
many foreign governments.
[C. M. Pepper, Life-Work of Louis Klopsch, Ro-
mance of a Modern Knight of Mercy ( 1910), with fore-
word by Irving Bacheller ; files of the Christian Herald,
particularly articles on Mar. 16 and 23, 1910; Who's
Who in America, 1908-09; N. Y. Times, Mar. 9, 10,
1910.] H.A.M.
KNAB, FREDERICK (Sept. 22, 1865-Nov.
2, 1918), entomologist, was born in Wurzburg,
Bavaria, the son of Oscar and Josephine Knab,
who came to America and settled at Chicopee,
Mass., in 1873. Oscar Knab was an engraver and
painter, and one of Frederick's uncles was also
an artist. Young Knab devoted himself to paint-
ing at an early age, and in 1889 went to Munich
for two years to study art. On his return to the
United States he made landscape painting his
profession for nearly ten years. As a boy he had
been interested in natural history, especially en-
tomology, and had begun a collection of insects
which he kept up. In 1885-86 he spent sixteen
months on a collecting trip up the Amazon. In
1903 he was employed under a grant by the Car-
negie Institution of Washington as a regional
collector and observer of mosquitoes for the
northeastern section of the United States. Dur-
ing this work he made some important discoveries
which revolutionized knowledge concerning the
biology of the more northern mosquitoes. After
a brief employment with the Natural History
Survey of Illinois, he was called to Washington
in 1904 and employed permanently as an entomol-
ogist, particularly as a student of mosquitoes. In
1905 he traveled extensively in Central America,
studying mosquitoes, and in 1907 he did field
work in Saskatchewan. He was not only co-
author of the four-volume monograph, The Mos-
Knabe — Knapp
quitoes of North and Central America and the
West Indies (4 vols, in 3, 1912-17), published
by the Carnegie Institution of Washington, but
he prepared many of the illustrations. His plates
of mosquito larvae are the most admirable of
their kind that have ever been done. Aside from
this work on the monograph, he published ex-
tensively. He was a keen observer and had a
philosophical turn of mind that made all of his
published writings of much value. His bibliog-
raphy includes 177 titles. He never married.
[The best biography will be found in the Proceedings
of the Entomological Society of Washington, vol. XXI
(1919), with portrait and bibliography.] L O H
KNABE, VALENTINE WILHELM LUD-
WIG (June 3, 1803-May 21, 1864), piano man-
ufacturer, was born in Kreuzburg, Prussia, Ger-
many, the son of Martin Friedrich Traugott
Knabe, a pharmacist, and his wife, Ernestine
Christiane Dorothea Kohler. Wilhelm was ap-
prenticed to a cabinet and piano maker in Mein-
ingen and there met and became engaged to
Christiana Ritz, whose brother was projecting a
German settlement in America. When this com-
pany of colonists set sail in March 1833, she ac-
companied them. Most of these expected to settle
somewhere on the Missouri River ; but after a
wearisome voyage, during which sickness took
its toll of the wayfarers, they paused in the port
of Baltimore to recuperate. There Wilhelm over-
took them and there he married Christiana Ritz,
Aug. 18, 1833. If he had ever intended to turn
farmer in the Middle West, he changed his mind,
for he found work with a piano repairer by the
name of Henry Hartye. He became a naturalized
citizen of the United States Sept. 12, 1840, and
about the same time entered into a partnership
with Henry Gaehle to manufacture pianos. When
this partnership was dissolved in 1854, he con-
tinued the business alone. By i860 he had estab-
lished a reputation as one of the best piano-
makers in the country and at the outbreak of the
Civil War he practically controlled the piano
business in the Southern states. The conflict be-
tween the states, however, ruined the market for
Knabe pianos. Wilhelm Knabe died in the year
preceding Lee's surrender, but his sons William
(d. 1889) and Ernest (d. 1894) continued the
business and developed a new market in the
Northern and Western states.
[Alfred Dolge. Pianos and Their Makers (1911),
vol. I ; Daniel Spillane, Hist, of the Am. Pianoforte
(1890); Musical Courier, Nov. 14, 1906; Baltimore
Clipper, Baltimore Daily Gazette, May 23, 1864 : manu-
script and newspaper clippings lent by Mrs. S. Kennedy
Brown of Germantown, Ohio.] F.H.M.
KNAPP, GEORGE (Sept. 25. 1814-Sept. 18,
1883), St. Louis journalist, for forty-six years a
448
Knapp
proprietor of the Missouri Republican, was born
in Montgomery, Orange County, N. Y., the son
of Edward and Frances (Flood) Knapp. His
father was a native of Orange County, N. Y. ; his
mother, of County Donegal, Ireland. When he
was six his parents moved to St. Louis, where
the father died in 1823. To aid his widowed
mother, young Knapp at the age of twelve be-
came an apprentice in the business office of the
Missouri Republican, then owned by Messrs.
Charless and Pachall. The Republican was the
successor of the Missouri Gazette, a Jeffersonian
paper established in 1808 by Joseph Charless,
postmaster at St. Louis. Familiarly known as
"Old 1808," the Republican was the oldest news-
paper in English west of the Mississippi River.
In 1836 Knapp became part proprietor of its book
and job printing department, and in 1837 one 0I
the proprietors of the newspaper in connection
with Messrs. Chambers and Harris. He con-
tinued as a publisher of the Republican until his
death, making it the most influential regional
journal in the Middle West and one of the lead-
ing newspapers of the country. After 1830 the
Republican supported the Whigs until the disin-
tegration of the Whig party in the fifties, when
it became Democratic. During the Civil War it
upheld the Union cause but was critical of the
Lincoln administration, and after the war it con-
tinued to support Democratic candidates and
policies.
In 1835 Knapp took a prominent part in the
organization of the volunteer militia that for
twenty-five years prior to the Civil War was the
city's pride. In 1846 he went to Mexico as a
lieutenant in the St. Louis Grays of the St. Louis
Legion, and upon the regiment's return, he be-
came a captain and subsequently lieutenant-colo-
nel. In 1862 he organized and captained a com-
pany called the Missouri Republican Guards,
composed of his employees. He was an earnest
advocate of public improvements in St. Louis,
was in considerable measure responsible for the
building of the first Mississippi bridge at that
city, the erection of the Southern Hotel, a fa-
mous hostelry, and the erection of the Chamber
of Commerce building. Though of somewhat re-
tiring disposition, he gained through travel,
which he greatly enjoyed, such wide knowledge
of the laws, customs, and manners of other peo-
ples that he was much sought after in social
company. He died Sept. 18, 1883, on the steam-
ship Pcnnland, bound from Antwerp to New
York, while returning from a European tour un-
dertaken for the benefit of his failing health. At
the time of his death he was the oldest newspa-
per man in St. Louis and for years afterward his
Knapp
family continued to direct the policies of the Re-
publican. Knapp was married on Dec. 22, 1840,
to Eleanor McCartan, daughter of Thomas Mc-
Cartan of St. Louis. They had three daughters
and nine sons, seven of the children surviving
their father.
[L. U. Reavis, St. Louis, the Future Great City of
the World (1875), pp. 705-06; W. B. Davis and D. S.
Durrie, An Illus. Hist, of Mo. (1876) ; J. T. Scharf,
Hist, of St. Louis City and County (2 vols., 1883) ; F.
L. Billon, Annals of St. Louis in Its Territorial Davs
1804-21 (1888) ; H. L. Conard, Encyc. of the Hist, of
Mo. (1901), vol. Ill; Boonville Weekly Advertiser,
Oct. s, 1883; Jefferson City Daily Tribune, Sept. 29,
1883; Missouri Republican, Sept. 27, 1883.]
W. W.
KNAPP, HERMAN (Mar. 17, 1832-Apr. 30,
191 1 ), ophthalmologist, was born in Dauborn, a
village near Wiesbaden, Germany, where his an-
cestors had been well-to-do farmers for many
generations. His father, Johann Knapp, was a
member of the German Reichsrath in Berlin.
Named Jakob Hermann, Knapp later dropped
the first name. His early education, received in
the school of his birthplace, was supplemented by
private instruction from the parish minister. He
took his medical degree at the University of
Giessen in 1854, about the time that Helmholtz
invented the ophthalmoscope, thus opening a new
world to physicians of that day. It was not un-
natural, therefore, that Knapp should be attracted
to ophthalmology. After sitting at the feet of
Helmholtz, Graefe, Donders, Desmarres, Bow-
man, and Critchett in the medical centers of Ger-
many, France, and England, he was admitted in
1859, at the age of twenty-seven, to the medical
faculty at Heidelberg, his admission thesis on
"Optical Constants of the Eye" being given full
credit by Donders in 1866 {Die Anomalicn der
Refraction und Accommodation des Auges) for
its share in developing the new subject of physi-
ological optics. Here Knapp labored and shared
a friendship with Helmholtz until the latter's
death. In 1865, during his thirty-third year,
Knapp became professor at Heidelberg and
founded his first ophthalmic clinic there. He had
already made his impress upon European medi-
cine to the degree that few men make before mid-
life.
Following a visit to America, Knapp in 1868
decided that New York City offered a larger field
of usefulness, and he promptly relinquished home
honors and took up abode here. He soon over-
came the obstacle of language, and provided him-
self with a proper workshop by the establishment
of the Ophthalmic and Aural Institute, the main-
tenance deficit of which he had to cover regular-
ly with his own funds. To a large extent, this
clinic was modeled after that of Von Graefe of
449
Knapp
Berlin, its doors being open to rich and poor
alike. The Institute was Knapp, and Knapp was
the Institute. Under his direction, it acquired
the good will of physicians and of laymen, and
it soon grew to be a tradition, making its influ-
ence felt throughout the continent. Knapp's life
in New York testifies that his absorbing am-
bition was to serve: he served his patients by
affording efficacious treatment to all who came,
and his colleagues through educating them in the
science and art of diagnosis and treatment. He
loved to teach and was particularly apt in pre-
senting his subject matter clearly, especially with
the aid of diagrams. He was possessed of un-
matched diagnostic ability, of great surgical skill,
and he was above all a man of scrupulous intel-
lectual honesty. His most severe critic was him-
self. He was always ready to help the young
man. Consequently, his clinic became a Mecca
for budding American specialists. From 1882 to
1888 he was professor of ophthalmology in the
medical department of the University of the City
of New York, and from 1888 to 1902 held a
similar chair in the College of Physicians and
Surgeons.
His educational work did not stop with his
clinic and lecture room but reached out wherever
a medical journal can go. In establishing (1869)
the Archives of Ophthalmology and Otology,
which he edited for many years, Knapp rendered
a great service. He conducted this organ on a
very high standard, both in subject matter and in
illustrations. An omnivorous reader, he kept
himself and his readers acquainted with every
advance of ophthalmology and otology, both at
home and abroad. In addition to his editing, he
was the author of over two hundred scientific
papers, written out of the fund of his large clin-
ical experience.
Knapp's early years on a farm and his regular
habits endowed him with unusual health and with
almost unlimited working power. He seemed to
require little relaxation. He belonged to no clubs
and gave almost no time to games and recre-
ations, but never broke down under his arduous
program. Apart from his life work, his chief de-
light seemed to be visiting old friends in the Eu-
ropean clinics and observing how he might im-
prove his own. To this end he always kept
detailed notes of his observations on tours, so
that he might upon a later date recall each event
vividly. He was twice married: in 1864 to
Adolfine Becker, who died in 1874, and in 1878
to Hedwig Sachsowsky. By the first marriage
there were three children. Knapp died of pneu-
monia, at Mamaroneck, N. Y., in his eightieth
year.
Knapp
[Th. Leber in Verhandlungen des Naturhistorisch-
Medizinischen Vercines zu Heidelberg, July 191 1; E.
Gruening, in Archives of Ophthalmology, July 191 1 ;
The Am. Encyc. and Diet, of Ophthalmology, vol. IX
(1916) ; T. H. Shastid, in H. A. Kelly and W. L. Bur-
rage, Am. Medic. Biogs. (1920), with additional refer-
ences ; Who's Who in America, 1910-1 1 ; N.Y. Tribune,
May 2, 191 1 ; information as to certain facts from Dr.'
Arnold Knapp, son of Herman Knapp.] J H W
KNAPP, MARTIN AUGUSTINE (Nov. 6,
1843-Feb. 10, 1923), jurist, son of Justus Nor-
ton and Polly (McKay) Knapp, was born on a
farm at Spafford, Onondaga County, N. Y. His
early education was acquired at the common
schools ; later he entered Wesleyan University,
winning his bachelor's degree as an honor man
in 1868. He then taught in a country school
while studying law. In 1869 at the age of twen-
ty-six he was admitted to the New York bar,
and on Dec. 29 of the same year he was married
to Marian Hotchkiss, of Middletown, Conn. He
engaged actively in the practice of law at Syra-
cuse, N. Y. In 1877 he was made corporation
counsel of the city of Syracuse, which post he
held until 1883. The efforts of the West Shore
Railroad to establish a line through the center of
the state engaged much of his time and upon his
retirement he came into a line of practice which
strengthened his interest in transportation prob-
lems generally. Developing a reputation as a
specialist in that field, he was appointed by Presi-
dent Harrison in 1897 a member of the Inter-
state Commerce Commission. The following year
he became its chairman and remained a member
of the commission for nineteen years, gaining
reappointment by successive presidents regard-
less of party differences. During this period as
ex-officio mediator under the Erdman Act of
1898 he aided in settling numerous railroad labor
disputes, some of which were of considerable im-
portance.
Upon the creation of the Commerce Court
(June 18, 1910), the object of which was to re-
lieve the federal judiciary at large of railway
cases, and to place them in the hands of a trib-
unal versed in interstate commerce law, Knapp
was appointed by President Taft a circuit judge,
assigned to the court as presiding judge. Three
years later, when the Newlands Act, creating the
Board of Mediation and Conciliation, superseded
the Erdman Act, he was appointed by President
Wilson a member of the board. Upon the dis-
solution of the Commerce Court on Dec. 31, 1913,
he was assigned to the court of appeals, fourth
circuit, which position he retained until his death.
His first wife having died in 1904, he was mar-
ried on Aug. 10, 1907, to Nellie (Maynard)
Gardner, of Syracuse, whom he survived. Knapp
was short in stature, being only five feet in height.
450
Knapp
He was quiet by nature but friendly and pleasant.
He had a receptive mind on questions within his
judicial activities and worked in harmony with
other men. These traits together with his knowl-
edge of railway problems made him an able
mediator. There was no question concerning the
fairness and wisdom of his settlement of a dis-
pute. His correspondence with Joseph Nimmo,
Jr., relative to the provisions of the Cullom Bill,
gives evidence of the competence of his opinions
on legal and constitutional questions, and of his
firmness in upholding his convictions. He was
an active member of many associations and clubs
before which he appeared from time to time to
deliver addresses upon railway and transporta-
tion questions.
[Who's Who in America, 1922-23 ; Harper's Weekly,
June 10, 1905 ; Am. Rev. of Revs., Jan. 191 1 ; the Na-
tion, Apr. 13, 1916; Outlook, Aug. 23, 1916; Corre-
spondence Between Hon. Martin A. Knapp, Chairman
of Interstate Commerce Commission, and Jos. Nimmo,
Jr. (1900) ; the Evening Star (Wash., D. C), Feb. 10,
1923; N. Y. Times, Feb 11, 1923.] L. H. S.
KNAPP, PHILIP COOMBS (June 3, 1858-
Feb. 23, 1920), neurologist, the son of Philip
Coombs Knapp and Sally Harriette (Moore)
Knapp, was the ninth in direct descent from Wil-
liam Knapp who came to America from England
in 1630. Born at Lynn, Mass., Knapp attended
the Lynn High School and later Harvard Col-
lege, from which he was graduated with the
degree of A.B. in 1878, at the age of twenty — the
youngest in his class. He went directly to Har-
vard Medical School and received his A.M. and
M.D. degrees in 1883. After serving as house
officer at the Boston City Hospital and the Bos-
ton Lunatic Hospital, he studied abroad for a
brief period in Vienna and in Germany, return-
ing to Boston in 1884 to practise in his chosen
field of neurology. In 1885 he was appointed
assistant physician for diseases of the nervous
system to out-patients at the Boston City Hos-
pital, and in 1886 was promoted to physician in
that department. At that time there was no
regular service inside the hospital for diseases of
the nervous system, and it was largely through
his efforts that the neurological department was
given a house service of fifty beds and a fully
equipped ward for mental cases. At the time of
his death he was senior physician. He was also
neurologist to the Boston Dispensary from 1886
to 1888. In 1888 he became clinical instructor in
diseases of the nervous system at Harvard, a post
he held until 1913.
Knapp was thus one of the pioneers of Ameri-
can neurology. He wrote the first treatise to be
published in the United States on tumors of the
brain, The Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment
Knapp
of Intra-Cranial Grozvths ( 1891 ). Though Hors-
ly had just begun to make his early operations
on the brain, Knapp foresaw the possibilities of
surgical treatment of brain tumors, and in a sub-
sequent paper, "The Treatment of Cerebral Tu-
mors," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal,
Oct. 5, 12, and 19, 1899, he favored surgical in-
tervention, especially when it was possible to save
vision. Knapp had an unusual knowledge of neu-
rological literature and himself contributed to
many of its branches. He wrote the section on
"Nervous Affections Following Railway and Al-
lied Injuries," in F. X. Dercum's Text-book on
Nervous Diseases by American Authors (1895),
"Feigned Diseases of the Mind and Nervous
System" in A System of Legal Medicine (2 vols.,
1894), by A. M. Hamilton and Lawrence God-
kin, and "Traumatic Neurasthenia and Hys-
teria," in Brain, Autumn 1897. In 1887, 1893,
1901, 191 1, and 1912 he acted as editor and co-
translator of Adolf von Striimpell's Textbook of
Medicine. He was a gifted linguist, familiar
with French, German, and-, especially, Italian.
For twenty years he was a councilor of the Dante
Society. Knapp was an ardent bibliophile and
an authority on the art of cooking. He appeared
many times in court as medical expert, and be-
cause of his wide knowledge and experience as
well as his unbiased decisions his judgment was
highly respected by his legal associates. He
showed also a special interest in the legal aspects
of nervous and mental disease, and was a mem-
ber of the Massachusetts Medico-Legal Society
and the American Association of Medical Juris-
prudence.
A certain reserve and taciturnity kept him
from being very popular as a teacher : he was
thorough in his methods, exacting in details, and
possessed such a remarkable memory that he
seemed to expect too much of his pupils. To the
few, however, who did come to know him well,
he was a stimulating teacher. He rarely im-
parted much of his great fund of knowledge vol-
untarily, but to those who were interested enough
to ask questions he gave freely. Among his inti-
mates he was known as a witty and entertaining
conversationalist. He died in his sixty-second
vear as a result of cerebral thrombosis.
In 1893 (Dec. 12) he married Isabel (Wil-
liams) Stebbins, a widow of Springfield, who
survived him.
[H. A. Kelly and W. L. Burrage, Diet, of Am. Medic.
Biog. (1928) ; T. F. Harrington, The Harvard Medic.
School (1905), vol. Ill ; A. M. Knapp, The Knapp Fam-
ily in America (1909) ; H. R. Stedman, "Philip Coombs
Knapp, A.M., M.D.," Archives of Neurology and Psy-
chiatry, May 1920 ; J. J. Thomas, "Philip Coombs
Knapp." Jour, of Nervous and Mental Disease, May
1920; W. L. Burrage, "Philip Coombs Knapp, M.D.,"
451
Knapp
Boston Medic, and Surgic. Jour., Mar. n, 1920; Bos-
ton Transcript, Feb. 24, 1920.] J F F
KNAPP, SAMUEL LORENZO (Jan. 19,
X783-July 8, 1838), miscellaneous writer, was
born in Newburyport, Mass., the fifth of the six
children of Isaac and Susanna (Newman)
Knapp, and the fifth in descent from William
Knapp, who settled in Watertown in 1630. His
father was a sea-captain. Knapp graduated from
Dartmouth College in 1804, read law with The-
ophilus Parsons, and opened an office in New-
buryport in 1809. He may be the "Samuel Knapp
of Haverhill, gentleman," who changed his name
June 10, 1808, to Samuel Lorenzo Knapp (Essex
Antiquarian, June 1900, p. 91). His first book,
Letters of Shahcoolen, a Hindu Philosopher, Re-
siding in Philadelphia ; to His Friend El Hassan,
an Inhabitant of Delhi (1802), was dedicated to
John Quincy Adams. To Montesquieu and Gold-
smith it owes little except its title ; Shahcoolen's
lucubrations on Mary Wollstonecraft and wo-
man's rights, American poetry, American land-
scape, and other topics are steeped in juvenile
solemnity. On July 18, 1814, Knapp married
Mary Ann, daughter of Amasa Davis of Boston,
by whom he had two daughters. Having little
real aptitude for the law, he readily deviated into
politics and the militia. He sat as a representa-
tive in the General Court, 1812-16, acquired the
title of colonel by service in the Second Division
of the militia, and became the leading spread-
eagle orator of the town, but in 1816 his New-
buryport career ended abruptly with his im-
prisonment for debt. While in jail he wrote
another pseudonymous volume, Extracts from
the Journal of Marshal Soult (Newburyport,
1817). On his release he went to Boston, en-
deavored with some success to build up a law
practice, but soon turned to the more congenial
occupation of writing. He contributed to the
New England Galaxy and Masonic Magazine of
his client, Joseph Tinker Buckingham [q.v.~\ ;
succeeded Alden Bradford [ij.t'.] as editor of the
Gazette, 1824-26; launched the Boston Monthly
Magazine in June 1825 and kept it alive for
fourteen impecunious months ; delivered, Aug. 2,
1826, the official Boston eulogy on Jefferson and
Adams ; received, through the influence of his
friend Bishop Cheverus [q.v.'j, the degree of
LL.D. from a French university; and started a
newspaper, the National Republican, which failed
in 1827. For some time thereafter he edited the
National Journal in Washington. Later he lived
in New York and was connected with the Com-
mercial Advertiser. During a period of com-
parative affluence he rebuilt his father's farm-
house in Sanbornton, N. H, as a summer home.
Knapp
Although he published a number of orations, two
volumes of tales, and some other matter, his
specialty was biography. Biographical Sketches
of Eminent Lawyers, Statesmen, and Men of Let-
ters (1821), Memoirs of General Lafayette
(1824), "Memoir of Bishop Cheverus" (Boston
Monthly Magazine, June 1825), A Discourse on
the Life and Character of DeWitt Clinton
(1828), Sketches of Public Characters (1830),
which he issued under the pseudonym of Ignatius
Loyola Robertson, A Memoir of the Life of
Daniel Webster (1831), American Biography
(1833), Life of Thomas Eddy (1834), Female
Biography (1834), Life of Aaron Burr (1835),
and Life of Timothy Dexter (1838) were his
harvests in this field. As a biographer he is or-
nate, laudatory, and patriotic, and wholly un-
trustworthy. His Lectures on American Litera-
ture (1829) was the first attempt to weigh and
measure the national literature. Since the coun-
try had not produced a sufficient quantity of
literature for his purposes, Knapp had to piece
out his book with chapters on "the naval charac-
ter of our country" and numerous other irrel-
evancies; his pages glow with the patriotism
of the Jacksonian era. In 1835 he returned to
Massachusetts in poor health and settled in Hop-
kinton, where he died in 1838.
[G. T. Chapman, Sketches of the Alumni of Dart-
mouth Coll. (1867) ; M. T. Runnels, Hist, of Sanborn-
ton, N. H., vol. II (1881) ; A. M. Knapp, The Knapp
Family in America (1909) ; J. S. Loring, The Hundred
Boston Orators (1852); E. V. Smith, Hist, of New-
buryport (1854) ; J. J. Currier, Hist, of Newburyport
(1906-09), with bibliography; J. T. Buckingham, Per-
sonal Memoirs (1852), I, 73-78, 118-20; Mass. Reg.
and U. S. Calendar, 18 13-17 ; Boston Courier and Bos-
ton Transcript, July 9, 1838; Boston Statesman, July
x4. 1838.] G.H.G.
KNAPP, SEAMAN ASAHEL (Dec. 16,
1833-Apr. 1, 1 911), agriculturist, teacher, was
born at Schroon Lake, Essex County, N. Y.,
eighth and youngest child of Dr. Bradford and
Rhoda (Seaman) Knapp. While he was still
young his parents moved to Crown Point on
Lake Champlain, where he attended the village
school. He prepared for college at the Troy
Conference Academy, Poultney, Vt., and entered
Union College, Schenectady, in 1852, graduating
with honors in 1856. In August of that year he
married Maria Elizabeth Hotchkiss of Hamp-
ton, N. Y., a woman of marked literary attain-
ment. Soon after their marriage they began
teaching in Fort Edward Institute, in which
Knapp became junior partner. In 1863 he pur-
chased a half interest in the old Troy Conference
Academy, subsequently called Ripley Female
College.
In 1866, he met with a serious accident which
452
Knapp
crippled him for several years and compelled him
to give up teaching. Moving to Benton County,
Iowa, he bought a small farm at Big Grove. For
two years he was pastor of a Methodist church
in Vinton, Iowa, and for five years, beginning in
1869, he was superintendent of the state school
for the blind. He then went back to his farm.
In 1872 he had begun to publish the Western
Stock Journal and Farmer, at Cedar Rapids,
Iowa. On his own place he used improved seed
and he brought in better livestock. He was one
of the organizers and the first president of the
Iowa Improved Stock Breeders' Association. In
1879 he was elected professor of agriculture and
manager of the farm of the Iowa State College.
Three years later he drafted the first experi-
ment-station bill, introduced into the Forty-
seventh Congress by Representative C. C. Car-
penter [q.v.~\, a bill which opened the way for
the passage of the Hatch Act in 1887. In 1884
he became president of the Iowa State College.
He resigned the presidency in 1886 to take
charge of a large colonization experiment at
Lake Charles, La. In order to interest the na-
tive population in improved methods of agricul-
ture, he offered very favorable terms to farmers
from Iowa and other northern states who would
settle, one to a township, and demonstrate what
could be done by good farming. This plan was
so successful that thousands of other northern
farmers were attracted to the region and the
natives also improved their practices. In search-
ing for profitable crops, Knapp developed the
rice industry of the Southwest. The Rice Grow-
ers' Association was formed, and he served it as
president for several years.
In 1898 his friend James Wilson, then secre-
tary of agriculture, appointed Knapp as a special
agent of the department for the promotion of
farming in the Southern states. He was sent to
Japan, China, and the Philippines to investigate
rice varieties, production, and milling, and his
findings resulted in a great expansion of the rice
industry. In 1901 he went again to the Orient
as an agent for the Department of Agriculture
and in the following year investigated the agri-
cultural resources of Puerto Rico. In 1903 the
Mexican boll weevil appeared in Texas. The
condition of panic and despair which prevailed
gave Knapp his great opportunity. In the spring
of that year he so impressed a gathering of busi-
ness men and farmers at Terrell, Tex., by the
soundness of his argument that the way to fight
the weevil was to practise general allround good
farming, that he was asked to supervise a dem-
onstration of such methods. This first farm dem-
onstration made a big impression throughout east
Knapp
Texas. In November, the secretary of agricul-
ture and the chief of the bureau of plant industry
attended a field meeting on the demonstration
tract and agreed to devote $40,000 of the money
appropriated by Congress for fighting the boll
weevil to the employment of men under Knapp's
supervision to make similar farm demonstra-
tions. Thus was inaugurated the Farmer's Co-
operative Demonstration Work in the United
States Department of Agriculture, the aim of
which was, according to Knapp's words in 1909,
to place a practical object lesson before the farm
masses. The methods of carrying on this work
were rapidly crystallized and simplified and were
later applied to practically all of the Southern
states. Knapp formulated and directed the de-
velopment of the whole system, including the
boys' and girls' club work. At first he had only
a few assistants, but under his able management
additional funds were secured from the govern-
ment and other sources and at the time of his
death hundreds of experienced agents were em-
ployed, scattered throughout the South from Vir-
ginia to Texas.
Knapp wrote no books but contributed fre-
quently to the periodical press and was the author
of many Department of Agriculture bulletins.
One of his most important addresses was that
delivered at the Ninth Conference for Education
in the South, at Lexington, Ky., in 1906, and
published in its Proceedings. Knapp died in
Washington and was buried in Ames, Iowa. The
Seaman A. Knapp School of Country Life, in
connection with the George Peabody College for
Teachers at Nashville, Tenn., was established
as a memorial to him. His son, Bradford Knapp,
continued the Farmers' Cooperative Demonstra-
tion Work until 1914, when by the Smith-Lever
Act it was merged with the extension work of
the states, carried on in cooperation with the
United States Department of Agriculture.
[A. C. True, A Hist, of Agric. Extension in the U. S.
(1928), and Hist, of Agric. Educ. in the U. S. (1929) ;
O. B. Martin, Demonstration Work, Dr. Seaman A.
Knapp's Contribution to Civilization (1921) ; Dr. Sea-
man A. Knapp : Proc. of the Fourth Ann. Conv. of the
Southern Commercial Cong. . . . Apr. 9, 1012 (1914),
also Sen. Doc. 537, 63 Cong., 2 Sess. ; Yearbook U. S.
Dept. of Agric, 191 1 (1912) ; U. S. Dept. Agric. Official
Record, Feb. 7 and 28, 1929; Rev. of Revs. (N. Y.),
June 191 1 ; Farm and Ranch, Feb. 2, 1929; Wallace's
Farmer, Apr. 14, 191 1 ; Mr. and Mrs. A. M. Mayo, Dr.
Seaman A. Knapp (pamphlet, pub. by Supt. of Public
Schools, Calcasien Parish, La.) ; Southern Workman,
Sept. 1929; U. S. Dept. of Agric. Ann. Reports, 1904/
05-1912/13; Sunday Star (Washington, D. C), Apr.
2, 1911] C.R.B.
KNAPP, WILLIAM IRELAND (Mar. 10,
1835-Dec. 6, 1908), teacher, scholar, author, son
of the Rev. Henry R. Knapp and of Mary (Cen-
tre) Knapp, was born in Greenport, N. Y., where
453
Knapp
his father was pastor of the Baptist church. He
was prepared for college at the Grammar School,
later known as Colgate Academy, and graduated
from Colgate University with the degree of B.A.
in i860. That same year on Dec. 25, he married
Adeline Roberts, daughter of William Albert
Roberts, a captain in the merchant service who
had died many years before.
From i860 to 1865, Knapp was professor of
French and German at Colgate University where,
in 1862, he took the degree of M.A. He left Col-
gate to become professor of ancient and modern
languages in Vassar Female College (1865-67),
where he is still remembered as "a very brilliant
linguist . . . strikingly handsome," with a "de-
lightful personality." These traits are constantly
mentioned by those who knew him at various
periods of his career. In 1867 he resigned his
professorship and went to Europe, where he
spent the next eleven years, chiefly in Spain, do-
ing important research in Spanish literature of
the sixteenth century. His editions of the works
of Juan Boscan (Madrid, 1875) and the poems
of Diego Hurtado de Mendoza (2 vols., Madrid,
1876, 1877) won him the official recognition of
the Spanish government and in 1877 he was
made Knight Commander of the Royal Order of
Isabella the Catholic.
Upon his return to the United States in 1879
he joined the faculty of Yale University as "tem-
porary instructor" in French and Spanish, and
in June 1880 received an appointment to a perma-
nent chair, becoming Street Professor of Modern
Languages. He remained at Yale until June
1892, when he resigned to follow his colleague,
William Rainey Harper [q.v.~], to the newly
founded University of Chicago, where he became
the first professor of Romance languages and
literature. In 1895, Knapp withdrew permanent-
ly from teaching and settled in Europe again in
order to devote his entire time to literary pur-
suits. He spent the last years of his life in Paris.
Knapp was an able and versatile teacher of
Romance languages as well as a scholar. Be-
sides the works mentioned, he published gram-
mars and elementary textbooks for the study of
French and Spanish. His literary reputation
rests chiefly, however, upon his famous biog-
raphy of George Borrow and his editions of
Borrow's works. The first manifestation of a
special interest in this talented wanderer he gave
in a nine-page article published in The Chautau-
quan, November 1887. During the next twelve
years, "with patient industry he collected a per-
fect mountain of material. . . . He lived where
Borrow lived ; he followed Borrow's footsteps in
England as in Spain . . . he . . . tracked the most
Kneass
notable of Borrow's schoolfellows, he . . . [drew]
a ground-plan of the Borrow house at Norwich"
(Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, April 1899,
p. 724). The keenly awaited larger study, in
two volumes, Life, Writings and Correspondence
of George Borrow, was published in London (J.
Murray) in 1899, and was followed, in 1900, by
the promised editions of Borrow's Lavengro and
The Romany Rye. Shortly after the publication
of the Life, Writings and Correspondence, a col-
lection of Borrow's letters, which Knapp had be-
lieved lost, was discovered in the crypt of the
Bible House. While it is regrettable that he did
not have access to these documents, which would
have made his work complete, due credit must be
granted him for having produced the first schol-
arly and authoritative biography of George Bor-
row.
[Sources include letters from Mrs. W. I. Knapp,
Miss Cornelia M. Raymond, the Rev. Chauncey Good-
rich ; minutes of the Permanent Officers of Yale Col-
lege, 1879, 1880, 1892; biographical data from the Sec-
retary's Office, Yale Univ. ; Who's Who in America,
1908-09 ; Colgate Univ. Gen. Cat. (1905) ; Blackzvood's
Edinburgh Magazine, Apr. 1899; Saturday Review
(London), Apr. 15, 1899; Athcnaum (London), Mar.
25, 1899; Bookman (N. Y.), Aug. 1899; Nation (N.
Y.), Dec. 10, 1908; Publishers' Weekly, Dec. 12, 1908;
Paris edition of the N. Y. Herald, Dec. 7, 1908.]
J. S-e.
KNEASS, SAMUEL HONEYMAN (Nov.
5, 1806-Feb. 15, 1858), civil engineer and archi-
tect, brother of Strickland Kneass [q.v.], was a
son of William Kneass [q.z1.] and Mary Turner
(Honeyman) Kneass. He was born in Phila-
delphia. When he was fifteen he was placed in
the office of William Strickland [q.vJ] to learn
the profession of architect and engineer. Strick-
land was at that time engaged upon several
notable projects, one of them the Bank of the
United States (now the Philadelphia Custom
House). Making rapid strides in his new pro-
fession, Kneass was called upon to design one of
the triumphal arches which were erected in
Philadelphia to honor General Lafayette when
he visited that city in 1824. The original draw-
ing is in the collection in Independence Hall. He
was also in charge of the field work, under his
preceptor, of the survey for the Chesapeake &
Delaware Canal. When Strickland was commis-
sioned, in 1825, by the Pennsylvania Society for
the Promotion of Internal Improvements, to re-
port upon the public works in England, he se-
lected young Kneass as his assistant, and all the
drawings which illustrate Strickland's Reports
on Canals, Railways, and Other Subjects (1826)
were made for it by Kneass. Years later the
plates and copyright were secured by an Eng-
lishman, F. W. Simms, who combined the ma-
terial with new matter of his own and published
454
Kneass
it in London, under the title, Public Works of
Great Britain (1838). Upon his return from
Europe, Kneass was made principal assistant
engineer in the corps organized by Strickland
for the construction of the Susquehanna division
of the Pennsylvania State Canal. In 1828 he
was transferred to the Delaware division, and
the following year became chief engineer of the
Mine Hill & Schuylkill Haven Railroad, which
position he occupied until 183 1, when he left to
commence work on the first of the western rail-
roads, between Lexington and Frankfort, Ky.
After a year he resigned to accept the position
of chief engineer of the Philadelphia & Trenton
Railroad.
He was engaged successively with various
transportation companies, working on the Feli-
ciana Railroad in Louisiana, the Philadelphia &
Wilmington Railroad, and the Delaware &
Schuylkill Canal. In 1836 he was elected engi-
neer of the Philadelphia & Wilmington Rail-
road, which he completed. He remained with
this company until 1840, when he revisited Eng-
land and familiarized himself with the improve-
ments made since his first visit. Upon his return
he was immediately engaged on surveys and im-
provements for the southern districts of his
native city, as well as upon some construction
projects of the municipality. In 1845 he was
appointed United States consul at Carthagena,
New Grenada (Colombia). At the same time he
had a contract for the construction of a canal
from Carthagena to the river Magdalena. Re-
turning the following year, he took charge of the
Wisconisco Canal, and subsequently was engaged
upon the Pennsylvania Central Railroad. In 1848
he resigned to take a position with the Northern
New York Railroad, between Ogdensburg and
Rouses Point. After a year in New York state,
he went back to Philadelphia, having been elected
city surveyor. During his term of office he con-
structed a new bridge across the Schuylkill River
at Market Street, designed to carry, in addition
to the ordinary traffic, the tracks of the Western
Railroad, which was thus given direct connec-
tion with the city. In building this bridge he
managed to remove the old structure and con-
struct the new one without interrupting traf-
fic, which was heavy at this point — a feat then
regarded as a noteworthy piece of engineer-
ing.
Being primarily a railroad and canal builder,
Kneass left the city's employ in 1853 and after
a brief season with the Franklin & Warren Rail-
road in Ohio, became chief engineer of the North
Western Railroad of Pennsylvania, which con-
nected the Pennsylvania Railroad with the Cleve-
Kneass
land & Mahoning. He remained in this employ
until his death four years later in Philadelphia.
He was married on Mar. 14, 1837, to Anna Arndt
Lombaerdt.
[C. B. Stuart, Lives and Works of Civil and Military
Engineers of America ( 1871) ; Anna J. Magee, "Memo-
rials of the Kneass Family of Phila.," Pubs. Gcneal.
Soc. of Pa., vol. VII, no. 2 (Mar. 1919) ; W. B. Wil-
son, Hist, of the Pa. R. R. Co. (1899) ; Phila. and Wil-
mington R. R. Guide (1856); Joseph Jackson, Early
Phila. Architects and Engineers (1923) ; Public Ledger
(Phila.), Feb. 16, 1858.] jj.
KNEASS, STRICKLAND (July 29, 1821-
Jan. 14, 1884), civil engineer and railroad of-
ficial, brother of Samuel Honeyman Kneass
[q.v.] and son of William [q.v.~\ and Mary
Turner (Honeyman) Kneass, was born in Phila-
delphia, where he received his first schooling in
the classical academy of James P. Espy [q.v.~\-
About the time he had completed his studies in
Espy's academy, his brother Samuel was laying
out the Delaware & Schuylkill Canal, and was
soon engaged in constructing the Philadelphia &
Wilmington Railroad. Since the younger Kneass
had determined to become an engineer, his broth-
er took him as an assistant on both these projects,
and thus he received practical training in his pro-
fession before he had taken a collegiate course.
When the railroad to Wilmington was completed,
he entered the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,
Troy, N. Y., where he was graduated in 1839
with the degree of civil engineer, taking the
highest honors in his class.
His first position after graduation was as as-
sistant engineer and topographer on the Penn-
sylvania state survey for a railway between Har-
risburg and Pittsburgh. This project proving
premature, he went to Washington, where he be-
came a draftsman in the bureau of engineering
of the United States Navy. In 1842 he prepared
maps for the special British commission on the
northeast boundary between the United States
and the Canadian provinces, and subsequently
was employed by the federal government on the
general map of the boundary survey. When, in
1847, tne survey across Pennsylvania for the lay-
ing of the Pennsylvania Railroad was begun, he
was chosen by the chief engineer of the road, J.
Edgar Thomson [q.v.1, as one of his assistants.
In this capacity he displayed exceptional tech-
nical skill in constructing the road over the most
difficult grade of the line, that from Altoona to
the summit of the Alleghanies.
After the construction of the railroad was
completed he was promoted to be principal first
assistant engineer, and designed the shops and
engine-house erected by the company at Altoona.
In 1853 he resigned to become associate engineer
4.5.5
i^neass
on the North Pennsylvania Railroad, but re-
mained only two years, accepting in 1855 the
position of chief engineer and surveyor of the
consolidated City of Philadelphia. He was twice
reelected for periods of five years, and to him fell
the work of organizing the department and de-
signing an entirely new drainage system for the
enlarged city. He also designed new bridges to
span the Schuylkill River, notably those at Chest-
nut Street and Callowhill Street. Following
closely upon the extension of the city limits came
numerous projects for street railways in the city,
and for many of these companies Kneass acted
as chief engineer. During the Civil War, in
1862, when it was feared that Lee would invade
Pennsylvania, he was called upon to make sur-
veys of the Susquehanna River between Dun-
can's Island and Havre de Grace, and to assist
Alexander Dallas Bache [q.z\] in the prepara-
tion of maps of the environs of Philadelphia with
a view to locating fortifications.
In 1872 he was persuaded by J. Edgar Thom-
son, then president of the Pennsylvania Railroad
Company, to accept the position of assistant to
the president. Six years later, 1878, he was
elected president of the Eastern Railroad Asso-
ciation, and in 1880 was chosen president of the
Pennsylvania & Delaware Railroad Company,
the Trenton Railroad Company, the Columbia &
Port Deposit & Western Railroad Company, and
a director of the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St.
Louis line. A member of various technical and
scientific societies, he was for a period president
of the Engineers' Club of Philadelphia. On Aug.
J7> l&53, he married Margaretta Sybilla Bryan,
a grand-daughter of George Bryan [<?.z/.]. He
died of heart-disease in his sixty-third year.
[F. W. Leach, in J. T. Scharf and Thompson YVest-
cott, Hist, of Phila. (1884), III, 1749 ; Anna J. Magee,
"Memorials of the Kneass Family of Phila.," Pubs.
Geneal. Soc. of Pa., vol. VII, no. 2 (Mar. 1010) ; Fred-
eric Graff, in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. XXI (1884) ;
H. B. Nason, Biog. Record Officers and Grads. Rens-
selaer Poly. Inst. (1887) ; W. B. Wilson, Hist, of the
Pa. R. R. Co. (1899) ; obituary in Phila. Press, Jan.
15, 1884, repr. in Railroad Gazette, Jan. 18, 1884;
Phila. Inquirer, Jan. 15, 1884.] j t
KNEASS, WILLIAM (Sept. 25, 1780-Aug.
27, 1840), engraver and die-sinker, was born in
Lancaster, Pa. A grandson of Johan Christian
Kneass, probably a native of the Palatinate, who
arrived in Philadelphia in 1753, William was the
son of Christopher and Anna Justina (Feltman)
Kneass. He received his education in Philadel-
phia, in which city he learned the art of engrav-
ing. In 1804 he set up in business for himself.
He not only engraved in line, which was his
specialty, but was proficient in stipple engraving,
and also made use of aquatint. In the exhibition
Kneass
of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
in 1813, he showed an aquatint engraving of "A
View of Quebec," after a sketch by William
Strickland [g.w.]. This plate appeared in the
Port Folio for April of that year. Kneass en-
graved plates for the Analectic Magazine, usually
in line, and for the American edition of Abra-
ham Rees's Cyclopaedia (1820-24). These en-
gravings were principally in the department of
mechanics. Several portraits in stipple by Kneass
are listed in Stauffer's American Engravers,
among them those of Joseph Black, Benjamin
Lay, and William Penn. He also engraved
vignettes for title-pages and for commercial pur-
poses, but his most ambitious plate probably is
the line-engraving of Masonic Hall, Philadel-
phia, after a drawing by Strickland. This is of
laige folio size.
In 1817 Kneass formed a partnership with
James H. Young, another line engraver, under
the style of Kneass, Young & Company, which
continued until 1820. Later he formed a part-
nership with George Delleker. On Jan. 29, 1824,
he was appointed engraver and die-sinker to the
United States Mint, and held that office until his
death. For the gold coinage in 1834 and 1838
and for the silver coinage in 1836, 1837, and
1838, he engraved many of the dies. His name
appears on a pattern half-dollar of 1838, but the
silver dollar of 1836 and another pattern half-
dollar of 1838 were the work of his assistant,
Christian Gobrecht [q.z>.~\.
During the War of 1812, Kneass was a volun-
teer associate of the Field Engineers who con-
structed fortifications on the western front of
Philadelphia. In 1815 he engraved a plan of this
work, after a drawing by Strickland. He took
a general interest in science and was one of the
earliest members of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences, joining in 1814. Ten years later, in a
rather jocular and irregular manner, he sug-
gested to Samuel Vaughan Merrick \_q.v.~\ the
founding of the Franklin Institute. Young Mer-
rick took him seriously, and, after an earnest
conference with Kneass, called the meeting which
led to the Institute's formation. Kneass was a
member of the Beef Steak Club of Philadelphia,
an organization of artists, wits and literary char-
acters of that city who frequented his studio, then
in Fourth Street, near Chestnut.
He was twice married : first on June 23, 1804,
to Mary Turner Honeyman, by whom he had six
children, among them Samuel Honeyman Kneass
\_q.v.~\, engineer and architect, and Strickland
Kneass \_q.v.~], engineer. His first wife died in
1826, and subsequently he was married to Jane
Kramer, who left no issue. A portrait of Kneass,
456
Kneeland
by Sully, was exhibited in 1841 by the Artists'
Fund Society, Philadelphia.
[Anna J. Magee, "Memorials of the Kneass Family
of Phila.," Pubs. Gencal. Soc. of Pa., vol. VII, no. 2
(Mar. 1919) ; Commemorative Exercises at the Fiftieth
Anniversary of the Franklin Institute (1874) ; D. M.
Stauffer, Am. Engravers upon Copper and Steel (1907) ;
G. G. Evans, Hist, of the U. S. Mint (1885) ; North
American and Daily Advertiser (Phila.), Aug. 29,
1840.] j j_
KNEELAND, ABNER (Apr. 7, 1774-Aug.
2J, 1844), Universalist clergyman, antitheist,
was descended through his father from Edward
Kneeland who settled at Ipswich, Mass., about
1630; and through his mother, Moriah Stone,
from Capt. John Stone, an early member of the
Plymouth colony. His father, Timothy Knee-
land, was a soldier in the Revolution. Abner was
born in what became Gardner, Mass. After at-
tending the common schools he spent one term
in Chesterfield (N. H.) Academy. He joined
the Baptist Church at Putney, Vt, doing some
preaching. On Apr. 9, 1797, he married Wait-
still Ormsbee, and subsequently moved to Al-
stead, N. H. In 1803 he became a Universalist
and the following year was licensed to preach.
In 1805 the Congregationalists united with the
Universalists in making him the town minister
at Langdon, N. H. During this pastorate, his
first wife having died in 1806, he married Lu-
anda Mason. He represented the town in the
legislature (1810-11), and published A Brief
Sketch of a New System of Orthography ( 1807),
setting forth a phonetic system. He also brought
out spelling books which had some vogue. In
1812 he became minister of a Universalist So-
ciety at Charlestown, Mass., and in August 1813,
again a widower, he married Mrs. Eliza Osborn
of Salem. The following year he went into busi-
ness in that town.
He had commenced to doubt the divine origin
of the Scriptures, and about this time undertook
a somewhat extensive correspondence on the sub-
ject with his friend Hosea Ballou [q.v.]. This
correspondence was published in 1816 as A Series
of Letters in Defence of Divine Revelation. In
1 1817, his doubts being somewhat allayed, he re-
sumed preaching at Whitestown, N. Y., and in
the fall of the following year was settled over
the Lombard Street Universalist Church in
Philadelphia. There he edited successively the
Christian Messenger, 1819-21, the Philadelphia
Universal Magazine and Christian Messenger,
1821-23, and the Gazetteer (1824), in all his pa-
pers championing liberal views. He also pub-
lished, among other works, a translation of the
New Testament (1822). In 1825 his preaching
and editorial activity were transferred to New
York where for two years he served the Prince
Kneeland
Street Universalist Society, resigning after a
controversy with the trustees and becoming pas-
tor of the newly organized Second Universalist
Society. He began editing the Olive Branch in
May 1827 (in 1828 the Olive Branch and Chris-
tian Inquirer), a paper devoted to "free inquiry,
pure morality and rational Christianity." Dur-
ing this period he became intimate with Robert
Dale Owen and Frances Wright Iqq.vJ], and
was a frequent contributor to the Free Enquirer.
His radicalism gradually estranged him from the
Universalists, and at the meeting of the South-
ern Association in Hartford, May 1829, upon
the advice of Hosea Ballou, he asked and was
granted permission to suspend himself from fel-
lowship.
Kneeland then went to Boston where he be-
came the leader of a group known as the First
Society of Free Enquirers, lectured frequently
on Rationalism, and in 183 1 began to expound
his pantheistic views in the Boston Investigator,
probably the first Rationalist journal in the
United States. In the issue of Dec. 20, 1833, he
used language and illustrative material which
led to his indictment for publishing "a certain
scandalous, impious, obscene, blasphemous and
profane libel of and concerning God." Tried in
January 1834, he was convicted, but appealed.
In two further trials the juries disagreed, but
conviction was again secured at the fourth trial,
November term, 1835. The appeal was postponed
from term to term until 1838, when James T.
Austin [q.v.~\, attorney-general of Massachusetts,
obtained a confirmation of the judgment, and
sentence of sixty days was pronounced (20 Pick-
ering, 206-46). When the Governor's Council
met a few days later, a petition for pardon bear-
ing about 170 names and a remonstrance signed
by some 230 citizens were referred to the com-
mittee on pardons. The petition for pardon was
signed by such men as William Ellery Channing,
George Ripley, George W. Briggs, A. Bronson
Alcott, Theodore Parker, William Lloyd Gar-
rison, and Ralph Waldo Emerson. Three emi-
nent pastors of Boston Baptist churches, though
men of conservative theological views, also
signed. The committee took no action, however,
and sentence was enforced. Theodore Parker
wrote : "Abner was jugged for sixty days ; but he
will come out as beer from a bottle, all foaming,
and will make others foam" (Sanborn and Har-
ris, post, I, 281).
About 1838 the First Society of Free Enquirers
had planned to found a colony in the West, and
in the spring of 1839, some months after his re-
lease from jail, Kneeland emigrated to the chosen
site, which he had named Salubria, on the Des
457
Kneeland
Moines River some two miles from Farmington,
Iowa. Here, although the colony project did not
materialize, he made his home for the remaining
five years of his life. In 1840 he was a Demo-
cratic candidate for the territorial council, and
in 1842 was chairman of the Democratic conven-
tion of Van Buren County, but in both instances
the "infidel ticket" which he supported was de-
feated by a combination of Whigs and "church
Democrats."
Though he was anathema to the straitly ortho-
dox churchmen, Kneeland was held in high es-
teem by free-thinkers. Sincere to the point of
fanaticism — he "saw in every effort made by
those who differed with him a determination to
bind his conscience" (Frederick Hancock, quoted
by Whitcomb, post, p. 355) — he was a man of
indisputable courage and purity of character.
Personally he was refined and sensitive, with a
calm, courteous manner. For some months after
he moved to the West he taught school at Helena,
Ark., and was remembered by a former pupil for
his noteworthy kindness and gentleness. He died
at Salubria in his seventy-first year. By his four
marriages — the last in 1834 to Mrs. Dolly L.
Rice — he was the father of twelve children.
[S. F. Kneeland, Seven Centuries of the Kneeland
Family (1897) ; L. C. Browne, Review of the Life and
Writings of M. Hale Smith (1847); Voltaire Paine
Twombly, sketch of Kneeland in the State Line Demo-
crat (Keosauqua, la.), Aug. 27. 1903 ; Mary R. Whit-
comb, "Abner Kneeland : His Relations to Early Iowa
History," Annals of Iowa, Apr. 1904; Thos. Whitte-
more, Life of Rev. Hosea Ballon (4 vols. 1854-55) ; F.
B. Sanborn and W. T. Harris, A. Bronson Alcott, His
Life and Philosophy (1893) ; A. C. Thomas, A Century
of Universalism in Phila. and N. Y. (1872) ; Memoirs
of the Life of Nathaniel Stacy (1850) ; W. D. Herrick,
Hist, of the Town of Gardner, Worcester County, Mass.
(1878) ; Hist, of Van Buren County, la. (1878) ; J. M.
Wheeler, A Biog. Diet, of Freethinkers of All Ages
and Nations (London, 1889) ; S. P. Putnam, 400 Years
of Frccthought (1894) ; Jos. McCabe, A Biog. Diet, of
Modern Rationalists (London. 1920) ; obituary in Bos-
ton Investigator, Sept. 25, 1844; records of trials in
the office of the clerk of the superior court of Massa-
chusetts ; papers relating to the petitions for pardon
and the remonstrance against it in the Mass. Archives.]
W.H.A.
KNEELAND, SAMUEL (Jan. 31, 1697-Dec.
14, 1769), printer, publisher, was born in Boston,
Mass., the son of John and Mary (Green) Knee-
land. His mother was a grand-daughter of the
early colonial printer, Samuel Green [q.v.].
Samuel Kneeland served his apprenticeship with
his uncle Bartholomew Green [q.v.], and about
1718 established a shop of his own. In 1721 he
married Mary Alden, great-grand-daughter of
John and Priscilla Alden. He had a large family,
for he was survived by four sons and five daugh-
ters. From 1720 to 1727 he printed the Boston
Gazette, the second newspaper in the colonies,
first issued in 1719 from the press of James
Kneeland
Franklin [q.v.]. On Mar. 20, 1727, Kneeland
began to publish as well as to print The New
England Weekly Journal, the fourth newspaper
to be established in New England. Some three
months after starting this publication, he formed
a partnership with his cousin Timothy Green;
and, according to Isaiah Thomas (post), the
chief authority on Kneeland's career, Green
managed the affairs of the printing office for the
next four or five years while Kneeland devoted
himself to conducting a bookstore on King (now
State) Street. In 1736 Kneeland and Green
again became printers of the Boston Gazette, and
in 1741 they purchased the ownership of it and
merged it with their other publication, the Week-
ly Journal. At the end of 1752 Green withdrew
from the firm and Kneeland continued alone. He
published the paper under the title, The Boston
Gazette, or Weekly Advertiser till 1755, when
the provincial tax on printed paper made it un-
profitable to do so any longer ; but publishing
this newspaper was far from being his chief ac-
tivity. He was for many years official printer
for the provincial government, and many public
documents still exist that were issued from his
press. He was the printer of many books, and
the claim has been made that he printed the first
edition of the Bible in English in North Amer-
ica. This claim has been vigorously denied by
George Bancroft and others, but the opinion of
those who have most recently investigated the
matter seems to be that the tradition of a Bible
surreptitiously printed in Kneeland's shop and
sold under the imprint of Thomas Baskett, king's
printer, has some basis in fact (Nichols, post).
Another claim that seems to have more in the
way of direct evidence to sustain it is that Knee-
land also printed the first religious periodical
in America. This was the Christian History.
which Kneeland and Green printed in 1743 for
Thomas Prince, Jr. His distinction, however,
does not result from these more or less hypotheti-
cal achievements, for he was active and industri-
ous for more than half a century, and he is an
important figure in the history of American print-
ing and perhaps no less important as a pioneer
in newspaper publishing.
[Isaiah Thomas, The Hist, of Printing in America
(2 vols. 1810), 2nd ed., printed in Trans, and Colls, of
Am. Antiq. Soc, vols. V, VI (1874): E. B. O'Cal-
laghan, A List of the Editions of the Holy Scriptures
. . . Printed in America Previous to i860 (1861) ; C.
L. Nichols, "Is there a Mark Baskett Bible of 1752?,"
in Pubs. Cot. Soc. of Mass., vol. XXI (1920) ; C. S.
Brigham, "Bibliography of American Newspapers," pt.
3, in Proc. Am. Antiq. Soc, n.s. XXV (1915) ; Pubs.
Col. Soc of Mass., IX (1907), 442-43. 446-48; S. F.
Kneeland, Seven Centuries in the Kneeland Family
(1897) ; Mass. Gazette: and Boston Weekly News-Let-
ter, Dec. 21, 1769] S.G.
458
Kneeland
KNEELAND, SAMUEL (Aug. i, 1821-Sept.
27, 1888), Boston physician and zoologist, the
son of Samuel and Nancy (Johnson) Kneeland,
was born in Boston, where his ancestors had
lived for several generations. His great-grand-
father was a brother of Samuel Kneeland Yq.vJ],
the printer. Kneeland obtained his early edu-
cation at the Boston Latin School, and received
from Harvard the degrees of A.B. in 1840 and
A.M. and M.D. in 1843 > he tnen went abroad for
two years, spending the greater part of his time
in the hospitals of Paris. His thesis for the de-
gree of M.D., "On the Contagiousness of Puer-
peral Fever," took the Boylston Prize in 1843,
and was subsequently published in the American
Journal of the Medical Sciences for January
1846. It is a remarkable paper, stating the germ
theory of puerperal infection in no uncertain
terms, but it undoubtedly had its origin from
Kneeland's contact with Oliver Wendell Holmes
[q.v.], whose celebrated essay on the same sub-
ject was first published in 1843. Kneeland again
received the Boylston Prize in 1844 for his paper
on "Hydrotherapy" (American Journal of the
Medical Sciences, July 1847).
In 1847 he became associated with a group of
young Boston physicians who were seeking to
reform the medical profession. To this end the
Boylston Medical School was organized, and in-
corporated by the legislature in 1847. The ob-
jective of the founders, as they expressed it, was :
"To send out none but thorough students ... to
instil into the gentlemen of their school an ardent
love for their profession, as well as to make them
practically acquainted with it" (Harrington,
post, II, 501). The institution flourished for a
time, but its reputation rapidly dwindled when
some of the leading professors of the new school
were finally induced to join the faculty of the
Harvard Medical School. Kneeland was for two
years (1845-47) physician to the Boston Dis-
pensary, and in 1851 he was appointed demon-
strator in anatomy at the Harvard Medical
School, a position which he held until 1853. In
1862 he left his practice in Boston to become a
surgeon in the Federal army. He served under
Burnside in the North Carolina campaign and
was later in charge successively of the Univer-
sity Hospital, New Orleans, and the general hos-
pitals of Mobile, Ala. He was mustered out of
the service in 1866 with the brevet rank of lieu-
tenant-colonel of volunteers.
Kneeland was a member of the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology from its foundation in
1865, serving as professor of zoology and physi-
ology, 1860-78, and as secretary, 1865-78. Al-
though a practising physician, he was an en-
Kneeland
thusiastic zoologist and collector, and he made
collecting expeditions to Brazil, to the Lake Su-
perior copper region, to Iceland, and, finally, in
1882, to the Hawaiian and Philippine Islands.
He kept careful diaries and as a result of his
travels he wrote a number of books and pam-
phlets: The Wonders of the Yoscmite Valley
(1871), An American in Iceland (1876), The
Philippine Islands (1883). Among his other
contributions were a translation of Felix An-
dry's Manual of Diagnosis of Diseases of the
Heart (1846) and an edition of Charles H.
Smith's Natural History of the Human Species
(1851). From 1866 to 1871 he was one of the
editors of The Annual of Scientific Discovery,
and he contributed many articles (over a thou-
sand) to Appletons' American Cyclopedia (16
vols., 1873-76). In addition he published many
medical papers. He was secretary of the Ameri-
can Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the
Boston Society of Natural History, and a mem-
ber of the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science and the Boston Society
for Medical Improvement. In 1849 he married
Eliza Maria Curtis of Cambridge, Mass. He
died at Hamburg, Germany.
[See Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci., n.s. XVI
(1889) ; Proc. Boston Soc. of Natural Hist., vol. XXIV
(1890); T. F. Harrington, The Harvard Medical
School (1905), vols. II and III ; W. B. Atkinson, Phy-
sicians and Surgeons of the U. S. (1878) ; H. A. Kelly
and W. L. Burrage, Am. Medic. Biogs. (1920) ; S. F.
Kneeland, Seven Centuries in the Kneeland Family
(1897) ; historical records of the Mass. Inst, of Tech-
nology. Kneeland presented a complete collection of
his writings to the Library of the Boston Society of
Natural History.] J. F F
KNEELAND, STILLMAN FOSTER (May
17, 1845-Aug. 30, 1926), lawyer, author, was
descended from Edward Kneeland who settled
at Ipswich, Mass., soon after 1630. The fourth
son of Gardner and Julia (Castle) Kneeland, he
was born at South Stukely, Quebec, a few miles
north of the Vermont line. His mother died
when he was two months old, and his father
shortly remarried, having one daughter and six
sons by his second wife, Susan Goddard, "mak-
ing in the aggregate the traditional Kneeland
complement of eleven children." When he was
eleven, the boy was apprenticed to a printer ; he
studied in his leisure time, and at sixteen was
prepared to enter McGill University, Montreal.
The Civil War across the border in the United
States lured him away from his studies, however.
Enlisting in the nth Vermont Volunteers, he
fought under Sheridan in the Shenandoah Val-
ley, took part in the Wilderness campaign, and
received a severe wound near the end of the war
in the fierce fighting before Petersburg. At the
459
Kneeland
close of the war he was discharged as a corporal.
Throughout his life he maintained a keen inter-
est in military affairs, serving many years in the
National Guard of Vermont and of New York.
He is said to have written a treatise on rifle
practice and he was a co-inventor of the Briggs-
Kneeland rifle.
With the coming of peace he turned to the
study of law, and, after completing his work at
the Albany Law School, was admitted to the bar
in 1869. He began to practise at Albany, but in
1872 moved to New York and in a comparatively
short time established himself as an authority on
commercial law. Original in his methods and
bold in his line of argument, he trusted to his
mastery of detail and his fertility of resource to
win his cases. He first brought himself into
prominence when he represented certain persons
who, claiming to be next of kin, attempted to
break the will of the New York merchant, Alex-
ander T. Stewart [q.v.~\ ; though he lost to the
powerful firm which opposed him (G. W. Trav-
ers, in Magazine of Western History, February
1891). Another case which served to establish
his reputation as a commercial lawyer was that
of Claflin vs. Gordon (39 Hun, 54) in which he
won $200,000 for his client, not an insignificant
sum in those days. During these busy years he
published a Commercial Law Register (1873),
A Treatise upon the Principles Governing the
Acquisition and Enforcement of Mechanics'
Liens (1876), and A Treatise upon the Law of
Attachments in Civil Cases (1884).
In 1886 he acted as chairman of a committee
of citizens of New York City which framed and
secured the passage of a bill abolishing perpetual
imprisonment for debt, and he was later instru-
mental in securing the passage of a law limiting
imprisonment for civil contempt to six months.
In 1894, running as a Republican, he was elected
to the legislature from a Democratic district in
Brooklyn in a contest so close that it had to be
decided by the legislature. He was judge-advo-
cate general under Governor Black, 1896-98,
receiving the rank of brigadier-general.
Outside of his professional life Kneeland found
time to develop considerable proficiency as an
artist, and exhibited several paintings at various
places over the country. He was a vice-presi-
dent of the department of painting of the Brook-
lyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. Other inter-
ests are shown by his publication of Seven
Centuries in the Kneeland Family (1897); by
two volumes of verse, Law, Lawyers and Lambs
(1910) and Random Rhymes of a Busy Barrister
(1914); and by his fellowship in the Royal
Geographical Society of London. He was mar-
Kneisel
ried twice: on Nov. 29, 1871, to Mary Stuart
Wilson of Albany, and in July 1922, some time
after the death of his first wife, to Mrs. Eastman
Johnson.
[In addition to references in the text and to Knee-
land's history of his family, see Encyc. of Contempo-
rary Biog. of N. Y. (1887) ; New International Year-
book, 1926; Who's Who in America, 1916-17; N. Y.
Herald Tribune, Aug. 31, 1926. Information as to cer-
tain facts has been supplied by relatives.] D V S
KNEISEL, FRANZ (Jan. 26, 1865-Mar. 26,
1926), violinist, teacher, and founder of the
Kneisel Quartet, was born in Bucharest, Ru-
mania, of Moravian parentage, the youngest of
eleven children of Martin and Victoria (Lukas)
Kneisel. His father, an able musician, was the
leader of a military band and he began early to
give his son violin lessons. The boy's progress
was so marked that he was sent to the Conserva-
torium in Bucharest to study with Louis Wist.
He completed the course and took the first prize
in violin playing before he was fifteen years of
age. Thereupon he entered the Vienna Conserva-
torium as a special student of Griin in violin and
Hellmesberger in chamber music. He completed
the three years' course in two years, graduating
in July 1882 with highest honors and again tak-
ing the first prize. He continued the study of
chamber music for one more year with Hellmes-
berger. On Dec. 31, 1882, he played the Joachim
"Hungarian Concerto" at a Philharmonic con-
cert and was immediately appointed solo violinist
at the Hofburg Theatre, Vienna, as successor to
Jacob Dont. In 1884 he was called to Berlin as
concertmaster of the Bilse Orchestra, but he re-
mained only one season, for in the autumn of
1885 he came to America to accept the position
of principal and solo violinist in the Boston Sym-
phony Orchestra which had been tendered him
by its conductor, Wilhelm Gericke.
Though he was a youth of only twenty years
when he came to Boston to succeed Bernhard
Listemann, he possessed a flawless technique and
a rich, resonant quality of tone. With this equip-
ment he proved himself wholly adequate for his
new position when he made his Boston debut in
a masterly performance of the Beethoven violin
concerto on Oct. 31, 1885. He brought all the
enthusiasm of youth to his work and for eighteen
years officiated continuously and successfully in
this position. Almost immediately upon his ar-
rival in Boston he conceived the idea of forming
a quartet and brought together in what he named
the Kneisel Quartet, four men from the Sym-
phony Orchestra who thus had the best training
and had opportunity for daily rehearsing. Their
Boston debut took place on Dec. 28, 1885, and
after 1891 every visit that the Orchestra made to
46c
Kneisel
New York was the occasion for a Kneisel Quar-
tet concert in Mendelssohn Hall. Artists of high-
est merit assisted frequently at these concerts
and when a woodwind instrument was needed,
it was easily supplied from the Orchestra. Much
pioneer work was done in familiarizing the pub-
lic, not only with the standard quartets, but also
with quintets and septets, such as the Brahms
"Clarinet Quintet" and the "Beethoven Septet."
Also new works were presented, among them
several American quartets. They became a sym-
bol of excellence. "It would, indeed, be impos-
sible," said one critic (Lahee, post, pp. 363-64),
"to conceive greater perfection in the matter of
ensemble, precision, delicacy, and all the proper
interpretation of chamber music."
Kneisel resigned from the Boston Symphony
Orchestra in May 1903 in order to devote him-
self entirely to the leadership of his Quartet. The
original four were Kneisel, first violin, Emanuel
Fiedler, second violin, Louis Svecenski, viola,
and Fritz Giese, violoncello. Kneisel and Svecen-
ski were members for the entire thirty-two years
of its existence, but there were numerous changes
among the other players. In 1904 he took the
Quartet to England to give two of the Bradford
concerts. In 1905 he became head of the violin
department of the newly formed Institute of
Musical Art and he retained this position up to
the time of his death. In 1917, realizing the need
of more time for the organization of his growing
department at the Institute, he disbanded his
Quartet and gave two farewell concerts, on Mar.
13 in Boston and on Apr. 3 in New York. They
had appeared regularly in Boston for thirty-two
seasons and for twenty-five in New York, besides
touring regularly from coast to coast. Kneisel
also possessed abilityas an orchestral conductor.
While still a youth in Bucharest he had con-
ducted the Philharmonic (instrumental) Society.
In the absence of Nikisch, he conducted the con-
certs of the Boston Symphony Orchestra at the
World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in
1893 and took the Orchestra on a concert tour in
western cities in the early summer of that year.
From 1897 to 1909 he was conductor of the or-
chestra at the Worcester (Mass.) Festivals. In
1912, as president of the Bohemians (New
York), he established within this organization
the Foundation for Needy Musicians. Many
honors were bestowed on him — in 191 1 Yale
University conferred on him the honorary de-
gree of Mus.D. and in 191 5 Princeton University
conferred the same degree. In 19 18 the Harvard
Musical Society (Pierian Sodality) made him
an honorary member. Kneisel was married in
Boston on Sept. 29, 1888, to Marianne Thoma, a
Knickerbocker
Viennese violinist who like himself was a grad-
uate of the Vienna Conservatorium and winner
of the first prize for violin playing. They had
several gifted children. Among his publications
are the Kneisel Collection of Violin Pieces ( 1900,
Church) , Advanced Studies for the Violin ( 1910,
Schirmer), and a "Concert fitude" (Schirmer).
In collaboration with Harold Bauer he published
in 1918 Brahms Sonatas for piano and violin.
[Who's Who in America, 1924-25 ; H. C. Lahee,
Famous Violinists of Today and Yesterday (1899) ;
Richard Aldrich, Musical Discourse (1928); Paul
Rosenfeld, Musical Chronicle (1917-23) (1923) ; Musi-
cal Record, Nov. 1, 1898 ; the Violinist, June 1924, Apr.
1926; Musical Leader, July 22, 1926; the Baton, Apr.
1926; A^. Y. Times, Mar. 27, 1926; information as to
certain facts from Kneisel's daughter, Mrs. Willem
Willeke.] F.L.G. C.
KNICKERBOCKER, HERMAN (July 27,
1779-Jan. 30, 1855), lawyer and congressman,
was a great-great-grandson of one of the original
Dutch colonists of New Amsterdam, Harmen
Jansen Knickerbocker, who came to the new
world about 1674 and in 1682 purchased a large
tract of land nineteen miles north of Albany, N.
Y. Harmen's grandson, Johannes (1723-1803),
a colonel in the Revolutionary army, was the
father of Johannes (or John, Jr.) who married
Elizabeth Winne, and to them was born a son
Harmen, or Herman, on July 27, 1779. The boy
received a classical education, studied law under
John Bird and John V. Henry, was admitted
to the bar in 1803, and started practice in Al-
bany. He became senior partner in the law firm
of Knickerbocker & Pierson, with an excellent
practice. The wealth and social prominence of
his family, combined with his own attractive
personality and his ability, rapidly placed him
among the foremost in his community. Inherit-
ing great wealth, he moved from Albany to
Schaghticoke, a part of his family estate just
north of Troy. There he lived so perfectly the
part of "lord of the manor," dispensed hospital-
ity with so lavish a hand, and showed himself so
liberal in his charities, that he became widely
known as "The Prince of Schaghticoke."
Knickerbocker was town clerk in Troy, 1802-
04, and supervisor, 1805-06. In 1809 he was
elected as a Federalist to the Eleventh Congress
(Mar. 4, 1809-Mar. 3, 181 1 ) but did not stand
for reelection. During Jackson's administration
he became a Democrat. During these years, too,
he had taken an interest in the militia. In Janu-
ary 1801 a new troop of cavalry was raised in
Rensselaer County in the 2nd Squadron of the
3rd Regiment of Cavalry, and Knickerbocker
was made captain. In 18 10 he was promoted
major, and in 18 18 he was commissioned colonel.
46:
Knight
On returning from Washington to his home
community after his term in Congress, he again
served as supervisor of the city of Troy in 1813,
and followed this with a term in the state as-
sembly in 1816. From 1818 to 1823, and again
from 1825 to 1829 he served as supervisor. In
1828 he was listed as first judge of the court of
common pleas for Rensselaer County and served
as judge for many years. In 1844 he was chosen
justice of the peace at the annual town meeting.
He was married three times : first to Ariantie,
daughter of Abraham A. and Elsie (Van Rens-
selaer) Lansing, Oct. 10, 1801 ; second, to Ra-
chel, daughter of John Hermen and Cathaline
(Van Benthuysen) Wendell, Dec. 6, 1814; and
third, to Mary, daughter of David and Rachel
(McNeil) Buel, July 20, 1826. By his first wife
he had five children ; by his second wife five ; and
by his third wife four. He was a man of great
charm, fine courtesy, and dignity, a worthy rep-
resentative of one of the foremost families of
New York state. He was a friend of Washing-
ton Irving, who, in introducing him on one oc-
casion to President Madison in Washington, re-
ferred to him facetiously as "my cousin Diedrich
Knickerbocker, the great historian of New
York." His cordiality, hospitality, love of good
cheer, and many social graces endeared him to a
wide circle of friends. These he retained until
the end of his life, even during those later years
when much of his fortune was gone. He died at
Williamsburg, now a part of New York City, at
the age of seventy-five.
[See: Joel Munsell, The Annals of Albany, vol. VII
(1856); Kathlyne Knickerbacker Viele, Sketches of
Allied Families: Knickerbacker-Viele (1016) ; Wm. B.
Van Alstyne, "The Knickerbocker Family," N. Y.
Gcneal. and Biog. Record, Jan.-Oct. 1908; David Mc-
Adam and others. Hist, of the Bench and Bar of N. Y.
(1897), vol. I; Biog. Dir. Am. Cong. (1928); John
Woodworth, Reminiscences of Troy (1853); Alden
Chester, Courts and Lawyers of N. Y. : A Hist. (1925),
vol. Ill ; N. B. Sylvester, Hist, of Rensselaer County,
N. Y. (1880); N. Y. Times, Jan. 31, 1855. Many
members of the family have preferred to spell the name
Knickerbacker.] L H H.
KNIGHT, AUSTIN MELVIN (Dec. 16,
1854- Feb. 26, 1927), naval officer, son of Charles
Sanford and Cordelia (Cutter) Knight, was a
native of Ware, Mass., but was appointed to the
Naval Academy from Florida in 1869. After
graduation in 1873, he served for three years in
the Pacific on the Tuscarora, Kearsarge, Palos,
and Saco, and then returned to the Naval Acad-
emy as an instructor in English, history, and
law. From 1878 to 1883 he served in the Eu-
ropean and South Atlantic squadrons on the
Quinnebaug and Galena. His leaning toward
the scientific work of the navy resulted in his
being assigned in 1883 to the ordnance proving
Knight
ground at Annapolis, of which he was in charge
from 1885 to 1889. For three years he was again
on sea duty and in 1892 became instructor in
physics and chemistry at the Naval Academy.
He served on the Lancaster and Castine, South
Atlantic Station, from 1895 to 1897. At the out-
break of the Spanish-American War he was a
lieutenant on the monitor Puritan, and did block-
ade duty off the north coast of Cuba and took
part in the expedition for the occupation of
Porto Rico. Becoming head of the department
of seamanship at the Naval Academy in 1898, he
served in that capacity until 1901. While here he
decided to supply something more modern than
Luce's Seamanship, which had been the chief
work on that subject since the Civil War but did
not give adequate instruction in the maneuvering
of ships propelled entirely by steam. As a result
he published in 1901 Modem Seamanship. His
next cruises were in command of the Yankton
surveying the south coast of Cuba (1901-03),
and in command of the Castine (1903-04). Dur-
ing the years 1904 to 1907 he was president of a
special board on naval ordnance, and of the joint
army and navy board on smokeless powder.
Promoted to the rank of captain in 1907, he was
in command of the armored cruiser Washington
for two years, during which time the Pacific
fleet visited Samoa and was entertained by the
native chiefs with characteristic ceremonies. In
1911 he was appointed rear admiral, and from
1913 to 1917 he was president of the Naval War
College.
In April 1917 he was sent to command the
Asiatic fleet, with the rank of full admiral, and
was in charge during the first part of American
operations at Vladivostok and in Siberia. Ac-
cording to Ackerman and Dennis (post), Ad-
miral Knight, Gen. William S. Graves, com-
manding the United States troops in Siberia,
and Roland S. Morris, ambassador to Japan, sent
a report to President Wilson in October 1918
which he is said to have characterized as "the
most convincing document" he had read on the
Russian situation. It proposed that small Ameri-
can forces should be sent to the Ural front, ac-
companied by other Allied detachments, to assist
the Czecho-Slovaks and give moral support to
anti-Bolshevist forces ; but the War Department,
believing in concentrating all its energies on the
western front in France, disapproved the sug-
gestion. On Dec. 9, 1918, Knight was relieved
of his command because he was soon to reach
retiring age. He was placed on the retired list,
Dec. 16, but continued on active duty till Febru-
ary of the next year. He was married twice: in
1878, to Alice Phinney Tobey, of Milwaukee,
46:
Knight
who died the next year, and in 1886, to Elizabeth
Harwood Welsh, of Annapolis, who died in 191 1.
His ten years of retirement were spent mostly in
Annapolis and Washington. He died at the
Naval Hospital, Washington, and is buried in
the Naval Academy Cemetery at Annapolis.
[L. R. Hamersly, The Records of Living Officers of
the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps (7th ed.. 1902) ;
Who's Who in America, 1926-27 ; C. W. Ackerman,
Trailing the Bolsheviki (1919) ; A. L. P. Dennis, The
Foreign Policies of Soviet Russia ( 1924) ; VV. S. Graves,
America's Siberian Adventure, 1918-1920 (1931);
Army and Navy Jour, and Army and Navy Reg., Mar.
5, 1927.] W.B.N.
KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (Mar. 15,
1840-Mar. 9, 1924), painter, was born in Phila-
delphia. From 1861 to 1863 he studied at the
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. In
1872 he left America for France, where, in the
outskirts of Paris, he soon established residence,
and where he continued his tuition under Charles
Gleyre and at the ficole des Beaux-Arts. This
period of instruction was followed by eight
months in Italy, but in 1875 he worked with
Meissonier in his studio at Poissy. As early as
1873 he began exhibiting with the Societe des
Artistes Franqais, an association which was not
broken until a few years before his death.
The story-telling picture of peasant life was
much in vogue in Paris, both Bastien Le Page
and Jules Breton exerted a certain influence
upon the formative period of Ridgway Knight's
art. He found many of his subjects in and about
Poissy, painting its countryside, its harvest
scenes, and its human types. "The Fugitives,"
which he sent to the Paris Salon of 1873, "Wash-
erwomen" (1875), and "Repast during the Har-
vest" (1876), belong to this period of his career.
His debut as a full-fledged exhibiting artist was
made almost simultaneously on both sides of the
Atlantic, the year 1873 marking also the display
of "The Veteran" and "Othello in the House of
Brabantio" at the National Academy of Design
in New York. His first public recognition came
in 1884, when, like many another artist destined
for fame, he received an honorable mention at
the Paris Salon. In Paris honor followed honor.
In 1888 he won a gold medal of the third class
at the Salon, and the next year a silver medal at
the Paris Exposition. Three years later he be-
came recipient of the cross of the Legion of Hon-
or of France, and was successively a knight and
an officer of that body. Germany recognized him
with a gold medal at Munich in 1888; America
with a medal at the World's Columbian Expo-
sition held in Chicago in 1893, and with the
coveted grant of the medal of honor of his art
Alma Mater, the Pennsvlvania Academy of the
46
Knight
Fine Arts. At the Antwerp international ex-
position of 1894, he again added a medal to his
laurels. He was also a favorite in England : his
painting, "The Year's Economies," was chosen
in 1890 by the British Post Savings Bank as its
New Year's card for all its depositors.
The story-telling character of his art and its
resultant popularity rendered notable service to
France during the World War, when Knight
was made one of its official propagandists and his
picture, "Bas de Laine," was distributed through-
out the country in 1917 to push the third French
war loan. Throughout his career he held a
dual allegiance to the land of his birth and the
land of his inspiration. As he had become an art
propagandist for France, so, also, he became a
member of the committee of the American Relief
Clearing House. He died at his home, Les Ter-
rasses, Rolleboise par Bonniers, in the depart-
ment of Seine-et-Oise, France. His wife, before
her marriage, was Rebecca Morris Webster. Two
sons, growing up under their father's influence,
became artists : one a painter, the other an archi-
tect. Ridgway Knight's works have found places
in the permanent collections of various Ameri-
can museums. "Hailing the Ferry" may be found
at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts,
"The Shepherdess" in the Brooklyn Museum,
"The Shearer" in the Boston Museum, and other
examples in museums at Milwaukee and Omaha.
[Who's Who in America, 1922-23; Ulrich Thieme
and Felix Becker, Allgemeines Lcxikon dcr Bildenden
Kiinstler, vol. XX (1927) ; L'Art, June 5, 1881, Aug.
13, 1882, June 1, 1884, Oct. 15, 1885, July 1, 1887,
May 1, 1888, and new ser. vol. II (1894), pp. 155-58;
Eugene Montrosier, Les Artistes Moderns, vol. IV
(1884); C. E. Clement and Laurence Hutton, Artists
of the Nineteenth Century and Their Works, vol. I
(1884); Emmanuel Benezit, Dictionnaire Critique et
Documcntairc des Pcintrcs, Sculpteurs, vol. II (1913) ;
J. D. Champlin and C. C. Perkins, Cyc. of Painters and
Paintings, vol. II (1886); Clarence Cook, Art and
Artists of Our Time, vol. Ill (1888) ; Am. Art Annual,
1924 ; N. Y. Herald (European edition) ; N. Y. Times,
Mar. 10, 1924 ; date of birth from son.] tj q
KNIGHT, EDWARD COLLINGS (Dec. 8,
1813-July 21, 1892), capitalist, inventor, was
born on a farm in Collingswood, Gloucester (now
Camden) County, N. J., the son of Jonathan and
Rebecca (Collings) Knight. He was of Quaker
stock, being descended from Giles Knight of
Gloucestershire, England, who came to America
on the Welcome with Penn's first colonists in
1682. When he was only ten his father died,
leaving five other children, and the family went
to live with the maternal grandfather. At fif-
teen, Edward commenced a period of eight years
as a grocery clerk, the first half in New Jersey
and the rest in Philadelphia, which thereafter
was his home. In 1836, he went into the whole-
n
Knight
sale and retail grocery business with his mother.
She soon withdrew, and he subsequently formed
the firm of E. C. Knight & Company, with his
former clerk, Charles A. Sparks, as partner. The
firm became sole agents for the large Philadel-
phia sugar-refining firm of Kusenberg & Bartol,
whom Knight later joined, about 1861, in estab-
lishing the extensive Southwark Sugar Refinery.
Twenty years later this plant had a capacity of
1,500 barrels a day.
While sugar was the basis of his fortune,
Knight had many other irons in the fire. He was
a shipowner and conducted an extensive foreign
trade — to Cuba and the West Indies for sugar,
and to Chile and California with general grocer-
ies. In 1849, he was interested in the venture
of sending to California on the deck of a bark
the little steamer Islander, the pioneer steam-
boat in the river above Sacramento. He invested
heavily and shrewdly in Philadelphia real estate,
building several profitable business structures
and owning numerous others. His most orig-
inal achievement resulted from a business trip
to New Orleans. The discomforts of the railroad
journey prompted him to ponder the idea of a
sleeping car, and in 1859, while Pullman was
experimenting at Chicago, Knight contracted
with Murphy & Allison to build a sleeper with
a fixed triple tier of berths along one side. He
took out patents (No. 24563, June 28, 1859; No.
25570, Sept. 27, 1859; No. 27297, Feb. 28,
i860), formed a company, and sold many of his
"Knights," as they were punningly termed, to
the Baltimore & Ohio and the Camden & Amboy
railroads. About 1868 he sold out to Pullman,
for some two million dollars.
Knight became president of the American
Line of steamships, formed by a group of Phila-
delphians in 1873 under the auspices of the Penn-
sylvania Railroad to revive the American mer-
chant marine and the port of Philadelphia. This
concern ran four liners between Philadelphia
and Liverpool, and finally merged with the In-
man Line. He promoted the construction of the
Delaware & Bound Brook Railroad (opened
1876), which provided a new line between New
York and Philadelphia by joining the Central
Railroad of New Jersey at Bound Brook with
the North Pennsylvania just above Trenton. He
was its president from its organization in 1874
until his death. In 1879, the road was leased on
very profitable terms to the Philadelphia & Read-
ing. In 1887, Knight became president of the
North Pennsylvania Railroad, also leased by the
Reading. He helped to develop coal properties
at West Pittston, Pa., and the Camden Woolen
Mills at Camden, N. J., and was at one time or
Knight
another director of several banks and several
railroads, including the Pennsylvania. He re-
ceived an unsolicited nomination for Congress
in 1856, but was defeated. In i860, he was a
Republican presidential elector, and in 1873, sat
in the Pennsylvania constitutional convention.
He was a member of the Philadelphia Park Com-
mission and was an active promoter of the Cen-
tennial Exhibition of 1876 and the Pennsylvania
bi-centennial celebrations of 1882. Knight was
described as "quiet, persevering, steady-going."
He was married, July 20, 1841, to Anna Marie
Magill, and had five children. He died at Cape
May, N. J.
[S. N. Winslow, Biogs. of Successful Phila. Mer-
chants (1864); Phila. and Popular Philadelphians
(1891) ; Charles Morris, Makers of Phila. (1894) ; J.
W. Jordan, Colonial Families of Phila. (1911), vol. II ;
L. V. Poor, Manual of American Railroads, 1876-92;
Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Patents, 1859,
i860 ; Joseph Husband, The Story of the Pullman Car
(1917); North American and Press, both of Phila.,
July 22, 1892.] R. G.A.
KNIGHT, EDWARD HENRY (June 1,
1824-Jan. 22, 1883), mechanical expert, patent
attorney, author, was born in London, England,
the son of George and Sarah (Harris) Knight,
who were of Irish and Welsh ancestry respec-
tively. Until he came of age Edward lived with
his parents in London, was educated there, and
upon completing the school curricula learned the
art of steel-plate engraving. He was employed
in this work for a number of years and also un-
dertook the study of medicine, specializing in
surgery, but never completed the course, for in
1845 with seven of his brothers he migrated to
America with the intention of settling in Canada.
He went directly to Cincinnati, Ohio, however,
whither an older brother had preceded him. Here
he began the study of law, was admitted to the
bar, and began to practise his profession, con-
centrating his attention more and more on patent
law. On May 29, 1848, he married Maria Janet
Richards of Cincinnati, and on Apr. 5, 185 1, be-
came a naturalized citizen of the United States.
During the Civil War he served as a surgeon in
relief work and at its close returned to his law
practice in Cincinnati.
From this time on, Knrght's activities became
more and more varied. He began to collect data
looking toward the publication of an encyclo-
pedia of mechanical inventions. He established
a reputation as a mechanical expert, and was
called upon to serve as expert witness in patent
lawsuits of many kinds. He engaged, too, in a
variety of literary activities, compiling in 1870,
A Library of Poetry and Song, which was pub-
lished under the name of William Cullen Bryant,
who edited it and wrote the introduction. He
464
Knight
later assisted Bryant in compiling an enlarged
edition in two volumes, entitled, A New Library
of Poetry and Song (1876). He was for many
years a contributor to the Atlantic Monthly and
Harper's Monthly and Weekly, the titles of his
writings including "Crude and Curious Inven-
tions at the Centennial Exhibition" (Atlantic
Monthly, May 1877-Apr. 1, 1878) and "The
First Century of the Republic" {Harper's
New Monthly Magazine, December 1874-March
1875). He also wrote "A Study of the Savage
Weapons at the Centennial Exhibition" (Annual
Report of the Board of Regents of the Smith-
sonian Institution, 1879). His massive three-
volume work entitled Knight's American Me-
chanical Dictionary appeared between the years
1874 and 1876. It is a digest of mechanical ap-
pliances and processes and a general technologi-
cal dictionary much used as a reference work.
Later a supplement to this appeared, Knight's
New Mechanical Dictionary (one volume in
four parts, 1882-84). He was granted seven
patents which included three on steam governors,
one on a sewing machine guide, and another on
a process for molding articles from paper pulp.
From 1872 to 1876 he was connected with the
United States Patent Office, having been ap-
pointed a patent examiner. He did not serve
long in this capacity, however, but instead orig-
inated and edited the Official Gazette of the
United States Patent Office, a weekly digest of
patents issued, the first number of which appeared
Jan. 3, 1872. He also devised the present sys-
tem of classification of inventions and introduced
the method of purchasing copies of patents by
coupons. He was in charge of the Patent Office
exhibit at the Centennial Exhibition at Phila-
delphia in 1876 and following the completion of
this work he returned to Ohio. In 1878 he was
appointed by President Hayes as a commissioner
to the Universal Exposition at Paris, France,
and served as one of the judges of machinery.
He also wrote the official report on agricultural
implements (House Executive Document No.
42, 46 Cong., 3 Sess.). In recognition of his
American Mechanical Dictionary, the French
government made him a chevalier of the Legion
of Honor. His legal residence was at Bellefon-
taine, Ohio, where he died survived by his wife
and five children. He left unfinished a work,
"Development of the Mechanic Arts," which he
was preparing for the Smithsonian Institution.
[U. S. Nat. Museum records ; Patent Office records ;
Knight family records CMSS.) ; preface to VV. C. Bry-
ant, A New Library of Poetry and Song (1876) ; Ann.
Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian
Institution (1883); Evening Star (Washington, D.
C), Jan. 24, 1883.] C. W. M.
Knight
KNIGHT, FREDERICK IRVING (May 18,
1841-Feb. 20, 1909), physician, laryngologist,
son of Frederick and Anne (Goodwin) Knight,
was born in Newburyport, Mass. He received
his preliminary education in the Newburyport
high school and graduated from Yale College in
1862. After receiving the degree of M.D. from
Harvard in 1866, he served as an interne in the
Boston City Hospital, and then went to New
York, where he worked for a year under Austin
Flint \_q.v.~\. Returning to Boston, he became
assistant to Dr. Henry I. Bowditch \_q.v.~]. His
association with these eminent authorities was
due to his early and continued interest in diseases
of the chest, and to these men he owed much of
his subsequent success as a diagnostician in dis-
eases of the respiratory tract. In 1871 he gave
up his work with Bowditch and went abroad to
pursue his studies in Berlin and Vienna.
Four years previously Dr. H. K. Oliver, one
of the visiting physicians to the Massachusetts
General Hospital, had instituted instruction in
laryngology as a branch of clinical medicine in
the Harvard Medical School, and while Knight
was yet in Europe in 1872, he was appointed
instructor in auscultation, percussion, and laryn-
goscopy in that institution. On his return to the
United States a few months later he established
a clinic at the Massachusetts General Hospital
in order to obtain clinical material for his class-
es. Several years later laryngoscopy had so de-
veloped that the teaching of percussion and aus-
cultation was taken out of Knight's province and
thenceforth he taught laryngology solely. In
1882 his title was changed from instructor to
assistant professor, and in 1886 he was appointed
clinical professor. A brilliant younger man, Dr.
Franklin H. Hooper, was associated with him
as instructor in laryngology. Hooper developed
a malignant growth of the tongue and neck, and
in 1892 in order that his younger colleagues
might be promoted before his death, Knight re-
signed his professorship in Hooper's favor, al-
though he knew that when Hooper died he him-
self would probably not be able to resume the
position. This proved to be the case and Knight
never taught publicly again. He was one of the
founders of the American Laryngological Asso-
ciation in 1878, and at its first regular meeting
in 1879 read the first paper on the program, a
discussion of retro-pharyngeal sarcoma. He was
the third man elected to the presidency of the
Association and until his death took the deepest
interest in its affairs. When the Archives of
Laryngology was founded in 1880, he was one
of the most active of its promoters and one of the
four men who composed the editorial staff. He
465
Knight
also served as president of the American
Climatological Association and of the Boston So-
ciety for Medical Improvement. He was a pio-
neer in the early days of the war against tuber-
culosis. On Oct. 15, 1871, while in Berlin, he
married Louisa Armistead Appleton, daughter
of William Stuart Appleton of Baltimore. They
had one daughter.
[D. B. Delavan, A Memorial of Frederick Irving
Knight (1909) ; Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sciences,
vol. XLVII (1912) ; Boston Medic, and Surgic. Jour.,
June 9, 1910; Obit. Record Grads. Yale Univ., 1909;
Boston Transcript, Feb. 23, 1909.] F. R. P.
KNIGHT, HENRY COGSWELL (Jan. 29,
1789-Jan. 10, 1835), writer, Episcopal clergy-
man, was born probably in Newburyport, Mass.,
the first child of Joseph and Elizabeth (Cogs-
well) Knight. He was the seventh in line of
descent from John Knight, who settled in New-
bury in 1635, and from John Cogswell who set-
tled in Ipswich in 1636. His father was engaged
in marine insurance and the West Indian trade.
Before Henry was three years old his mother
died, about a year after the birth of a second
son, Frederick (Oct. 9, 1790). Some two years
later, the father married Mary Treadwell of Ips-
wich, who bore a son, Antonio (Nov. 2, 1795),
and died when he was about a month old. When
Henry was nine, his father died, and he and his
brother Frederick were taken to the home of
their maternal grandfather, Dr. Nathaniel Cogs-
well, in Rowley. After attending Dummer Acad-
emy Henry entered Phillips Academy, Andover,
in September 1806, and in 1808 was admitted
to Harvard College. He was an indifferent stu-
dent, preferring reading of his own choice to a
definite program of study. In 1809 he published
in Boston a pamphlet of poems, The Cypriad,
virtually all of which was frankly imitative, al-
though the versification is well handled. One
poem in this collection, "The Little Sweep," so
strongly resembles Blake's two poems on the
same subject that it has been concluded that
Knight saw a copy of the Songs of Innocence
and Experience, although no known copy was in
the United States in or before 1809; nor did
Knight ever go to Europe. During 1809 he pub-
lished a few poems in the Monthly Anthology
(Boston), chiefly in Latin and decidedly in the
classical spirit.
In 181 1, without completing his course at Har-
vard, Knight left and went to Brown University.
He was graduated there in 1812 with the degrees
A.B. and A.M., and was the recognized class
poet. A contemporary poem described him as,
"the woe-begone, rabbit-eyed, fur whiskered
knight." In 1814 he was in Philadelphia about
Knight
to begin an extended journey through the South.
Nothing further than what is afforded by his
sprightly Letters from the South and West is
known of this journey. In 1815 he published his
second volume of poems, The Broken Harp, in
Philadelphia. These are much more romantic
than his earlier works. The first poem, "Earl
Kandorf and Rosabelle," resembles Coleridge's
unpublished "Christabel" so strongly in atmos-
phere, character of the heroine, and versification
that, although none of the five known "Chris-
tabel" manuscripts could have reached America
in or before 181 5, it seems incredible that Knight
had not read the poem.
In 1816 Knight was in Washington, Rich-
mond, and Petersburg. Thence he traveled far-
ther inland to Kentucky (1818), thence down
the Ohio and Mississippi rivers to New Orleans,
at which place he arrived July 4, 1818. He left
the Gulf of Mexico in 1819 and returned to Mas-
sachusetts by boat. He was probably in Boston
once more in 1821, for there in this year he pub-
lished anonymously a pamphlet poem, Fights of
Faith, which, under the title "The Crusade," ap-
peared also in the two-volume edition of Poems
("Second Edition"), published in the same year
in Boston. This collection comprised, chiefly, re-
prints of the pieces included in The Cypriad and
The Broken Harp. In 1824 Knight published at
Boston Letters from the South and West, by
Arthur Singleton, Esq. These are a mine of in-
formation, written in a witty and very readable
style — undoubtedly his best work. During the
year 1826 he published, both under his pseudonym
and under his own name, several articles in the
New England Galaxy (Boston).
On May 6, 1827, he was ordained a deacon of
the Protestant Episcopal church by Bishop Gris-
wold of Massachusetts. In 1829 he became rec-
tor of Prince George's and St. Bartholomew's
parishes in Montgomery County, Md., but the
following year returned to Massachusetts, and
for the rest of his life apparently resided in or
near Boston. In 1831 he published Lectures and
Sermons, in two volumes, stating in the dedica-
tion that he had preached these sermons in Mary-
land and Virginia. He died in Rowley, of scar-
let fever. His brother Frederick, with whom
Knight had probably made his home during his
last years, survived until Nov. 20, 1849, when he
died of consumption, having been long a recluse.
Thorn Cottage, or The Poet's Home: A Memo-
rial of Frederick Knight, Esq., was published in
1855. 1° addition to the biographical material
concerning Frederick, the volume contains a
meager collection of his poems and a fragment
of Henry Knight's autobiography. The half-
466
Knight
brother, Antonio, lived some thirty-two years
longer, dying in an insane hospital in 1882.
[Anthology Soc. : Jour, of the Proc. of the Soc. Which
Conducts the Monthly Anthology & Boston Rev. ( 1910),
with intro. by M. A. DeW. Howe; J. T. Buckingham,
Personal Memoirs (2 vols., 1852) ; J. J. Currier, Hist,
of Ncwburyport (1909), vol. II ; E. A. and G. L. Duy-
ckinck, Cyc. of Am. Lit. (1875), vol. II ; Jours. Proc.
Conventions, Prot. Episc. Ch. in Mass., 1831-34; Mil-
dred Elsie Williamson, "Henry Cogswell Knight, Fred-
erick Knight, Antonio Knight," A.M. thesis (MS.),
Brown Univ. ; Helena H. Witherow, "Brown Poets,"
A.M. thesis (MS.), Brown Univ.; records of Dummer
Academy, Phillips Academy, Harvard University,
Brown University, and Salem Probate Court.]
M.E.W.
KNIGHT, JONATHAN (Nov. 22, 1787-Nov.
22, 1858), civil engineer, was born in Bucks
County, Pa., the son of Abel and Ann S. Knight.
His father, a weaver, from time to time practised
surveying or taught school. Jonathan was large-
ly self-educated, though he studied surveying un-
der his father and was tutored in algebra by a
local teacher. Throughout his life he displayed
an aptitude for the exact sciences. In 1801 the
family moved to East Bethlehem, Washington
County, Pa., and here he afterward resided.
When he was twenty-one he began teaching
school and surveying land on his own account,
and the following year he married Ann Heston,
who became the mother of ten children. In the
spring of 181 5, he purchased a farm, but con-
tinued to be in demand as a surveyor. In 1816
he was appointed by the State of Pennsylvania
to survey and map Washington County, and as
soon as this work was completed he was elected
county commissioner, serving three years. He
then assisted in the preliminary surveys for the
Chesapeake & Ohio Canal and for the National
Road between Cumberland, Md., and Wheeling,
Va. (now W. Va.). From 1822 to 1828 he served
in the Pennsylvania legislature. In 1825 the
federal government appointed him a commis-
sioner to extend the National Road from Wheel-
ing through the states of Ohio and Indiana to
Illinois. This was one of the important engi-
neering undertakings of the day.
His work in connection with the National Road
brought him into prominence as an engineer, and
with Col. Stephen H. Long he was chosen in
1827 by the newly organized Baltimore & Ohio
Railroad Company to survey the parts of Mary-
land and northwestern Virginia through which
the road was to pass. In the fall of 1828 he ac-
companied two other engineers of the company
to England, where they made a careful exami-
nation of two railroads which were already in
operation there, giving special attention to track
construction and the development of the steam
locomotive. Upon his return from this mission
Knight
he was appointed chief engineer of the Baltimore
& Ohio, which position he held until 1842, hav-
ing charge of the location of the road, the plan-
ning of structures and machinery, and the letting
of contracts, but not the actual construction work.
In this position he made a number of scientific
studies, among others an exhaustive investiga-
tion of the elements of resistance to cars moving
upon railroads. Some of his investigations and
reports were published in the early annual re-
ports of the company. His location work was
particularly remarkable, more so at the start be-
cause few people knew what a railroad was or
should be and he was exploring a virgin field.
Upon leaving the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
Company he became a consulting engineer, being
frequently employed by that company and others.
In 1844-47 he cooperated with the city of Wheel-
ing in its controversy with the Baltimore & Ohio
in regard to the route of the railroad to that
point. He was also very largely engaged in agri-
culture and became secretary of the first agricul-
tural society organized in Washington County.
At the same time he took an active interest in
politics, and was elected as a Whig to the Thirty-
fourth Congress (1855-57). He was a candi-
date for reelection in 1856 and again in 1858 but
was unsuccessful both times. He died after a
brief illness, at East Bethlehem, Pa., on the
seventy-first anniversary of his birth.
Knight was one of the notable civil engineers
of his time. His career was somewhat marred
by his tendency to engage in bitter disputes and
acrimonious word battles with his associates;
but despite this fact he remains a commanding
figure of the first days of railroading in the
United States.
[C. B. Stuart, Lives and Works of Civil and Military
Engineers of America (1871); E. Hungerford, The
Story of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad 1827-1027
(1928), vol. I; W. P. Smith, Hist, and Description of
the B. & O. Railroad (1853) ; Biog. Dir. Am. Cong.
(1928).] J. H.F.
KNIGHT, JONATHAN (Sept. 4, 1789-Aug.
25, 1864), physician, a founder of the American
Medical Association and of the Yale Medical
School, was born in Norwalk, Conn. His father
was Dr. Jonathan Knight of Norwalk, a former
Revolutionary army surgeon, and his mother
was Ann Fitch, the daughter of Dr. Asahel Fitch
of Redding, Conn. At the age of fifteen Knight
entered Yale College, and graduated four years
later. He then for two years taught in the Chel-
sea Grammar School, at Norwich, Conn. Fol-
lowing this experience, beginning in the fall of
1809, he taught for a year at the Union School
in New London, and in 1810 he returned to his
Alma Mater as a tutor. During these years he
467
Knight
carried on the study of medicine, and in August
1811 was granted a license to practise by the
Connecticut Medical Society. About this time
the establishment of the medical department at
Yale was being discussed, and Benjamin Silli-
man the elder [q.v.~\, then professor of chemistry
in the College, suggested that Knight resign his
tutorship and spend a winter or two in Philadel-
phia, studying anatomy and physiology at the
University of Pennsylvania. After receiving his
master's degree in the summer, he followed the
suggestion and spent the winters of 181 1 and
1812 in Philadelphia. In 1813 he returned to
New Haven as assistant professor of anatomy
and physiology, and for the next twenty-five
years lectured to the students in anatomy. In
October 1813 he was married in Greenwich to
Elizabeth, the daughter of James Lockwood, a
graduate of Yale College in 1766.
Early in his career as a practitioner, Knight
took an active interest in the Connecticut Medi-
cal Society. In 1817 he served on a committee
to compile a pharmacopeia and in the same year
he was elected secretary of the society. In the
following year, Yale College conferred upon him
the honorary degree of M.D. In 1826 he was one
of the founders of the General Hospital Society
of Connecticut, which was established to raise
funds for a hospital in New Haven. In 1838, on
the death of Dr. Thomas Hubbard, he was trans-
ferred to the chair of surgery in the College, a
position which he held until shortly before his
death.
His interest and activity in the Connecticut
Medical Society and his capacity for organiza-
tion led to his choice as president at both meet-
ings (1846, 1847) of the National Medical Con-
vention which formed the American Medical
Association. In 1853 he was elected president of
that body, and was subsequently reelected. After
the death of his predecessor in the chair of sur-
gery at Yale, he became the leading surgeon in
Connecticut. His successor in this chair, Dr.
Francis Bacon, said of him : "It is enough to say
that Dr. Knight's operations, comprising almost
every one of modern surgery, were guided by a
thorough anatomical knowledge, and that, with-
out special dexterity or nimbleness of manipula-
tion, they were carefully and successfully per-
formed" (The Beloved Physician, post, p. 24).
Though he wrote little, he reported the cure of a
popliteal aneurysm, and to him belongs the cred-
it of employing digital compression for this pur-
pose. He died in August 1864, of peritonitis.
When the New Haven Hospital was taken over
by the Federal government during the Civil War,
by order of the surgeon general the institution
Knight
was designated as the Knight United States Gen-
eral Hospital.
., [f; ?' Burr "Jonathan Knight and the Founding of
the Yale School of Medicine," Yale Jour. Biol Med
July 1929 ; H. A. Kelly and W. L. Burrage, Am. Medic.
Biogs. (1920) ; Leonard Bacon, The Beloved Physician
(1864), a discourse delivered in the First Church in
New Haven, with which are published remarks by Prof.
Francis Bacon in his lecture introductory to the course
on surgery ; Francis Bacon, Some Account of the Medic.
Profession in New Haven (1887) ; W. L. Kingsley, Yale
College, a Sketch of Its History (1879), vol. II ; Trans.
Am. Medic. Asso., vol. XVI (1866) ; Obit. Record
Grads. Yale Coll., 1865 ; Morning Jour, and Courier
(New Haven), Aug. 26, 1864.] jj -p
KNIGHT, RIDGWAY [See Knight, Daniel
RlDGWAY, 1839-I924.]
KNIGHT, SARAH KEMBLE (Apr. 19,
1666-Sept. 25, 1727), teacher, diarist, was born
in Boston. Her father, Thomas Kemble, a mer-
chant, is mentioned as living in Charlestown in
1651, but he moved to Boston shortly before his
daughter's birth. Her mother was Elizabeth
Trerice, whose father had a residence in Charles-
town as early as 1636. Kemble was Cromwell's
agent in selling prisoners of war, and there is a
tradition that he was put in the stocks for "lewd
and unseemly conduct" in kissing his wife on the
Sabbath, when he met her at his door after an
absence of three years. Some time before Kem-
ble's death, which occurred in 1689, his daughter
married Capt. Richard Knight, a widower much
older than herself, who was a shipmaster, and of
whom there is no record after 1706. Mrs. Knight
seems to have succeeded her father as the head
of the household and to have acted as the adviser
of a number of relatives living with her. She
was employed in connection with the recording
of public documents, and more than a hundred
official papers bear her signature as a witness,
while many court records dating from the vicinity
of 1700 are thought to be in her hand. She also
kept a writing-school that Benjamin Franklin is
said to have attended, although he does not men-
tion her in his Autobiography. She was general-
ly known as "Madam Knight" because of her
educational and quasi-legal activities, for court
records show that she was sometimes paid to
assist in settling estates. Apparently her energy,
ability, and knowledge of legal procedure led to
her being entrusted with the management of con-
siderable business, and in 1704 some of this re-
quired her presence in New York. The journey
was a serious undertaking in those days, and it
was an unheard of thing for an unaccompanied
woman to attempt it, but Madam Knight accom-
plished it successfully and left in her diary an
account of it that gives a vivid picture of the
people and conditions she encountered. The diary
468
Knott
also displays a sense of humor, and, beneath
much vigorous abuse, a tolerance not commonly
associated with her time. This diary did not make
her prominent in her lifetime, but her other ac-
tivities did. In 1712 her mother died, and the
next year her daughter Elizabeth married Col.
John Livingston of New London, Conn. Madam
Knight thereupon sold her house in Boston and
moved to Connecticut, where she occupied or
operated property in the towns of Norwich and
New London from 1714 till her death. She
speculated in Indian lands, conducted several
farms, and kept a shop and house of entertain-
ment. In 1718 she was indicted and fined for
selling liquor to the Indians, but she blamed a
servant for the offense, and it does not seem to
have affected her public repute. Her material
affairs prospered, for she left an estate of £1,800
and gave valuable property to her daughter be-
fore she died. She was buried in New London.
Madam Knight's diary remained in manuscript
till 1825, when it was printed in New York and
elicited much notice (The Journals of Madam
Knight and Rev. Mr. Buckingham, 1825). The
diary next appeared serially in the Protestant
Telegraph of Boston in 1847, an<l m 1858, in
Littell's Living Age for June 26, it was reprinted
with notes and commentary by W. R. Deane.
Editions have since appeared in Albany, N. Y.
(1865); Norwich, Conn. (1901) ; and Boston
(1920).
[Besides the notes in the various editions of her
diary, and by Mrs. Crocker, Hist. Mag., Mar. 1865,
the chief sources of information regarding Madam
Knight's career and personality are: F. M. Caulkins,
Hist, of New London (1852) ; Geraldine Brooks, Dames
and Daughters of Colonial Days (1900); Bostonian
Soc. Pubs., vol. IX (1912) ; Dedham Hist. Reg., Jan.
1891 ; Hist. Mag., Aug. 1858; and unpublished material
collected by W. R. Deane in the Mass. Hist. Geneal.
Soc] S.G.
KNOTT, ALOYSIUS LEO (May 12, 1829-
Apr. 18, 1918), lawyer, politician, son of Edward
and Elizabeth Sprigg (Sweeney) Knott, was
born near Newmarket, Frederick County, Md.
His father was a successful farmer and tobacco
planter of Montgomery and Frederick counties,
Md. ; his first ancestor in America was James
Knott who came from England about 161 7 and
settled in Accomac County, Va., whence, about
1642, his descendants moved to Maryland. At
eight years of age, Aloysius, who as soon
as he reached the age of discretion dropped the
Aloysius and always afterwards signed himself
A. Leo, was sent for three years to St. John's
Literary Institution, a Jesuit school. In 1842 he
moved with his parents to Baltimore where he
graduated with honors from St. Mary's College
in 1847. After three years of teaching, he entered
Knott
the law offices of William Schley, a powerful
Baltimore attorney, and in 1855 was admitted to
practice in the courts of Baltimore.
Knott first became prominent in Maryland
politics in the bitter struggle of 1864-67 to free
the state from the rule of the Unconditional
Unionist party. Following the seizure of the
government by this party in 1861 with the aid of
the Federal military forces, he had refused to
take any part in public affairs ; but he was finally
aroused to action, along with the other Demo-
cratic leaders, in June 1864, by the threat of the
imposition of a new and drastic constitution, and
he led the movement in Baltimore to revive the
Democratic party. He was elected a delegate to
the city, state, and national conventions, but as a
candidate for Congress was defeated. His own
vote was challenged at the polls because of an
accusation that he was a Confederate sympa-
thizer, and his arrest prevented only by the in-
terposition of one of the judges of the election.
He was active in the formation of the new Con-
servative-Democratic party, consisting of the
reorganized Democrats and the Johnson Repub-
licans, and on Nov. 6, 1866, in a bitter and excit-
ing struggle in which the new party secured a
two-thirds majority in both Houses, he was
elected to the lower house of the legislature. In
the ensuing session he took an aggressive lead
in securing the passage of the enfranchisement
bill, the bill for a new constitution, and the mili-
tary bill, a group of acts resulting in the libera-
tion of Maryland from military rule.
From 1867 to 1879 Knott served as state's at-
torney of Baltimore. He was second assistant
postmaster-general under Cleveland, 1885-89.
He was secretary of the state Democratic con-
vention in 1864, delegate to three Democratic
National Conventions (1864, 1872, and 1900),
and a member of the Democratic National Ex-
ecutive Committee from 1872 to 1876. He was
a member of the Maryland legislature a second
time in 1899. In 1900 he became a professor in
the Baltimore Law School, and in 1905 was
elected dean, which position he filled till a short
time before his death. His wife was Regina M.
Kenan, whom he married in Baltimore in 1873.
Knott stood high as a criminal and constitu-
tional lawyer. He was an easy speaker, a ready
debater, and so well posted as rarely to be thrown
off guard by an opponent. Though a loyal Demo-
crat all through his public career, he supported
Roosevelt in 1904, considering the Democratic
party to be "without an issue and without a man"
(Men of Mark in Maryland, vol. II, 1910, p.
412). In addition to law and politics he was in-
terested in history and research, being a member
469
Knott
of the Maryland Historical Society and a presi-
dent of the Maryland Original Research Society.
Among other articles, he wrote a history of the
Roman Catholic Church in Maryland for the
Catholic Encyclopedia (vol. IX, copr. 1910).
[Who's Who in America, 1918-19; J. T. Scharf,
Hist, of Baltimore City and County (1881) ; H. E.
Shepherd, Hist, of Baltimore, Md., 1720-1808 (1898) ;
C. C. Hall, Baltimore, Its Hist, and Its People (1912),
vol. Ill; New International Yearbook, 1918; M. P.
Andrews, Hist, of Md. (1929) ; A Biog. Sketch of Hon.
A. Leo Knott with a Relation of Some Political Trans-
actions in Md., 1861-67 (1898) ; The Sun (Baltimore),
Apr. 1, 2, 1885, Apr. 19, 1918.] D. V. S.
KNOTT, JAMES PROCTOR (Aug. 29,
1830-June 18, 191 1 ), lawyer, congressman, gov-
ernor of Kentucky, was the son of Joseph Percy
and Maria Irvine (McElroy) Knott. He was
born near Raywick, Marion County, Ky., and
was educated in Marion and Shelby counties. In
1846 he began the study of law, and continued
his studies after he moved to Missouri in 1850.
In the spring of 185 1 he was admitted to the bar
at Memphis, Scotland County, Mo. He served
in the circuit and county clerk's offices and in
1857 was elected to the state legislature to rep-
resent Scotland County. In the legislature he
served as chairman of the judiciary committee
and conducted the impeachment of Judge Albert
Jackson. The following year Gov. Robert M.
Stewart appointed Knott to be attorney-general
to fill out the unexpired term of Ephraim B.
Ewing. In i860, Knott was the nominee of the
Democratic party for attorney-general and was
elected on the ticket headed by Claiborne F.
Jackson \_q.v.~].
Missouri at this time was a pro-slavery state
but did not favor secession. The legislature in
January 186 1 called a convention to consider the
relations of the state to the nation, and the seces-
sionist party, although backed by Governor Jack-
son, lost the election by a popular majority of
80,000. The convention which met Feb. 28 voted
not to secede, and Missouri was divided into two
warring groups. Attorney-General Knott sym-
pathized with the Southern cause but opposed
the extreme measures of the secessionists. He
failed to bring the two groups together, and in
1862 resigned his office, refusing to take the test
oath of allegiance to the Federal government.
After a short time in prison because of his South-
ern sympathies, he returned to his native state,
Kentucky.
Knott opened his office for the practice of law
at Lebanon, Ky., in 1863. After the war he was
elected six times to the national House of Rep-
resentatives, serving 1867-71 and 1875-83. In
1876 he was one of the managers appointed by
the House to conduct the impeachment of W. W.
Knowles
Belknap \_q.v.~\, secretary of war. He was sev-
eral times chairman of the judiciary committee,
and his oratorical powers secured for him a na-
tional reputation. His most famous effort was
his speech on Duluth, Jan. 27, 187 1 (Congres-
sional Globe, 41 Cong., 3 Sess., App., pp. 66-68),
in which he opposed a bill authorizing an exten-
sive land grant to a railroad proposed to run
along the St. Croix River to Duluth, Minn., then
a wilderness village. His weapons were ridicule
and humor, and so well did he employ them that
not only was the bill killed but the speech has
continued to be cited as a specimen of satire and
— such is the irony of life — to enhance the fame
of Duluth, which attributes to this oration its
patronymic of "the zenith city of the unsalted
seas." Years later Knott visited Duluth at the
city's request, and was given a most gracious
and enthusiastic reception.
In 1883 he was elected governor of Kentucky
and served four years. He gave the state a wise
and effective administration, marked by special
progress in educational matters and in taxation.
During his governorship, a state board of equali-
zation was created which raised and equalized
the tax assessments and paid off a large deficit
which the state had incurred. After the expira-
tion of his term of office in 1887, he resumed the
practice of law, remaining in Frankfort, the capi-
tal, for the next five years. In 1891, he was a
delegate to the state constitutional convention.
In 1892, he accepted the professorship of civics
and economics at Centre College, Danville, Ky.,
and in 1894, he and President William C. Young
organized the law department of Centre College,
of which he became the first dean and professor
of law. After seven years' brilliant service as
dean and lecturer, he was forced by ill health to
retire in 1901, and he returned to his old home
in Lebanon, Ky., where he lived quietly until his
death. He married a Miss Forman of Missouri,
and after her death he married, June 14, 1858,
Sarah R. McElroy of Bowling Green, Ky. Knott
County, formed during his administration, was
named after him.
[Z. F. Smith, The Hist, of Ky. (1886) ; D. S. Barry,
Forty Years in Washington (1924), vol. I ; Half Hours
with the Best Am. Authors (4 vols., 1887), ed. by
Charles Morris ; Proceedings of the Joint Meeting of
the Mo. Hist. Soc. and the Ky. Soc. of St. Louis on the
Presentation of the Picture of Hon. J. Proctor Knott
to the Mo. Hist. Soc, Oct. 28, 1927 (1927); Centre
College Mag., July 1928 ; J. M. Gresham, Biog. Cyc. of
the Commonwealth of Ky. (1896) ; Biog. Encyc. of Ky.
(1898); H. Levin, The Lawyers and Lawmakers of
Ky. (1897) ; Washington Herald, June 19, 191 i-l
C.J.T.
KNOWLES, LUCIUS JAMES (July 2, 1819-
Feb. 25, 1884), inventor and manufacturer, a
descendant of Richard Knowles, immigrant, who
470
Knowles
came to Cape Cod before 1653, was born at Hard-
wick, Mass., the son of Simeon, Jr., and Lucetta
(Newton) Knowles. Simeon was a farmer and
a carriage maker, maintaining for the latter work
the small shop which furnished Lucius the op-
portunity to develop an interest in mechanical
construction and invention. Lucius attended the
public schools at Hardwick and then spent three
years at the Academy at Leicester, Mass. At
seventeen he went to Shrewsbury to work in the
country store of John Newton, his mother's
brother, who in 1838 took him into the business
which became John C. Newton & Company. But
Knowles's interest was not in store-keeping. He
spent more time constructing models of machines
than in attending customers, and in 1841 he with-
drew from the partnership and went to Worces-
ter, Mass., where he began a daguerreotype busi-
ness, the first in that city. Here, too, he continued
to dabble with mechanics and when he made an
improvement in thread-spooling equipment he
set up a small business for spooling thread which
he bought from a mill in Worcester. He then
spent two years experimenting with cotton spin-
ning in the attempt to equal the quality of the
English thread of that time. For lack of capital
he abandoned this and in 1846 formed a partner-
ship with Harrison H. Sibley to operate the Old
Draper Mill at Spencer, Mass., for the manufac-
ture of cotton warp. In 1849 they secured a
small mill at Warren, Mass., on the Quinebaug
River, transferred their cotton business there,
and in 1853 extended their activities to include
a woolen mill which they built below the first.
Still Knowles continued his experiments with
mechanical improvement, receiving two patents
for improvements in looms in 1856 and one for
an improved method of operating the valves of
pumping engines (1859). In i860 the partner-
ship was dissolved and the business divided so
that Knowles might devote more of his time to
the invention and manufacture of machinery. In
1862 he erected a building near his cotton factory
and began to manufacture a boiler-feed water
regulator, and (1863) steam pumps and experi-
mental looms. From this building grew the
Knowles Steam Pump Company and the L. J.
Knowles & Brother Loom Works. The pump
company became one of the largest in the busi-
ness and was in 1879 sold to the Blake Manufac-
turing Company of Boston. The loom firm was
moved to Worcester in 1866 where it expanded
very rapidly to a leading position in the trade,
being in 1897 consolidated with the Crompton
Works as the Crompton & Knowles Loom
Works. Though Knowles's inventions were re-
sponsible for much of the success of the two com-
Knowlton
panies, few are outstanding or fundamental. He
developed the steam pump to an advanced stage
of refinement but so did other companies at the
same time. An instance of his work in this con-
nection is his adoption of the steam-actuated
valve, for designs of which he received patents,
though the invention is credited to H. R. Worth-
ington. Similarly in looms he invented improve-
ments tending to make manufacture more rapid
and more economical of power. In this connec-
tion the open-shed principle of operation is an
outstanding invention. Knowles was also active
in civic affairs. He represented Warren, New
Braintree, and West Brookfield in the Massa-
chusetts House of Representatives, and the third
Worcester district in the Senate. In 1871 he be-
came a trustee of the Worcester Free Institute
of Technology (Worcester Polytechnic Insti-
tute) and in 1873 was a member of the common
council of Worcester. He was married first to
Eliza Ann Adams of Shrewsbury, who died in
1873, and then to Helen Cornelia (Strong) Hay-
ward of Boston. He died suddenly in Washing-
ton, D. C.
[J. D. Van Slyck, Representatives of Nczv Eng.
(1879) ; E. B. Crane, Hist. Homes and Institutions and
Gcncal. and Personal Memoirs of Worcester County,
Mass. (1907); C. G. Washburn, Manufacturing and
Mechanical Industries of Worcester (1889); A. M.
Greene, Pumping Machinery (191 1) ; Bull, of the Nat.
Asso. of Wool Manufacturers, 190 1 ; Reports of the
Commissioner of Patents 1856-85; Manufacturer's
Rev. and Industrial Record, Mar. 15, 1884; Worcester
Daily Spy, Feb. 27, 1884.] F. A.T.
KNOWLTON, CHARLES (May 10, 1800-
Feb. 20, 1850), physician, born in Templeton,
Worcester County, Mass., was the son of Stephen
and Comfort (White) Knowlton and was de-
scended from English forebears who emigrated
to America in the seventeenth century. He spent
his early life on his father's farm, ardently de-
siring a medical education. He was mainly self-
taught beyond the early grades except for his
studies with various practitioners in Massa-
chusetts and New Hampshire. Continuing his
studies after his marriage on Apr. 17, 1821, to
Tabitha F. Stewart (Stuart?) of Winchendon,
Mass., he received the degree of M.D. from the
medical department of Dartmouth College in
1824. He did little practising in western Massa-
chusetts during the next few years, being mainly
interested in preparing his Elements of Modern
Materialism (1829), one of the earliest books on
philosophical materialism, perhaps the first by
an American author, issued in this country. Al-
most unreadable now, it nevertheless contains
interesting anticipations of many modern views.
The work which made his reputation was the
anonymous publication in New York of the
471
Knowlton
Fruits of Philosophy; or, the Private Companion
of Young Married People (1832). A second
edition, not anonymous, was brought out in Bos-
ton in 1833 undoubtedly by Abner Kneeland,
editor of the Boston Inz'cstigator. This was fol-
lowed by other American editions up to the ninth
(1839), which was reprinted by subscription
(1877) on the initiative of a group of physicians
at the Harvard Medical School.
Though a temperate discussion of the desira-
bility of birth control, on medical, economic, and
social grounds, the treatise, flaunting many ac-
cepted conceptions and values of the period, did
not escape court action. The author was prose-
cuted and fined at Taunton, Mass., in 1832, and
in Cambridge, Mass., he was sentenced on Dec.
10, 1832, to three months' imprisonment at hard
labor in the House of Correction. Prosecution
did not stop the sale of the work, however, and
at Greenfield, Mass., Knowlton was again haled
into court ; but in this instance the prosecution,
originating with an Ashfield clergyman, resulted
in a nolle prosequi, the jury having been unable
to agree on two previous occasions. In this trial,
Knowlton's medical partner, Dr. Roswell Shep-
hard, was a codefendant.
Reprinted in England from 1834 on by various
Freethought publishers, the Fruits of Philosophy
circulated quietly until it became the subject of
the famous test case, The Queen vs. Charles
Bradlaugh and Annie Besant (2 Law Reports,
Queen's Bench Division, 569, reversed in 3 Law
Reports, Queen's Bench Division, 607. See also
the special report of the trial : In the High Court
of Justice, Queen's Bench Division, June 18,
1877. The Queen v. Charles Bradlaugh and
Annie Besant, 1877). The effect of the prosecu-
tion, eventually successful for the defendants,
was electric. Circulation, which previously had
not exceeded a thousand a year, reached a quar-
ter of a million within a few years. It attained
half a million if one includes the circulation of
several provincial editions and of Annie Besant's
Law of Population, which first appeared in Janu-
ary 1879 to replace the somewhat antiquated
text of' the Fruits of Philosophy. Dutch and
French editions show that Knowlton exerted
an influence on the Continent as well. Moreover
the prosecution undoubtedly created a market
for the development of a new contraceptive tech-
nique (introduced into England probably by Dr.
Henry A. Allbutt) which has since revolutionized
modern clinical procedure in the western world.
Between 1876 and 1891 probably two million
books and tracts furnishing elaborate contracep-
tive information were disseminated in England.
Knowlton's other writings include : Two Remark-
Knowlton
able Lectures Delivered in Boston, by Dr. C.
Knowlton, on the Day of his Leaving the Jail at
East Cambridge, Mar. 31, 1833, Where he Had
Been Imprisoned for Publishing a Book (1833) ;
Address of Dr. Charles Knowlton, Before the
Friends of Mental Liberty, at Greenfield, Mass.,
and Constitution of the United Liberals of Frank-
lin County, Mass. (1845) ; and A History of the
Recent Excitement at Ashfield, part I (1834),
the second part of which appeared in the Boston
Investigator, Sept. 25, 1835.
[For an obituary and incomplete autobiographical
sketch see the Boston Medic, and Surgic. Jour., Sept.
10, 24, 1 85 1. See also Norman E. Himes, "Charles
Knowlton's Revolutionary Influence on the English
Birth-Rate," New Eng. Jour, of Medicine, Sept. 6,
I^8-3 N.E.H.
KNOWLTON, FRANK HALL (Sept. 2,
1860-Nov. 22, 1926), paleontologist and botanist,
was born on a farm at Brandon, Vt., the son of
Julius Augustus Knowlton and his wife, Mary
Ellen Blackmer, of old New England lineage.
He was sent to Middlebury College where Ezra
Brainerd and Henry Martin Seeley taught all
sciences and gave a permanent direction to his
interest in natural history. Graduating with the
degree of B.S. in 1884 he soon joined the United
States National Museum, where he became as-
sistant to Lester F. Ward, the paleontologist. In
1887 he was made assistant curator in botany
and assistant paleontologist in 1889. In 1900 he
was appointed paleontologist and later (1907)
geologist on the United States Geological Sur-
vey. In 1889 he published "The Fossil Wood and
Lignites of the Potomac Formation" {American
Geologist, February 1889). Other papers fol-
lowed, including "A Review of the Fossil Flora
of Alaska" (Proceedings of the United States
National Museum, vol. XVII, 1894). To satisfy
a practical need he compiled A Catalogue of the
Cretaceous and Tertiary Plants of North Amer-
ica which was published in 1898 and was later
(1919) expanded into an invaluable reference
book, A Catalogue of the Mcsozoic and Cenozoic
Plants of North America. As he acquired expe-
rience an ever increasing series of memoirs and
special papers on the Cretaceous and Tertiary
floras flowed from his pen, dealing for the most
part with the Rocky Mountain region, interior
Oregon, and Alaska. In all such monographs as
the Flora of the Montana Formation (1900),
Fossil Flora of the John Day Basin (1902), and
on down to the Fossil Floras of the Vermejo
and Raton Formations of Colorado and Nezv
Mexico (1918), many new species, based almost
entirely on leaf impressions, were described.
One of the pioneers in his field, he made little
effort to homologize material ; specimens from
472
Knowlton
different horizons were described as distinct spe-
cies, often indeed as distinct when from the same
horizon if the impressions seemed unlike. It is
probable that his species will suffer much reduc-
tion by the paleobotanist with the viewpoint
perhaps of ecologic assemblages. Nevertheless
Knowlton possessed a keen chronologic sense
and through his determinations of the age of for-
mations and their stratigraphic relations ren-
dered important service to Western geology.
Knowlton was one of the founders of the Pale-
ontological Society of America and in 1917, as
its president, he read a paper on the "Relations
between the Mesozoic Floras of North and South
America" (Bulletin of the Geological Society of
America, Dec. 30, 1918). He held that no de-
monstrable relationship exists between the Ju-
rassic and Triassic floras of North and South
America, but that there is direct and positive evi-
dence of a relationship between the Upper Cre-
taceous floras of the two continents, the Dakota
flora of the central and western United States
having spread south by a land bridge as far as
Argentina in Upper Cretaceous time. Ideas upon
the geologic climates which had been long stir-
ring in his mind found full expression in a paper,
"Evolution of Geologic Climates" (Ibid., De-
cember 1919), in which he held that previous to
the Pleistocene epoch the earth was continuous-
ly enveloped by clouds, and that the oceans, per-
manently cooled in the Pleistocene, were warm
from pole to pole, and that this high tempera-
ture was derived from the earth's inner heat and
not from solar radiation which dominates exist-
ing climatic distribution. He believed that a rel-
ative uniformity and mildness of temperature,
accompanied by high humidity, had prevailed
over the greater part of the earth, extending to
the polar circles — since, at least, the Middle Pa-
leozoic. Knowlton admitted glaciation, but with
the exception of three periods (Huronian, Per-
mo-Carboniferous and Pleistocene) regarded
these refrigerations as local and without wide-
spread effect on temperature or the distribution
of life. His thesis, while adversely criticized by
A. P. Coleman, C. Schuchert, and G. R. Wie-
land, was acknowledged as entitled to serious
consideration.
During his early years in Washington, 1887-
96, he was professor of botany in the Columbian
(now George Washington) University, which
conferred on him the Ph.D. degree in 1896. He
gave much time and energy to writing that could
be appreciated by laymen. In 1897 he founded
Plant World, a popular journal of botany, and
was its editor until 1904; in 1909 he published
a large and popular but authoritative work, Birds
Knowlton
of the World, and in 1927 an excellent popular
book, Plants of the Past. He took part in writing
the definitions in botany for the Century Dic-
tionary, for the 1900 edition of Webster's Dic-
tionary, and for the Standard Dictionary ; and
he wrote the botanical matter for the Jewish
Encyclopaedia. He was married, on Sept. 27,
1887, to Annie Stirling Moorehead. She died
in 1890 and on Oct. 3, 1893, he was married to
Rena Genevieve Ruff. For many years he lived
in Laurel, Md., but his last years were spent in
Ballston, Va., where he died.
[For biographical information see the notices in the
Am. Jour. Sci., Mar. 1927, and in Science, Jan. 7, 1927,
and the memoir by David White in the Bull, of the
Gcol. Soc. of America, Mar. 1927, which includes a
bibliography of Knowlton's papers. For criticisms of
his views on geologic climates see the Am. Jour, of
Science, Apr. 1921.] W. L. J n.
KNOWLTON, MARCUS PERRIN (Feb. 3,
1839-May 7, 1918), jurist, was born in Wilbra-
ham, Mass., the son of Merrick and Fatima
(Perrin) Knowlton, and a descendant of Wil-
liam Knowlton who died on a voyage from Lon-
don to Nova Scotia about 1633. He spent his
boyhood on his father's farm at Monson and got
his schooling in the Monson Academy. From
1856 to i860 he attended Yale College, teaching
school to defray his expenses and yet graduating
with a creditable record. He read law and on
Sept. 24, 1862, was admitted to the bar of Hamp-
den County, Mass. Opening an office in Spring-
field, he soon had a large general practice. His
reputation was gained not so much from the ac-
tual trial of causes as from the wisdom of his
counsel and his "inclination for extended intel-
lectual labor." He was a Republican, and though
"never forthputting" or politically ambitious, he
was elected to several offices : president of the
Springfield common council (1872-73), repre-
sentative in the Massachusetts House (1878),
and state senator (1880-81). In 1881 Governor
Long appointed him to the bench of the superior
court, an office to which he proved singularly
adapted. He had a broad working knowledge of
the law, was prompt in his rulings, and lucid in
instructing a jury. After coming to the bench
he learned shorthand and was thereby aided in
preparing his opinions with expedition — a char-
acteristic for which he was noted throughout his
career.
On Sept. 14, 1887, he was promoted to the
Massachusetts supreme bench, and on Dec. 17,
1902, he succeeded Oliver Wendell Holmes as
chief justice. An impairment of vision, which
proved to be temporary, obliged him to leave the
bench in September 191 1. He had written the
opinion of the court in 1,570 cases, a record ex-
473
Knowlton
ceeding that of any of his predecessors except
Chief Justice Shaw. In twenty-nine cases he had
written dissents — only four of which were dur-
ing his chief justiceship. His successor, Chief
Justice Rugg\ declared that "no other magis-
trate in the history of Massachusetts has con-
tributed so much to the visible fabric of our
jurisprudence, . . . with the single exception of
Chief Justice Shaw" (Memorial, post, p. 49).
In writing his opinions the chief justice sought
no "literary adornment, unless it be that which
is inherent in the proper expression of accurate
and original thought" (Knowlton's remarks on
Justice Horace Gray, 182 Mass., 624). Knowl-
ton was of dignified appearance, grave but kind-
ly, especially toward inexperienced counsel.
Though somewhat removed from the crowd, he
never lost his touch with plain people nor his
humility of spirit. He bore an interested part
in the life of his community. In his political
philosophy he was orthodox but discriminating.
After his retirement, when the financial diffi-
culties of the Boston & Maine Railroad were
felt throughout New England, he became chair-
man of the board of trustees charged with the
reorganization. He was twice married : on July
18, 1867, to Sophia Ritchie, of Springfield,
Mass., who died in 1886, and on May 21, 1891,
to Rose M. Ladd of Portland, Me. He died in
Springfield.
[See Marcus Perrin Knowlton, Late Chief Justice
of the Supreme Judicial Court of the Commonwealth
of Mass.: A Memorial (1919) ; Obit. Record of Yale
Grads. Deceased Daring the Year Ending July 1, 19 18
(1919); A. P. Rugg. "Memoir of Hon. Marcus P.
Knowlton, LL.D.," Colonial Soc. of Mass. Pubs., vol.
XXVI (1927) ; the Green Bag, Oct., Nov. 191 1 ; C. H.
W. Stocking, The Hist, and Geneal. of the Knowltous
of England and America (1897); Boston Transcript,
Sept. 8, 1887, Dec. 17, 1902, Sept. 6, 1911, May 7, 8,
1918. Knowlton's judicial opinions are reported in
145-209 Mass. Reports.] C. F.
KNOWLTON, THOMAS (November 1740-
Sept. 16, 1776), Revolutionary soldier, was born
at West Boxford, Mass., the son of William and
Martha (Pinder) Knowlton. He was descend-
ed from Capt. William Knowlton of Kent, Eng-
land, who died about 1633 during a voyage from
London to Nova Scotia. The widow and chil-
dren settled in Ipswich, Mass. Thomas Knowl-
ton's youth was spent in Ashford, Conn., where
his father had settled on a four-hundred-acre
farm. In 1755 he enlisted for service in the Seven
Years' War. He was successively promoted to
sergeant, ensign, and lieutenant. On Apr. 5,
1759, he was married to Anna Keyes of Ashford.
During the brief hostilities between England
and Spain he accompanied General Lyman to
Cuba and took part in the siege of Havana
Knowlton
(1762). After peace had been declared he re-
sumed farming at Ashford. Following the bat-
tle of Lexington he was elected captain of an
Ashford company and marched to the defense of
Massachusetts. At the battle of Bunker Hill
(June 17, 1775) Prescott ordered Knowlton to
leave the intrenchments and take up a position
at the base of the hill, where he was to prevent
the British right wing from flanking the Conti-
nental troops. Knowlton hastily fortified a rail
and stone fence by building a second fence and
filling the intervening space with new-mown
hay. Stark's regiment extended the fortification
and the breastwork was the scene of severe fight-
ing. When the Continentals were forced to fall
back Stark and Knowlton remained at the
breastwork to protect the line of retreat. This
task accomplished, they withdrew in relative
good order. For his valuable services in pre-
venting the destruction of the main body of Con-
tinental troops Knowlton received from a Bos-
ton admirer a gold-laced hat, a sash, and a gold
breast-plate. He was commissioned major of
the 20th Continental Infantry on Jan. 1, 1776.
On the night of Jan. 8, 1776, Knowlton made
a daring sally into Charlestown. The British
officers in Boston were attending the production
of a farce written by General Burgoyne entitled
The Blockade of Boston. The character bur-
lesquing Washington — accoutred with an enor-
mous wig and sword and attended by a ragged
orderly bearing a rusty musket seven or eight
feet long — had just appeared on the stage when
a breathless runner brought word of Knowlton's
raid. Howe and his entourage left at once
"amidst fainting and shrieking among the fe-
males." Knowlton burned the houses in Charles-
town quartering the British and captured five
prisoners. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel
by Congress on Aug. 12, 1776, and after the
battle of Long Island he organized a small corps
of picked men called "Rangers." In the battle
of Harlem Heights (Sept. 16, 1776) Knowl-
ton, commanding the "Rangers," was sent out
to encircle a detachment of about 300 British
Light Infantry, attack their rear, and effect their
capture. Unfortunately he attacked too soon —
a flank attack instead of an assault upon the ene-
my's rear as Washington intended — and the
British escaped. Knowlton pursued and was
killed.
[Ashbel Woodward, memoir of Knowlton and gen-
ealogical data in New-Eng. Hist, and Geneal. Reg.,
Jan., Oct. 1 86 1 ; Chas. Coffin, The Lives and Services
of Maj.-Gen. John Thomas, Col. Thos. Knowlton . . .
(1845) ; C. H. W. Stocking, Hist, and Geneal. of the
Knowltous of England and America (1897) ; Richard
Frothingham, Hist, of the Siege of Boston (1849) :
P. H. Woodward, "Historical Address," in Statue of
474
Knox
Knox
Col. Thos. Knowlton : Ceremonies at the Unveiling
(1895); H. P. Johnston, "The Campaign of 1776,
around New York and Brooklyn," Memoirs of the Long
Island Hist. Soc, vol. Ill (1878), and The Battle of
Harlem Heights (1897) ; Jared Sparks, The Writings
of Geo. Washington (12 vols., 1834—37).]
F.E.R.
KNOX, GEORGE WILLIAM (Aug. 11,
1853-Apr. 25, 1912), theologian, writer, and
educator, was born in Rome, N. Y., the son of
William Eaton Knox (1820-1883) and Alice
Woodward (Jenckes) Knox. From his father, a
distinguished Presbyterian pastor, he acquired
an early religious bent, and in 1874, on gradua-
tion from Hamilton College, he entered Auburn
Theological Seminary, specializing in mission-
ary work. On May 11, 1877, ne married Anna
Caroline Holmes, of Auburn, daughter of Judge
Jacob Holmes, and within a month was ordained
by the Chemung Presbytery at Elmira. He
sailed immediately for Japan as a Presbyterian
missionary.
The tall, spare, wide-browed young pastor
preferred the study of the Japanese language
and the analysis and interpretation of Japanese
religious systems to routine pastoral work
among prospective converts, and, after passing
his courses at the language school in Tokyo,
gave over active parish work in favor of teach-
ing homiletics at the Union Theological Sem-
inary there. This post he retained from 188 1
until 1893, serving, in addition, as professor of
philosophy and ethics at the Tokyo Imperial
University from 1886 until 1893. Meanwhile he
was devoting his efforts to discerning the inner
spirit of the Japanese as shown by the Japanese
adaptations of Buddhism and Confucianism. In
recognition of his scholarship in Japanese Con-
fucianism he was elected to the vice-presidency
of the Asiatic Society of Japan (1891-92), and
in 1908 was awarded the decoration of the Order
of the Rising Sun.
Returning to the United States in 1893, he
became stated supply, and subsequently pastor,
of the Presbyterian Church at Rye, N. Y., and
three years later was appointed lecturer on apol-
ogetics at Union Theological Seminary. In 1899
he became full professor of philosophy and the
history of religions at that institution. As a
widely recognized authority in this field, he was
selected to write the article on "Christianity" in
the eleventh edition (1910-11) of the Encyclo-
pedia Britannica. Certain statements made in
this article stirred up resentment among Roman
Catholics, and a series of controversial tracts
were issued in protest, one of the more widely
circulated being entitled, Poisoning the Wells.
Although the article was subsequently revised
and amended, much of the section on "Chris-
tianity" in the fourteenth edition (1929) of the
Britannica remained his work. In 191 1, he was
commissioned by the Seminary to lecture on its
behalf in China, Japan, India, and Korea, but
his tour was cut short by his death, from pneu-
monia, in Seoul, Korea.
Knox's writings are scholarly, lucid and ana-
lytic. In Tokyo he published, in Japanese, text-
books of ethics, theology, and homiletics, and
a work on "Christ the Son of God," and in Eng-
lish: Japanese Systems of Ethics (1886), The
Mystery of Life (1890), and A Japanese Philos-
opher (1891). After returning to America he
published: The Direct and Fundamental Proofs
of the Christian Religion (1903), being the Na-
thaniel William Taylor Lectures at Yale Divin-
ity School ; Japanese Life in Tozvn and Country
(1904) ; Imperial Japan: The Country and Its
People' X London, 1905) ; The Spirit of the Ori-
ent (1906) ; The Development of Religion in
Japan (1907) ; and The Gospel of Jesus (1909).
[AT. Y. Times and N. Y. Herald, Apr. 27, 1912;
Who's Who in America, 19 12-13 ; "Three Educators,"
in Outlook, May 11, 1912; Shailer Mathews in Am.
Jour. Theol., July 1912; brief criticisms of Knox's
writings, in Chautauquan, July 1906, Nation (N. Y.),
Nov. 17, 1904, Dial, Dec. 1, 1904.] H. E. W.
KNOX, HENRY (July 25, 1750-Oct. 25,
1806), major-general and secretary of war, was
of Scotch-Irish descent, his father, William
Knox, and his mother, Mary Campbell, having
landed in Boston in 1729 from the north of Ire-
land. Married in February 1735, they had ten
children, all sons, of whom Henry was the
seventh. The father, a shipmaster by occupa-
tion, suffered financial reverses and died in the
West Indies at the age of fifty, and Henry, then
but twelve years old, was the sole support of his
mother. Leaving the grammar school, the boy
found work in the bookstore of Wharton &
Bowes, in Cornhill, Boston. On his twenty-first
birthday he opened for himself "The London
Book-Store," which became a resort of British
officers and brought him a fair income ("Henry
Knox and the London Book-Store in Boston,
1771-74," in Proceedings of the Massachusetts
Historical Society, vol. LXI, 1928, pp. 227ff.).
His mother died a few months later, on Dec. 14,
1771.
A robust and enterprising youth, Knox was
early interested in military affairs and enlisted
in a local company when he was only eighteen.
At the "Boston massacre," Mar. 5, 1770, he en-
deavored to restrain Captain Preston from firing
on the mob. Through the bursting of a fowling-
piece on a hunting expedition, he lost the third
and fourth fingers of his left hand. He joined
475
Knox
in 1772 the crack "Boston Grenadier Corps" as
second in command under Capt. Joseph Pierce
and made a study of military science and engi-
neering. His martial bearing is said to have
attracted the attention of Lucy Flucker, daugh-
ter of Thomas Flucker, royal secretary of the
province, whom he married, June 16, 1774,
against her family's wishes.
With the outbreak of the Revolution, Knox,
although urged to adhere to the Royalist cause,
withdrew with his wife from Boston in June
1775. He promptly offered himself as a volunteer
to Gen. Artemas Ward and entered upon a ca-
reer of unceasing activity, participating in near-
ly every important engagement of the war. His
rise in the American army is like a tale of ro-
mance. The Patriots gladly accepted his experi-
ence as an artillerist ; he soon, through his tal-
ents and personality, became one of General
Washington's closest friends and advisers ; and,
although he had never been in a battle, he was
commissioned colonel, Nov. 17, 1775, in charge
of the artillery of the army. At his own sugges-
tion and with the approval of Washington, he
went with his brother William on a hazardous
expedition to Fort Ticonderoga and brought
back to Boston the supply of British ordnance
captured on May 10, 1775, by Ethan Allen. His
arrival in late January 1776, dragging "a noble
train of artillery" over the snow, strengthened
his reputation for daring and resourcefulness ;
and the fortification of Dorchester Heights with
these guns compelled General Howe to evacuate
Boston with eleven hundred Loyalists, includ-
ing the Fluckers.
After laying out defenses at exposed points in
Connecticut and Rhode Island, Knox joined
Washington at Long Island, where he took part
in the battles around New York. He reported,
June 10, 1776, that he had available 120 cannon,
but only 520 officers and men to handle them.
The business of organizing the artillery was very
arduous, and he wrote, Sept. 19, 1776, "I have
not had my clothes off o' nights for more than
forty days" (Brooks, post, p. 68). He was
critical of the American officers and wrote on
Sept. 5, 1776, "We want great men who, when
fortune frowns, will not be discouraged." When
most Patriots were despondent he remained
optimistic, constitutionally incapable of being
down-hearted. Under his direction Washing-
ton's troops on Christmas night, 1776, crossed
the Delaware River, filled with floating ice, and,
marching on Trenton, captured more than 1200
Hessian prisoners. For his services on this oc-
casion, he was thanked in public orders by Wash-
ington and received his commission as brigadier-
Knox
general, dated Dec. 17, 1776. At the battle of
Princeton in January 1777 his regiment was con-
spicuous for its aggressiveness. When the army
went into winter quarters at Morristown, the
indefatigable Knox was sent to Massachusetts,
where he started a government arsenal at Spring-
field. In the ensuing May, Ducoudray, a French
officer, arrived in the colonies expecting to be
made commander-in-chief of artillery. Deeply
grieved, Knox addressed Congress on the sub-
ject, and Washington joined with Generals
Greene and Sullivan in objecting to the substi-
tution of Ducoudray for Knox. Washington, in
his protest, described Knox as "a man of great
military reading, sound judgment, and clear con-
ceptions" (Sparks, post, IV, p. 446). As a con-
sequence, the latter was retained in his position.
In the autumn campaigns of 1777, Knox's
regiment took an active part, especially at
Brandywine (Sept. 11), where a contemporary
account said that they behaved "with their usual
coolness and intrepidity," and at Germantown
(Oct. 4). During the terrible winter at Valle>
Forge, he was allowed a leave of absence to visit
his wife in Boston. At the battle of Monmouth
(June 28, 1778), he expressed himself as de-
lighted with the "coolness, bravery, and good
conduct" of his men, and Washington wrote that
the enemy had acknowledged "that no artil-
lery could have been better served than ours"
(Brooks, post, p. 124). In 1779 he made the
first move for the establishment of the military
academy which later became West Point. In
1780, when Pennsylvania troops mutinied, he
was selected by Washington to present to the
New England states the grievances of the army
and secured some monetary relief from Massa-
chusetts and New Hampshire. Later in the year
he sat on the court-martial which tried Maj.
John Andre. At the siege of Yorktown in the
autumn of 1781 he placed the American cannon,
and Washington declared that "the resources of
his genius supplied the deficit of means." Dur-
ing the siege, Mrs. Knox was the guest of Mrs.
Washington at Mount Vernon.
Knox's commission as major-general was
dated Nov. 15, 1781, shortly after the surrender
of Yorktown. At the close of hostilities he was
named on a board to arrange with the British
for an exchange of prisoners, but no agreement
could be reached. For some months he was sta-
tioned at West Point and on Aug. 29, 1782, was
placed in command of that post. When the
neglected army grew restless, Knox, heading a
committee of officers, petitioned Congress for
aid. In May 1783 he conceived and organized
the Society of the Cincinnati, composed of Revo-
476
Knox
Knox
lutionary officers, and was made its first secre-
tary, under Washington as president. He be-
came vice-president of the order in 1805. During
the autumn of 1783 the army was disbanded,
and, after Washington had said farewell to his
staff on Dec. 4, it was to Knox that he first ex-
tended a parting handclasp. Resigning in Janu-
ary 1784, Knox moved to Boston, where he was
appointed by the General Court on a commission
to treat with the Penobscot Indians. On Mar. 8,
1785, he accepted an election by Congress as
secretary of war, at a salary of $2,450, out of
which he paid an assistant. A "furious Federal-
ist," he denounced the "State systems" and sent
to General Washington, Jan. 14, 1787, a "rude
sketch" for a general government. He was a
stanch supporter of the new Constitution, and,
when the cabinet was formed, was retained as
secretary of war.
The army at that time numbered only 700 men,
but when Knox prepared in 1790 a comprehen-
sive plan for a national militia, it was rejected
by Congress. He was also defeated in a con-
troversy with Alexander Hamilton, secretary of
the treasury, as to which department of the cabi-
net should purchase military stores and supplies.
He promoted the negotiation of treaties with the
Indian tribes, and urged both an adequate navy
and a chain of coast fortifications. On Dec. 28,
1794, he retired to private life. While he was in
the cabinet, he and his wife entertained elab-
orately, both in New York and Philadelphia,
spending much more than their income and
maintaining an expensive establishment. Ma-
nasseh Cutler once dined at Knox's table with
forty-four other gentlemen and described the
entertainment as being "in the style of a prince."
His luxurious habits gave him the title of the
"Philadelphia nabob."
In June 1796 Knox settled on the estate in-
herited by Mrs. Knox from her maternal grand-
father, Gen. Samuel Waldo, near Thomaston,
Maine, where he had just finished building an
imposing mansion, called "Montpelier," at the
head of the St. George's River. Here he carried
on a great variety of projects, such as brick-
making, cattle-raising, ship-building, and lum-
ber-cutting. As early as 1791, he had been en-
gaged with William Duer in extensive land spec-
ulation in Maine, which led them into heavy bor-
rowing. The amount of money involved was
large, and Knox was drawn into many law-suits
which kept him from having an easy mind. He
lived, however, in state and entertained many
distinguished foreigners, including Talleyrand,
Louis Philippe, and Alexander Baring. From
time to time he sat in the General Court and on
the Governor's Council, and he served on several
commissions, among them one for the adjust-
ment of the northeastern boundary. In 1798,
during the diplomatic crisis with France, he was
appointed by President John Adams as major-
general but was mortified by the fact that Ham-
ilton and Charles C. Pinckney were given pre-
cedence over him. He died very unexpectedly,
at the age of fifty-six, as the result of the lodging
of a chicken bone in his intestines, and was
buried at Thomaston, with military honors. A
shaft of limestone still marks his grave.
Knox was a full-blooded, florid man, who, in
1783, weighed nearly three hundred pounds.
Maclay, who did not like him, referred to his
"Bacchanalian figure," and contemporaries ridi-
culed his pompous, self-complacent walk. He
was forceful, often profane, in his language, and
expressed himself very freely on most subjects.
Although his sanguine disposition was an asset
on the battle-field, it led him into hazardous
business ventures. He was both generous and
hospitable, and had qualities which endeared him
to such different men as Greene, Lafayette, and
Washington. Madam Knox, as she was com-
monly called, was almost as corpulent as her
husband, and they were known in New York as
"the largest couple in the city." She was de-
scribed as "a lively and meddlesome but amiable"
woman, but she had domineering ways, to which
Knox was often obliged to yield, and her "lofty
manners" led him occasionally to reprove her.
Her tactless remarks and social blunders caused
much amusement, but her position as a hostess,
and her influence with Mrs. Washington, were
undeniable. Of her twelve children, nine died
young — two of them on the same day in 1796 —
and only three survived their parents. She her-
self died in 1824. The best portrait of Knox, by
Gilbert Stuart, shows him in uniform, with his
crippled left hand resting upon a cannon. It is
in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston.
[The extensive Knox papers, most of them not yet
published, are preserved in the New-England Historic
Genealogical Society in Boston. The best biography is
Henry Knox, A Soldier of the Revolution (1900), by
Noah Brooks. Another biography is Francis S. Drake's
Life and Correspondence of Henry Knox (1873). See
also Edward Channing, Hist, of the U. S., vol. IV
(1917) ; Jared Sparks, The Writings of George Wash-
ington (12 vols., 1834-37) ; C. F. Adams, The Works
of John Adams (10 vols., 1850-56); J. C. Hamilton,
The Works of Alexander Hamilton (7 vols., 1850-51) ;
Columbian Sentinel (Boston), Nov. 5, 1806.]
C.M.F.
KNOX, JOHN JAY (Mar. 19, 1828-Feb. 9,
1892), financier, comptroller of the currency,
was of Scotch-Irish ancestry on his paternal
side, the great-grandson of John Knox, who emi-
grated to America in 1760 from Strabane, Coun-
477
Knox
ty Tyrone, Ireland. The seventh child of John
J. Knox and Sarah Ann Curtiss, he was born in
the village of Augusta, Oneida County, N. Y.
Here his childhood was passed in healthful sur-
roundings. He attended the Augusta Academy
and the Watertown Classical Institute, then en-
tered Hamilton College from which he grad-
uated in 1849 after having made the Phi Beta
Kappa Society. He began his business career
as teller of the Bank of Vernon of which his fa-
ther was president. In 1852 he was made teller
of the Burnet Bank in Syracuse and in 1856
cashier of the Susquehanna Valley Bank at
Binghamton, both of which institutions he helped
to organize. From 1857 until 1862 he and his
younger brother, Henry Martyn Knox, carried
on a private banking business in St. Paul, Minn.
In the latter year John Jay Knox contributed a
carefully prepared article to the February issue
of Hunt's Merchants' Magazine and Commercial
Review in which he urged the establishment of
a national banking system with a safe, elastic,
convertible, and uniform paper currency. The
essay attracted the attention of Secretary Chase,
who appointed Knox to a clerkship in the Treas-
ury Department. This office he held until 1865
when he became cashier for a short time of the
Exchange National Bank at Norfolk, Va. Reen-
tering the government service he was placed in
charge of the mint and coinage correspondence.
In 1866 he made a report on the branch mint at
San Francisco, which was published in Secre-
tary McCulIoch's annual report with a flattering
reference. The same year he investigated a de-
falcation of $1,000,000 in the office of the as-
sistant treasurer of the United States at New
Orleans. On Oct. 10, 1867, he was made deputy
comptroller of the currency and promoted to
comptroller on Apr. 24, 1872, by President Grant.
In 1870 Congress ordered printed a report
made by a committee of which Knox was a mem-
ber, together with a proposed bill codifying the
mint and coinage laws. After having been de-
bated and considered for three years the measure
known as the Coinage Act of 1873 was passed
with few changes on Feb. 12, 1873. It discon-
tinued the coinage of the silver dollar and made
the gold dollar the unit of value. The subsequent
unfounded charge of the free-silver advocates
that the act had been surreptitiously passed
Knox refuted in his published interview with
the House committee on coinage, weights and
measures on Feb. 20, 1891. Reappointed by
President Hayes and President Arthur in 1877
and 1882 respectively, he remained comptroller
until May 1, 1884, when he resigned to become
president of the National Bank of the Republic
Knox
in New York City, a position he held until his
death. While comptroller he served as a mem-
ber of the Assay Commission, helped to make
the United States assistant treasurer a member
of the New York Clearing House, took the
necessary steps for the resumption of specie pay-
ments on Jan. 1, 1879, and negotiated with bank-
ers for the issuance of 3-J^ per cent, government
bonds. He delivered various addresses before
the American Bankers' Association and similar
bodies, and lectured for several years on banking
and finance at various universities.
Genial and gentle of disposition, Knox was a
charming conversationalist, an art lover, fond
of music, and familiar with the poets. Of sound
judgment, he was a constructive financier and a
leading authority in framing legislation relating
to the government monetary system. Besides
the works and addresses already mentioned, he
wrote twelve annual reports as comptroller of
the currency which were replete with informa-
tion concerning currency questions of the day.
He published a valuable monograph on United
States Notes; A History of the Various Issues
of Paper Money by the Government of the United
States (1884) and contributed the nucleus to a
History of Banking in the United States pub-
lished in 1900. He also wrote articles on bank-
ing for magazines and encyclopedias. Knox was
married, on Feb. 7, 1871, to Caroline E. Todd
of Washington, D. C, by whom he had three
sons and three daughters. He died in New York
City.
[Sources include : The Fiftieth Anniversary of the
Marriage of John J. and Sarah A. Knox (1863) ; The
Sixtieth Anniversary of the Marriage of John J. and
Sarah Ann Knox (1873) ; Tribute of the Chamber of
Commerce of the State of N. Y. to the Memory of John
J. Knox, Mar. 3, 1892 (1892); J. L. Laughlin, The
Hist, of Bimetallism in the U. S. (1886) ; N. Y. Times,
Feb. 10, 1892. Knox's papers and correspondence were
destroyed in 1923.] H.G.V.
KNOX, PHILANDER CHASE (May 6,
1853-Oct. 12, 1921), lawyer, senator, secretary
of state, the son of David S. and Rebekah (Page)
Knox, was born at Brownsville, Fayette County,
Pa. His grandfather was a Methodist Epis-
copal clergyman, his father was a banker. The
boy attended local schools, and in 1872 received
the degree of A.B. from Mount Union College,
in Ohio. While a student he began a lasting
friendship with William McKinley, then district
attorney of Stark County. After three years
spent in reading law in the office of H. B. Swope
of Pittsburgh, he was admitted to the bar of
Allegheny County in 1875. Following a brief
service as assistant United States district attor-
ney for the western district of Pennsylvania, in
1877 he formed a law partnership with James
478
Knox
Knox
H. Reed of Pittsburgh. For twenty years Knox
devoted himself to the practice of his profession,
attaining recognition as among the ablest law-
yers of the country, both as a counselor and as
an advocate. In 1880 he married Lillie Smith,
daughter of Andrew D. Smith of Pittsburgh.
His talents were in constant demand in the con-
troversies incident to the industrial development
of the Pittsburgh region and in the organization
and direction of the corporations which brought
it about. In 1897 he served as president of the
Pennsylvania Bar Association and in 1899 was
offered the position of attorney general of the
United States by his long-time friend, President
McKinley. He declined the offer, probably be-
cause he was deeply engrossed in the formation
of the Carnegie Steel Company, organized in
1900; but in 1901, when, upon the resignation
of John W. Griggs, McKinley again offered him
the appointment, he accepted it, and entered upon
his office Apr. 9, 1901.
Within a year he initiated suit under the Sher-
man Anti-Trust Act of 1890 against the North-
ern Securities Company, through which James
J. Hill, J. Pierpont Morgan, and their associates
had attempted to merge the Great Northern, the
Northern Pacific, and the Chicago, Burlington
& Quincy railroads. Knox gave his personal
attention to the litigation through all its stages
up to the Supreme Court, before which he made
the argument for the United States. He won a
decision against the company on Apr. 9, 1903,
and a confirmation of the judgment on Mar. 14,
1904. While attorney general, Knox was sent to
Paris to examine the title of the New Panama
Canal Company, successor of De Lesseps' com-
pany, which had offered to sell its property and
interests in the Isthmus to the United States for
forty million dollars. Upon his certification of
clear title, the offer of the French company was
accepted. He drafted legislation which created
the Department of Commerce and Labor in 1903,
and was partly responsible for drafting that giv-
ing the Interstate Commerce Commission effec-
tive control of railroad rates.
On June 10, 1904, Governor Pennypacker of
Pennsylvania appointed Knox to fill the vacancy
caused by the death of United States Senator
Matthew S. Quay. He took his seat on July 1
and subsequently was elected for a full term of
six years. As senator he was active and influ-
ential, especially in railroad-rate legislation; he
served on the judiciary committee, took a promi-
nent part in the Panama Canal tolls debate, and
for a time was chairman of the committee on
rules. He resigned the senatorship on Mar. 4,
1909, and became secretary of state under Presi-
dent Taft, with whom he had formed an intimate
friendship which continued through the Roose-
velt-Taft feud until Knox's death.
During the Taft administration, the cabinet
was dominated by Knox, who had had a large
share in its selection. Within his own portfolio,
in order that the business with different groups
of countries might pass through officials who
had an intimate knowledge of those countries,
and that foreign-service officers might keep in
touch with the home viewpoint, the Department
of State was reorganized on a divisional basis
and the merit system of selection and promotion
extended by an executive order to the diplomatic
service up to the grade of chief of mission. In
the conduct of foreign relations one of Knox's
chief policies was the encouragement and pro-
tection of American investments abroad, or as it
is popularly and somewhat opprobriously termed,
"dollar diplomacy." This policy was first applied
in the Far East in 1909, in the suggested "neu-
tralization" of all the railways in Manchuria.
Knox proposed that Russia, Japan, and other
nations join in supplying China with the money
necessary to enable the Chinese government to
assume ownership of the Manchurian railroads.
Both Russia and Japan objected, because of their
alleged special interests there, and the project
failed. More successful were the efforts of the
United States government to secure the par-
ticipation of American banks in railway and
currency loans for China proper. The four-pow-
er consortium of 1910, increased in 191 1 to six-
power by the admission of Russian and Japanese
banks, though hindered by President Wilson's
withdrawal of support and subsequently by the
World War, paved the way for the new four-
power consortium of 1920.
Dollar diplomacy was also extended to Nica-
ragua and Honduras, by treaties signed in 191 1.
The purpose was to stabilize the governments
by reorganizing their finances and removing the
custom-houses from the possible attainment of
prospective revolutionists. The treaties, which
were to have made possible loans from American
bankers, failed of ratification, but subsequently
formed the basis of the Bryan-Chamorro Treaty
with Nicaragua, which was ratified with amend-
ments in 1916. In 1912 Knox visited the Carib-
bean republics to allay any suspicions that the
United States had imperialistic aims. About the
same time the proposal of a Japanese syndicate
to buy a large tract of land in Lower California,
including Magdalena Bay, led to the extension
of the Monroe Doctrine to Asiatic as well as
European nations.
During Knox's administration as secretary of
479
Knox
state, the Bering Sea controversy and the North
Atlantic fisheries controversy were amicably
settled by treaty and arbitration respectively,
and an attempt was made to establish a reci-
procity agreement with Canada to offset the bad
feeling engendered in that country by the Payne-
Aldrich tariff. The reciprocity project was ap-
proved by the House and Senate but was rejected
by the Dominion Parliament. Attempts to se-
cure ratification of general arbitration treaties
with Great Britain and France and to establish
a Court of Arbitral Justice at The Hague were
also unsuccessful, although these failures paved
the way for the ultimate adoption of both projects
in subsequent administrations.
After Mar. 5, 1913, Knox returned to the prac-
tice of law at Pittsburgh, but after three years
the hankering for public service led him again to
become a candidate for the Senate, and on Nov.
6, 1916, he was elected for the term 1917-23. In
the Senate, he took a leading part in the success-
ful fight against the ratification of the Treaty
of Versailles. His opposition, which was based
primarily on the contention that the treaty of
peace and the constitution of the League of Na-
tions should be separated, was made public in a
"round robin" on Mar. 4, 1919, before President
Wilson's return to Paris for final negotiations.
This "round robin" was drafted by Knox and
signed by thirty-seven Republican members of
the new Senate. The Treaty of Versailles was
signed on June 28 and submitted to the Senate
on July 10. Knox supported reservations on the
ground that, if the negotiators understood the
Treaty as President Wilson interpreted it to the
senators, there should be no objection to em-
bodying these interpretations in the resolution
of ratification; but he voted against ratification
on the ground that the Treaty, although the res-
ervations tended to make it less "obnoxious to
our Constitution," nevertheless imposed "obli-
gations upon the United States which under our
Constitution cannot be imposed by the treaty-
making power" (Congressional Record, 66
Cong., 1 Sess., p. 8768). In all these proceed-
ings against the Treaty, while Senator Henry
Cabot Lodge generally appeared as spokesman,
it was Knox who was chiefly consulted by the
opposition and who drafted such resolutions and
other documents as were necessary. The Treaty
failed of ratification on Nov. 19, 1919, and again
on Mar. 19, 1920. Its rejection necessitated a
separate peace with Germany, a proposal which
Knox had supported from the beginning : in the
"Knox Resolutions" of June 10, 1919, and again
on Nov. 18. After the failure of the Treaty,
therefore, he offered a resolution (May 21, 1920)
Knox
to repeal the declaration of war against Germany
and Austria. The resolution was passed, but
President Wilson vetoed it on May 27, on the
ground that it did not seek to accomplish any of
the objects for which the United States had en-
tered the war. Less than eight weeks after the
end of the Wilson administration, a joint reso-
lution declaring the war at an end was intro-
duced, passed, and, on July 2, 1921, signed by
President Harding. A separate peace was there-
upon negotiated and signed with Germany (Aug.
25, 1921) and submitted to the Senate Sept. 21.
Three weeks later, on Oct. 12, 1921, shortly after
leaving the Senate chamber, though apparently
in good health, Knox was suddenly stricken with
paralysis and died. His interment took place at
Valley Forge, Pa., where he had made his coun-
try home for a number of years.
Knox has been justly characterized as an
agreeable, generous, upright man, a shrewd cor-
poration lawyer, with the restraints imposed by
judicial training and traditions. Himself free of
unworthy motives, he found it difficult to impute
such motives to others. As secretary of state he
sometimes failed in due consideration for the
feelings of the weaker nations. He was bored
with detailed routine but tremendously interested
in great state policies.
[The private papers of Knox, in the possession of
his daughter, Mrs. James R. Tindle, are not available
to the public. A biography by Herbert F. Wright ap-
peared in S. F. Bemis, The Am. Secretaries of State
and Their Diplomacy, vol. IX (1929). The Taft papers
in the Library of Congress are important for the re-
lationship between Knox and Taft. Knox's public ad-
dresses, apart from those in the Congressional Record,
are available in separate prints privately issued. His
public papers as secretary of state, so far as published,
are printed in the Foreign Relations of the United
States and congressional documents. His public pa-
pers as attorney general, so far as published, are print-
ed in the publications of the Dept. of Justice and con-
gressional documents. The Northern Securities Case
is ably presented by B. H. Meyer, "Hist, of the North-
ern Securities Case," Bull. Univ. of Wis., Econ. and
Pol. Sci. Ser., vol. I, no. 3 (1906). For Knox's Far
East policy, see W. W. Willoughby, Foreign Rights
and Interests in China (2nd ed., 2 vols., 1927) ; S. K.
Hornbeck, Contemporary Politics in the Far East
(1916) ; and T. W. Overlach, Foreign Financial Con-
trol in China (1919). "Dollar Diplomacy" in the
Caribbean is adequately presented by Dana Gardner
Munro, The Five Republics of Central America (1918).
Juan Leets, U. S. and Latin America: Dollar Diplomacy
(19 1 2), is a criticism. More extended bibliographical
references will be found in the Appendix to the pub-
lished biography mentioned above.] H.F.W.
KNOX, SAMUEL (1756-Aug. 31, 1832),
Presbyterian minister and educator, was the eld-
est son of Samuel Knox, a farmer descendant of
the reformer, living in the County of Armagh,
Ireland. His mother's name is unknown. Of
his early life little can be said ; even the date of
his birth is disputed. Though it has been assert-
ed that he first came to America in 1795, it is
480
Knox
Knox
apparent, from references in the Maryland Jour-
nal and Baltimore Daily Advertiser (1786 and
1787) that he was at Bladensburg, Md., as early
as 1786. Returning to Scotland (1789), he en-
tered the University of Glasgow where he dis-
tinguished himself by diligent scholarship, was
awarded prizes in Greek and Latin, and re-
ceived the degree of M.A. (1792). After pre-
paring for the ministry, and being licensed by
the Presbytery of Belfast, he came to the United
States, presented his credentials at Baltimore,
and received a pastorate in Bladensburg (1795)
which he held two years. At Frederick (1797-
1803) and Soldiers' Delight (1804-09) he served
as supply minister ; but his clerical services were
constantly hampered by political activities and
quarrels. Several powerful polemical sermons
and essays came from his pen. The most notable
of these, "Some Prefatory Strictures on the
lately avowed Religious Principles of Joseph
Priestley" (1798) and "A Vindication of the
Religion of Mr. Jefferson and a Statement of his
Services in the Cause of Religious Liberty"
(1800), suggest that politics may have influ-
enced his religious thinking.
As a teacher, Knox occupied many stations :
at Bladensburg Grammar School, 1788-89; first
principal of Frederick Academy, 1797-1803; and
head of a private academy, merged (1808) into
Baltimore College, with Knox as principal, a
position which he held till 1820. From 1823 to
1827 he was principal of the Frederick Academy
and then taught a private school. In 1817 the
Central College (later University of Virginia)
Visitors decided to offer him the professorship
of languages and belles-lettres, but the plan was
never consummated. His claim to distinction
as an educator rests primarily upon his Essay
on the Best System of Liberal Education,
Adapted to the Genius of the Government of the
United States (1799) which was submitted in a
prize contest instituted by the American Philo-
sophical Society ; and on his essay advocating a
system of education in Maryland. The United
States, he said in his prize essay, needed a na-
tional system, having a "wide extent of terri-
tory, inhabited by citizens blending together al-
most all the various manners and customs of
every country in Europe" (p. 71). Nothing
could better effect harmony than this "uniform
system of national education," including both
arts and sciences. Theological instruction should
be left to each denomination, exclusion from the
national system being justified by the principle
of separation of church and state. His system
embraced elementary schools for both sexes,
county schools or academies for pupils (boys)
48
who had completed four years in the elementary
school and had passed an examination ; a col-
lege in every state, with uniform plan and
charges ; and, finally, a national university,
which would "constitute the fountain head of
science." Uniform textbooks, supervision, pro-
fessional training for teachers, equalized salaries,
promotion on merit and a university press were
other novel features proposed. Though austere
and despotic as a teacher, and often embroiled
with those who disagreed with him, Knox was
a discerning and forceful advocate of education.
Jefferson regarded him highly, and was probably
influenced by his Essay in planning the Univer-
sity of Virginia. Though judged a "ripe schol-
ar" and esteemed by contemporaries, it is not so
much by his actual achievements as by his proj-
ects that he may rightly be considered a pioneer
of American education. He married twice : first,
Grace Gilmour by whom he had four daughters;
second, Zeraiah McCleery of Frederick, Md.
[U. S. Bureau of Educ, Report of the Commissioner
of Educ. for the Year 1898-99 (1900), vol. I; Basil
Sollers' chapter on secondary education in B. C. Stei-
ner, Hist, of Educ. in Md. (1894); two manuscript
sketches lent to the writer by the family ; Md. Hist.
Mag., Sept. 1907, Sept. 1909; Daily Nat. Intelligencer,
Sept. 4, 1832; and numerous pamphlets by Knox.]
T.W.
KNOX, THOMAS WALLACE (June 26,
1835-Jan. 6, 1896), traveler, journalist, author,
inventor, was born at Pembroke, N. H., the son
of Nehemiah and Jane Wallace (Critchett)
Knox. His father was a shoemaker and said to
be a descendant of John Knox, the Scotch re-
former. Apprenticed early to his father's trade,
he appears to have made his way independently
to Boston where he attended the public schools.
Returning to New Hampshire he worked for
some years on a farm, while at the same time he
educated himself with persistent determination.
At eighteen he became a teacher and at twenty-
two he had established an academy of which he
was the principal at Kingston, N. H. In i860
the gold rush in Colorado lured him to Denver
where he became a special reporter and then city
editor of the Daily News. At the outbreak of
the Civil War he enlisted as a volunteer aide,
serving through two campaigns in' the Southwest
and receiving a wound during a skirmish in
Missouri. Somewhat later the governor of Cali-
fornia appointed him lieutenant-colonel on the
staff of the state National Guard. In 1863, as
war correspondent for the Nciv York Herald,
he came under the displeasure of General Sher-
man and was court-martialed. He was convicted
of disobedience to orders and excluded from the
military department under Grant's command.
I
Knox
Failing to gain a revocation of the sentence, he
returned to New York. In 1865 he published
some of his military dispatches in a volume en-
titled Camp-Fire and Cotton-Field. In 1866 he
traveled across Siberia as correspondent for the
Herald with an American company engaged in
establishing a telegraph line for the Russian
government. The following year he was granted
a patent, No. 68,088, for transmitting plans of
battlefields by telegraph. Out of his adventurous
experience in Russia came his book Overland
Through Asia (1870) and his lucrative lifelong
interest in foreign travel. On a journey abroad
in 1875, in connection with an international rifle
match at Dollymount, Ireland, he invented a de-
vice for telegraphing by Morse signals the spot
where each bullet struck the target.
Knox's most productive tour was undertaken
in 1877, when he explored many unfrequented
parts of the Orient and secured materials for a
large number of volumes of travel. His visit to
the King of Siam resulted in the adoption by that
country of a system of public instruction modeled
upon the ideals and methods of American edu-
cation, as Knox had described them. For his
book, The Boy Travelers in the Far East: Part
Second: Adventures of Tivo Youths in a Journey
to Siam and Java (1881), which the King de-
clared to be the best description of that country
ever written, Knox received the decoration of
the Order of the White Elephant. Encouraged
by the favorable reception of his lively accounts
of foreign lands, he settled in New York and be-
gan the prolific production of the books which,
from 1879 up to his death, he published at the
rate of two a year. Among these, a series of
nearly forty travel books for boys represents his
most distinctive efforts. A list of his other works
includes The Lives of James G. Blaine and John
A. Logan (1884), Life and Work of Henry
Ward Beechcr (1887), Decisive Battles Since
Waterloo (1887), and The Republican Party
and its Leaders (1892). None of these volumes
survives the test of time ; the name of their author
does not appear in The Cambridge History of
American Literature, yet they represent an hon-
est attempt to meet the needs of Knox's genera-
tion. At the height of his career in the eighties
he was one of the popular literary figures of New
York. At the time of his death he is said to have
traveled more widely, with the exception of
Frank Vincent, than any other American.
[See obituaries in the N. Y. Herald, N. Y. Times,
and N. Y. Tribune, Jan. 7, 1896 ; D. B. Sickels, Memo-
rial Address: Col. Thos. Wallace Knox, Apr. 6, 1896;
the Critic, Jan. 11, 1896; article in Book News, Feb.
1892, reprinted from Harper's Young People, Oct. 18,
1 89 1 ; and N. F. Carter, Hist, of Pembroke, N. H. (2
vols, bound together, 1895). For the details of his
Kobbe
court-martial see War of the Rebellion: Official Rec-
ords (Army), 1 ser., XVII, pt. 2.] p K
KOBBE, GUST A V (Mar. 4, 1857-July 27,
1918), critic, music historian, and author, son
of William August Kobbe and Sarah Lord Sis-
tare, was born in New York. There he attended
public school until, as a boy of ten, he went to
Wiesbaden, Germany, where he studied at the
Gymnasium and was the pupil of Adolf Hagen
in piano and composition. Returning to New
York in 1872, he entered Columbia College in
1873 and was graduated from the school of arts
in 1877 and from the law school in 1879. At the
same time he continued his musical studies with
Joseph Mosenthal. Almost immediately upon the
completion of his college education, he began his
career as a writer, choosing the journalistic road
by preference. One of the editors of the Musical
Record and Review (1879-80), he acted as as-
sistant music-critic of the New York Sun ( 1880-
82), and in the latter year was chosen by the
New York World to report the first Parsifal
performance in Bayreuth as a special corre-
spondent. On Nov. 11, 1882, he was married to
Carolyn Wheeler of Scarsdale, N. Y. He was
successively music critic of the New York Mail
and Express, the New York World, and the New
York Herald, and contributed articles on mu-
sical and other subjects to such magazines as the
Century, Scribner's, and the Forum. He also
wrote a weekly article on art for the Sunday
edition of the Herald. His literary activities in
general covered a wide range of subjects. In-
cluded in his written works are New York and
Its Environs (1891); Plays for Amateurs
(1892) ; My Rosary and Other Poems (1896) ;
Famous Actors and Actresses and Their Homes
(1903) ; and A Tribute to the Dog (1911). His
novels include Miriam (1898) ; Signora, a Child
of the Opera-House (1902), an example of the
genre known as "the musical novel" ; Modern
Women (1915); and All-of-a-Sudden Carmen
(re-
written in a pleasantly direct and informal
style, Kobbe's contributions to musical litera-
ture represent the most significant portion of his
output. His Loves of Great Composers (1905)
is a volume of romanticized biography. Famous
American Songs (1906) and How to Appreciate
Music (1906) are popularizations of their sub-
jects for the general reader. He was an en-
thusiastic Wagnerian, however, and may be said
to have done his best work in this special field.
Wagner and His Isolde (1905), the Wagner-
Wesendonk letters and the story of the friend-
ship which inspired Tristan, is secondary in im-
portance to JVagner's Life and Works (2 vols.,
482
Kober
1890), containing extended analyses of the music
dramas, with note-examples of the leading mo-
tives. In spite of the enormous volume of Wag-
ner literature extant, the work has been widely
read. Kobbe was a genial person and he enjoyed
many friends. He was interested in sports and
had made a hobby of boating. It was while sail-
ing a catboat near his summer home at Bay-
shore, L. I., that he was accidentally struck and
killed by the wing of a naval hydroplane ma-
neuvering in the waters of Great South Bay.
[Who's Who in America, 1918-19; the Musician,
Sept. 1918; Musical Courier, Aug. 1, 1918; Musical
America, Aug. 3, 191 8 ; the N. Y. Times, N. Y. Herald,
Sun, and World, July 28, 1918.] F. H. M.
KOBER, GEORGE MARTIN (Mar. 28,
1850-Apr. 24, 1931), physician, active in public
welfare work, was born at Alsfeld, Hesse-Darm-
stadt, Germany, the son of Johann Jacob and
Johanna Dorothea (Bar) Kober. He received
his early education at the Realschule of his na-
tive town. His father was one of those whose
souls were stirred by the ferment of liberty in
the fifth decade of the nineteenth century, and
he resolved that no son of his should serve un-
der any German prince or potentate. George
therefore emigrated to the United States in 1866.
He found that his brother Charles, who had pre-
ceded him, was a soldier at Carlisle Barracks
and there he enlisted also. Assigned to duty at
the hospital in August 1867, he excited the in-
terest and received the help of the surgeon, Dr.
Joseph J. B. Wright, and by January 1870 he
was appointed a hospital steward and had fixed
his mind upon medicine as a career. Ordered to
Frankford Arsenal, he began study under a pre-
ceptor, Dr. Robert Bruce Burns, an Edinburgh
graduate. In 1871 Kober was ordered to Wash-
ington for duty and he entered the medical
school of Georgetown University, taking an eve-
ning course. He received his degree in 1873
and the following year was appointed an acting
assistant surgeon in the army and ordered to
California. His career as an army doctor con-
tinued until November 1886, when he left the
service, for which he always cherished a warm
friendship. Frugal habits, civil practice, and
wise investments made him financially com-
fortable, and by 1893 he had given up private
practice and was devoting his time to teaching,
public health work, and philanthropy. In 1901
he was made dean of the medical department of
Georgetown University, which position he held
until 1928.
Kober never married : his great love was for
mankind, particularly the poor and afflicted. He
gave liberally to the cause of public welfare and
Kober
served on many commissions and committees
dealing with it. He was a pioneer in the cru-
sade against tuberculosis and designed the Tu-
berculosis Hospital in Washington; he called
attention to the pollution of the Potomac River
as a cause of typhoid in Washington, and was
instrumental in securing the means of purifica-
tion adopted ; and he is credited with the first
published report on the use of iodine as an anti-
septic. He was a prolific writer, his published
articles numbering about two hundred. They
deal principally with hygiene, disease preven-
tion, and philanthropy, among the more impor-
tant being Urinology and Its Practical Applica-
tion (1874), Milk in Relation to Public Health
.(1902), Industrial Hygiene and Social Better-
ment (1908). The medical corps of the army
and Georgetown University were special ob-
jects of his regard. At the latter institution in
1923 he created an endowment fund of $16,000,
the income of which was to be used for the cre-
ation of a scholarship in the medical school, a
gold medal for the best student in hygiene, a gold
medal to be awarded annually to a member of
the Association of American Physicians who
had contributed to the progress and achievement
of the medical sciences or preventive medicine,
and an annual course of lectures by men who had
contributed to the progress and achievement of
the medical sciences or preventive medicine. He
was a fellow of the American Medical Asso-
ciation and of the Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, secretary of the Association of
American Physicians (1909-16), president of
the Association of American Medical Colleges
(1906), of the National Association for the
Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis (1915), of
the National Housing Association (1889), and
an active member of numerous other societies.
He was a man of pleasing personality and
gracious manners. His acquaintance with men
of prominence was large. Despite his learning,
he always spoke English with a marked German
accent. At the time of his death, he was engaged
in writing his Reminiscences, one volume of
which had appeared in 1930. It deals more with
his friends and his manifold interests than with
himself. His seventieth, eightieth, and eighty-
first birthdays were honored by testimonials by
Georgetown University and various medical and
scientific societies. On the occasion of the eigh-
tieth birthday he was presented with a bronze
plaque bearing his portrait in relief and in-
scribed "George Martin Kober, Physician, Pa-
triot, Philanthropist."
[F. A. Tondorf, Biog. and Bibliog. of George M.
Kober (1920) ; Military Surgeon, Feb. 1924 ; Am. Jour.
483
Kocherthal
Koehler
of Physical Anthropology, Jan.-Mar. 1920 ; Trans, of
the Asso. of Am. Physicians, 1927 ; Hist, of the Medic.
Soc. of the District of Columbia 18 17-1909 (1909);
F. A. Tondorf, The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Grad-
uation in Medicine of George Martin Kober, M.D.,
LL.D. March 6, 1923 (1923); In Commemoration of
Dr. George Martin Kober's Eightieth Birthday, March
28, 1930; Georgetown Coll. Jour., March 1920, June
1931 ; Who's Who in America, 1928-29; Evening Star
(Washington), Apr. 24, 1931.] P.M. A.
KOCHERTHAL, JOSUA von (1669-Dec.
2~, 1719), Lutheran clergyman, was the leader
of the Palatine emigration to the province of
New York. If the inscription on his gravestone
has been rightly understood, he was born in or
near Bretten, Melanchthon's birthplace, then
part of the Palatinate but since 1803 of Baden.
In the first years of the new century he was pas-
tor at Landau in the Bavarian Palatinate. In
1704, a year after the French invasion, he went to
London to inquire about the feasibility of emi-
grating to America. In his Aussfiihrlich und
Umstandlicher Bcricht von der Beruhmten Land-
schafft Carolina in dem Engcll'dndischen America
Gclegen (1706; 4th ed., Frankfurt -am-Main,
1709) he described the Carolinas as a land of
freedom, peace, and plenty and invited prospec-
tive emigrants to join his expedition. Although
Kocherthal had not overlooked entirely the risks
and hardships of emigration, his friend, the Rev.
Anton Wilhelm Boehme [q.v. in the Dictionary
of National Biography], thought it wise to pub-
lish another pamphlet, Das Verlangte Nicht
Erlangte Canaan (Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1711)
as a warning against being too sanguine. Mean-
while Kocherthal, with his family and almost
fifty destitute followers, returned to London in
1708 and petitioned the Board of Trade to send
his party to one of the plantations. By his piety
and gentle manners he won the personal interest
of Queen Anne, and his petition was granted.
On Dec. 31, 1708, he and his people reached
New York, where they found a generous bene-
factor in Lord Lovelace. In the spring they
settled on the Hudson at the mouth of Quassaik
Creek (Chambers River) and named their set-
tlement Newburgh. Lovelace's death in May
left them helpless, and Kocherthal immediately
sailed for England to consult with the Queen.
Again he was successful, and in 1710 he re-
turned with ten shiploads of exiled Palatines.
Of this great company, which numbered 3,086,
according to Boehme, when it left England, 600
died on the voyage and 250 more after landing.
In conformity with the plans of the new gover-
nor, Robert Hunter, the Palatines were shipped
up the Hudson to East Camp and West Camp,
where they were expected to repay the cost of
their transportation and kaep by gathering naval
stores. There were, however, no naval stores to
gather ; Hunter had been deceived by Robert
Livingston. So far as the Palatines were con-
cerned, the one result of this unfortunate enter-
prise was to reduce them to the condition of
slaves. By 1714 the scheme was given up. That
the Palatines did not fare even more miserably
was due in good measure to Kocherthal, who
had intelligence and fortitude as well as piety
and gentleness. In 171 1 he established himself
at Newtown in the West Camp area and from
there made regular visits to congregations in
East Camp, at Newburgh, and along the Mo-
hawk and the Schoharie. He was on terms of
friendship with Justus Falckner [q.t'.] and with
John Frederick Hager, who was of German
Reformed antecedents but had received Epis-
copal ordination in England. Kocherthal's wife,
Sybilla Charlotte, died Dec. 13, 1713, and he
himself died six years later, when about to de-
part on another voyage to England. He was
buried in West Camp. Benigna Sybilla, the
eldest of his five children, married Wilhelm
Christoph Berkenmeyer [q.v.].
[The notes on Kocherthal by W. J. Mann and B. M.
Schmucker in their edition of the Halleschc Nachricht-
en, Erster Band (Allentown, Pa., 1886), are precise
and detailed and furnish sufficient direction to their
authorities. See also A. L. Grabner. Geschichte der
Luth. Kirche in America (St. Louis, 1892) ; F. R. Dif-
fenderffer, "The German Exodus to England in 1709,"
Proc. Pa.-German Soc, vol. VII (1897) ; H. E. Jacobs,
"The German Emigration to America, 1709-40," Ibid.,
vol. VIII (1898) ; Pa. Mag. of Hist, and Biog., Jan.
1902; four articles on the Palatines in Olde Ulster,
vol. Ill' (Kingston, N. Y., 1907) ; Kocherthal's church
records, Ibid., vols. Ill and IV (1907-08).]
G. H.G.
KOEHLER, ROBERT (Nov. 28, 1850-Apr.
23» I9I7)> painter, art-school director, was born
in Hamburg, Germany, the son of Ernst Theo-
dor Koehler and Louise Buter. When Robert
was three years old the family emigrated to
America, Herr Koehler establishing a machine
shop in Milwaukee. In the German schools
there the boy excelled in drawing and later
learned the trade of lithography. At the outset
of his career he was threatened with blindness
but an operation averted calamity and he plunged
energetically into commercial engraving, work-
ing first in Milwaukee and later in Pittsburgh
and New York. In New York he earned his
living by day in Arthur Brown's lithographic
establishment on Thames Street, in the shadow
of Old Trinity, and studied nights at the Na-
tional Academy of Design, finally attracting the
attention of George Ehret, a wealthy New York
brewer, who bought his pictures and sent him to
Munich in 1873 to study. Although his ambition
at first ran no higher than to become a fine com-
484
Koehler
mercial lithographer, he studied with the best
masters Munich afforded, Piloty, Lofftz, and
Defregger, and decided to devote himself to
painting. Forced by lack of funds to return to
New York in 1875, he worked as pupil at the
Academy and at the Art Students' League, re-
turning to Munich four years later. This time
he remained as student and finally as teacher for
thirteen years. In 1886 he painted his most am-
bitious canvas, "The Strike," a large and rather
dry picture of industrial life. It brought him the
Order of St. Michael from Prince Regent Leo-
pold of Bavaria, with a court reception, and
honorable mention at the Exposition Univer-
selle at Paris, 1889. As president for many years
of the American Artists' Club and chairman of
the American section of the international ex-
hibitions in Munich he brought Whistler's work
to the Bavarian capital and later met the great
American artist in Venice.
Koehler returned to New York in 1892 and
the following year was persuaded to succeed
Douglas Volk as director of the Minneapolis
School of Fine Arts. Against the advice of
friends he accepted the post and spent the re-
mainder of his life there, twenty-one years as
director and three as director emeritus. Al-
though his talent as an artist was negligible,
his devotion to the school in the face of many
discouragements was heroic. As a pioneer of art
instruction and appreciation in the Northwest
he exerted an influence which can hardly be
overestimated. He was a trustee of the Min-
neapolis Society of Fine Arts and president of
the Minneapolis Art League. He persuaded
Eastern artists to send their pictures west for
exhibition and arranged that at least one pic-
ture should be bought each year to become the
property of the parent organization, the Society
of Fine Arts. He lectured endlessly and wrote
the major portion of the Bulletin of the society,
contributing to its pages a delightful series,
"Chapters from a Student's Life" (September
1906-Midsummer 1907), which describes his
years in Munich. He founded and for seven
years directed the Minnesota State Art Society,
which, through the medium of traveling exhi-
bitions of prints, sent echoes of the masters
through farm district and isolated town. Al-
though academic by training, he did not close
his mind entirely to modernism. Koehler was
married, in 1895, to Marie Franziska Fischer,
who with one son survived him. His paintings
are owned by the Kunstverein, Munich, the
Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, the
public libraries of Minneapolis and Duluth, and
the museums of Minneapolis and Milwaukee.
Koehler
[In addition to the "Chapters from a Student's Life,"
see Who's Who in America, 1916-17 ; M. D. Shutter
and J. S. McLain, Progressive Men of Minn. (1897) ;
A. N. Marquis, The Book of Minnesotans (1907);
Charlotte Whitcomb, "Robert Koehler, Painter," Brush
and Pencil, Dec. 1901 ; Bull, of the Minneapolis Inst.
of Arts, June 1917; Am. Art Annual, 1917 ; Minne-
apolis Jour., Minneapolis Morning Tribune, Apr. 24,
^l7] H.L.V-D.
KOEHLER, SYLVESTER ROSA (Feb. 11,
1837-Sept. 15, 1900), museum curator, writer,
artist, was born in Leipzig, Germany. He emi-
grated to the United States with his parents
when a boy of twelve, having received only the
rudiments of an education. His father was an
artist and his grandfather a musician, hence he
was naturally inclined to the artistic career which
he followed throughout his life. He went to
Boston in 1868, entering the establishment of
L. Prang & Company, where he remained as
technical manager for ten years. With Charles
C. Perkins and William C. Prime, he started in
1879 the American Art Review, a scholarly
periodical designed to awaken interest in art in
the United States. The circle to which it ap-
pealed was small and after two years it ceased
publication. Koehler contributed constantly to
American, German, and English periodicals,
writing chiefly on the subject of the graphic arts.
He held for a time the position of curator of the
section of graphic arts in the United States Na-
tional Museum at Washington. He was ap-
pointed acting curator of the print department
of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts in October
1885 and became regular curator in February
1887, a position he held until his death. His
previous work with the Prang Company gave
him mastery of the details of the technical proc-
esses and his years of study of the history of art
made him invaluable as an authority and critic.
The many catalogues of exhibitions of impor-
tant etchers held in the Museum were prepared
by him with introductions and copious descrip-
tions. Notable among these was the catalogue
for an exhibition in 1892, "illustrating the tech-
nical methods of the reproductive arts from the
XV century," for which there was a constant
demand for museums and collectors.
The building up of the print department of the
Museum was regarded as the most important
part of Koehler's life work. He frequently went
to Europe in the interest of the Museum and
was well known as a scholarly writer and lec-
turer. He delivered a course of nine lectures on
"Old and Modern methods of Engraving" before
the Lowell Institute in 1893 and later repeated
them in Washington. He died suddenly at Lit-
tleton, N. H., of heart failure, while attempting
to leave a train. He was buried from the home
485
Koemmenich
of Charles Biewald in Roxbury (now a part of
Boston), Mass. His valuable library, and many
prints, he gave to the Museum. In 1859 he
married Amelia Susanna Jaeger. His pub-
lished works include : The Theory of Color in
its Relation to Art and Art Industry (1876),
translated from the German of Wilhelm von
Bezold; Illustrations of the History of Art
(1879), an authorized American edition of the
work of E. E. A. H. Seemann ; Original Etchings
by American Artists (1883) ; Etching (1885) ;
American Art (18S6); Frederick Juengling
(1890) ; and an edition of T. Tokuno's Japanese
Wood-cutting and Wood-cut Printing (1894).
[Who's Who in America, 1899-1900; Trustees of
the Museum of Fine Arts, Twenty-fifth Ann. Report,
1900; Internat. Studio, Nov. 1900, Supp. pp. i-ii ;
Boston Transcript, Sept. 17, 1900.] pj yy
KOEMMENICH, LOUIS (Oct. 4, 1866-Aug.
14, 1922), musician, composer, was born in El-
berfeld, Prussia, Germany, the son of Ludwig
and Henrietta (Hasenkamp) Koemmenich. He
showed a pronounced musical bent from child-
hood. For several years he studied with Anton
Krause, at Barmen, a pianist, composer, and
teacher of repute in his day, and at the age of
nineteen he went to Berlin, where from 1885 to
1887 he attended the Kullak Academy, studying
with Franz Kullak, Alexis Hollander, and Wil-
liam Tappert. He emigrated to the United States
in 1890 and settled in New York. In a com-
paratively short space of time, he established his
reputation as a teacher of singing and the piano-
forte, and as a conductor of singing societies.
In 1894 he became conductor of the Brooklyn
Sangcrbund, and in 1898 he organized an Ora-
torio Society in Brooklyn. From 1902 to 1910,
while living in Philadelphia, he acted as con-
ductor of the lunger M'dnnerchor and in 1910
he conducted in the German Theatre. In 1912
he succeeded Frank Damrosch as conductor of
the New York Oratorio Society, which post he
retained until 1917. He also served as con-
ductor of the Mendelssohn Glee Club (1913-
19); the Beethoven Society (1916) ; and the
New Choral Society of New York (1917-22).
While active in these capacities, in which he
became a well-known and respected figure in
the musical life of New York, he found time to
keep up with his work as a teacher of singing
and to compose. His original works included a
number of songs and choruses, with and without
accompaniment, which are meritorious and
pleasing. As a choral conductor he deserves
credit, in particular, for presenting new works
of musical importance by the organizations he
had in charge. Thus he gave the first produc-
Koenig
tions in New York of Otto Taubmann's Eine
Deutsche Messe, Georg Schumann's oratorio,
Ruth, and Enrico Bossi's secular cantata, Jeanne
d'Arc, for soli, chorus, and orchestra. Koem-
menich was married, Apr. 15, 1891, to Maria
Dreibholz of Barmen, Prussia. She and three
children survived his death by suicide in the
summer of 1922.
[Musical Courier, July 4, 1898, Aug. 24, 1922; Mu-
sical America, Aug. 19, 1922; N. Y. Times, Aug. 15,
1922; information as to certain facts from Mrs. Louis
Koemmenich.] F H M
KOENIG, GEORGE AUGUSTUS (May 12,
1844-Jan. 14, 1913), chemist, mineralogist, was
born at Willstatt, Grand Duchy of Baden, Ger-
many, the son of Johannes and Margaretha
(Pfotzer) Koenig. His early education was ac-
quired at the public schools, the progymnasium
at Kork, and the School of Moravian Brothers
at Lausanne, Switzerland. He studied at the
polytechnikum at Karlsruhe from 1859 to 1863,
receiving the degree of mechanical engineer. He
was at the University of Heidelberg two years,
1863-65, and at the University of Berlin a like
period, 1865-67. His degrees of A.M. and Ph.D.
were conferred by Heidelberg in 1867. He spent
the year 1867-68 at the school of mines at Frei-
berg. In October 1868 he came to America and
in Philadelphia began to manufacture sodium
stannate from tin scrap. This he soon abandoned
to become chemist at the Tacony Chemical
Works in the same city. Here he remained un-
til 1872, except for the winter of 1870-71, which
he spent in mine examinations in Mexico under
trying conditions, owing to primitive transpor-
tation methods and the activity of hostile Indians.
His long college career began with his appoint-
ment in 1872 to an assistant professorship of
chemistry and mineralogy in the University of
Pennsylvania. In 1879 he was made professor
of mineralogy and geology, which position he
held until 1892, thus completing two decades of
service in the university. During this period he
was active in the general affairs of the institu-
tion, serving on several important investigat-
ing committees, one of which was the commit-
tee which examined the once famous Keely
motor.
In 1892 Koenig resigned his chair at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania to accept the professor-
ship of chemistry and metallurgy at the Michigan
College of Mines. Later, as the college grew, a
separate department was created for metallurgy,
but Koenig remained at the head of the depart-
ment of chemistry until his death. During the en-
tire period of over twenty years, though he made
many examinations and investigations in states
486
Koerner
Kohler
other than Michigan, he was rarely absent from
his classroom for a regular lecture or recitation.
He relinquished active charge of his department
the Sunday but one before he died. His mind
was that of an investigator. He usually had one
or more problems under investigation. To his
colleagues or advanced students who were for-
tunate enough to drop into his laboratory when
such investigations were in progress, his buoy-
ant enthusiasm in the face of obstacles and nega-
tive results was inspiring. He was first to dis-
cover diamonds in meteoric iron. In the course
of his examinations of minerals, he discovered
and described some thirteen new species. His
fine collection of type specimens he presented to
the Michigan College of Mines. To the layman
one of his most interesting and spectacular
achievements was the preparation of artificial
crystals of the copper arsenids, which grew out
of his discovery of Mohawkite. His manipula-
tion in obtaining these beautiful crystals never
before known, and most of them not as yet found
in nature, seemed wizard-like.
Results of his researches were published from
time to time in the American and German jour-
nals of chemistry and mineralogy. His latest
publication, dated Mar. 21, 1912, entitled "New
Observations in Chemistry and Mineralogy," is
a part of the elaborate hundredth-anniversary
volume of the Journal of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia. For many years he
was interested in chemical and metallurgical
methods. He developed quantitative methods of
blowpipe analysis, to which he gave the name of
chromometry. In 1881 he patented a process for
the chlorination of silver and gold ores, and in
1897 an assay furnace dispensing with a muffle.
Two years before his death he took out a patent
for separating vanadium from some of its ores.
His continuous hydrogen-sulfid generator ob-
tained considerable vogue in chemical labora-
tories. He was a member of the American
Philosophical Society, the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, the Franklin Institute,
the American Institute of Mining Engineers,
and the Lake Superior Mining Institute. On
Oct. 7, 1869, he was married to Wilhelmina
Marquart of Willstatt, who with two of their
children survived him.
[Who's Who in America, 1912-13; Old Penn, Jan.
2S> 1913; Am. Men of Science (1910); Engineering
and Mining Jour., Jan. 25, 191 3 ; Mich. Coll. of Mines
Alumnus, Jan. 1913; Pub. Ledger (Phila.), Jan. 16,
1913; Koenig's unpublished autobiography and infor-
mation as to certain facts from members of his family.]
J-F.
KOERNER, GUSTAVE PHILIP [See Kor-
NER, GUSTAV PHILIPP, 1809-1896].
KOHLER, KAUFMANN (May 10, 1843-
Jan. 28, 1926), rabbi, eldest child of Moritz and
Babette Lowenmayer Kohler, was born in Fiirth,
Bavaria, into a family and community of stanchly
orthodox Jewish traditions. In Talmudical
academies in Mayence and Altona, he attained
a mastery of Talmudic knowledge. At twenty
he became a disciple of the dynamically ardent
orthodox leader, Samson Raphael Hirsch, to
whose influence he attributed much of his Jewish
idealism. But in the universities of Munich
(1864-65), Berlin (1865-67), and Erlangen
(Ph.D., Nov. 13, 1867), he broke with orthodox
Judaism. The critical methods of his university
studies told him that Judaism was a historic
growth, not every part of which was of equally
divine character and value, and in his doctoral
dissertation, Der Segen Jakob's, he made a strong
plea for modernizing religion. This thesis limit-
ed exceedingly his prospects of obtaining a rab-
binical position in Germany, and after two years
of post-graduate study in the University of Leip-
zig, he was called to the Beth-El Congregation
in Detroit, arriving in the United States on Aug.
28, 1869. Exactly a year later he married Jo-
hanna, daughter of David Einhorn [g.?'.]. After
two years in Detroit, during which time he led
his congregation farther from its orthodox back-
ground, he was called to Sinai Temple, Chicago,
where he introduced many elements of radical
reform. At the beginning of 1874, he instituted
Sunday services besides the regular Saturday
exercises, an innovation which evoked violent
criticism and denunciation. In September 1879,
on the retirement of his father-in-law, David
Einhorn, Kohler succeeded him as rabbi of Tem-
ple Beth-El, New York, where again he intro-
duced supplementary Sunday services, and con-
tinued to battle lustily with his conservative
critics and orthodox denouncers, maintaining his
right to decide what was permanent and vital
in Judaism, and what ephemeral. In 1885, in a
series of lectures published as Backwards or
Forwards, he attacked Alexander Kohut's defi-
nition of traditional Judaism.
This polemic led both men, the leading Jewish
scholars in America, to action. On Kohut's side,
it resulted in the foundation of the Jewish Theo-
logical Seminary of America (Jan. 2, 1887) to
defend and strengthen traditional Judaism. On
Kohler's side, it led him to call the Pittsburgh
Conference, with the adoption of the radical
Pittsburgh Platform (November 1885), at first
repudiated even by some reform Jews, but later
accepted as a statement of principles of Ameri-
can reform Judaism. Kohler was one of the
founders, and for many years president, of the
487
Kohler
New York Board of Jewish Ministers. Suc-
ceeding Isaac M. Wise [q.v.] as president of the
Hebrew Union College at Cincinnati on Feb. 19,
1903, he raised its academic standards notably,
himself teaching homiletics, theology, and Hel-
lenistic literature. His seventieth, seventy-fifth,
and eightieth birthdays were widely celebrated
by American reform Jewry. Retiring in 1921 at
the age of seventy-eight, he returned to New
Vork, where he died in his eighty-third year.
The bibliography of Kohler's writings in Stud-
ies in Jewish Literature, issued in celebration
of his seventieth birthday, contained at that time
801 items. He took a prominent part in the
preparation of the Union Prayer Book, and of
the Jewish Publication Society's English trans-
lation of the Bible. He wrote textbooks of re-
form Judaism, edited the Sabbath Visitor ( 1881-
82), and the Jewish Reformer (1886), and was
editor of the department of theology and phi-
losophy of the Jewish Encyclopedia. His prin-
cipal single work was his well-ordered and fully
documented Grundriss eincr systematischcn
Theologie des Judcntums auf geschichtlicher
Grundlage (1910), published in English in 1918
as Jewish Theology Systematically and His-
torically Considered, a work which mingles a
reform treatment of Judaism with conservative
Jewish apologetics. Highly valuable are Koh-
ler's numerous studies on the Jewish origins of
Christianity, on Hellenistic, apocryphal, and
pseudepigraphic literature, on the origin of the
Jewish liturgy, and on comparative religious
folklore. These reveal consummate scholarship.
At eighty he published Heaven and Hell in Com-
parative Religion (1923), tracing the remote
folklore origin of Dante's eschatology, and at
the time of his death, he was working on The
Origins of the Synagogue and the Church, pub-
lished posthumously in 1929. A collection of his
papers, with a supplemental bibliography, was
published in 1931 as Studies, Addresses, and
Personal Papers and included his "Personal
Reminiscences of my Early Life." The pen of
scholarship was the most effective instrument
of Kohler's self-expression. Though an earnest
teacher and preacher inspired by religious ideal-
ism and the quest of truth, Kohler lived and
lives principally through the written word. He
will be remembered less as the opponent of Zion-
ism and as the vigorous, learned protagonist of
fading doctrinal battles, than as a productive, ma-
ture, and fearless scholar.
[See Studies in Jewish Lit. in Honor of Kaufmann
Kohler (1913), pp. 1-38; H. G. Enelow, article in
Am. Jewish Year Book, XXVIII (1926), pp. 235-60,
reprinted as the introduction to Kohler's Origins of the
Synagogue and the Church; David Philipson, article
Kohlmann
in Central Conference of Am. Rabbis: Thirty-seventh
Ann. Convention, vol. XXXVI (1926) ; Hebrew Union
Coll. Monthly, May 1918, Dec. 1921 ; the Am. Hebrew,
Jewish Exponent, Jewish Tribune, Feb. 5, 1926; Cin-
cinnati Enquirer, Jan. 29, 1926.] q jeg p
KOHLMANN, ANTHONY (July 13, 1771-
Apr. 10, 1836), priest, educator, and missionary,
was born in Kaiserberg, Alsace. He believed
that the priesthood was his vocation, and with
this in mind he began his preliminary studies at
his native place. The anti-clerical character of
the later developments of the French Revolu-
tion caused him to leave home and seek refuge
in Fribourg, Switzerland. He matriculated at
the university and after finishing his theological
studies was ordained in 1796. Attracted to com-
munity life, he became a member successively of
two communities that were patterned somewhat
after that of the Jesuits. For a time he minis-
tered to the sick at Hagenbrunn, Austria, dur-
ing a plague, then he spent two years in the
military hospital at Pavia. Finally, taking up
the work that appealed to him most, he taught
theology at various places in Europe. In 1803
he entered the Society of Jesus and was among
the first to go as a missionary to the United
States, sailing from Hamburg on Aug. 20, 1806.
He was first stationed at Georgetown, then a
small college, and when opportunity offered, he
made missionary journeys to the scattered Ger-
man congregations in Pennsylvania. In 1808
he was appointed by Archbishop Carroll admin-
istrator of the Diocese of New York and with
Benedict Joseph Fenwick \q.v.~\ took charge of
St. Peter's Church. He held the post of admin-
istrator until 1814. New York at this time had
a Catholic population of about 14,000. Among
these were some French and Germans. Kohl-
mann's fluency in languages made his ministry
to these people more effective. The material as-
sets of the New York diocese consisted of one
church building, one school, and a cemetery.
During Kohlmann's administration St. Patrick's
pro-Cathedral was planned, a school for boys
was started, and an academy for girls provided.
His stay in New York was made memorable
through a court decision rendered upon the sub-
ject of the seal of confessional. Through his of-
fices as confessor, he was able to restore certain
stolen goods to their rightful owner. The own-
er, however, insisted that the names of the guilty
be divulged and brought suit to this end. The
district attorney tried to solve the difficulty by a
declaration of nolle prosequi. The board of trus-
tees of St. Peter's Church insisted upon a court
decision. This was rendered in favor of the clergy-
man and was later written into the law of the
state, being made part of the revised statutes of
488
Kohlsaat
1828. Kohlmann looked upon the case as an
opportunity to explain the Catholic position in
the matter of the Sacrament of Penance, and
upon it he wrote a brief treatise which attracted
considerable notice at the time.
Kohlmann returned to Georgetown in 1815
where he served his society as master of novices.
From 1818 to 1820 he was president of George-
town College. With the restoration of the Jesuit
University, the Gregoriana, in Rome, he was
called to occupy the chair of theology. He left
America in 1824, spending his last years in
teaching. Among his pupils, many of whom rose
to high offices in the church, was Joachim Pecci,
who became Pope Leo XIII. His publications
were controversial and occasional. Unitarian-
ism Philosophically and Theologically Examined,
which appeared first as a series of thirteen
pamphlets, was published in 1821 in book form.
It called forth considerable comment as it was
directed against the views of certain influential
Unitarian ministers, including Jared Sparks.
J. M. Finotti in his Bibliographia Catholica
Americana (1872) attributes to Kohlmann The
Blessed Reformation, Martin Luther, Portrayed
by Himself (Philadelphia, 1918), although it
was published under the name of John Beschter.
It is regrettable that the variety of Kohlmann's
activities obscure somewhat the greatness of his
administrative gifts. His services were of the
utmost value to the Church during these critical
years, both at Georgetown and in New York.
[Wilfrid Parsons, S. J., has written an authoritative
sketch of Kohlmann's life and work in Cath. Hist. Rev.,
Apr. 19 1 8. Peter Guilday's Life and Times of John
Carroll (2 vols., 1922) contains a brief sketch of Kohl-
mann and a number of extracts from his letters. The
Woodstock Letters, vol. IV (1874) and vol. XII (1883),
published privately by the Jesuits at Woodstock Col-
lege, Md., contain valuable material. The Souvenir of
the Centennial Celebration of St. Patrick's (N. Y.,
1909, privately printed) contains a biographical note
by Thomas F. Meehan. Further notices of Kohlmann's
life and work may be found in J. R. Bayley, Brief
Sketch of the Cath. Ch. on the Island of N. Y. (1870) ;
J. G. Shea, Memorial of the First Centenary of George-
town Coll. (1891), and Cath. Churches of N. Y. City
('877) ; John, Cardinal Farley, Hist, of St. Patrick's
Cathedral (1908); and Wm. H. Bennett, Cath. Foot-
steps in Old N. Y. (1908).] P. J.F.
KOHLSAAT, HERMAN HENRY (Mar. 22,
1853-Oct. 17, 1924), restaurateur and editor,
the son of recent immigrants, Reimer and Sarah
(Hall) Kohlsaat, was identified with Galena,
111., in his youth, although he had been born at
Albion on the other side of the state. With scanty
formal education, he undertook his living in Chi-
cago, and so throve that he married at the age
of twenty-seven Mabel E. Blake, daughter of E.
Nelson Blake, the president of the Chicago board
of trade. Before he was forty he had bestowed
Kohlsaat
upon his adopted town, Galena, a striking statue
of General Grant, and a painting of Lee's sur-
render, by Thomas Nast ; and he had brought
Governor McKinley of Ohio to that town on
Grant's birthday, to deliver a commemorative
address (Daily Inter Ocean, Apr. 28, 1893).
Kohlsaat was one of the little group of friends
that had rescued him from bankruptcy when he
was involved in the failure of Robert L. Walker
in February 1893 (C. S. Olcott, The Life of Wil-
liam McKinley, 1916, I, 288). His fortune came
from his interest in a wholesale baking concern,
in which he had first worked as an errand boy
and drummer, and from a chain of low-price
lunch rooms in Chicago. Thus was explained, if
not justified, the epithet of John J. Ingalls, who
called him in a moment of exasperation "that
d — d pastry cook" (J. B. Foraker, Notes of a
Busy Life, 1916, I, 480).
Kohlsaat was a devoted Republican, going to
the convention of 1888 as an alternate, and bring-
ing to the party the support of the Daily Inter
Ocean, of which he was part owner from 1891
until May 3, 1894. He was a devoted Chi-
cagoan, too, using his journal for the advance-
ment of the interests of the world's fair of 1893.
And he had now become a devoted admirer of
William McKinley. After the sale of his interest
in the Inter Ocean, Kohlsaat took the first va-
cation of his life (Chicago Tribune, May 4,
1894), and for the remaining thirty years of his
career he permitted himself to do as he pleased
in business, politics, and travel. He searched
for another metropolitan newspaper, looking into
the affairs of the Chicago Tribune, the New
York Tribune, and the Nezv York Times; but
he came to it by the accident of the unexpected
death of his old friend James W. Scott. Scott
had combined the Chicago Times with the Chi-
cago Herald, Mar. 4, 1895, but had dropped dead
in New York six weeks later. On Apr. 21, 1895,
Kohlsaat appeared as editor and publisher of the
Chicago Times-Herald, converting it immediate-
ly into an independent journal devoted to a pro-
tective tariff and the gold standard. On Mar. 28,
1901, he renamed it the Chicago Record-Herald,
having bought the Chicago Record from Victor
Lawson. The Chicago Evening Post, which had
been part of the Times-Herald property, he re-
leased in 1901 to John C. Schaffer.
As the aggressive antagonist of free silver,
Kohlsaat increased his prominence among west-
ern Republicans. He pressed upon McKinley
the necessity for an emphatic stand upon gold,
and he was with Hanna in the preconvention
conferences of 1896, when the leaders agreed
that the Democrats should be met squarely upon
489
Kohut
this issue. It irked him to hear that anyone else
claimed to be the author of the gold plank, and
he carried on a prolonged fight in defense of
his own claim from the time he announced it
when a journalist (Chicago Times-Herald, June
17, 1896) until he published his reminiscences
in the Saturday Evening Post from May 13,
1922, to Jan. 13, 1923. He had no desire for
office for himself, but his brother Christian was
made a federal judge by McKinley, and he se-
cured the Treasury for Lyman J. Gage of Chi-
cago. He had great satisfaction in knowing the
presidents and acting as their "brutal friend."
For several years after 1902 he took a vacation
from journalism, interesting himself in Chicago
real estate; but he was back in the editorial
chair of the Record-Herald from Jan. 1, 1910,
until Sept. 7, 191 1, directing that journal along-
side the Chicago Tribune in the fight to unseat
William Lorimer as senator from Illinois. A
little later he had a year with the Inter Ocean
again, before James Keeley merged it and the
Record-Herald into the Chicago Herald, which
first bore the new name June 14, 1914. In 1912
Kohlsaat was driven by rough misrepresentation
by Roosevelt into an active support of Taft, and
he could not resume his intimacy with Roose-
velt until war made it seem to be an imperative
duty. His death came suddenly in Washington,
whither he had gone on invitation of Judge K.
M. Landis to see the world series, and where he
was a guest in the house of Herbert Hoover,
then secretary of commerce. His two daughters
survived him.
[The best obituaries are in the N. Y. Times, and
N. Y. Herald Tribune, and the Chicago Tribune, all
of Oct. 18, 1924. Kohlsaat's amiable vanities and his
loyalty in friendship are revealed in his book of remi-
niscence From McKinley to Harding: Personal Recol-
lections of Our Presidents (1923).] F L P
KOHUT, ALEXANDER (Apr. 22, 1842-May
25, 1894), rabbi and lexicographer, born in
Felegyhaza, Hungary, was one of the thirteen
children of Jacob and Cecelia (Hoffman) Kohut.
His only brother, Adolph, became one of Ger-
many's best-known writers. Alexander, a beauti-
ful child, was once kidnapped by gypsies. Since
there was no school in his native village and his
parents were too poor to pay a teacher, he was
still unable to read or write at the age of eight.
The family moved to Ketskemet, however, and
here his secondary schooling progressed rapidly,
being completed at the high school in Buda Pesth
summa cum laude. In 1861 he entered the fa-
mous Jewish Theological Seminary in Breslau,
where he lived a life of extreme poverty and
assiduous study, gaining his rabbinical diploma
in 1867. Three years later he received the degree
Kohut
of Ph.D. at Leipzig, honoris causa, for a thesis
Ueber die jiidische Angelologie und Daemo-
nologie in Hirer Abhdngigkcit vom Parsismus.
He served as preacher in Tarnowitz (1866), and
rabbi at Stuhlweissenburg (1867), Ftinfkirchen
(1872), and Grosswardein (1880). The excel-
lence of his public service and his brilliant ora-
tory secured his election to the Hungarian par-
liament, though he did not take his seat, because,
in the year he was elected, Congregation Aha-
wath Chesed called him to New York, where he
arrived May 3, 1885.
Kohut was shocked at the extravagant vagaries
of radical reform Judaism in America, and three
weeks after his arrival began a series of ser-
mons on "The Ethics of the Fathers," the theme
of which was that "a reform which seeks to
progress without the Mosaic-rabbinical tradition
is a deformity. . . . Suicide is not reform."
They were published in the same year. Con-
servative Jewry rallied around their new leader,
and reform, put on the defensive, replied through
Kaufmann Kohler [q.v.~\ in a series of addresses,
Backwards or Forwards, and through the Pitts-
burgh Program of American Judaism. Kohut's
reply, in cooperation with Sabato Morais and
others, was the organization of the Jewish Theo-
logical Seminary of America, in which he was
professor of Talmud. In 1891 he was appointed
examiner in rabbinics in Columbia College. In
Hungary he had married Julia Weissbrunn, who
died in New York in 1886, by whom he had ten
children, eight of whom survived her. On Feb.
14, 1887, he married Rebekah, daughter of Rabbi
A. S. Bettelheim, who has become a leader of
American and international Jewish womanhood.
His early privations and excessive study had
undermined his health, and the tall, command-
ing, alert, handsome man with white skin, blue-
black hair, and flashing eyes, became a prema-
ture physical sufferer. He continued to work
in his library, however, and even taught his
students from his sick bed. In March 1894,
when the death of his friend Kossuth was an-
nounced, he left his bed, went to synagogue, and
against strict orders not to speak entered the
pulpit and gave a flaming address on Kossuth's
relation to Judaism, at the end of which he col-
lapsed. He was carried home and after linger-
ing a few weeks, died at the age of fifty-two, and
was buried with the last volume of his Aruch
Hashalcui in his hand.
The Aruch, the basis of all subsequent rab-
binical dictionaries, is the Talmudic dictionary
compiled in the eleventh century by Nathan ben
Jechiel of Rome. For twenty-five years, while
caring for a large family on a modest salary,
490
Kolb
Kolb
Kohut worked unceasingly on an encyclopedic
modernizing of this work. After immense ef-
fort and persistence in the field of Judeo-Persian
and Yemenite Jewish literature, he published
four volumes while in Hungary, the final four —
including the supplement of references, indexes,
addenda, etc. — appeared during his American
period, the whole comprising more than 4,000
double-column pages. This monumental work of
superlative scholarship, patient philological re-
search, and textual criticism (1878-92) was re-
published in 1926.
A profound scholar who abhorred superficial-
ity, he was also a brilliant orator in several
languages. A lover of peace and unity who
modestly fled personal recognition, he yet be-
came the leader of an historic controversy. Giv-
ing a quarter of a century of unremitting toil to
fine lexical points, he had nevertheless a deeply
poetic soul and a moving piety and reverence.
In keeping with his sentimental Jewish tra-
ditionalism he always carried with him a little
of the earth of Palestine. His ideal home life
was charmingly depicted by his widow in My
Portion. In his memory his family established
the Kohut Foundation, which has presented to
Yale University the Alexander Kohut Memorial
Hebrew and Rabbinnic books, the Alexander Ko-
hut Publication Fund for publishing texts issued
by its Semitic Department, and the Alexander
Kohut Research Fellowship in Semitics. There
have also been established by his son, George A.
Kohut, similar Kohut Foundations in Vienna,
Berlin, Budapest, and New York for publishing
works in Jewish literature, especially in the fields
of grammar, lexicography, folk-lore, and the his-
tory of religion.
[A bibliography of 115 items concerning Kohut, by
his son, G. A. Kohut, appears in the Festschrift sum
5ojahrigen Bestchcn dcr Frans-J oscf-Landesrabbincr-
schule in Budapest (1927) ; a bibliography of his pub-
lications is in the Proceedings of the Fourth Biennial
Convention of the Jewish Theological Seminary Asso-
ciation (1894), and is reprinted in Tributes to the
Memory of Alexander Kohut (1894), ed. by G. A.
Kohut; see also B. A. Elzas, Gotthard Deutsch, M. H.
Harris, and Max Cohen in Kohut's The Ethics of the
Fathers (1920) ; Jewish Quart. Rev., Oct. 1921 ; J. D.
Eisenstein, Osar Yisracl (10 vols., 1907-13) ; vol. IX;
Am. Hebrew, June 1 and July 6, 1894; Adolph Kohut,
in Semitic Studies in Memory of Rev. Dr. Alexander
Kohut (Berlin, 1897); Jewish Encyc, vol. VII; Re-
bekah Kohut, My Portion (1925) ; N. Y. Times, May
27. 1894] D.deS. P.
KOLB, DIELMAN (Nov. 10, 1691-Dec. 28,
1756), Mennonite preacher, was born in the
Palatinate. He belonged to a family distinguished
for honest industry and sincere religious faith.
The father, Dielman Kolb, Sr., and the mother,
daughter of Peter Schumacher who had emi-
grated to Germantown, Pa., in 1685, both died
in the Palatinate, but five of the next generation,
including three preachers, eventually followed
the example of the grandfather and migrated to
Pennsylvania. Dielman Kolb, Jr., became a
preacher among the Mennonites of Mannheim
in the Palatinate while continuing, as was cus-
tomary, his trade of weaving. He received re-
ligious exiles from Switzerland and helped them
on their way until the position of Mennonites in
the Palatinate became insecure, whereupon he
followed his brothers to America. On Aug. 10,
1717, with his wife, Elizabeth Schnebli, a widow
whom he had married in 17 14, he landed at Phila-
delphia. They were soon settled in the district
of Salford, later included in Montgomery Coun-
ty, where the thrifty Kolb, farming and continu-
ing to ply his trade of weaving, became an im-
portant landholder.
Assured of his own position in the New World,
Kolb continued to assist others. He correspond-
ed with the Committee on Foreign Needs at
Amsterdam, which supplied funds for transport-
ing Swiss and German exiles to America, and
he may have visited the Netherlands on this
business (list of arrivals on the Mortonhouse
from Rotterdam, Aug. 19, 1729, Pennsylvania
Archives, 2 ser., vol. XVII, 1890, p. 15). He
and his brothers were among the Germans who
in 1731 secured a bill of naturalization from the
Assembly of Pennsylvania, thus acquiring the
right to hold and transfer property (Votes and
Proceedings of the House of Representatives of
the Province of Pennsylvania, vol. Ill, 1754, pp.
I3I> l35> T53)- Unusually well educated for his
day, he was interested in extending both edu-
cational and religious opportunities in Pennsyl-
vania. He preached at Salford, at Goshenhop-
pen, and in other neighboring communities. In
1738 he was one of four who secured a tract of
land on which the people of Salford erected a
church and school. Kolb was a friend of the
schoolmaster, Christopher Dock [q.v.], whom
he persuaded to write a treatise on his teaching
methods. In 1745, with Bishop Heinrich Funck,
in behalf of the Mennonites of their section who
wished to strengthen their children in the ancient
principles of their faith, he arranged for a Ger-
man translation of Tieleman Jans Van Braght's
Blocdigh Toonccl (Der Bhitige Schan-platz, 2
parts, 1748-49), a history of Christian martyr-
dom, with special emphasis on the Mennonites.
Although the work of translating and printing
was done by the Brotherhood of Dunkers at
Ephrata, Kolb and Funck were responsible for
reading the 1,512 pages of proof, word by word,
comparing the German and Dutch to be sure
that no errors were made.
49 1
Kolb
Kolle
He died in his sixty-sixth year, survived by
his wife and an only child, Elizabeth, the wife
of Andrew Ziegler.
[D. K. Cassel, A Gcncal. Hist, of the Kolb, Kulp or
Gulp Family (1895) ; R. B. Strassburger, The Strass-
burgcr and Allied Families of Pa. (1922) ; S. W. Pen-
nypacker, "A Noteworthy Book," Pa. Mag. of Hist,
and Biog., vol. V, No. 3 (1881) ; J. D. Souder, "The
Life and Times of Dielman Kolb, 1691-1756," Men-
nonite Quart. Rev., Jan. 1929.] D. M. C.
KOLB, REUBEN FRANCIS (Apr. 15, 1830-
Mar. 23, 1918), Alabama planter and farm lead-
er, was born at Eufaula, Ala., the son of Davis
Cameron and Emily Frances (Shorter) Kolb.
His father's ancestors came originally from Ger-
many to South Carolina. He was educated in
the public schools of Eufaula and at the Uni-
versity of North Carolina, graduating from the
latter institution in 1859, at the age of twenty.
From college he turned to cotton planting in his
native county. On Jan. 3, i860, he was married
to Mary Caledonia Cargile, the daughter of a
Barbour County planter. He represented Bar-
bour in the secession convention, voted for se-
cession, and joined the Confederate army at the
outbreak of hostilities. He rose quickly from
the rank of lieutenant to captain and distinguished
himself on the battlefield of Chickamauga, where
a memorial now stands to "Kolb's Battery.'' Af-
ter the war he resumed his plantation activities
and developed the "Kolb Gem" watermelon
which became a favorite variety. In the move-
ment for a scientific agriculture and for co-
operation among the farmers he became a
conspicuous figure. He was appointed state
commissioner of agriculture in 1886 and in that
capacity expanded greatly the services of the de-
partment and in various ways advertised the
resources of the state abroad. He exhibited
"Alabama on Wheels" — on a car furnished and
operated by the Louisville & Nashville Railroad
— to a quarter of a million people in the Central
West. Vegetable and fruit farming profited es-
pecially from his advertising.
In youth Kolb had revealed a penchant for
politics and had won his political spurs in the
movement to rid the south of Carpet-baggers. He
possessed all of the arts of a popular spokesman.
He steered the farmers adroitly, and when the
Alliancemen decided to go into politics they
thought of no leader but him. In the heated bat-
tles that followed he became to the farmers "Our
Patrick Henry." He stood for governor in the
campaigns of 1890, 1892, and 1894, and threw
the state into a tournament of debate and agita-
tion. He made partisans of all — partisans who
did not respect the good names of men or ob-
serve the canons of decent combat. Northern
Republicans discussed the probability of his over-
throwing the Democratic machine in Alabama.
He accepted gracefully his defeat for governor
and for United States senator in 1890, but when
the party convention rejected him for governor
in 1892 he carried the fight to the people, styling
himself and his followers "Jeffersonian Demo-
crats." The Jeffersonians and Populists nomi-
nated him for governor in 1894 and he engaged
William C. Oates, candidate of the "Organized
Democrats," in the most colorful campaign in
the history of Alabama politics. The "Organized"
labeled him a tool of Republican bosses of the
North and the leader of those who desired to
pillage and plunder. By scandalous manipula-
tions they defeated him. Through the columns
of his paper, the People's Tribune (Birming-
ham), Kolb continued for a while to thunder
against election frauds. In 1910 he was again
elected commissioner of agriculture, and in 1914
he was once more a candidate for governor, re-
minding many persons of his quondam name,
suggested by his initials, "Run Forever Kolb."
Eliminated in the first primary, he threw his
support to the conservative candidate, Charles
Henderson, in the second primary. This was a
pathetic ending for one who had worn himself
out fighting for progressive democracy in the
state. His motives in supporting Henderson
have often been questioned, but, whatever else
may be said, he was an exponent of the new
forces that began to shape the nation's life at
the turn of the century. He died in Montgomery
in his eightieth year.
[Alumni Hist, of the Univ. of N. C. (2nd ed.. 1924) ;
J. B. Clark, Populism in Ala. (1927) ; Memorial Record
of Ala. (1893), vol. II; A. B. Moore, Hist, of Ala.
(1927), vol. I ; T. M. Owen, Hist, of Ala. and Diet, of
Ala. Biog. (1921), vol. Ill ; J. Sparkman, "The Kolb-
Oates Campaign of 1894" (Univ. of Ala. thesis, 1924) ;
Chas. G. Summersell, "Life of Reuben F. Kolb" (Univ.
of Ala. thesis, 1930) ; Montgomery Advertiser, Mar.
24. 1918.] A. B.M.
KOLLE, FREDERICK STRANGE (Nov.
22, 1872-May 10, 1929), physician, pioneer in
radiography and modern plastic surgery, was
born in Hanover, Germany, the son of Johann
A. and Bertha (Schaare) Kolle. Having re-
ceived a German common-school education he
emigrated to Brooklyn, where he entered the
Long Island College Hospital Medical School,
from which he received the degree of M.D. in
1893. Before graduation he had served as as-
sistant in the ear department of the Brooklyn
Eye and Ear Hospital and in 1893-94 he was
interne in the Kings County Hospital. During
1894 he was also an assistant physician to the
Brooklyn Hospital for Contagious Diseases. In
the same year he opened an office in Brooklyn.
4Q2
Kollock
Kollock
He became so familiar with the medical uses of
electricity that in 1896 he was engaged to teach
this branch in the Electrical Engineering In-
stitute of Brooklyn and in the following year
was made associate editor of the Electrical Age,
a position which he held for five years. In 1896
he became interested in the then recent discovery
of Rontgen rays and in 1898 published a booklet,
The X-Rays; Their Production and Application,
and received the appointment of radiographer
to the Methodist Episcopal Hospital of Brook-
lyn. He did much to develop the technique of
the new art and invented numerous devices,
comprising a radiometer, the Kolle X-ray switch-
ing device, the dentaskiascope, folding fluoro-
scope, an X-ray printing process, the Kolle focus
tube, and a direct-reading X-ray meter. At a
somewhat later period he developed an interest
in subcutaneous paraffin injections for cosmetic
purposes and in 1908 published Subcutaneous
Hydrocarbon Prostheses. This resource did not
become a permanent one and Kolle was influ-
enced in the direction of plastic and cosmetic
surgery, in which he made numerous technical
advances and devised new instruments and ap-
paratus. In 191 1 he published his major work,
Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, which gave him
a wide reputation. The World War greatly en-
hanced the interest in this subject and Kolle's
technique was largely employed by the military
surgeons. In 1913 he compiled The Physicians'
Who's Who, a reference work for the profes-
sion, which he dedicated to the memory of his
former surgical teacher George Ryerson Fowler.
After 1914 Kolle withdrew entirely from pub-
lic notice. He made no attempt to issue succes-
sive editions of his surgical and reference works
and during and after the World War was con-
spicuous only by his absence from medical litera-
ture. It is known that his health failed and that
he removed to Los Angeles, where he seems to
have engaged only in general practice, if at all.
Having developed a cancerous affection of the
stomach, he came East and his death took place
in St. Luke's Hospital, New York. Early in his
career he showed a penchant for writing, pub-
lished several books for children, among them
Fifty and One Talcs of Modern Fairyland ( 1905,
1910), and wrote a scientific novel, "Olaf." In
1899 he married Loretto Elaine Duffy, by whom
he had two sons and a daughter.
[Tlie date of birth is that given in The Physicians'
Who's Who (1913) ; Who's Who in America, 1912-13,
gives 1 87 1 ; see also Brooklyn Eagle, and N. Y. Times,
May 11, 1929 ; Jour, Am. Medic. Asso., June 15, 1929. 1
E.P.
KOLLOCK, SHEPARD (September 1750-
July 28, 1839), journalist, publisher, was born
at Lewes, Del., the youngest of the seven chil-
dren of Shephard and Mary (Goddard) Kol-
lock. He learned the printing business under
his uncle William Goddard [<?.£'.] in the office
of the Pennsylvania Chronicle, but when twenty
years old he went for his health to St. Kitts and
worked there at his trade until the news of Lex-
ington and Concord sent him hurrying home to
join the patriot forces. He is said, while in the
West Indies, to have made the acquaintance of
Alexander Hamilton and to have set type on
Hamilton's narrative of the hurricane. After a
short term in the artillery company of which
Hamilton was captain, Kollock was commis-
sioned Jan. 1, 1777, a first lieutenant in the 2nd
Regiment (Col. John Lamb's) of Continental
Artillery. On June 5 of that year he married
Susan, daughter of Isaac Arnett, by whom he
had eight children. He resigned from the army
Jan. 3, 1779, in order to issue a newspaper in the
Revolutionary cause, and on Feb. 16, 1779, pub-
lished the first number of the New Jersey Jour-
nal at Chatham, N. J., where he was safely within
Washington's lines but close enough to hear
whatever news might transpire from the enemy.
He also published the United States Almanac
(1779-83), Poems on the Capture of General
Burgoyne (1782), and twelve items of a religious
character. In all twenty-two of his Chatham
imprints have been discovered. He suffered fre-
quently from a shortage of paper and sometimes
received supplies from the Continental quarter-
master. On the evacuation of New York he
moved thither and launched on Dec. 3, 1783, the
New York Gazetteer, which he published for three
years. On Oct. 14, 1783, he also began, in part-
nership with his brother-in-law Shelly Arnett,
the Political hitclligcncer at New Brunswick,
N. J. This partnership was dissolved within a
year; in April 1785 Kollock moved the Intelli-
gencer to Elizabethtown, N. J. ; and, on May 10,
1786, he renamed it the Nezv Jersey Journal.
Kollock continued to publish the Journal until
with the issue of Sept. 8, 1818, he sold it to Peter
Chatterton. Both in New York, where he issued
the first directory of the city, and in Elizabeth
he was a book publisher of importance. Most
of his imprints are religious books; it is likely
that he was influenced in his selection of titles
by his pastor, the Rev. David Austin [q.z'.~\.
From April-May 1789 to February-March 1791
he also issued the Christian's, Scholar's, and
Farmer's Magazine, which was largely made
up of serials. He was, in spite of his early as-
sociation with Hamilton and Henry Knox, a
good democrat and gave his enthusiastic support
to Presidents Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and
493
Koopman
John Quincy Adams. He was an aide-de-camp
to two governors of New Jersey, postmaster of
Elizabeth, 1820-29, and a lay judge of the court
of common pleas of Essex County for thirty-five
years. To the end of his long life he remained
pious, patriotic, vigorous, and serene, and was
held in honor throughout the state. He died in
Philadelphia while on a visit to one of his daugh-
ters and was buried in Elizabeth.
[E. J. Sellers, Gencal. of the Kollock Family of Sus-
sex County, Del. (1897) ; F. B. Heitman, Hist. Reg. of
Officers of the Continental Army (ed. 19 14) ; Wm.
Nelson, "Some New Jersey Printers and Printing in
the 1 8th Century," Proc. Am. Antiquarian Soc., new
ser., vol. XXI (1911) ; C. S. Brigham, "Bibliog. of Am.
Newspapers, 1690-1820," pt. VI, New Jersey, pt. VIII,
New York City, Ibid., new ser., vols. XXVI-XXVII
(1916-17); C. H. Humphrey, ''Check-List of N. J.
Imprints to the End of the Revolution," Papers of the
Bibliog. Soc. of America, vol. XXIV (1930); Elisa-
beth Dailv Jour., Feb. 26, 1929; E. F. Hatfield, Hist,
of Elisabeth, N. J. (1868); Mary Kollock, sketch in
the Spirit of '76 (N. Y.), Jan. 1898; W. P. Tuttle,
Bottle Hill and Madison (Madison, N. J., 1916) ; A.
E. Vanderpoel, Hist, of Chatham, N. J. (1921) ; Newark
Daily Advertiser, July 30, 1839.] G H G
KOOPMAN, AUGUSTUS (Jan. 2, 1869- Jan.
31, 1914), painter and etcher, was born in Char-
lotte, N. C, son of Bernard and Johanna Koop-
man. He began his art studies at the Pennsyl-
vania Academy of the Fine Arts, in Philadelphia,
going later to Paris, where he entered the Ecole
des Beaux-Arts. For some time he also studied
under Bouguereau and Robert-Fleury. Like
many American artists he practically made
France his home, wintering in Paris and spend-
ing the spring and summer in fitaples and in
the near-by village of Equihen, where he found
inspiration in the ocean, with its wind storms,
disasters, and its boats. His "Horses Running
to Meet a Boat," now in the St. Paul Art Insti-
tute, is a vigorous depiction of his subject. Full
of movement also are "The Wind Storm" and
"A Windy Day." In contrast to these pictures
is the "Return of the Shrimpers," a quiet group
trudging home from work. For this picture he
received a medal at the St. Louis Exposition
and he was especially invited to exhibit it at the
Venice International Art Exposition in 1910.
"Hoisting Sails" is rich in color with strong
contrasts of light and shadow. His early work
had many of the qualities characteristic of the
modern Dutch artists, especially the marine
painters Mesdag and Blommers. Later he came
under the influence of the impressionists and the
post-impressionists, without attaching himself
to either school.
Koopman's work covered a wide range of
themes. Besides marines, he painted some clever
figure pictures and a notable decoration, "In-
dustrial Arts," for the United States govern-
Kooweskowe — Koren
ment pavilion at the Paris Exposition in 1900.
Among his figure pictures "The Crystal Gazers"
and the "Old Troubadour," the latter in the
Philadelphia Art Club, are painted with great
charm of pose and color. His dry-points and
etchings were usually of fishermen, scenes in
cafes, and figures, all done in careful line. He
taught painting in Paris from 1896 to 1899 and
was elected an associe of the Societe Nationale
des Beaux-Arts in 1912. From 1902 to 1906 he
lived in London, where he specialized in por-
traits. He received many awards, medals, and
prizes, among which were the special silver
medal for his decoration at the Paris Exposition,
bronze medals at the Pan-American Exposition
at Buffalo in 1901 and at the St. Louis Expo-
sition, and a silver medal at the Appalachian
Exposition at Knoxville in 191 1. His pictures
gained favor for their marked individuality. He
was in fitaples at the time of his death, working
hard, in spite of a lingering illness. He had
married, on May 6, 1897, Louise Lovett Osgood
of Cohasset, Mass.
[J. W. Pattison, "Augustus Koopman — Painter of
Emotions," Fine Arts Jour., June 1913 ; E. A. Taylor,
"The Paintings of Augustus Koopman," Intemat.
Studio, May 1914; Who's Who in America, 1912-13 ;
Am. Art Annual, 1914 ; N. Y. Times, Feb. 3, 1914.]
H.W.
KOOWESKOWE [See Ross, John, c. 1790-
1866].
KOREN, JOHN (Mar. 3, 1861-Nov. 9, 1923),
clergyman, statistician, was the son of Ulrik
Vilhelm Koren [g.z'.], a young Lutheran minis-
ter, who with his bride, Else Elisabeth (Hysing),
arrived in the United States from Bergen, Nor-
way, in November of 1853, and settled at Wash-
ington Prairie, near Decorah, Iowa. Here Bjzficke
Johan Rulffs, as he was named, was born. He
received his education at Luther College, from
which he graduated with the degree of A.B. in
1879, and proceeded to Concordia Seminary in
St. Louis to prepare for the ministry. After his
ordination in 1882 he held some minor pastorates
in Chicago and Cleveland and in 1884 went to
Boston, where for six years he served a small
Lutheran church, preaching in Norwegian and
German with equal proficiency. He left the
ministry in 1890 never to return. Through the
influence of Carroll D. Wright, whose niece,
Katherine Orne Harnden, Koren married in
1894, he was appointed special representative of
the Department of Labor and made two jour-
neys abroad, in 1891 and 1893, to study the
Gothenburg System of liquor control. To the
end of the century he was engaged in the study
of the liquor question for the Committee of Fifty
494
K
oren
and wrote a number of articles and monographs
on the results of his investigations. His studies
may have led to the interest in criminal statistics
which he maintained for the rest of his life. Upon
the resignation of Roland P. Falkner as expert
special agent of the Bureau of the Census, Koren
in 1903 was made his successor, a post he re-
tained until 1912. In this capacity he planned
the treatment of the statistical material and wrote
the text analysis of the 1904 census of the popu-
lation in penal institutions, hospitals for the
mentally incompetent, almshouses, and benevo-
lent institutions. He later planned the ill-fated
and never published inquiry into criminal judi-
cial statistics, the first undertaken by the Census
Bureau. As chairman of the committees on sta-
tistics of the American Prison Association and
the American Institute of Criminal Law and
Criminology he constantly worked for the de-
velopment of better and more nearly uniform
data in criminal statistics. His association with
the American Statistical Association was par-
ticularly fruitful. Member, and later chairman,
of its committee on publications, he became in
191 1 the first editor of its quarterly publications.
As president of the Association in 1913-14, he
made plans for an impressive symposium on the
history of statistics, which, though delayed by
the World War, finally appeared in 1918 (The
History of Statistics. Their Development and
Progress in Many Countries, 1918). In 1915
President Wilson appointed him American mem-
ber of the International Prison Commission, a
post which he retained until his death. Recog-
nition of his ability as a statistician had also
come to him in his home city where in 1914 he
was appointed one of the trustees of the city
department of statistics, later serving as chair-
man.
He was a man of simple life. His chief avo-
cation was reading, which brought him a keen
insight into national and international economic
and social problems. The World War was a
great blow to his peace-loving nature and the
balanced view he took of the conflict caused some
to regard him as unpatriotic. The petty perse-
cutions to which he was subjected led him to
withdraw from social contacts which his friendly
nature had regarded as the boon of existence.
Grown bitter as a result of his experiences, he
suffered a nervous breakdown which ultimately
led to his death. He disappeared one night from
an Atlantic steamer nearing the American shore.
[For Koren's family background, J. M. Rohne, Nor-
wegian Am. Lutheranism up to 1872 (1926), and in
particular his mother's diary, Fra Pioneertiden : llddrag
af Fru Elisabeth Korcns Dagbok og Breve fra Fem-
tiaarene, Udgivet af hendes B0rn (Decorah, 1914) ;
Koren
for personal data, Rasmus Malmin, O. M. Norlie, and
O. A. Tingelstad, Who's Who Among Pastors in all
the Norwegian Lutheran Synods of America, 1843-1927
(1928) ; Who's Who in America, 1922-23; Boston
Transcript, Nov. 17, 1923; Nation, Nov. 28, 1923;
and Jour. Am. Statistical Asso., Mar. 1924.] T. S.
KOREN, ULRIK VILHELM (Dec. 22, 1826-
Dec. 20, 1910), Norwegian Lutheran clergyman,
was born at Bergen, Norway, son of Paul
Schonvig and Henriette Christiane (Rulffs)
Koren. In the absence of the father who was a
sea-captain until his death in 1842, the boy's
mother supervised his education through the
Lancaster school, the Real school and the Latin
school of his native city. In 1844 he entered the
university at Christiania (now Oslo), and in
the course of eight difficult years he received the
degrees of bachelor of arts, master of arts, and
candidate of theology. After teaching a year at
Nissen's Latin school, Christiania, Koren emi-
grated with his bride, Else Elisabeth Hysing,
and reached the frontier settlement at Washing-
ton Prairie, near Decorah, Iowa, on Dec. 24,
1853. The next day he preached in a log hut the
first of fifty-six annual Christmas sermons to the
same congregation. He soon made his influence
felt in the Norwegian Synod which had been
organized by seven pastors and twenty-eight
congregations a few months before his arrival.
In 1857 the synod held its convention with his
congregation and here steps were taken which
led to the founding of Luther College in 1861.
Koren not only selected the site for the school, at
Decorah, Iowa, but forestalled the efforts that
were made to move the school elsewhere after
the fire in 1889. He engaged in extensive de-
bates in the press concerning the principles and
policies of the synod. These writings, now com-
prising the third volume of his works, collected
and edited by his son Paul (Samlede Skrijter,
4 vols., 1912), cover a wide range of topics, chief
among them being the question of predestination,
which eventually split the synod. As its presi-
dent (1894-1910) he had occasion to repair
some of the damage done by these controversies.
Clear, incisive, and polished in utterance, he was
a powerful figure in the pulpit or on the platform,
ranking among the best preachers in the Nor-
wegian American Lutheran group. Throughout
his published works it is the eloquent preacher
and keen dialectician that speaks.
As pastor of the Little Iowa Congregation, as
his vicinage was called, Koren ministered to his
countrymen scattered over a large stretch of
territory. As the land was taken up, this "con-
gregation" was divided until it came to comprise
about twenty separate congregations. For fifty-
seven years he served the mother church at
495
Korner
Korner
Washington Prairie, which continued to be one
of the most important of the Norwegian Lu-
theran congregations in America, both in point
of membership and of influence. Besides the
presidency of the synod, he held other important
offices: secretary of the synod (1855), vice-
president (1871-76), president of the Iowa dis-
trict ( 1876—94). He was a member of the church
council (1861-1910) and trustee of the synod
(1887-1910). One of his sons was John Koren
[q.v.], clergyman and statistician.
[J. Arndt Bergh, Den Norsk Lutherske Kirkes His-
toric I Amcrika (1914) ; J. Magnus Rohne, Norwegian
American Luthcranism up to 1872 (1926) ; J. C. Jens-
son (Roseland), Am. Lutheran Biogs. (1890); O. N.
Nelson, Hist, of the Scandinainans and Successful
Scandinavians in the U. S. (1897) ; Who's Who Among
Pastors in All the Norwegian Lutheran Synods of
America, 1843-1927 (1928) ; O. M. Norlie, O. A.
Tingelstad and K. T. Jacobsen (ed. Coram.), Luther
College Through Sixty Years (1922) ; Harold M. Tolo,
"U. V. Koren," unpublished thesis for degree of M.A.
at Univ. of Minn., copy at Luther College, Decorah,
Iowa; Dubuque Times-Jour., Dec. 21, 1910; Sioux
City Jour., Dec. 22, 1910.] T.M.R.
KORNER, GUSTAV PHILIPP (Nov. 20,
1809-Apr. 9, 1896), jurist, statesman, his-
torian, son of Bernhard and Marie Magdelena
(Kiimpfe) Korner, was born in the free city
of Frankfurt-am-Main where his father, an
ardent German patriot, was a bookseller and
dealer in works of art. Gustav received his early
instruction in the model school (Musterschule)
of Frankfurt and continued his preparation in
the Gymnasium. In 1828 he entered the Uni-
versity of Jena to study jurisprudence. Here he
joined forthwith the flourishing Bitrschcnschaft,
the patriotic student society which aimed at the
unity and freedom of Germany, and which had
its members in most German universities. Con-
tinuing his studies at the universities of Munich
and Heidelberg, where he received his doctorate,
he returned to Frankfurt where for a time he
practised law. He took part in the revolutionary
movements which had broken out in many parts
of Germany. In the Frankfurt revolt of 1833
he was wounded, fled to France, and at Havre
joined a number of friends who were about to
sail for America. They arrived in New York
on June 17, 1833, and proceeded at once to St.
Louis, then the goal of many German immigrants
who were attracted thither by Gottfried Duden's
glowing description of Missouri. Korner and
his party were, however, keenly disappointed
when they discovered that the institution of slav-
ery prevailed in this state. They therefore de-
cided to settle in St. Clair County, 111., where a
number of their relatives and friends, mostly
men and women of education and culture, had
already purchased land. This colony, frequently
known as the "Latin settlement," gradually be-
came a cultural center which exerted a decided
influence upon the intellectual and political life
of the state, and eventually, under the leadership
of Korner, upon national politics. On June 17,
1836, Korner was married to Sophie Engel-
mann, with whose family he had come to the
United States.
To become acquainted with American law and
to improve his English, Korner took a law course
at Transylvania University at Lexington, Ky.
Returning to Belleville, 111., his future perma-
nent residence, he practised his profession but
soon found himself drawn into local and national
politics, taking an active part in the campaigns
of 1840 and 1844. In 1845 he was appointed
justice of the Illinois supreme court, a post which
he held until 1850. After the new constitution
of Illinois, adopted in 1848, had made all state
offices elective and reduced the salary of supreme
court judges to the ridiculously small sum of
$1,200, Korner refused the nomination for the
position. In 1852 he was, however, nominated
and elected lieutenant governor, which office he
occupied until 1856.
In the meantime, the growing antislavery
movement was engaging Korner's attention.
Though originally a Democrat, like most of the
older generation of Germans of this period, he
did not hesitate to join the new Republican
party, and by his example as well as by his
eloquent speeches in the campaign of 1856 he
did much to win over his countrymen to the
Republican cause. A close friend of Abraham
Lincoln, he took over some of the latter's law
cases at Springfield and was consulted occasion-
ally on important matters. Finally, in recog-
nition of the many services which Korner had
rendered the Union cause at the beginning of
the Civil War, Lincoln, in 1862, appointed him
minister to Spain, to succeed Carl Schurz. His
chief task in this position was to counteract
English and French attempts to bring about a
joint recognition of the Confederacy, and to
cultivate the traditional friendly relations with
Spain. Difficult as his tasks were, Korner, with
delicate diplomatic tact and fine understanding
of the Spanish national character and culture,
succeeded remarkably well. His book on Spain
(Ans Spanien, 1867) shows how thoroughly he
had studied and appreciated Spanish art, the
natural beauties of the country, and the ethnic
characteristics of its diverse population.
After his return from Spain (1864) he took
little or no interest in active politics for a num-
ber of years. When the corruption of the Grant
administration was growing more and more in-
496
Kosciuszko
Kosciuszko
tolerable, however, he joined the Liberal Re-
publican movement in 1872 and supported,
though reluctantly, Horace Greeley. Again in
1876 he asserted his political independence as
well as his steadfast devotion to the principles
of the liberal movement by advocating the can-
didacy of Samuel Tilden against Hayes. Dis-
appointed by the course of events following the
election of 1876, he retired from his former active
participation in politics and devoted the remain-
ing years of his life almost exclusively to literary
work. It was then that he wrote his valuable
historical study entitled Das Deutsche Element
in den Vercinigten Staaten von Nordamcrika
(1880). A keen observer of men, a profound
and sympathetic student of American institu-
tions, politics, and life in general, and a man of
calm judgment, he was exceptionally qualified
to write the history of one of the great con-
stituent parts of the composite American popu-
lation during a period the greater part of which
he had followed as an eye witness. His object
was "to show how strongly and to what extent
the arrival of the Germans in large numbers
since 1818 had influenced this country politically
and socially." He was one of the first thus to
recognize the importance of the ethnic problem
in American historiography.
While it may be regretted that Korner did not
include the German immigration of 1848 and the
subsequent years in his history, the omission is
partly compensated for by his autobiography
which he finished shortly before his death. Al-
though these reminiscences were written at the
suggestion of his children and, therefore, record
many matters pertaining to his immediate family,
they unfold at the same time a fascinating pic-
ture of the cultural and political life of the nation
and the important part which the German ele-
ment played in it during the nineteenth century.
[The chief source of information is Korner's auto-
biography published under the title, Memoirs of Gustave
Kocrner, 1809-1896 : Life Sketches Written at the
Suggestion of His Children (1909), ed. by Thomas J.
McCormack. H. A. Rattermann's German biography,
Gustav Korner, Deutsch-Amerikanischer Jurist , Staats-
mann, Diplomat und Geschichtschreiber ( 1902), is based
essentially upon Korner's "Memoirs,'' the manuscript
of which was placed at the author's disposal by the
family. Other sources include : J. M. Palmer, Bench
and Bar of III. (1899), vol. I; Newton Bateman and
others, Hist. Encyc. of III. and Hist, of St. Clair Coun-
ty (1907), vol. I; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, Apr. io,
1896] J.G.
KOSCIUSZKO, TADEUSZ ANDRZEJ
BONAWENTURA (Feb. 12, 1746-Oct. 15,
1817), Revolutionary soldier and Polish patriot,
was born in the Palatinate of Breesc in the Grand
Duchy of Lithuania (now Palatinate of Polesie,
Poland). His father, an impoverished member
of the, small gentry, was a notary and cultivated
part of the estate of Count Flemming. An aged
uncle taught the youthful Kosciuszko drawing,
mathematics, and French. Alone he read Plu-
tarch and became enamored of the heroes of an-
tiquity. In his thirteenth year his father died
and he was sent to the Jesuit College at Breesc ;
there he remained until he entered the Royal
School at Warsaw in 1765. Four years later he
graduated with the rank of captain and received
a scholarship to France where, at Mezieres, he
studied engineering and artillery. Returning to
Poland in 1774, he found few opportunities for
his talents ; and after an unfortunate love affair
with Ludvika Sosnowska, in the course of which
he almost lost his life at the hands of her father's
retainers, he returned to Paris. There the an-
nouncement of the American Revolution stirred
his imagination : he borrowed money and came
to America. He arrived in Philadelphia in Au-
gust 1776 and applied to various committees
for appointment to service. The Pennsylvania
Committee of Defense employed him, with Payne
and De Lisle, to draw up plans for fortifying
the Delaware River. The success of this work
gained him a commission as colonel of engineers
in the Continental Army (Oct. 18, 1776). In
the spring of 1777 he joined the Northern Army
under General Gates at Ticonderoga, where he
advised the fortification of Mount Defiance. The
failure to fortify this hill and its occupation by
Burgoyne lost Ticonderoga to the Americans.
Kosciuszko's choice of battlefields and his erec-
tion of fortifications contributed greatly to the
brilliant victory of the American forces over
Burgoyne at Saratoga. In the spring of 1778 he
was placed in charge of the building of fortifica-
tions at West Point, where he remained from
March 1778 to June 1780. During his residence
at West Point he formed an intimate friendship
with Gates, and when the latter became com-
mander in the South, he asked to have Kosciuszko
accompany him as chief of engineers. Before
Kosciuszko could join the army, however, Gates,
following the battle of Camden, was removed
and was replaced by Nathanael Greene \_q.v.~\.
During the winter of 1780-81 Kosciuszko ex-
plored the Catawba River. During Greene's
masterly retreat before Lord Cornwallis in the
campaign of 1781 Kosciuszko was in charge of
transportation. During the winter of 1782 he
was stationed near Charleston, S. C, where he
was more conspicuous as an officer of cavalry
than as an engineer. He was among the first of
the Continentals to enter Charleston after its
evacuation by the British. He returned north
with Greene in the spring of 1783 and at New-
497
Koyl
burgh, N. Y., was one of the founders of the
Society of the Cincinnati. On Oct. 13, 1783,
Congress made him a brigadier-general.
In July 1784 he left New York for Paris and
from there went to Poland. After four years of
rural retirement, in October 1789 he became
major-general of the Polish army. During the
spring of 1792 he led his tiny army in its brave
resistance against the Russians; when the King
succumbed to Russian intrigue, Kosciuszko re-
signed his commission and determined to return
to America. He went to France but in March
1794 returned to Poland to lead the famous rising.
After several brilliant successes he became dicta-
tor, promulgated a series of liberal reforms, but
at last, in October 1794, was defeated and cap-
tured by the Russians in the battle of Macie-
jowice. After two years of captivity he was re-
leased by Czar Paul I and in August 1797 he
and several companions reached Philadelphia.
Congress appropriated over fifteen thousand dol-
lars which was due him and made him a land
grant of five hundred acres in Ohio. While in
America he visited Gates, Gen. Anthony W.
White, and Jefferson. The traditional friend-
ship between Washington and Kosciuszko has
no historical foundation ; their infrequent rela-
tions were very formal. In May 1798 he secret-
ly left America and returned to France. In 1800
at the request of Gen. William R. Davie he wrote
in French his Manoeuvres of Horse Artillery, a
translation of which was published in New York
in 1808. He continued his brave but futile ef-
forts for Polish freedom until his death in Swit-
zerland in 1817. The funds arising from the sale
of his Ohio lands were used to found the Colored
School at Newark, N. J., one of the first educa-
tional institutions for negroes in America.
[Memorial Exhibition : Thaddeus Kosciuszko (1927),
catalogue of the memorial exhibition at the Anderson
Galleries, New York, containing unpublished letters,
introduction, etc. ; Monica M. Gardner, Kosciuszko
(London, 1920) ; C. A. Manning, "Kosciuszko et les
£tats-Unis," in Le Monde Slave (Paris, Nov. 1925) ;
J. Michelet, La Pologne Martyr (Paris, 1863) ; Karl
Falkenstein, Thadddus Kosciuszko (ed. of 1834) ; S.
Kunasiewicz, T. Kosciuszko w Ameryce (Lwow, 1876).]
F. M— n.
KOYL, CHARLES HERSCHEL (Aug. 14,
1855-Dec. 18, 1931), civil engineer, was born
in Amherstburg, Ontario, the son of Rev.
Ephraim Lillie and Frances (Culp) Koyl. His
early life was spent in Ontario, and in 1877 he
graduated from Victoria College, Coburg. He
continued his education at Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity, where, after two years' study, he was
made a fellow in physics. After teaching mathe-
matics and physics at various places in the
United States and Canada, in 1887 he became
Koyl
instructor in physics and electrical engineering
at Swarthmore College. On June 5, 1888, he
patented a parabolic semaphore for use in rail-
way signaling, and the following year was award-
ed the John Scott Legacy Medal of the Franklin
Institute for this invention. In 1890 he began
the practice of engineering in New York City.
During this period he was for some time presi-
dent of the National Switch & Signal Company,
as well as the National Drying Company. In
1895-96 he was scientific assistant to the com-
missioner of street cleaning of New York City,
and in this capacity did notable work, becoming
an authority upon the disposal of municipal
wastes.
While at Johns Hopkins he had become in-
terested in municipal water treatment and he
later became a pioneer in the treatment of indus-
trial water supplies. In 1910 he was engaged by
the Great Northern Railroad as engineer of water
service to lessen, if possible, the cost to the road
of procuring non-alkaline water for use in the
locomotive boilers. He was extraordinarily suc-
cessful in this undertaking and developed many
ingenious schemes for softening water. Through
his efforts he was able to effect a further saving
of about $4000 per locomotive per year, by sys-
tematic removal of injurious matter from the
water before it was put into the boilers.
This work continued to interest Koyl and in
1920 he became engineer of water service for the
Chicago, Milwaukee & Saint Paul Railroad. His
activities involved not only consideration of the
location and design of suitable water-supply and
treatment plants, but also the important feature
of intensive education and check of employees
in the proper handling of the work. Here again
he was remarkably successful, and he continued
his association with this railroad for the remain-
der of his life. He was a frequent contributor
to technical journals on subjects in his special
fields, among his notable papers being the fol-
lowing: "Municipal Refuse Disposal," a letter
discussing a paper by J. T. Fetherston (Trans-
actions of the American Society of Civil Engi-
neers, vol. LX, 1908) ; "Prevention of Pitting
in Locomotive Boilers by Exclusion of Dissolved
Oxygen from Feedwater" (Journal of the Ameri-
can Water Works Association, August 1929) ;
"The Preparation of Water for Railroad Use"
(Ibid., July 1930).
Koyl was married at Washington, D. C, Nov.
6, 1885, to Georgiana Thatcher Washburn. Af-
ter her death, he married Adele T. Sanford, Apr.
27, 1901. He died at Evanston, 111.
[Who's Who in Engineering, 1931 ; Who's Who in
America, 1928-29; Jour, of the Franklin Inst., Jan.,
498
Kraemer
Krantz — Kraus
Aug. 1889 ; Specifications and Drawings of Patents
Issued from the U. S. Patent Office, June 1888 ; Water
Works and Sewerage, Jan. 1932; Engineering News-
Record, Dec. 24, 1 93 1 ; Chicago Daily Tribune, Dec.
19,1931] H.K.B— s.
KRAEMER, HENRY (July 22, 1868-Sept. 9,
1924), botanist, pharmacognosist, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., the only son of John Henry
and Caroline Kraemer, both of whom died when
he was four years old. At the age of nine he en-
tered Girard College, from which he graduated
in 1883. Three years later, while serving his
apprenticeship in the drugstore of C. B. Lowe,
he entered the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy.
He completed the course in 1889 and was award-
ed the John M. Maisch and Henry C. Lea prizes
for his thesis, "A Microscopical and Chemical
Study of White Oak Bark," in which he demon-
strated, already, a leaning toward pharmacog-
nosy. During his senior year he had been assist-
ant to Prof. Samuel P. Sadtler, in chemistry, at
the University of Pennsylvania, and the year
after his graduation he was appointed instructor
in botany and pharmacognosy in the New York
College of Pharmacy. In 1891 he matriculated
in the school of mines of Columbia University,
from which he received the degree of bachelor
of philosophy in 1895. He was appointed pro-
fessor of botany, pharmacognosy, and materia
medica in the school of pharmacy of Northwest-
ern University in the same year, but was granted
a year's leave before taking up his teaching
work. This time he spent at the University of
Marburg, Germany, where he studied botany
under Prof. Dr. Arthur Meyer and attended lec-
tures on philosophy, chemistry, and physics. He
received the degree of doctor of philosophy cum
laude, the title of his inaugural dissertation
being "Viola tricolor L., in morphologischer,
anatomischer and biologischcr Bcziehung." Re-
turning to the United States, he took up his
duties at Northwestern University, but after a
year was elected to the chair of botany and
pharmacognosy in the Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy. He held this position until 1917,
when he accepted the chair of pharmacognosy
and pharmacy in the school of pharmacy at the
University of Michigan. Two years later he was
appointed dean of the school, but retired in 1920
and devoted his few remaining years to research
in his chosen field. On Dec. 26, 1894, he married
Theodosia Ernest Rich of Asheville, N. C. Al-
though a daughter was born to this union, it
was not entirely happy, and there was a separa-
tion in 1919. In 1922, Kraemer married Minnie
Behm of Mount Clemens, Mich., who had been
his secretary and assistant at the University of
Michigan. He was a loyal member of many
scientific societies and served actively on their
committees. He was editor of the American
Journal of Pharmacy, 1899-1917, reporter on
the progress of pharmacy for the American
Pharmaceutical Association, 1892-95 ; and col-
laborator on the Pharmaceutical Review. He
was the author of A Text Book of Botany and
Pharmacognosy (1902), Applied and Economic
Botany (1914), Scientific and Applied Phar-
macognosy (1915), and was botanical editor of
The Dispensatory of the United States of Amer-
ica (20th edition, 1918). Kraemer was not only
a true scientist and inspiring teacher, but also a
philosopher, whose clear thinking has enriched
pharmaceutical literature by many valuable con-
tributions of an ethical and cultural nature as
well as by pure scientific dissertations.
[Who's Who in America, 1924-25 ; Am. lour. Phar-
macy, July 1895 ; The First Century of the Phila. Coll.
of Pharmacy (1922); Am. Druggist, LXXII (1924),
58 ; Jour. Am. Pharmaceutical Asso., Oct. 1924 ; Drug-
gists' Circular, Oct. 1924; Modem Druggist, XIII
(1924), 19; Jour. Nat. Asso. Retail Druggists, Sept.
18, 1924; Nat. Druggist, LIV (1924), 480; Practical
Druggist and Pharmaceutical Rev., XLII (1924), 58;
Detroit Free Press, Sept. 11, 1924.] a. q £)_m
KRANTZ, PHILIP [See Rombeo, Jacob,
1858-1922].
KRAUS, JOHN (Feb. 2, 1815-Mar. 4, 1896),
educator, was the son of Jacob Kraus, a farmer
of considerable means in Nassau, Germany, and
of Margaretha (Herbst) Kraus, who died when
John was still a child. He attended the public
schools of Nassau and distinguished himself for
his proficiency in mathematics. At the age of
twenty he was assigned to military duty at Wies-
baden. Later he entered a teachers' seminary at
Idstein. He was induced to prepare for teach-
ing because of his interest in the principles of
pedagogy advanced by Pestalozzi. After meet-
ing Froebel in 1844 ne became an ardent advo-
cate of his kindergarten theory, and as a disciple
of Froebel soon gained national prominence
and governmental recognition. This recognition
brought him into contact with various educators
in different parts of Germany as well as in other
European countries.
In 1851 he came to the United States. Here
he established schools and through his lecturing
and teaching spread the educational principles
of both Pestalozzi and Froebel. He was among
the first to write for publication on the principles
of the kindergarten. His clarity of expression
and forcefulness attracted attention, and in 1867
he was invited by Henry Barnard [q.v.], the
first United States commissioner of education,
to become associated with his organization.
Kraus accepted, primarily in order to promote
499
Kraus-Boelte
his kindergarten theories on a national scale.
His publications in the daily press aroused much
interest in kindergarten work. In 1872 he was
a member of a committee of the National Edu-
cation Association which, after study of the
problems involved, urged the application of
Froebel's principles of education not only to the
kindergarten but also to the primary and ad-
vanced grades of the elementary schools of
America. In 1873 Kraus was married to Maria
Boelte [see Kraus-Boelte, Maria], whose work
as a kindergarten specialist he had studied both
in Germany and in England. He resigned his
position in the United States Bureau of Edu-
cation and with his wife organized a seminary
for kindergarten teachers in New York City,
which, with her cooperation, he conducted until
his death in 1896. In 1877 they published a two-
volume work entitled The Kindergarten Guide.
Kraus's character reflected the early religious
training which he received from his father. His
life was free from selfishness and devoted to his
educational ideas. He died in New York City.
[See introduction to The Kindergarten Guide (2
vols., 1877); Kindergarten News, Apr. 1896; Laura
Fisher, "The Kindergarten," in U. S. Bur. of Educ,
Report of the Commissioner, 1903 (1905) ; Paul Mon-
roe, A Cyc. of Educ., vol. Ill (1912) ; Mary Lee Wil-
liams, "The Kindergarten in the United States," Educ.
Exchange, Dec. 1912; H. S. Tarbell, "John Kraus," in
Addresses and Jour, of Proc. of the Nat. Educ. Asso.,
1896, pp. 229-30; N. Y. Tribune, Mar. 6, 1896.]
N. H.D.
KRAUS-BOELTE, MARIA (Nov. 8, 1836-
Nov. 1, 1918), educator, was a native of Hage-
now in the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin,
Germany. She was the daughter of Johann Lud-
wig Ernst Boelte, a lawyer of distinction, known
for his wide learning, and of Louise (Ehlers)
Boelte. Her girlhood was spent in a home
marked by high standards of esthetics and mor-
als ; her early education was extensive and
thorough. An account of Froebel's kindergarten
awakened her interest in the education of young
children. Later she studied with Froebel's widow
(his second wife) and with Dr. Wichard Lange.
During this time she also studied at a seminary
for teachers, and on the completion of her work
there went to London where she assisted Madame
Bertha Ronge, a pupil of Froebel's, in her kin-
dergarten and school. Then, thrown on her own
resources, she taught various subjects including
German and Swedish gymnastics and kinder-
garten methods in the family of Chief Justice
Lord Denman. Her methods included studies
of plants and animals, garden work, and ex-
cursions for the purpose of studying nature. In
1862 at the London International Exhibition she
had charge of kindergarten work done by her
Krauskopf
own pupils. In 1867 she became a student in the
South Kensington School of Art. Late that year
she went to Hamburg and taught in the Froebel
Union. Her work here was interrupted by
severe illness, but she subsequently organized
a successful kindergarten school at Liibeck, and
developed a program for preparing kindergarten
teachers. Froebel's widow visited her at Liibeck
and commended her highly for exemplifying the
Froebel theory of kindergarten education. She
returned to England in 1870 and in 1872 came to
America, where she began her kindergarten
work under the sponsorship of Henrietta B.
Haines.
In 1873 she married John Kraus [q.v.], whose
writings on the kindergarten had led to a lively
correspondence between them. Together they
organized in New York the Normal Training
Kindergarten with its model schools. It is re-
ported that hundreds of students attended the
institution and that over two thousand children
came under its teaching. After her husband's
death in 1896, Maria Kraus-Boelte carried on
the work for some time, retiring in 1913 to de-
vote herself to lecturing and writing. In 1903,
1904, and 1907 she lectured at the New York
University Summer School. A woman of unusual
personal charm, she left an indelible stamp on
education in America. In addition to her lec-
turing and teaching, she wrote several mono-
graphs and articles and with her husband pre-
pared The Kindergarten Guide (2 vols., 1877).
She died in Atlantic City, N. J.
[The chief sources of information are: The Kinder-
garten Guide ; Mrs. Kraus-Boelte's "Reminiscences of
Kindergarten Work," in Papers on Froebel's Kinder-
garten (1881), ed. by Henry Barnard; and her paper
on "The Kindergarten and the Mission of Women :
My Experience as Trainer of Kindergarten Teachers
in this Country, with Illustrations of the Work of the
Latter," in Addresses and Proc. of the Nat. Ed. Asso.
('877), PP- 207-13. See also Susan Elizabeth Blow,
"Kindergarten Education," in Monographs on Educ. in
the U. S. (1900), ed. by N. M. Butler; C. P. Dozier,
"Hist, of the Kindergarten Movement in the United
States," Educ. Bi-monthly, Apr. 1908; Who's Who in
America, 1906-07 ; "Mme. Maria Kraus-Boelte and
her Training Work," Kindergarten Magazine and
Pedagogical Digest, Apr. 1907; J. B. Merrill, in Kin-
dergarten Mag., Dec. 1918; Kindergarten Messenger,
June 1874 ; N. Y. Tribune, N. Y . Times, Nov. 3, 191 8.]
N.H.D.
KRAUSKOPF, JOSEPH (Jan. 21, 1858-June
12, 1923), rabbi, was born at Ostrowo, Prussia,
to Hirsch Krauskopf and his wife, nee Gilder-
slede. In his will he tells us that he made his
own way in life from the age of twelve. Coming
to the United States as a lad of fourteen, he was
employed as a grocery clerk in Fall River, Mass.
On the opening of the Hebrew Union College in
Cincinnati in 1876, he entered it and graduated
as rabbi in its first class, 1883. He began his rab-
500
Krauskopf
binical career with Congregation Benai Jehuda
in Kansas City. On Oct. 22, 1887, he accepted a
call to Congregation Keneseth Israel, Philadel-
phia, to which he ministered for the rest of his
life. Under him the congregation grew from 150
to 1,500 families. In contrast to his scholarly
predecessor, Samuel Hirsch, Krauskopf was
from the beginning the energetic, practical, pub-
lic rabbi. He at once made Sunday services a
regular feature, and his topical addresses, which
attracted large audiences, wepe often quoted in
the local press and were regularly printed and
widely disseminated for thirty-six years. Some
of his first lectures led in 1888 to the formation
of the Jewish Publication Society of America.
He published The Union Hebrew Reader ( 1883)
and Bible Ethics (1884), both in collaboration
with H. Berkowitz ; The Sendee Manual ( 1892) ,
often reprinted; The Service Ritual (1888), re-
vised as The Service Hymnal (1904) ; and A
Rabbi's Impressions of the Obcranimcrgau Pas-
sion Play (1908).
Among his innumerable public activities were
his share in the establishment of stations for re-
lief of distress in 1893, his efforts to have Phila-
delphia's old tenements replaced by model dwell-
ings, his service as one of the three special field
commissioners in the Spanish-American War,
his work as member of the Pennsylvania Child
Labor Committee, as founder of the Patriotic
Society of Philadelphia, and as a director (1901-
19) of the Philadelphia Federation of Jewish
Charities. His outstanding monument is the
National Farm School at Doylestown, Pa. This
grew out of his desire to study the conditions in
Russia, which were then driving multitudes of
Jews to America. In 1894 he resolved to visit
Russia, but Russia granted to Jews no permits
to enter the country. Krauskopf insisted on his
rights as an American citizen, and while they
were becoming a matter of international discus-
sion and proposed legislative action, he set out,
and, though without the necessary visa, he was
permitted to enter. The Jewish agricultural
school at Odessa impressed him deeply. Tolstoy
warned him against urban exploitation of Jews
in America, urging their settlement on the un-
developed soil of the new land. With this in-
spiration Krauskopf founded in 1896, and
through a quarter of a century of untiring de-
votion fostered the growth of, the National
Farm School, a non-sectarian institution. In
recognition of these services, he was appointed
by the United States Department of Agriculture,
in 1900, special commissioner to the Paris Ex-
position to report on exhibits of agricultural
schools and to investigate agricultural education
Krauth
and agricultural conditions in Europe ; he also
served as director of the Jewish Commission of
Herbert Hoover's department of food adminis-
tration in 1917. A leader in reform Judaism, he
was elected vice-president of the Pittsburgh Con-
ference in 1885, and president of the Central
Conference of American Rabbis in 1903. In that
year, as director general of the Isaac M. Wise
Memorial Fund for the Hebrew Union College,
he raised over $300,000 almost singlehanded.
Krauskopf's death was hastened by his intense
application to work. He was a large-hearted
humanitarian, interested in men, understanding
their needs, and possessing a gift for public serv-
ice. As a master of clear, incisive and vivid dis-
course, he was in Philadelphia the recognized
spokesman of his people, popularizing Jews and
Judaism in circles beyond the confines of the
synagogue. Finally, through methodical, effi-
cient application, executive capacity, and in-
domitable will, he made his dreams come true.
He was that rare combination, a practical idealist,
preacher and organizer, visionary and publicist,
dreamer and builder. His first wife, Rose, sis-
ter of his colleague Henry Berkowitz, bore him
three children ; his second, Sybil Feinman, who
survived him, a daughter.
[Jewish Exponent (Phila.), June 15 and 22, 1923;
Abraham J. Feldman in Am. Jewish Year Book, vol.
XXVI (1924); Central Conference of Am. Rabbis,
Thirty-fourth Ann. Convention, vol. XXXIII (1923) ;
Who's Who in America, 1920—21 ; Am. Hebrezu and
Jewish Tribune, June 15, 1923; Public Ledger, June
13, 1923 ; information as to certain facts from Mrs.
Krauskopf.] D. deS.P.
KRAUTH, CHARLES PHILIP (May 7,
1797-May 30, 1867), Lutheran clergyman, col-
lege president, was born at New Goshenhoppen,
Montgomery County, Pa., the second of the eight
children of Charles James and Katherine (Doll)
Krauth. His father, who was then parish teach-
er and church organist under the Rev. F. W.
Geissenhainer, was born in Germany and is said
to have been proud and handsome, like his wife,
who was a native of Pennsylvania. During
Krauth's boyhood and youth the family lived
successively in Philadelphia, York, Baltimore,
Winchester, and Norfolk, always poor but al-
ways respected. Krauth began the study of
medicine in Norfolk under William Boswell
Selden [q.v.] and at the University of Maryland
but was compelled to desist for lack of funds.
On the way to Frederick, Md., to borrow from
his uncle, he met the Rev. David Frederick
Schaeffer \_q.v.~\ on the stagecoach, and Schaef-
fer soon had young Krauth for a pupil. Later
he sent him to Winchester, Va., where the Rev.
Abraham Reck was ill and needed a helper.
Krauth was licensed in Baltimore in 1819 by the
50I
Krauth
Krauth
ministerium of Pennsylvania, was pastor at Mar-
tinsburg and Shepherdstown, Va. (now W. Va. )
1819-27 and of St. Matthew's, Philadelphia,
1827-33 ; first president of Pennsylvania (now
Gettysburg) College 1834-50; and professor in
Gettysburg Theological Seminary 1850-67. On
Dec. 7, 1820, he married Catharine Susan Heis-
kell of Staunton, Va., who died in January 1824,
leaving him with a daughter and a son, Charles
Porterfield Krauth [9.?'.]. On his removal to
Gettysburg he married Harriet Brown of that
place, who also bore him a daughter and a son.
From the beginning of his long ministry Krauth
was a man of mark. He was one of the founders
of the Synod of Maryland and Pennsylvania in
1820 and of the Gettysburg Theological Seminary
in 1825. As a young man he aided his teacher,
D. F. Schaeffer, in editing the Lutheran Intelli-
gencer; in later life he was an editor (1850-61)
of the Evangelical Review. In Philadelphia,
where he enjoyed the quickening friendship of
Charles Rudolph Demme [q.z'-l and had access
to good libraries, he studied languages and theol-
ogy assiduously, acquired a respectable knowl-
edge of several fields, and made himself the best
Hebraist in his denomination. Though largely
self-educated, he proved to be a wise and capable
college president. In spite of a weak voice he
won a reputation as a preacher. He was presi-
dent of the General Synod in 1848. In theology
he was more conservative than his friend and
colleague, Samuel Simon Schmucker [q.v.'], but
he regarded only the Augsburg Confession as
authoritative, made use of revivals and other
"new measures," and cared more for Christian
fellowship than for complete uniformity in doc-
trine. In the controversy between the Old and
the New Lutherans he maintained friendly re-
lations with members of both parties, was claimed
by both, and gave his full sympathy to neither.
His one singularity was long remembered ; in
saluting a person he would raise his hat from
behind instead of from in front; friends chided
him in vain, he never gave up the habit. During
the battle of Gettysburg his house was used as
a Confederate hospital. To John Gottlieb Morris
[q.'v.], and to many others who knew him, he
seemed the perfect embodiment of the ideal of
the Christian scholar and gentleman. He taught
in the Seminary until ten days before his death.
[M. L. Stoever, memoir in Evangelical Quart. Rev.,
Jan. 1868 : J. G. Morris, Fifty Years in the Luth. Min-
istry (1878) ; E. S. Breidenbaugh, Pa. Coll. Book, 1832-
82 (1882); A. Spaeth, Charles Porterfield Krauth (2
vols., 1898-1909) ; Doc. Hist, of the Evangelical Luth.
Ministerium of Pa. (1898) ; A. R. Wentz, Hist, of the
Evangelical Luth. Synod of Md. (1920) and Hist, of
Gettysburg Theol. Seminary (1926) ; S. G. Hefelbower,
The Hist, of Gettysburg Coll. (1932).] G. H.G.
KRAUTH, CHARLES PORTERFIELD
(Mar. 17, 1823-Jan. 2, 1883), Lutheran clergy-
man, theologian, educator, and author, was born
in a Lutheran manse at Martinsburg, Va. (now
W. Va.). His mother, Catharine Susan Heis-
kell, was of English descent, a member of a family
of culture and prominence. His father, Charles
Philip Krauth [q.v.], of German and French
ancestry two generations removed, was one of
Lutheran America's brilliant leaders of that cen-
tury. To follow the events in the life of Charles
Porterfield Krauth is to trace the course of
Lutheranism in America of the Muhlenberg
tradition as it turned away from a developing
American type of liberalism to a resuscitation of
an older European form of confessional con-
servatism. Not only was he the epitome of that
change but in a very real way was he identified
with it as its most conspicuous champion. Sur-
rounded by an academic environment, he de-
veloped early in life studious habits and a taste
for books and learning which culminated in a
library of some fifteen thousand carefully se-
lected and rare books, notably of the kind "out
of which other books are made." At the age of
sixteen, he graduated from the college over
which his father presided and two years later
(1841) from the seminary. One of his teachers
was the great champion of liberal Lutheranism
in America, Samuel Simon Schmucker [q.v.],
against whose theological views the pupil was
later to set up a school. While still in his teens
he was licensed and ordained (1842) to the
Lutheran ministry.
One could hardly say that his pastoral minis-
try was especially eventful. His parishes at
Canton and Baltimore, Md., Shepherdstown and
Martinsburg, Va. (now W. Va.), were small;
his quiet ministry in Winchester, Va., he re-
garded as the happiest period of his life (1848-
55) ; then followed pastorates of increasing
responsibilities in Pittsburgh and Philadelphia.
The seclusion of his study, meanwhile, brought
to his pulpit and pen messages of increasing
power ; it became evident that through his rigor-
ous and systematic study he was marked for
theological and ecclesiastical leadership. In the
early years of his career he openly defended the
rather broad platform of the General Synod
which had declared that "the fundamental doc-
trines of the Word of God are taught in a man-
ner substantially correct in the doctrinal articles
of the Augsburg Confession." His reaction
against such a platform in favor of a return to
a close allegiance to the symbolical books of an
older European Lutheranism can be traced to
the influence which the Great Immigration,
502
Krauth
Krehbiel
bringing with it many conservative German
Lutherans to America, had in bringing to light
an almost unknown tradition among native
Lutherans. Already, through the repeated ad-
monitions of his father, Krauth had entered upon
an intensive study of German theological litera-
ture, especially the earlier dogmaticians together
with the confessional books themselves. In time
he became convinced that an unequivocal stand
upon the confessional standards was the sine qua
non of Lutheranism.
When the crisis came to a head in the so-called
Platform controversy in the fifties, and later,
when a native Lutheranism protested against a
European, the leading figures in opposite camps
were S. S. Schmucker and Krauth. Through his
support of and contributions to the Evangelical
Review, a journal set up to counteract the more
radical influence of Kurtz's Lutheran Observer,
as well as other literary expressions, through
his recognized ability as a public debater of
unusual strength both in logical argumentation
and skilled diplomacy, through a growing recog-
nition of his knowledge and successful executive
leadership, he soon stood above his fellow min-
isters and won from them an unquestioned place
of leadership. In the heat of controversy, ques-
tions of debate were with him kept separate from
those of personal friendship ; he was able to win
and keep the admiration of his opponents. Con-
servative Lutheranism in America has hardly
had since his day a champion of its cause to
match him.
As editor-in-chief of Lutheran and Missionary
(1861-67) he wielded tremendous influence for
his cause. As first professor of "systematic di-
vinity" in the newly formed theological seminary
(1864) at Mt. Airy, Philadelphia (established
in opposition to that of Gettysburg), over a
period of nearly two decades, and by the prod-
uct of his prolific pen, especially by that col-
lection of papers published under the title,
The Conservative Reformation and Its Theology
(1871), his magnum opus, he set the stamp of
his own theology upon a whole generation and
more of American Lutheran ministers. He was
consulted upon matters not only of doctrine but
those of polity, liturgical art, and practice. The
conservative character of the General Council
(organized, 1867, in opposition to the General
Synod) was in reality the child after his own
heart. For two years (1866-68) he was a trus-
tee of the University of Pennsylvania ; from 1868
to his death he served on its faculty as professor
of "moral and intellectual philosophy" ; and in
1873 he was elected vice-provost of the univer-
sity. With the establishment in 1882 of the
5
Lutheran Church Review, a theological journal
expressing the Mt. Airy theology, he became its
editor-in-chief. He was a valued member of the
American Revision Committee of the Old Testa-
ment from its organization in 187 1 until his
death. Krauth was twice married : in 1844 to
Susan Reynolds and in 1855 to Virginia Baker.
Two notable voyages took him away from the
tasks set up by a self-imposed rigorous discipline
and routine, in 1852-53 to St. Thomas and Santa
Cruz where he came into close fellowship with
Protestant communions other than his own;
and, in 1880, through the generous provision of
friends, he made a hurried visit in Europe col-
lecting material for a contemplated biography
of Luther. He died in Philadelphia.
[Sources include: Adolph Spaeth, Chas. Portcrficld
Krauth (2 vols., 1898-1909), containing a compre-
hensive bibliography of Krauth's publications ; Docu-
mentary Hist, of the Gen. Council of the Evangelical
Luth. Ch. in North America (191 2) ; Phila. Seminary
Biog. Record (1923) ; Luth. Ch. Rev., Apr., July 1883 ;
Proc. Am. Philosophical Soc, vol. XX (1883), Bible
Soc. Record, Feb. 15, 1883; Press (Phila.), Jan. 3,
1883. For the immediate background of the Krauthian
development of American Lutheran theology, see Ver-
gilius Ferm, The Crisis in Am. Luth. Theology (1927).]
V.F.
KREHBIEL, CHRISTIAN (Oct. 18, 1832-
Apr. 30, 1909), Mennonite preacher, colonizer,
was born at Weierhof in the Palatinate, the son
of Johannes and Katharina (Krehbiel) Kreh-
biel. His formal education was limited. When,
at the age of eleven, he removed with his parents
to Klein Schwabhausen, Bavaria, he received
compulsory religious education an hour a week
for three years. Possessed of keen observation
and a retentive memory, he soon gained a wide
range of practical information. When he ar-
rived at the age of eighteen, his parents, who
were non-resistants, sold their property at a great
sacrifice and came to America in order that their
sons might escape compulsory military service.
Young Krehbiel first worked on a farm at Hayes-
ville, Ohio, but soon went westward by water
via Cincinnati, Cairo, 111., and Keokuk, to Lee
County, Iowa, on the frontier. Here he lived in
a log house, wielding the axe and the cradle,
and receiving for his services as farmhand one
hundred dollars a year. In 1858 he married
Susanna A. Ruth, who became the mother of
sixteen children and shared his life for over
fifty years. In i860 they removed to Summer-
field, 111., a new settlement, where he farmed
successfully for nineteen years, at the same time
extending his sphere of usefulness to wider fields.
In 1864 he was elected to the Mennonite minis-
try, in which capacity he served forty-five years
without pay. In the same year, though at that
r> 1
Krehbiel
Krehbiel
time he had four small children, he was drafted
to serve in the Federal army, but was relieved
by hiring a substitute.
Krehbiel was one of the earliest members of
the General Conference of the Mennonite Church
of North America. He preached the dedicatory
sermon at the founding ( 1866) of the first Men-
nonite institution for higher learning, which was
opened at Wadsworth, Ohio, Jan. 2, 1868. Plain,
intensely practical, with strong convictions and
unswerving faith, he was at this time a man of
impressive physical strength. Though he was
not tall, his muscular body, his deep, resonant
voice, his untrimmed, black beard and unruly
hair combined to suggest his vigorous person-
ality. In 1872 he began an agitation for a set-
tlement of Mennonites in Kansas. He bought
land in the central part of the state, and, as
president of the Mennonite Board of Guardians,
interested co-religionists in the eastern states
and in southern Russia, with the result that in
1874 about six thousand Mennonites settled in
Harvey, Marion, MacPherson, Butler, and Reno
counties. The success with which the immi-
grants from Russia raised the Turkey-red hard
winter wheat that they had brought with them
was instrumental in giving Kansas its position
as the leading wheat state of the Union. Kreh-
biel was co-organizer and first president (1872)
of the Foreign Mission Board of his denomina-
tion, an office which he held for twenty-four
years. During that period missions were estab-
lished among the Arapaho and Cheyenne In-
dians in the Indian Territory and among the
Hopis in Arizona. In 1879 Krehbiel removed
to Kansas, where in the early eighties he was
one of the leaders in establishing the Mennonite
Academy at Halstead, from which developed
Bethel College at Newton. From 1886 to 1896
he superintended an Indian industrial mission
school on his own 640-acre farm near Halstead,
where thirty to forty Indians were trained an-
nually. For ten years after that he made his
farm an orphan home through the medium of
which eighty-seven children were placed in
Christian homes. In 1908 he organized the Men-
nonite Charite, an organization which owned
the Halstead Hospital, now an institution with
140 beds. On Apr. 29, 1909, while he was work-
ing on his farm, a strong wind hurled a large
barn door upon him, injuring him so badly that
he died the next day.
[H. P. Krehbiel, The Hist, of the Gen. Conf. of the
Mennonites of North America (1898) ; C. Henry Smith,
The Mennonites of America (1910) ; Mennonite Year-
Book, 1910; Jubilaums-Fest der Allg. Konferenz
(1909) ; G. Harder, Ein Ueberblick ueber die Mission-
staetigkeit (1915); A Biog. Hist, of Central Kan.
(1902), vol. II ; H. F. Weber, Centennial Hist, of the
Mennonites of III., 1829-1929 (1931) ; Topeka State
Jour., May 3, 1909.] E. E. L.
KREHBIEL, HENRY EDWARD (Mar. 10,
1854-Mar. 20, 1923), music critic, historian,
author, and lecturer, was the third of nine chil-
dren born to Jacob and Anna Marie (Haacke)
Krehbiel. The father was born in Wachenheim,
Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, but came to Amer-
ica when a very young child with his parents,
who settled in Cleveland, Ohio. The mother
was born in southern Germany and came to
America at the age of seventeen. Jacob Kreh-
biel entered the German Methodist ministry as
a young man and became a circuit rider through
southern Michigan. For one year (1853-54) he
lived in Ann Arbor and there Henry Edward
was born. In 1864 the elder Krehbiel was sent
to Cincinnati by the Central German Confer-
ence and his children attended the public schools
of that city. As a boy Henry Edward displayed
unusual musical talent. He had a few violin les-
sons and was able to lead the choir in his father's
church, where he developed an interest in church
music. Aside from his public-school training he
was largely self-educated and he rose to a place
of influence chiefly through his own efforts. He
had no college training, but he was by instinct a
student. For a time he studied law, but he soon
dropped this for journalism, which field he en-
tered as a reporter for the Cincinnati Gazette.
Before long he became a "star reporter," with
varied experiences with murder cases, base-ball
news, boat-races, and the like. In his leisure
moments he devoted himself to the study of music
and in time he became the music editor of the
Gazette, which position he filled from 1874 to
1880. Upon the invitation of Whitelaw Reid he
went to New York to succeed the veteran music
critic of the Tribune, John R. G. Hassard, who
was not well and desired to be relieved, but was
filled with uncertainty as to the young man's
abilities. For a time Krehbiel did general work
on the Tribune, as he had done in Cincinnati.
Meantime he prepared himself more solidly in
his chosen field, so that when Hassard's health
made his retirement imperative, he took over the
full duties of music critic, a position which he
held for forty-three years.
Though at heart a classicist, Krehbiel was the
champion of Wagner and did much to awaken an
appreciation not only for this master, but for all
things new at that time. He had a warm appre-
ciation for Brahms, whom he valiantly defended
against the attacks of fellow critics. He was
quick to recognize the merits of Dvorak's "New
World Symphony" at its first performance, of
5°4
Krehbiel
Tschaikowsky's Sixth Symphony, and indeed,
his judgment as a critic was remarkably just and
accurate, for he was open-minded and generous.
The weakest link in his critic's armor was his
strange dislike for Theodore Thomas, notwith-
standing the conductor's contribution to Ameri-
can music life. Krehbiel was a man of rare cul-
ture and possessed a remarkable memory which
was of value to him in building historical back-
grounds for his criticisms. He spoke German
and English with equal fluency and acquired a
reading knowledge of French, Italian, Russian,
and Latin. In addition to his familiarity with
the whole literature of music he had a deep fond-
ness for folk music, especially negro folk tunes,
and made a large collection of "Spirituals." He
held that since they emanated from one group
in America, they were entitled to be classified as
American folksongs, and, though not the product
of the dominating race, they had qualities that
appealed to any race. He also did much re-
search work in Indian music, some of the results
of which he presented at the congress of mu-
sicians during the World's Columbian Expo-
sition at Chicago. He was a member of the in-
ternational jury of awards in Paris, at the
Exposition Universelle in 1900, and in acknowl-
edgment of his services received the decoration
of chevalier of the Legion of Honor.
Krehbiel's greatest literary achievement was
no doubt his edition of Alexander Wheelock
Thayer's Life of Ludzvig van Beethoven (1921)
in three volumes. The work is not a translation
of the German version (in which language it was
first published), but it was built upon the mass of
original material which Thayer had accumu-
lated and which came into Krehbiel's hands from
both Thayer and Hermann Deiters, the German
translator. The third and last volume is almost
entirely Krehbiel's own interpretation of the
voluminous notes which Thayer collected but
never used. He also made use of material which
had more recently come to light. His other
works include : Studies in the Wagnerian Drama
(1891) ; A Book of Operas (1909) ; Chapters of
Opera (1908, 1911); The Pianoforte and its
Music (1911); A Second Book of Operas
(1917) ; Afro-American Folk-Songs (1914);
More Chapters of Opera (1919) ; and an Eng-
lish version of Parsifal (1919). He was twice
married. His first wife, whom he married in
Cincinnati in 1880, was Helen Osborne of Derby,
Conn., an organist and writer. In Cincinnati she
wrote under the pen name of "Solomon Owl"
for the children's magazine, Golden Hours. Later
she wrote for New York papers under the name
of "Rolling Stone." His second wife, whom he
K
rez
married in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1896, and who
survived him, was Marie Van of Cincinnati, a
professional singer of American birth but of
French parentage.
[L. C. Elson, The Hist, of Am. Music (1904) ; H.
E. Krehbiel, "Alexander Thayer and His Life of Bee-
thoven," Musical Quart., Oct. 1917 ; the Baton, Dec.
1922; Music and Letters, July 1923; Musical Courier,
Mar. 29, 1923 ; the Sun (N. Y.), Mar. 20, 1923 ; N. Y.
Times, N. Y. Tribune, Mar. 21, 1923 ; information as
to certain facts from Mrs. Charles Krehbiel, Krehbiel's
sister-in-law, and from Mrs. Henry Edward Krehbiel.]
F.L.G.C.
KREZ, KONRAD (Apr. 27, 1828-Mar. 9,
l&9/)> poet, was born at Landau, Rhenish
Bavaria, the son of Jean Baptiste and Luise
Henrietta (Naas) Krez. His father had been
an officer in the Bavarian army ; when Prince
Otto was made King of Greece in 1832, he ac-
companied him to Athens and died there in 1839.
Konrad inherited his father's martial spirit and
picked up all the romanticism and republicanism
with which the winds of the time were laden.
Having completed the course in the Gymnasium
at Speyer, in the spring of 1848 he joined Gen.
Ludwig von Tann's expedition to aid the Schles-
wig-Holsteiners in their revolt against Danish
rule. On July 3, 1848, he matriculated as a stu-
dent of law at the University of Heidelberg, and
before the end of the year he published in his
native town a small volume of verse, Dorncn und
Rosen von den Vogesen. He tried vainly to join
an expeditionary force to raise the siege of Mon-
tevideo and in the spring of 1849 was in the midst
of the uprising in Baden and the Palatinate. The
movement collapsed in July, and Krez, like many
another future citizen of the United States, scut-
tled over the border into Switzerland, and went
thence to France. The preface of his second
volume of verse, his Gesangbuch (Strasbourg,
1850), was dated from Nancy on May 22. The
book itself embodies the Zeitgeist with amusing
completeness and is gay, sentimental, satirical,
patriotic, anti-monarchical, and anti-clerical by
turns. Though he wrote with his head full of
Schiller, Heine, and the poets of the War of
Liberation, Krez possessed a real gift for melo-
dious verse, a lively fancy, and a sharp sense of
humor.
In January 185 1 he emigrated to New York,
where he found employment and continued his
study of law. In 1852 he married Addie, daugh-
ter of Judge John A. Stemmler, who with six of
their seven children survived him. In 1854 he
settled in Sheboygan, Wis., began the practice
of his profession, and soon became prominent in
civic affairs. On Mar. 7, 1863, he was commis-
sioned colonel of the 27th Wisconsin Infantry.
The regiment saw little actual fighting, but its
5°S
Krimmel
losses by disease were heavy. Krez was a ca-
pable officer and toward the close of the war was
brevetted brigadier-general. In August 1865,
when his regiment was mustered out, he re-
turned to Sheboygan and the next day opened
his law office. Unable to stomach a second
Grant administration, he left the Republican
party in 1872, and was collector of the port of
Milwaukee on President Cleveland's appoint-
ment from 1885 to 1889. Passionately devoted
to the German language as the vehicle of German
culture, he became in 1889 the fiery, militant
leader of the Germans and Scandinavians of the
state in their protest against the Bennett Law,
an act to compel attendance at schools where the
teaching was in English. For several terms he
was a member of the state assembly and in 1892
was city attorney of Milwaukee. Poetry as a
profession he had abandoned, but from time to
time he wrote poems for his own delectation.
Two of them, "Entsagung und Trost" and "An
Mein Vaterland," were published in the Gartcn-
laubc (1868, p. 116; 1870, p. 4) and were widely
read. "An Mein Vaterland" is almost perfect as
the expression of the patriotism of the ex-
iled forty-eighters. Ans Wisconsin (New York,
1875; enlarged edition, Milwaukee, 1895) is a
collection of both his youthful and his later work,
and is one of the most interesting volumes of
verse written in German by an American.
Though he could not fulfill the promise of his
early work, he was a poet of genuine, unforced
feeling and, at times, of considerable technical
skill. Most of his verse is autobiographical. He
died in Milwaukee after a short illness.
[M. A. W. Brown, ed., Soldiers' and Citizens' Album
of Biog. Record (1890), pp. 597-99; G. A. Zimmer-
mann, Detitsch in Amerika: Beitrage zur Geschichtc
der Dcutsch-Amcrikanischcn Litcratur — /. Episch-Ly-
rische Poesie (1894) ; Franz Briimmer, Lexikon der
Deutschen Dicfrter and Prosaisten des Neunzehntcn
Jahrhunderts (Leipzig, n.d.) ; H. E. Legler, "A Wis-
consin Group of German Poets," Trans. Wis. Acad, of
Sciences, XIV (1904), 471-84; Milwaukee Jour., Mar.
9, 11, 1897; Milwaukee Sentinel, Mar. 10. 12, 1897;
07 Wis. Reports, pp. xxxiv-xxxix ; Gustav Toepke, Die
Matrikcl der Universitat Heidelberg, Sechster Teil
(Heidelberg, 1907). p. 69; Wilhelm Hense-Jensen,
Wisconsin's Dcutsch-Amcrikaner (2 vols., 1900-02) ;
F. B. Heitman, Hist. Reg. U. S. Army, vol. I (1903) ;
War of the Rebellion: Official Records (.Army), 1 ser.,
vols. XXII, XXIV, XXXIV, XLI, XLVIII, XLIX ;
Alb. Becker, "Konrad Kretz, ein Pralzer Dichter in
Amerika." Prahische Heimatkunde (1912), pp. 40-
41 ; E. Fried, "Konrad Krez, ein Pfalzer Dichter in
Amerika," Der Pfdlzerwald (1914), PP- 86-87; K.
Reisert, "Konrad Krez," Ibid. (1915), pp. 51-54]
G.H.G.
KRIMMEL, JOHN LEWIS (1789-July 15,
1821), painter, styled by his contemporaries "the
American Hogarth," was born at Ebingen, in
Wurttemberg, Germany. He emigrated to the
United States in 1810 to join his brother, George
Krimmel
Frederick Krimmel, who, frowning upon his
younger brother's artistic leaning, clapped him
into his Philadelphia counting-house. This oc-
cupation pleased Krimmel so little that before
many months he left his brother's home as well
as his commercial establishment, took lodgings,
and devoted himself to the more congenial busi-
ness of portrait painting. His first portrait, that
of his landlady and her family, stirred sufficient
interest among acquaintances to enable the young
artist to continue portrait painting as a liveli-
hood, though at times an uncertain one. His eye-
sight was so abnormally keen and his observa-
tion so quick that his work, whether executed
upon canvas or ivory, was that of a born minia-
turist. At one time, having married, and in-
curred the responsibility of a growing family,
he accepted a position as professor of drawing
in a young ladies' seminary. His tenure of office
was short, however. The mistress of the school,
desiring to curry favor with the parents of her
charges, demanded that her drawing professor
execute the work for his pupils. To Krimmel
the artist, any such proposition was intolerable:
he refused point blank, and found himself jobless.
In America he had found his center of inter-
est. His first painting to be exhibited, "Pepper-
Pot" (1811), was typical of Philadelphia and
marked the beginning of his long association
with the Columbian Society of Artists who held
yearly exhibitions at the Pennsylvania Academy
of the Fine Arts. With kindly humor and a keen
eye he painted American scenes and American
types, from the young girl of humble parentage
returning home a finished prig from the fashion-
able boarding school to crowds of Americans
celebrating the Fourth of July ; gathering in
Center Square, Philadelphia, by the city water
works, or watching the demolition by fire of the
old Masonic Hall. Always his interest lay in
contemporary events and individuals ; he was
one of the few painters of his generation in
America to chronicle the life of his day. The
purchasing public did not consider the Ameri-
can scene of any importance, however, and
Krimmel was forced to eke out his living as por-
traitist and miniaturist. Much -of his work,
owing, probably, to the apathy of the public, is
preserved not in the original but through en-
gravings made from the originals by his friend
and patron, Alexander Lawson.
He went to Germany in 18 17 for a short stay,
but after his sojourn in America found little to
interest him in the land of his nativity and re-
turned to his adopted country. When he left
America he had been an unknown and struggling
painter. When he returned he found himself
506
Kroeger
"discovered" by the country's chief literary or-
gan, the Analectic Magazine, which in the issue
for February 1820 reproduced in outline engrav-
ing his painting, "Country Wedding," now to
be found in the permanent collection of the Penn-
sylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. The grow-
ing popularity of his genre creation, and espe-
cially of his "Procession of Victuallers" and
"The Burning of Masonic Hall," brought him
an order to paint an historical picture depicting
Penn's treaty with the Indians. This work,
which was to have been his masterpiece, was
never completed, since Krimmel was drowned
in a mill pond near Germantown in the summer
of 1821, the same year in which he had become
president of the Association of American Artists.
The works of Krimmel are sadly scattered,
with scant record as to their whereabouts.
Among the best known of them are his "Fourth
of July Celebration at the State House, 1819,"
"The Burning of Masonic Hall," and "Centre
Square, Philadelphia, in 1812." The original
sketch for his "Election Day," together with
several other works, is in the possession of the
Pennsylvania Historical Society.
[Wm. Dunlap, Hist, of the Rise and Progress of
the Arts of Design in the U. S. (1834), vol. II; Jo-
seph Jackson, "Krimmel : The American Hogarth,"
International Studio, June 1929 ; Ulrich Thieme and
Felix Becker, Allgemeines Lcxikon dcr Bildenden
Kiinstlcr, vol. XXI (1927).] D. G.
KROEGER, ADOLPH ERNST (Dec. 28,
1837-Mar. 8, 1882), journalist, translator, a
minor figure in the St. Louis philosophical move-
ment, was born at Schwabstedt, near Husum,
Duchy of Schleswig, the eldest child of the Lu-
theran pastor, Jacob Kroeger. Having assisted
at the insurrection against the Danes in 1848,
the father found it wholesome to quit the coun-
try and settled with his family on a farm near
Davenport, Iowa, whither a brother had pre-
ceded him. There, till his death in 1857, ne DOre
the hardships of a "Latin farmer" but spent
happy hours instructing his son, who learned
Greek, Latin, French, German, and English and
became an enthusiast for music, poetry, and phi-
losophy. When fifteen years old young Kroeger
secured a place as assistant bookkeeper in a Dav-
enport bank. He went East in 1858 and found
work on the New York Times, was sent as its
correspondent to St. Louis, attracted attention
by his political articles, married Eliza Curren
in 1861, was appointed to a lieutenancy on the
staff of Gen. John C. Fremont, and after Fre-
mont's displacement returned to St. Louis to live
by journalism, with municipal politics for a side
line and philosophy for the real business of his
life. He wrote in German and English for sev-
Kroeg
er
eral newspapers and periodicals, was elected city
treasurer in 1865 for a two-year term, and was
one of the mainstays, from its founding in 1867,
of William Torrey Harris' Journal of Spccu-
lativc Philosophy. He had a faculty for convey-
ing German philosophy into fathomable English,
his most notable work being his translations of
Fichte's New Exposition of the Science of
Knowledge ( 1868 ; 1889) , The Science of Rights
(1869; 1889), and The Science of Ethics as
Based on the Science of Knowledge (1897).
He also translated parts of Leibnitz and Kant
and wrote frequently on philosophical topics.
Much of his musical and literary criticism, in-
cluding essays on Hamlet and Poe, is buried in
the files of the Missouri Republican. In 1870
his promising career ended in a cruel downfall.
The December before, as unofficial deputy for
the city treasurer, M. E. Susisky, Kroeger had
given his own personal check for $6,000 to a
creditor of the city and had reimbursed him-
self with a treasury check that Susisky had
signed in blank. No money was misappropri-
ated, vouchers covered the full amount, but when
Susisky later defaulted the transaction fell under
suspicion ; Kroeger was indicted, tried, convict-
ed of forgery in the third degree, and sent to the
penitentiary on a five-year sentence. In 1872 his
friends, led by Henry C. Brokmeyer, convinced
Gov. Benjamin Gratz Brown of his innocence,
and his pardon followed. Kroeger returned to
St. Louis, exonerated in due form but humili-
ated, impoverished, sick, and in disrepute. In
1873 he published a little volume on The Minne-
singer of Germany. He strove gallantly to sup-
port his family by writing for newspapers, com-
pleted a romance, a history of the Civil War in
Missouri, and other work that never found a
publisher, and solaced himself with medieval
German poetry and romantic philosophy. His
vitality, however, was sinking ; late in 1881 he
took to his bed, and the next spring he died,
leaving his wife and four children in narrow
circumstances. His elder son, Ernest Richard,
became a musician of prominence in St. Louis ;
his elder daughter, Alice Bertha, was a well-
known reference librarian.
[St. Louis Globe-Democrat, Mar. 9, 1882; D. H.
MacAdam, "Adolph E. Kroeger — A Study," Missouri
Republican, Apr. 16, 1882 ; H. A. Rattermann, "Adolph
E. Kroger," Der Deutsche Pionicr, Oct. 1882; W. T.
Harris, "Adolph E. Kroeger — Obituary," Jour, of
Speculative Philosophy, Oct. 1882, with list of pub-
lications ; T. A. Post, Reports of Cases . . . in the
Supreme Court of the State of Mo., vol. XLVII (1888) ;
A. P. Richter, Gcschichte der Stadt Davenport und
des County Scott (Davenport, Iowa, 1917), pp. 354-
59 ; D. H. Harris, A Brief Report of the Meeting Com-
memorative of the Early St. Louis Movement (copy-
right 1922).] G. H.G.
507
Krol
KROL, BASTIAEN JANSEN (1595-1674),
colonial official, was born at Harlingen, in Fries-
land, and before his coming to America was a
caffawcrcker, or velours worker, by trade. In
1615 he resided with his mother, Annetjen
Egberts, at Amsterdam, where, shortly after
Feb. 7, he married Annetjen Stoffels, from
Esens, in East Friesland. On Oct. 12, 1623, he
applied to the consistory of the Dutch Reformed
Church at Amsterdam to be sent as a comforter
of the sick to the West Indies. He was not ac-
cepted at that time, but on Dec. 7 received his
instructions, and on Jan. 25, 1624, sailed for
New Netherland. He was back in Holland on
Nov. 14 of the same year, when he reported to
the consistory that the people in New Nether-
land desired to have a minister and that pro-
vision should be made for the baptism of chil-
dren. A week later the consistory decided not
to send a minister, but authorized Krol, in addi-
tion to his duties as a comforter of the sick, to
perform the ceremonies of baptism and marriage,
on condition that he should observe the formulas
of the Reformed authors and not use words of
his own composition. He sailed with Willem
Verhulst, the newly appointed director of New
Netherland, on the ship Orangenboom, and on
Aug. 1, 1626, was appointed commissary at Fort
Orange, to take the place of Daniel van Krieck-
enbeeck, who had been killed by the Indians. He
was chosen for this post because "he was well
acquainted with the Indian language," showing
that he had previously been stationed at Fort
Orange, rather than at Manhattan, as has been
supposed. Two years later, when the Rev. Jonas
Michaelius arrived at New Amsterdam and for-
mally organized the first church in New Nether-
land, Krol was made a member of the consistory.
He returned to Holland in 1629, but in March
1630 was again sent out as commissary of Fort
Orange, where, with the consent of the West
India Company, he also acted as an agent of
Kiliaen van Rensselaer, the patroon of Rens-
selaerswyck, and purchased land for him from
the Indians in the vicinity of the fort. In 163 1
through the influence of Van Rensselaer, Krol
was promoted to the directorship. He assumed
his new office on Minuit's departure in March
1632, but retained it only a year. He then, at
Van Twiller's request, returned for a short time
to Fort Orange to prevent Jacob Eelkens from
trading there and finally sailed for Holland. On
June 30, 1634, at the request of the patroons, he
appeared at Amsterdam before Notary Justus
van de Ven and in the course of an interrogatory
made certain statements about his various voy-
ages to New Netherland and about the conduct
Kruell
of Hans Jorissen Hontom, his successor at Fori
Orange, whose dealings with the Indians were
giving much trouble and were detrimental to
the patroons' interests. Doubtless as a result of
these circumstances, he was once more sent to
New Netherland, in 1638, to fill the position of
commander of Fort Orange, where, in Septem-
ber 1642, he was instrumental in ransoming some
French prisoners from the Indians. On Nov. 8,
1644, he and his wife resided on the Lindegracht,
at Amsterdam, and jointly made their last will.
A little more than two months later Annetjen
Stoffels died and was buried in the churchyard
of the Noorderkerk. By her Krol had three chil-
dren. On Oct. 7, 1645, he declared his intention
to enter into marriage with Engeltie Baerents,
from Norden, widow of Abram Valentijn. Lit-
tle is known of his further career. Ten years
later he was still living at Amsterdam, but suf-
fering from the effects of a stroke. He died
shortly before Mar. 14, 1674, and was buried on
that date in the churchyard of the Noorder-
kerk.
Krol must have possessed more than ordinary
skill and sagacity. From the first he had con-
siderable influence over the Indians around Fort
Orange and it was largely due to his tact and
judgment in dealing with them that their friend-
ly relations with the Dutch, which more than
once threatened to be disturbed, were not broken
as long as he held office in New Netherland.
[N. Y. colonial mss. in State Lib.; A. J. F. van
Laer, Van Rensselaer Bowicr MSS. (1908) and Docs.
Relating to New Netherland 1624-1626 (1924); rec-
ords of the consistory and the notorial records at
Amsterdam ; A. Eekhof, Bastiaen Janss, Krol, Kran-
kenbesocker, Kommies en Kommandenr van Nieuw-
Nederland 1595-164} (1910), Jonas Michaelius, Found-
er of the Church in New Netherland (1926), and
sketch in Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woorden-
boek (191O, vol. I, cols. 1252-54.] A.J.F.v L.
KRUELL, GUSTAV (Oct. 31, 1843-Jan. 2,
1907), wood-engraver, son of Ludwig and Fran-
ziska Kruell, was born in Grafenberg, a small
village near Diisseldorf, Germany. His boy-
hood was spent on his father's farm until, at the
age of fifteen, he was apprenticed to an engraver
in Diisseldorf, with whom he remained for five
years. He then went to Leipzig for study and
in 1864 established himself in Stuttgart, becom-
ing a member of the firm of Kiihn & Company.
In 1867 (Smith, post) he married Clara Cecilia
Kiihn, daughter of his partner. Financial re-
verses following a panic led Kruell in 1873 to
emigrate to America. Here he entered the office
of Harper & Brothers in New York, working
at the same time, outside, for other publishers.
In 1874 he was joined by his wife and four chil-
dren. They lived in Jersey City, N. J., then in
508
Kruell
East Orange. With Timothy Cole, Henry Wolf,
Frederick Juengling [q.v.], and Elbridge Kings-
ley [<?.7'.], Kruell formed the Society of Ameri-
can Wood-Engravers. The ancient craft of wood-
engraving, practised for five hundred years, had
been partially eclipsed by the rise of the newer
art of engraving on copper, but the art once more
came into its own in the hands of this "new
school" of artists. Kruell was frequently praised
for his cleverness in drawing. He was par-
ticularly successful in portraiture, in which he
evinced great vigor and distinction, reproducing
the portraits from his own drawings. The most
striking of his cuts were portraits that possessed
strong individuality, such as those of Lincoln,
two of which appeared in the Portfolio of Na-
tional Portraits ( 1899) and one in Harper's New
Monthly Magazine for April 1885. His engrav-
ing after the photograph used by Augustus Saint-
Gaudens in modeling his statue for Lincoln Park,
Chicago, is considered by many the finest por-
trait of the Great Emancipator. Kruell made
many portraits of the officers of the Civil War,
both Union and Confederate, which became well
known through the nation-wide circulation of
the weekly and monthly periodicals in which they
were published. He also engraved portraits of
Jefferson, Webster, Beecher, Bryant, Haw-
thorne, Darwin, Wendell Phillips, Lowell, and
many others. That of Lowell, it is said, was ac-
cepted by the poet's family and intimate friends
as the best of his later years. One of his most
interesting portraits is that of Arthur P. Stanley,
a thoughtful, earnest, and striking portrayal.
His work was not confined to portraiture, how-
ever. His "Flight of Night," after William Mor-
ris Hunt, and "Phorcydes," after Elihu Vedder,
appeared in the American Art Review (January,
June 1880). He engraved blocks for Owen
Meredith's "Lucile" and for Alfred Tennyson's
"Dream of Fair Women." "The Princes in the
Tower" (St. Nicholas, February 1880) was
done delicately yet with strength and depth of
color. He raised his wood-engraving to the dig-
nity of a fine art. Over five hundred blocks en-
graved by Kruell have been listed (R. C. Smith,
post). He received awards at expositions in
Paris, Chicago, Buffalo, and St. Louis and hon-
ors in Vienna, Berlin, and Paris. His prints are
in the British Museum, the Fogg Art Museum
at Harvard University, the Museum of Fine
Arts, Boston, the National Museum at Wash-
ington, and in many private collections. He died
at San Luis Obispo, Cal.
[R. C. Smith, Gustav Kruell (1929) ; Am. Art. An-
nual, 1907-08; W. J. Linton, The Hist, of Wood-en-
graving in America (1882) ; Frank Weitenkampf, Am.
Graphic Art (1912) ; Studio, June 20, 1891 ; Scribner's
Kruesi
Mag., Feb. 1895; Who's Who in America, 1906-07;
Evening Post (N. Y.), Jan. 3, 1907.] H.W.
KRUESI, JOHN (May 15, 1843-Feb. 22.
1899), mechanical expert, inventor, was born in
Speicher, Canton Appenzell, Switzerland. While
he was still an infant, his parents died and Kruesi
was placed in the local orphan asylum, where he
lived the difficult life of such institutions, until
he was able to take care of himself. He then
went to St. Gall, Switzerland, as an apprentice
learned the locksmith's trade, and later proceeded
to Zurich, where he worked as a journeyman
machinist. During the following three years
(1867-70), he followed his trade in Holland,
Belgium, and France. Believing that his great-
est opportunity lay in the United States, in 1870,
after a visit with his relatives in Switzerland, he
sailed from England for New York. There he
found work with the Singer Sewing Machine
Company and quickly indicated his superior me-
chanical knowledge not only by improving the
action of the sewing machine, but by making
changes in the manufacturing methods. In the
meantime he became deeply interested in Edi-
son's experimental work and in 1871, despite at-
tractive monetary inducements, he left the Singer
Company and went to work for him in Newark,
N. J. From that time until his death he was
closely associated with Edison and was respon-
sible for the mechanical execution of many of
the latter's ideas. He was with him in 1877 at
Menlo Park, N. J., as foreman of the machine
shop, and that year built the first Edison phono-
graph. During the next two years he had an
intimate part in perfecting the incandescent lamp
and dynamo and devised much of the machinery
for the manufacture of electric lighting equip-
ment. With the establishment of the Edison
Machine Works in New York in 1881, Kruesi
was made superintendent, and there began the
manufacture of Edison dynamos. He was ac-
tive, too, in the installation of the electric light-
ing system in New York City, developing a
water-tight and insulated underground method
of distributing electricity, the feature of which
was the placing of gangs of wires in iron tubes
and filling them with hot tar. In connection with
this work he obtained ten patents, the first grant-
ed Oct. 24, 1882, and the last, July 5, 1887. The
Kruesi tube, as it was called, and all other equip-
ment used in the installation of the system was
made subsequently by a subsidiary organization,
the Electric Tube Company, in New York. By
1886 the capacity of the Edison Machine Works
was overtaxed and the plant was established in
Schenectady, N. Y., with Kruesi as general man-
ager and chief mechanical engineer. He directed
5°9
Krtisi
its affairs most successfully for the succeeding
nine years, but in 1895, after the consolidation
of the company with the Thompson-Houston
Electric Company as the General Electric Com-
pany, he was relieved of the heavy burden of the
the two-fold office and continued as chief en-
gineer for the remainder of his life. In 1871 he
married Emily Zwinger of Allegheny, Pa. He
died in Schenectady, survived by eight children.
[Specifications and Drawings of Patents Issued from
the U. S. Patent Office, Oct. 1882, Apr. and Nov. 1883,
Apr. 1884, July 1885, Jan. 1886, July 1887; J. W.
Howell and H. Schroeder, The Hist, of the Incandescent
Lamp (1927) ; W. B. Kaempffert, A Popular Hist, of
Am. Invention (1924); records of Edison Pioneers,
N. Y. ; Thomas C. Martin, Forty Years of Edison Serv-
ice, 1882-1032 (1922); Engineering Record, Mar. 4,
1899 ; Trans, of the Am. Soc. of Mech. Engineers, vol.
XX (1899) ; Am. Machinist, Mar. 2, 1899.]
C.W.M.
KRUSI, HERMANN [See Krusi, Johann
Heinrich Hermann, 1817-1903].
KRUSI, JOHANN HEINRICH HER-
MANN (June 24, 1817-Jan. 28, 1903), educa-
tor, was born in Yverdon, Switzerland, the son
of Hermann and Catherine (Egger) Krtisi. His
father had been a teacher in Pestalozzi's school
at Yverdon, but shortly before Hermann's birth
had established his own private school there.
While Hermann was still a child the family
moved from Yverdon to Trogen, where the elder
Kriisi assumed charge of the Cantonal School.
Here the boy's formal education began. His
autobiography gives doubtful praise to the in-
struction he received: the formality practised by
some of his teachers seems to have been unsuited
to his independent nature and inquiring mind.
Later he attended the normal school at Gais, to
which his father had been transferred, and he
received instruction in religious education at
Yverdon under Johannes Niederer, a colleague
of Pestalozzi. In 1838 he went to Dresden, Ger-
many, where he studied two years in the Bloch-
mann-Vizthum Institute, a private Gymnasium.
While here his education was expanded by travel
and outside study and by visits to German nor-
mal schools. After a year at the Bunzlau Normal
School in Prussia, he returned to Gais in 1841,
and for the next five years was a student and an
instructor in his father's school there. During
this time he produced three plays and wrote
some poems to which he himself attached little
importance except as natural steps in the de-
velopment of his intellectual life and in the ex-
pression of his emotional nature. After his fa-
ther's death in 1844, and the closing of school in
the fall of 1845, he went to England and taught
in a private school for boys at Cheam. He pos-
sessed strong republican principles, however,
Kugelman — Kuhn
and soon became dissatisfied with the aristocratic
Cheam school. Accordingly, at the end of one
term he resigned and took a teaching position
in the Home and Colonial Infant Training School
at King's Cross, London, a school founded and
conducted by English Pestalozzians. Here he
labored happily until 1852, publishing in 1850
A Progressive Course of Inventive Drawing on
the Principles of Pestalozzi.
After a year's visit in Switzerland, he then
came to the United States, where he became well
acquainted with his countrymen, Louis Agassiz
and Arnold Guyot. He began his work in
America at the so-called New England Normal
College in Lancaster, Mass., where he remained
two years as a teacher of German, French, and
drawing. He then lectured in the Massachusetts
and New Hampshire institutes for teachers, gave
private instruction, and for two years (1857-59)
taught in the Trenton (New Jersey) Normal
School. In the summer of 1862 Edward Austin
Sheldon, principal of the Oswego (New York)
State Normal School, invited him to a position
on the faculty, because of his well-known ad-
vocacy of Pestalozzian principles. He accepted
and began his notable work in Oswego in the
fall of that year. He remained in the Normal
School for twenty-five years, and there made
his professional contribution in Object Teach-
ing. In 1887 he retired, to spend the last sixteen
years of his life in travel, study, and writing.
He died at Alameda, Cal.
Kriisi was a strong character, a man of high
ideals, patient, persevering, courageous, and an
ardent apostle of Pestalozzi. He was a prolific
writer and a versatile scholar, although com-
paratively few of his productions were published.
In 1875, however, he published Pestalozzi: His
Life, Work, and Influence, and in 1907, his own
autobiography, Recollections of My Life. Among
the papers he left at his death were many articles,
lectures, and essays dealing with religious, po-
litical, literary, and educational topics.
[The most important source is Kriisi's Recollections
of my Life (1907) ; his Pestalozzi contains some auto-
biographical information, and details of his life and of
his educational philosophy are found in most of his
writings. See also W. S. Monroe, Hist, of the Pes-
talozzian Movement in the U. S. (1907) ; N. H. Dear-
born, The Oswego Movement in American Education
(1925) ; and Paul Monroe, A Cyc. of Educ, vol. Ill
(1912). Unpublished letters and personal interviews
with Kriisi's colleagues at Oswego supplement the in-
formation obtained from the foregoing sources.]
N.H. D.
KUGELMAN, FREDERICK BENJAMIN
[See Kaye, Frederick Benjamin, 1892-1930].
KUHN, ADAM (Nov. 17, 1741-July 5- 1817),
physician, botanist, was born at Germantown,
5IO
Kuhn
Pa., the son of Adam Simon Kuhn and his wife,
Anna Maria Sabina Schrack. Under his father,
a native of Swabia who had immigrated to Penn-
sylvania in 1733, young Kuhn began his first
studies in medicine. In the autumn of 1761 he
set out for Sweden and continued his medical
studies at the University of Upsala, where he
fell under the tutelage of Linnaeus in botany. A
picture of his life there has been preserved by a
fellow-pupil, Johann Christian Fabricius, who
writes of the enjoyment derived from the lec-
tures and confidential friendship of the great
Swedish botanist : "In summer we followed him
into the country. We were three, Kuhn, Zoega
and I, all foreigners. In winter we lived directly
facing his house, and he came to us every day"
(Stoever, post, p. 273). After his course at Up-
sala, Kuhn went to London in 1764, studying
there for a time, and then going to the Univer-
sity of Edinburgh where he took the degree of
M.D. in 1767. During his stay in England he
came under the notice of John Ellis, English
botanist and correspondent of Linnaeus. The lat-
ter, in a Latin letter to Ellis in 1765, pronounced
Kuhn "one of the most worthy and industrious
young men I ever knew" (Smith, post, I, 165).
Returning to the Province of Pennsylvania,
Kuhn became, in January 1768, professor of
materia medica and botany in the College of
Philadelphia. There he fell under the apprais-
ing eye of Dr. Charles Caldwell, who drew a
word portrait of him which is deeply etched with
strong feeling: "He was, by far, the most highly
and minutely furnished specimen of old-school
medical production . . . His hair ... of which
nature had furnished him with an exuberant
abundance, . . . his hairdresser so arranged as
to give it the resemblance of a fashionable wig,
well pomatumed, stifly curled, and richly pow-
dered . . . His breeches were black, his long-
skirted waistcoat white or buff, and his coat
snuff-colored. In his hand he carried a gold-
headed cane and a gold snuff-box, and his knee
and shoe buckles were of the same metal. . . . He
entered the sick-room at a given time, spent a
given number of minutes . . . and never suffered
deviation to be made from his directions" (Auto-
biography, post, p. 121). With his foibles and
his pomposity, a good deal of a precisian and
thus arousing antagonisms and resentments, he
was nevertheless strong in sense and discreet in
judgment. Lacking powers of imagination, he
had a capacity for accurate observation. In ad-
dition he possessed the homely virtues of punc-
tuality, faithfulness, and diligence. He was
made physician to the Pennsylvania Hospital,
and in 1786 consulting physician to the Phila-
Kumler
delphia Dispensary ; he was one of the founders,
and in 1808, president, of the College of Phy-
sicians of Philadelphia ; he was chosen professor
of the theory and practice of medicine in the
University of the State of Pennsylvania in 1789;
and on the union of the medical schools of the
College and the University, he was appointed
professor of the practice of physics. This chair
he held from 1792 to 1797. In addition he was
a member of the American Philosophical So-
ciety.
Kuhn was the first professor of botany in the
American colonies, but he did nothing to ad-
vance the science of botany, though a virgin
vegetation lay at his doors. He did, however,
carry with him a new plant of North America in
a living state to Linnaeus. It represented a new
genus and the Swedish botanist named it Kithnia.
Through Kuhnia cupatorioidcs, a widely dis-
tributed species of the family Compositac, all
field students of the eastern United States recall
his name.
When he was thirty-nine years of age Kuhn
married Elizabeth (Hartman) Markhoe, widow
of Francis Markhoe and daughter of Isaac Hart-
man, of St. Croix. By her "he had two sons,
respectable characters." At the age of seventy-
three he gave up medical practice, and three
years later died in Philadelphia, after a brief
illness without pain.
[S. P. Griffiths, in the Eclectic Repertory and Analyti-
cal Rev., Apr. 1818; D. J. H. Stoever, Life of Sir
Charles Linnaeus ( 1794), tr. from the German by Joseph
Trapp ; James Edward Smith. A Selection of the Cor-
respondence of Linnaeus, (1821), vol. I ; Autobiography
of Charles Caldwell (1855), ed. by H. W. Warner; J.
W. Harshberger, The Botanists of Phila. and Their
Work (1899) ; H. A. Kelly, Some Am. Medic. Botanists
( 1914) ; "Autobiographic des Naturforschers Fabricius,"
in Linne und Fabricius (1928), ed. by Julius Schuster;
J. W. Jordan, Colonial and Revolutionary Families of
Pa. (1911), vol. I; Poulson's Am. Daily Advertiser,
July 9( 1817.] W. L.J— n.
KUMLER, HENRY (Jan. 3. i775-Jan- 8-
1854), bishop of the United Brethren in Christ,
was born in Lancaster County, Pa., the son of
Jacob and Elizabeth (Young) Kumler. The
former, son of John Kumler, was a native of the
county of Basel, Switzerland, and was brought
to America by his parents when he was about
seven years old. Henry grew up on his father's
farm with very ordinary educational advantages,
married Susanna Wingert, Sept. 5, 1797, and in
1810 bought property near Greencastle, Franklin
County, Pa., and settled there. His early con-
nections had been with the German Reformed
Church, but in 1814, having passed through a
severe spiritual struggle and experienced a call
to preach, he became a member of the Eastern
conference of the United Brethren in Christ. He
S11
Kunze
was at this time well on toward middle age, but
he threw himself into the work of this young
denomination with whole-hearted devotion and
extraordinary energy. The year after his ad-
mission he was a delegate to the first General
Conference of the church, which revised the Con-
fession of Faith and the Discipline ; and he was
a delegate to every subsequent General Confer-
ence until 1825, when he was elected bishop.
Much of his life was spent in the saddle. The
first five years of his ministry were in the East.
In 1815 he traveled a large circuit near Green-
castle; in 1816 he was appointed to the Virginia
circuit, on which he covered 370 miles every
four weeks ; in 18 17 he was made presiding elder.
For some time the Pennsylvania Germans had
been migrating westward in large numbers, and
the valley of the Miami had become a center for
the work of the United Brethren. In 1819 Kum-
ler transferred his activities to that section. Ac-
quiring a fertile farm near Trenton, Butler
County, Ohio, he made it his home for the rest
of his life. Adjoining his house he built a large
room, where regular services were held for many
years. His home became a stopping place for
preachers, and conferences were frequently en-
tertained there. First elected bishop in 1825, he
served in that office for five successive terms,
twenty years in all. By the end of this period
age had made it difficult for him to endure the
extended horseback journeys required. In ad-
dition to his services, being a man of some means,
he gave liberally to the needs of the work, and
to him as much as to any other person, perhaps,
the planting and nurture of the churches of the
United Brethren in southwestern Ohio was due.
He had twelve children, one of whom, Henry
Kumler, Jr., also became bishop. Bishop Daniel
Kumler Flickinger [q.v.~\ was his grandson.
[Daniel Berger, Hist, of the Church of the United
Brethren in Christ (1897) ; A. W. Drury, Hist, of the
Church of the United Brethren in Christ ( 1924) ; Henry
A. Thompson, Our Bishops (1889) ; R. E. Flickinger,
Flickinger Family Hist. (1927).] H.E. S.
KUNZE, JOHN CHRISTOPHER (Aug. 5.
1744-July 24, 1807), Lutheran clergyman, was
born in Saxony at Artern on the Unstrut, the son
of an innkeeper and tradesman. He was edu-
cated at the Halle Orphanage, then under Gott-
hilf August Francke, at Rossleben and Merse-
burg, and at the University of Leipzig, where he
matriculated Sept. 21, 1763. After teaching for
three years at Kloster Bergen near Magdeburg,
he became inspector of an orphanage at Greitz.
In 1770, through his connections at Halle, he
was called to Philadelphia as coadjutor to Henry
Melchior Muhlenberg [q.v.~\. Accompanied by
Kunze
F. A. C. and G. H. E. Muhlenberg \_qq.v.~\, he
left Halle on May 5, was ordained at Werni-
gerode, and landed at New York Sept. 22, 1770.
On July 23, 1771, he married Muhlenberg's sec-"
ond daughter, Margaretta Henrietta. In 1779
he succeeded his father-in-law as chief pastor in
Philadelphia, and J. H. C. Helmuth [q.v.~\ be-
came his colleague. In 1784 he removed per-
manently to New York as pastor of Christ
Church, with which he united the remnants of
the old Dutch congregation. As a scholar Kunze
had few equals in the United States, and in his
own denomination his influence was second only
to Muhlenberg's. He had a minute knowledge
of Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Arabic, and Italian
literature, and was a student also of medicine,
astronomy, and numismatics. Although he never
mastered the pronunciation of English and was
compelled to abandon his attempts to preach in
that language, he realized that English would
become the language of the Lutheran Church in
America, and the chief ambition of his life was
to provide adequately for the education of Lu-
theran ministers who could use both German
and English. His first attempt in this direction
was his Seminarium, a pre-theological school,
which he started in Philadelphia in 1773. In
spite of many handicaps it managed to thrive,
but the outbreak of the Revolution closed its
doors. In 1779 he tried to establish a German
Institute in the University of Pennsylvania, but
the movement never received any support. As
professor of Oriental languages in Columbia
College, 1784-87 and 1792-99, he again failed
for lack of students. In 1797 he became profes-
sor of theology on the Hartwick Foundation, the
bequest of Johann Christoph Hartwig [g.t'.],
which paid him a yearly stipend of $500. In all,
he did succeed in preparing a number of students
for ordination. They became the first English
Lutheran clergymen in the United States. In
New York society he was a general favorite.
John Daniel Gros [q.v.~\ and Rabbi G. M. Seixas
were among his intimate friends. A much less
intimate friendship with Aaron Burr scandalized
some of his Episcopal colleagues.
His publications include : Einige Gedichte und
Lieder (1778) ; Ein Wort fiir den Ver stand und
das Hers vom Rechten und Gebantcn Lebens-
wege (1781) ; Von den Absichten und dem Bis-
herigen Fortgang dcr Privilegirten Deutschen
Gesellschaft (1782) ; a sermon on the conclusion
of peace (1783) ; Rudiments of the Shorter
Catechism of Luther (1785), of which no copy
is known to be extant ; Elisas Betr'dnter Nachruf
bci der Hinwcgnahme seines Gottesmanncs Elias
(1878), being a sermon on the death of Miihlen-
512
Kunze
berg; King Solomon's Great Sacrifice at the
Dedication of His Temple: A Sermon (1801) ;
Statement of a Case Concerning the Establish-
ment of a Professorship of Divinity in the Ger-
man Lutheran Church in the State of New York
(1805), reprinted by William Hull in the Lu-
theran Church Review, July 1898; and A Table
of a New Construction for Calculating the Great
Eclipse, Expected to Happen on the 16th of June,
1806 (1806). With the help of his assistant,
George Strebeck, he prepared A Hymn and
Prayer Book for the Use of Such Lutheran
Churches as Use the English Language (1795).
It is the first Lutheran hymn book in the Eng-
lish language and contains the earliest surviving
American translation of Luther's Shorter Cate-
chism. The six sermons by his deceased pupil,
Lawrence Van Buskirk, which he published with
a brief introduction in 1797 are the first English
Lutheran sermons published in America. Dur-
ing his last years he was much disquieted by the
growing spirit of rationalism. He was survived
by his wife, four daughters, and a son who died
the following year.
[Nachrichten von den vcreinigten Dcutschen Evan-
gelisch-Luthcrischen Gcmeinen in Nord- America (2
vols., 1886-95), ed. by W. J. Mann and B. M. Schmuck-
er, usually cited as the "Hallesche Nachrichten"; W.
J. Mann, Life and Times of Henry Melchior Muhlen-
berg (1887) ; A. L. Grabner, Geschichte der Luther-
ischen Kirche in America (1892) ; Doc. Hist. Ev. Luth.
Ministerium of Pa. (1898) ; C. F. Haussmann, Kunze's
Seminarium (1917); J. W. Francis, Old New York
(1866) ; Anton Eickhoff, In der Ncuen Heimath (1884).
pp. 138-39 ; Georg Erler, Die Jungere Matrikcl der
Universitat Leipzig 1559-1809, III (1909), 223; H.
M. M. Richards, "Descendants of Henry Melchior
Muhlenberg," Pa.-Gcr. Soc. Proc. and Addresses, vol.
X (1900) ; H. M. Oakley and J. C. Schwab, The Muhlen-
berg Album (privately printed, 19 10) ; N. Y. Herald,
July 29, 1807.] G. H.G.
KUNZE, RICHARD ERNEST (Apr. 7.
1838-Feb. 7, 1919), physician and naturalist,
was born in Altenburg, Germany, the youngest
of six sons. His father, Johann Jacob Kunze,
came of an old Thuringian family and was court
horticulturist to the reigning duke. His mother,
Adelaide Callen, was the daughter of a refugee
of the French Revolution who had belonged to
the household of Louis XVI. Since the boy
showed a scholarly aptitude for the classics, his
schooling continued until he was fifteen ; but his
strongest interest turned towards natural his-
tory, in which he gained instruction and help
from local entomologists and ornithologists. Dis-
appointed in his desire for college, he entered a
counting house, but at sixteen, on the death of
his father, he struck out boldly and alone for the
New World. For a time he worked as a laborer
on estates and farms in New Jersey and New
York, learned the ways of the people in the new
Kunze
land, and acquired fluency in English speech.
His acuteness attracted the attention of Dr.
Charles J. Stearns, under whom he began the
study of medicine. Later he attended lectures
at the Metropolitan Medical College, and in 1859
began practice in New York City as a physician
and pharmacologist. With an ever deepening
interest in plant drugs, he took a course in the
College of Pharmacy of the City and County of
New York, and graduated in 1868 from the new-
ly founded Eclectic Medical College. During
the next twenty years he contributed many pa-
pers upon remedial plants to the eclectic medical
journals. He stressed the importance of cacta-
ceen drugs to the profession and investigated
their therapeutic value in cardiac disturbances,
researches which involved Cereus Macdonaldiae,
nycticalus, and scrpentinus, as well as other spe-
cies of the same genus.
In 1857 he had married Ann McNamee, an
Irish woman and efficient helpmeet, who died in
1888, after an illness of several years. When an
accident to his right hand interfered with the
delicacy necessary to operations, he gave up his
medical practice, and in 1896 settled near Phoe-
nix, Ariz. Here he began a cactus plantation
a half-mile south of the city limits. Enthralled
by the peculiar structure and color of the desert
topography and its strange plant forms, he wan-
dered over Arizona and into northern Mexico
with a camping outfit of wagon and horses,
studying the unique vegetation, the reptiles, and
the insects of the region and collecting cacti and
spiny xerophytes for his new garden. As the
unusual collection grew, it became the resort of
the curious and the objective of botanical trav-
elers. A source of cactus stock for botanical
gardens, it furnished him a means' of subsistence
while he carried on his studies of all desert life.
His living was made precarious by the World
War, which interrupted valuable shipments of
cactus stock destined for European institutions ;
but no discouragement lessened his enthusiasm
for the desert, which sustained him until death
came in the beloved garden to which he had
given over twenty years of devotion.
While his interests as a naturalist were rather
widely scattered, one of his special predilections
centered on the study of poisonous reptiles and
poisonous plants, a subject which was the basis
for a number of his published papers on toxins.
In the field of pharmacology, his writings exhibit
both erudition and practical value. Thorough
and painstaking in his work, persistent in his
ideals, impatient of injustice, courageous in op-
position to evil, he held the respect and affection
of his colleagues in the medical profession and
5*3
Kurtz
of those cultivated persons who gained his friend-
ship.
[Alexander Wilder, in Am. Medic. Jour., June 1908,
more eulogistic than critical ; J. A. Munk, in Cal.
Eclectic Medic. Jour., Mar. 1919, an appreciation; Am.
Inventor, Oct. 1905; Arizona Republican (Phoenix),
Feb. 10, 1919; newspaper clippings and' reminiscences
of Kunze's friends.] \y l J n.
KURTZ, BENJAMIN (Feb. 28, 1795-Dec. 29,
1865), Lutheran clergyman, editor, was born in
Harrisburg, Pa., the son of Benjamin and Eliza-
beth (Gardner) Kurtz. His grandfather, John
Nicholas Kurtz, the son of a parochial teacher
near Giessen, was sent from Halle to Pennsyl-
vania as a catechist in 1745 and was the first
minister ordained (1748) by the Ministerium of
Pennsylvania. At fifteen Kurtz was employed
as an assistant in the Harrisburg Academy and
three years later began to study theology under
John George Lochman [q.v.~\ at Lebanon. He
was licensed at Frederick, Md., in 1815 by the
Ministerium of Pennsylvania; was assistant to
his uncle, John Daniel Kurtz, in Baltimore for
a short time; was pastor at Hagerstown, Md.,
1815-31, and at Chambersburg, Pa., 1831-33,
and was editor of the Lutheran Observer in Bal-
timore, 1833-58. Kurtz was one of the most
prominent men in the General Synod and, next
to his close friend Samuel Simon Schmucker
[?.?'.], the chief exponent of "American Lu-
theranism." He was one of the founders of the
Synod of Maryland and Virginia (1820), of the
General Synod (1820), which was organized in
his church and which he twice served as presi-
dent, and of the Gettysburg Theological Semi-
nary (1825). As a pastor and preacher he was
extraordinarily successful, and his position in
Washington County, Md., was almost that of a
bishop. In spite of much opposition he advocated
temperance reform and introduced English serv-
ices, prayer meetings, revivals, Sunday schools,
and educational and benevolent societies into his
congregations. In 1826 he went to Europe to
collect money and books for the Gettysburg
Seminary. For a time he was stranded in Lon-
don without funds. In Germany he was received
with interest and respect and secured contribu-
tions from the Crown Prince of Prussia, the
King of Wurttemberg, and the Dukes of Cum-
berland and Cambridge. Among the clergymen
who sought him out was Martin Stephan [see
article on Carl Ferdinand Wilhelm Walther],
who was to lead a colony of Saxon Lutherans to
Missouri. Kurtz's mission realized $10,000, gifts
of fine needlework that sold for an additional
$2,000, and some 6,000 books.
When hemorrhages of the lungs forced him
out of the active ministry, he accepted the invi-
Kuskov
tation of John Gottlieb Morris [q.v.] to assume
the editorship of the Observer and made that
paper a power in the church. His knowledge of
theology was limited, but he was strongly evan-
gelical, plain-spoken, and fearless, and against
liturgical worship and the Lutheran confessions
he waged a vigorous polemical war. He advo-
cated a union of the Lutheran and German Re-
formed Churches. His doctrinal position is fully
set forth in his chief book, Why Arc You a Lu-
theran? (1843), which went through ten editions.
In 1846 he visited Europe again as a delegate to
the first meeting of the Evangelical Alliance. He
championed S. S. Schmucker's "Definite Synodi-
cal Platform" in 1855 and was the first to admit
any knowledge of its origin. When the Mary-
land Synod grew too orthodox for him, he with-
drew, together with a handful of followers, and
on Dec. 1, 1857, at Middletown, Md., organized
the Melanchthon Synod, which was reabsorbed
into the parent body in 1868. Kurtz wrote the
Melanchthon Synod's "Declaration of Faith," in
which baptismal regeneration, the Real Presence
in the Eucharist, and other "errors" of the Augs-
burg Confession were repudiated. In 1858 he
made his most grievous mistake, the founding
of the Missionary Institute at Selinsgrove, Pa.,
which poured into the Lutheran Church a stream
of quarter-educated ministers. In person he was
lank and cadaverous, with a huge, hawk-like
nose, and a forbidding manner. He was a witty,
entertaining talker, but could not listen to the
talk, or the sermons, of other ministers. By the
Old Lutherans he was feared, disliked, and de-
nounced ; by his own party he was admired. He
was married three times : to Ann Barnett of
Washington County, Md., to Mary Catharine
Baker of Winchester, Va., and to Mary Calhoun
of Chambersburg, Pa. Of his ten children only
five survived him. He died in Baltimore after
a lingering illness.
[E. W. Hutter, Eulogy on the Life and Character of
Rev. Benjamin Kurtz, D.D., LL.D. (1866); M. L.
Stoever, memoir in Evangelical Quart. Rev., Jan. 1867 ;
J. G. Morris. Fifty Years in the Luth. Ministry (1878) ;
C. A. Hay, Memoirs of Rev. Jacob Gocring, Rev. George
Lochman, D.D., and Rev. Bcnj. Kurtz, D.D., LL.D.
(1888), with a list of publications; Adolph Spaeth,
Charles Porterfield Krauth (2 vols., 1898-1909) ; A. R.
Wentz, Hist. Ev. Luth. Synod of Md. (1920) and Hist.
Gettysburg Thcol. Scm. (1927); Doc. Hist. Ev. Luth.
Ministerium of Pa. (1898) ; Vergilius Ferm, The Crisis
in Am. Luth. Theology (1927) ; Cat. of Books . . . &c
in the Lib. of the Luth. Hist. Soc, Gettysburg. Pa.
(1890), pp. 21 and 39; M. A. Cruikshank and B. K.
Miller. Life of Johann Nicolaus Kurtz (privately
printed, 1925)] G.H. G.
KUSKOV, IVAN ALEKSANDROVICH
(1765-October 1823), commercial counselor,
founder and first manager of the Russian settle-
ment called "Fort Ross," in California, was born
5H
Kyle
in the city of Totma, Vologda Government, Rus-
sia. In 1787, at the age of twenty-two, he left
for Siberia, to "find happiness." There, in 1790,
he met A. A. Baranov [q.z:~\, who had just agreed
to become resident director of the Alaskan fur-
trading establishments of theGolikov andShelek-
hov company. Baranov persuaded Kuskov to go
with him as an assistant. They reached "Russian
America" in 1791. During his thirty-two years
of service Kuskov was often obliged to take the
place of Baranov in the latter's absence. He
was obliged to travel a great deal, organizing
the work of building the new Russian settle-
ments and promoting the building of ships. In
1806 he directed all the structural work in Novo-
Arkhangel'sk (the present Sitka, founded in
1804), having been appointed by Baranov as
commander in chief of the fortress there. He is
chiefly noted for his establishment of a Russian
settlement in California. He had several times
visited that region for purposes of trade and to
find a site for a settlement, and in 18 12, quietly
and peacefully, he built "Fort Ross," some fifty
miles from the port of San Francisco, in a land
inhabited for years by Spanish colonists. From
1812 to 1821 he managed the fort; he built a
shipyard and constructed three merchant ships
and many smaller vessels. Near by he started
cattle breeding, gardening, and farming. Dur-
ing the course of his career in spite of his excep-
tional good nature and upright character, many
attempts were made on his life by the Alaskans
and Californians. All his dangers were shared
by his wife, Ekaterina Prokhorovna, who was
popular with the natives. She learned their
language and customs easily and understood how
to handle them. She was the daughter of a
burgess of the city of Ustug, near Totma, in the
Vologda Government, and after the death of her
parents, in India, she went to Alaska, where she
married Kuskov. He left Russian America in
1822, and returned to his native city, Totma,
where in October of the following year he died.
[Russkil blografichcskll slovar', vol. IX (St. Peters-
burg, 1903), pp. 613-14, contains an article on Kuskov,
in which he is called Kusov. Elsewhere, however, his
name is spelled Kuskov, and he always signed his name
thus. In addition to this article, see Russkil arkhiv
(Moscow), 1898, no. 10 ; K. Khliebnikov. Zhizneopisanlc
Alcksandra Andrccvicha Baranova (St. Petersburg,
1835); P. Tikhmenev, Istorichcskoc obozrienie obra-
zovanlia Rossllsko-Amcrikanskol kompanii (z vols.,
St. Petersburg, 1861-63), and K. Khliebnikov, "Zapiski
o Amerikie" (in Matcrlaly dlia islor'ii russkikh zasclenil,
supplement to Morskol sbornik, St. Petersburg, Mar.
1861); H. H. Bancroft, Hist, of Alaska (1886), and
Hist, of Cal., vol. II (1885); Rev. A. Kashevaroff,
"Fort Ross," in Alaska Mag. (Juneau, Alaska), May
1927] M.Z.V.
KYLE, DAVID BRADEN (Oct. n, 1863-
Oct. 23, 1916), laryngologist, the youngest son
Kyle
of Samuel W. Kyle and his wife, nee Cross, was
born at Cadiz, Ohio. After graduating from
Muskingum College, he studied medicine at Jef-
ferson Medical College, Philadelphia, from which
he graduated in 1891, receiving a gold medal for
a thesis on "The Pathology and Treatment of
Tetanus." All his life Kyle was deeply inter-
ested in pathology and shortly after graduating
he opened a private laboratory in which he gave
extramural teaching in clinical microscopy,
pathology, and bacteriology. In 1896 he was
appointed to fill the chair of pathology ad interim
at Jefferson Medical College. At the expiration
of this term of duty, he was elected clinical pro-
fessor of laryngology and in 1904 was made pro-
fessor of laryngology, which position he held
until his death. He was also on the staff of St.
Mary's and St. Agnes' hospitals. He was active
in the work of the scientific societies devoted to
his speciality, contributing many articles to their
transactions. In 1900 he was president of the
American Laryngological, Rhinological, and
Otological Society, and of the American Laryn-
gological Association in 191 1. He was a fellow
of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia and
served several terms as chairman of its section
on laryngology and otology. His Text-book of
Diseases of the Nose and Throat, first published
in 1899, went through five editions and was wide-
ly adopted in various medical colleges. A special
feature of the work was the attention given in it
to the pathology underlying manifestations of
disease in the nose and throat. It also contained
an unusually large number of original illustra-
tions. He was a tireless worker and not only
had a very large private practice but also did a
great deal of hospital work in addition to his
teaching. On Dec. 19, 1900, he married Jeanette
E. Smith, daughter of Col. Thomas J. Smith, of
Philadelphia. They had no children.
[Trans. Am. Laryngological Asso., 19 17; Trans.
Am. Laryngological, Rhinological, and Otological Soc,
1916; Trans. Am. Climatological and Clinical Asso.,
vol. XXXII (1916) ; H. A. Kelly and W. L. Burrage,
Am. Medic. Biogs. (1920); Who's Who in America,
1916-17; Public Ledger (Phila.), Oct. 24, 1916; per-
sonal acquaintance.] F. R. P.
KYLE, JAMES HENDERSON (Feb. 24,
1854-July 1, 1901), Congregational clergyman,
United States senator, was descended from a
Scotch-Irish family of culture and ample for-
tune. An ancestor, Samuel, came to America in
1738 and settled at Chambersburg, Pa., where
he built "Clifton Hall," which for more than a
century was the chief seat of the family. One of
his seven sons migrated to Ohio after the Revo-
lution and his grandson Thomas B. Kyle mar-
ried Margaret Henderson and became the father
$*$
Kyle
of James Henderson Kyle, who was born near
Xenia, Ohio. In 1865 Thomas Kyle, who had
been a captain of volunteers in the Civil War,
removed with his family to a farm near Urbana,
111., where James spent his youth. He attended
classes at the University of Illinois, 1871-73,
thence went to Oberlin College where he grad-
uated from the classical course in 1878. He then
studied law, but after two years turned to theol-
ogy, and in 1882 was graduated from the West-
ern Theological Seminary (Presbyterian) at
Allegheny, Pa. Upon completing his course he
was given charge of the educational program
of the Presbyterians in the Synod of Utah, but
in 1884 accepted a call to the Congregational
Church of Salt Lake City. In the autumn of
1885 he went to Dakota and organized the Con-
gregational churches of Ipswich and Aberdeen,
of which he was pastor until 1890. In that year
he was made financial secretary of Yankton Col-
lege, and was serving in that capacity when he
entered politics.
His introduction to politics was unique. In
1890, when the Populist movement was at its
height, the Populist party had called a mass con-
vention for the nomination of legislators, to meet
at Aberdeen on July 4. A local celebration of
Independence Day had also been planned. As
the hour for the celebration approached it was
discovered that the man invited to deliver the
oration had failed to keep his appointment. The
committee in charge visited Kyle and invited
him to speak. He accepted, but having no time
to prepare an address, read to the "embattled
farmers" a copy of an address delivered in 1877
by Prof. John M. Gregory of the University of
Illinois. It was an extreme arraignment of the
federal government and of the tariff and financial
policies of the United States. Nothing could
have better fitted the situation in view of the
excited political temper of his hearers. Im-
mediately following the address they went into
mass convention and, without consulting him,
nominated Kyle for the state Senate. He was
elected, and in the ensuing session of the legis-
lature, after a prolonged deadlock, he was ac-
cepted as a compromise candidate and elected to
the United States Senate.
One other unique circumstance contributed to
his political fortune at this time. In the South
Dakota legislature a fusion of the Democrats,
Populists, and independent Republicans would
have had a majority of one vote over the regular
Republicans. In the Illinois legislature there
were 101 Democrats, 100 Republicans and three
Populists. Congressman Jerry Simpson of Kan-
sas was first to see the possibilities, through
Kynett
adroit manipulation, of securing from normally
Republican states two senators of Democratic
sympathies. A plan was consummated by which
the Illinois Populists joined the Democrats and
elected General Palmer, and the South Dakota
Democrats joined the Populists in electing James
H. Kyle. Throughout his first term Senator
Kyle generally supported Democratic policies.
When the time for his reelection came in 1897 a
fusion of Populists and Republicans sent him
back to the Senate and thereafter he generally
supported Republican policies.
In the Senate Kyle interested himself mainly
in educational matters, and made a respectable
record. His chief service, however, was as chair-
man of the National Industrial Commission, a
body created by Congress to investigate the in-
dustrial status of the country. Although the
nineteen-volume report published by the Com-
mission was chiefly prepared by experts, Kyle
gave to it his constant attention and in a broad
way determined its direction. He was indus-
triously engaged upon it when death came un-
expectedly to him, at his home in Aberdeen.
Kyle married, Apr. 27, 1881, Anna Isabel
Dugot of Medina, Ohio, a classmate in the Ober-
lin preparatory school. Two children survived
them.
[Memorial and Biog. Record, Central S. D. (1899) ;
Biog. Dir. Am. Cong. (1928) ; Memorial Addresses on
the Life and Character of James H.. Kyle, 57 Cong., 1
Sess. (1902); Who's Who in America, 1899-1901 ;
Congreg. Y ear-Book, 1902 ; Jours, of the S. Dak. legis-
lature, 1891 ; Chicago Tribune, Feb. 10, 1891 ; W. P.
Butler, "A True Story of the Election of James H.
Kyle," MS. in Sj Dak. Dept. of Hist, files ; Reports of
the Industrial Commission (19 vols., 1900-02) ; Daily
Argus-Leader (Sioux Falls, S. Dak.), July 2, 1901.]
D.R.
KYNETT, ALPHA JEFFERSON (Aug. 12,
1829-Feb. 23, 1899), Methodist Episcopal clergy-
man, reformer, was born in Adams County, Pa.,
youngest of the eight children of John and Polly
(Peterson) Kynett. In 1832 his parents moved
to Ohio, in 1838 to Indiana, and in 1842 to Iowa,
where they had their part in the exploits of the
pioneer settlers. Kynett's early education was
necessarily limited, but he pursued relentlessly
a course of self-culture that yielded advantages
far in excess of those conferred by the ordinary
college training of his day. When he was twen-
ty-two years old he entered the ministry of the
Methodist Episcopal Church by joining the Iowa
Conference. He was ordained deacon by Bishop
Scott in 1853, and elder by Bishop Simpson in
1855. In 1854 he married Althea Pauline,
daughter of the Rev. James Gilruth of Daven-
port, Iowa, where Kynett had been pastor for
two years. In i860 he was appointed presiding
16
Kynett
elder of Davenport district, a position of heavy
responsibility for so young a man. During the
Civil War he became a member of Governor
Kirkwood's staff, and aided in raising and equip-
ping troops for the front. In 1864 he was elected
for the first time a delegate to the Methodist
General Conference, and was reelected succes-
sively every four years. He soon rose to promi-
nence in this body and became a dominant factor
in the molding of legislation. In the General
Conference of 1864 he was the directing force in
the establishment of the Church Extension So-
ciety, formulating the legislation that initiated it
and writing its constitution. This organization
wag the outgrowth of the Church Extension So-
ciety of the Upper Iowa Conference, which was
formed in 1864 at Kynett's suggestion and of
which he was corresponding secretary. In 1867
he became secretary of the general organization
and in that office he remained until his death.
He gave to his denomination an administration
of remarkable efficiency, aiding, in the thirty-
two years of his incumbency, over eleven thou-
sand churches with loans and donations that ag-
gregated over six millions of dollars, and secur-
ing the erection of hundreds of churches all over
the country, especially in the developing areas of
the West. In connection with this work he edited
the bi-monthly, Christianity in Earnest, from
1889 until his death. He was a stalwart in the ad-
vocacy of many notable causes, such as lay repre-
sentation in the General Conference, equal lay and
ministerial representation in the same body, and
the admission to it of women as members. He was
one of the founders of the Anti-Saloon League,
the plan of arraying the various church denomi-
nations in a determined crusade against the li-
quor traffic having been put into effective opera-
tion by him while he was a young pastor in Iowa.
He organized in 1893, as a non-partisan move-
ment, the Interdenominational Christian Tem-
perance Alliance of Ohio, and in 1895 ne joined
Luther B. Wilson of Washington, D. C, in call-
ing the convention that created the Anti-Saloon
League of America. It was largely through his
energetic direction that what is now the Board
of Temperance, Prohibition and Public Morals
of the Methodist Episcopal Church was formed,
and he was an influential factor in its earlier on-
slaughts against the liquor traffic. It was while
delivering an address before a convention of the
Anti-Saloon League of Pennsylvania at Harris-
burg that he sustained the stroke that was fol-
lowed by his death. He was buried in West Lau-
rel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia.
[Jour, of the Gen. Conference of the M. E. Ch., Held
. . . May 1900 (1900) ; S. N. Fellows, Hist, of the Upper
La Barge
Iowa Conference of the M. E. Ch. (copr. 1907) ; G. M.
Hammell, The Passing of the Saloon (copr. 1908) ;
E. H. Cherrington, Hist, of the Anti-saloon League
(1913) and Standard Encyc. of the Alcohol Problem,
vol. IV (19^8); Meth. Rev., Nov. 1899; Christianity
in Earnest, Mar-Apr. and May-June, 1899 ; The Chris-
tian Advocate, Mar. 2, 1899; information as to certain
facts from a son, Rev. A. G. Kynett, Philadelphia.]
S.J.H.
LA BARGE, JOSEPH (Oct. 1, 1815-Apr. 3,
1899), Missouri River navigator, fur-trader, was
born in St. Louis, the son of Joseph Marie and
Eulalie (Hortiz) La Barge. After some school-
ing in St. Louis he was sent, at the age of twelve,
to St. Mary's College, in Perry County, but at fif-
teen was expelled. His mind was set on steam-
boating and fur trading, and in the fall of 1831
he got a place as clerk on the American Fur
Company's boat, the Yellowstone, which had
just returned from the upper river and was pro-
ceeding to New Orleans. On its return the fol-
lowing spring he signed a three years' contract
with the company. Most of this period was spent
as an Indian trader in the Omaha region. He
was on the Yellowstone during its upward voy-
age of 1833, when a cholera epidemic caused its
temporary abandonment by officers and crew,
leaving him for a time in charge and giving him
his first experience as a navigator. On the com-
pletion of his contract he worked for a time as a
trader for one of the Robidou brothers, and for
the next four years served as a clerk, pilot, and
master on different boats on the lower river. In
1841 he entered the fur trade in opposition to
the company, but was soon forced out. He was
married in the following year (Aug. 17) to
Pelagie Guerette. In 1843, as pilot of the com-
pany's boat, Omega, he made the voyage that
carried Audubon to the upper Missouri. For the
next twelve years, as pilot or master, sometimes
of his own boat, at other times of a company
boat, he continued in the perilous upper river
traffic. In 1856 he parted with the company for
good, and for the next few years was on the
lower river. In the winter of 1861-62 he or-
ganized the firm of La Barge, Harkness & Com-
pany, to engage in the Fort Benton trade, but
after heavy losses the venture was abandoned.
When he foresaw in the middle sixties the ulti-
mate conquest of the steamboat by the railway,
his judgment told him to retire ; but his inclina-
tion prompted him to keep on, and he lost his
entire fortune. From 1880 to 1885 he was in
government service as a pilot, and from 1890 to
1894 he held a municipal office in St. Louis. His
last gainful work was done in 1896-97 for the
Missouri River Commission, when he compiled
a valuable list of all the steamboat wrecks on the
Missouri River from the opening of the river to
5*7
LaBorde
navigation down to 1897 ("Report of the Chief
of Engineers," 1897, pt. 6, pp. 3870-92, House
Executive Document No. 2, 55 Cong., 2 Sess.).
He died suddenly at his home in St. Louis and
after an imposing funeral in the Cathedral was
buried in Calvary cemetery.
Though he had rivals to fame in his brother
John and in Grant Marsh, Joseph La Barge was
the most widely known of the Missouri River
boatmen. His working life spanned the whole
era of commercial steamboating on the upper
river: as a clerk he served in 1831 on the boat
which in that year made the first voyage to Fort
Tecumseh (later Fort Pierre), and as a master
he made the last through voyage ( 1878) between
St. Louis and the head of navigation at Fort
Benton. He is described by his biographer as
one of the most distinguished-looking men of
the West in his time. He was five feet ten in
height, well proportioned, erect and muscular,
with sharp, alert eyes and a quiet energy in all
his movements. His manner was sociable, his
voice pleasant, and he talked entertainingly.
Though French was his mother tongue, he ac-
quired a facile command of English. His ethical
standards were high, and though he was often
the victim of unscrupulous acts of others, he was
known for his scrupulous integrity.
[H. M. Chittenden, Hist, of Early Steamboat Navi-
gation otu the Missouri River: Life and Adventures of
Joseph La Barge (2 vols., 1903) ; "Diary of Jas. Hark-
ness of the Firm of La Barge, Harkness and Co.," Con-
tributions of the Hist. Soc. of Mont., vol. II (1896) ;
Forty Years a Fur Trader on the Upper Missouri: The
Personal Narrative of Chas. Larpenteur (2 vols.,
1898), ed. by Elliott Coues ; Wm. Hyde and H. L.
Conard, Encyc. of the Hist, of St. Louis (1899), vol.
II-] W.J.G.
LA BORDE, MAXIMILIAN (June 5,
1804-Nov. 6, 1873), physician, writer, educator,
was born in Edgefield, S. C, the son of Pierre
LaBorde, a native of Bordeaux, France, and his
wife Sarah Crane, of Edgefield. Pierre LaBorde
had inherited an estate in Santo Domingo ; but,
fleeing from the slave insurrection of 1791, he
landed penniless in Charleston, where he became
the leader of a theatre orchestra as violinist.
Later he settled in Edgefield as a merchant.
Maximilian, an agile, precocious child, full of
drollery and wit, attended Edgefield Academy,
and was later taught by James Caldwell. In 1821
he graduated from South Carolina College and
entered the law office of Simkins & McDuffie in
Edgefield. After two years, however, he turned
to medicine, graduated with the first class from
the Medical College of South Carolina in Charles-
ton, and began to practice in Edgefield. On Sept.
28, 1826, he married Sophia Parsons Carroll,
daughter of James P. Carroll, of Charleston. In
51
LaBorde
1836 he was one of the founders of the Edgefield
Advertiser , of which he soon became sole editor
and owner, and the same year was elected to the
South Carolina legislature, where he served on
the committee on education. The next year he
was appointed trustee of South Carolina College,
and two years later he was elected secretary of
state and removed to Columbia. In 1841 his
wife died, and on Dec. 27, 1843, he married her
younger sister, Elizabeth.
At the age of thirty-eight LaBorde began his
teaching career as professor of logic and belles-
lettres at South Carolina College, and in 1845
he was transferred to the chair of metaphysics.
In his relations with students he "conciliated
their regard, and showing himself to be their
friend, secured an unusual measure of their per-
sonal esteem and friendship in return" (J. L.
Reynolds, "Memoir" in History of South Caro-
lina College, ed. 1874, P- xxiii). He always had
one or more beneficiaries in the college. Suc-
cessful also as a popular lecturer, he was one of
the founders of the Columbia Athenaeum. He
was interested in church and welfare work, be-
came warden of Trinity Episcopal Church, and
served as president of the board of regents for
the state insane asylum. The summer of 1861 he
spent in Virginia, establishing wayside hospitals,
and when war left the college without students,
he gave his entire time to relief work, helping
to organize and becoming chairman of the Cen-
tral Association for the Relief of South Caro-
lina Soldiers. When Columbia was occupied by
Sherman, he helped save the college from fire.
In the spring of that year, his son Oscar was
killed at the battle of Averysboro.
When South Carolina College became the
state university after the war, LaBorde was made
professor of rhetoric, criticism, elocution, and
English language and literature. This position
he held until he resigned on Oct. 9, 1873. He
then accepted a position as South Carolina sec-
retary of the Southern Historical Society; but
developing bronchitis, he died on the campus
where he had been associated for more than
fifty years as student, trustee, and professor.
In accordance with his wish, his library was
given to the University of the South. Impulsive,
he yet had exquisite tact, independence, and
open-mindedness, as well as a peculiar gift for
repartee. His first major publication was a text-
book, Introduction to Physiology (1855), but
his best-known work is the History of South
Carolina College (1859), valuable for its life-
like character sketches. He also wrote the Story
of Lethea and Verona (i860) ; A Suburban
House and an Old Lady (1861); and articles
8
Lacey
for the Columbia press, agricultural journals,
Russell's Magazine, and the Southern Quarterly
Review. Probably his last publication was a
pamphlet, Tribute to Hon. J. B. O'Ncall (1872).
{Alumni Directory, Univ. S. C. (1826); J. W.
Davidson, The Living Writers of the South (1869);
News and Courier (Charleston), Nov. 8, 1873; family
records.] A.K.G.
LACEY, JOHN (Feb. 4, 1755-Feb. 17, 1814),
Revolutionary soldier, public official, was born
in Buckingham, Bucks County, Pa., of Quaker
stock. His father was John Lacey, whose grand-
father, William, came from the Isle of Wight
with William Penn ; his mother was Jane
(Chapman) Lacey, whose father, Abraham, was
the son of an original settler from England.
Lacey attended a country school and always re-
gretted his inadequate education. At fourteen
he began work in his father's grist mill. The
chief event of his youth was a trip with his great-
uncle in 1773 to visit the Indians at "New Com-
mers Town," beyond Pittsburgh. In 1775, as
the Revolution approached, he warmly espoused
the American cause, and despite disownment by
the Quakers in February 1776, and opposition
from family and friends, he held to his course
with tenacity. He was commissioned captain
(Jan. 5, 1776), raised a company in Bucks Coun-
ty, and took part in the Canadian campaign of
that year as captain in the 4th Regiment of the
Pennsylvania line, returning home in December.
On Mar. 22, 1777, he was appointed sub-lieu-
tenant in Bucks County, a civil position for or-
ganizing men and supplies, and on May 6 was
appointed lieutenant-colonel of militia. He took
part in fighting near Gulf Mills Road in No-
vember 1777. On Jan. 9, 1778, he was offered
the appointment of brigadier-general (at the age
of twenty-three) and accepted, at a time when
the cause of the Americans was at its lowest and
many were withdrawing from the army. Though
he sometimes had as few as sixty men under him,
he was energetic in his efforts to check the Loyal-
ists and prevent British raids in the country
north of Philadelphia. At Crooked Billet, May
1, 1778, he was surprised by the enemy, but suc-
ceeded in extricating himself. On May 11 he
turned over his command to General Potter and
on June 5, returned to his home. He continued
as sub-lieutenant, and was appointed commis-
sioner of confiscated estates for Bucks County.
In August 1780, he resumed command of the
militia called for service because of a threatened
British attack, and in the fall of 1781, he was
again in command of the militia until the British
surrendered at Yorktown.
In politics, Lacey was a vigorous and energetic
Lacey
partisan, opposing not only the Loyalists but
also (as a Democrat, or "Constitutionalist")
the aristocratic party called Republicans. He
was elected to the Assembly from Bucks County
in October 1778. In October 1779 he was elected
to the Supreme Executive Council for three
years, and served except for the periods of 1780
and 1781 when he was in command of the militia.
In the election of October 1781 he marched the
militia in military formation to the polls. This
action resulted in charges against him of undue
influence over the soldiers and intimidation of
the populace. After long consideration, however,
the Council decided (in March 1782) that the
proceedings had been proper and the election
was confirmed. Lacey's action was much con-
demned but was also strongly supported by his
party.
On Jan. 18, 1781, Lacey married Anastasia
Reynolds, daughter of Colonel Thomas Reynolds
of New Mills, now Pemberton, N. J. Four chil-
dren were born to them. In 1782 he moved to
New Mills, and engaged in iron manufacturing
with his father-in-law. He held a place of promi-
nence in the community, was elected justice of
the peace, and member of the state Assembly in
1801. His positive character continued to make
enemies, however, and his impeachment as jus-
tice was narrowly averted. He was of a type the
Revolution brought forth ; an unlettered man of
natural abilities, energetic but far from tactful,
needed in time of war to consolidate the patriots
and crush the opposition. He died at New Mills,
in his sixtieth year.
[Lacey wrote his memoirs, down to Jan. 1778, at the
solicitation of his son-in-law, William Darlington
[q.v.], whose copy of the MS., annotated, together with
a mass of letters and documents, is in the library of the
Pa. Hist. Soc. The memoirs were published in Pa.
Mag. of Hist, and Biog., Apr. 1901-July 1902. See
also a biography by W. H. H. Davis, in Graham s Mag.,
Feb.-May 1854, privately printed under the title, Sketch
of the Life and Character of John Lacey (1868) ; Pa.
Archives, 1 ser. V, VI, VIII (1853), IX (1854) ; Min-
utes of the Provincial Council of Pa., vols. X-XIV,
XVI (1852-53) ; Poitlson's Am. Daily Advertiser, Feb.
23,1814-] A. H.S.
LACEY, JOHN FLETCHER (May 30, 1841-
Sept. 29, 1913), soldier, lawyer, congressman,
was born in a one-room log cabin on the Ohio
River near New Martinsville in what is now
West Virginia. One of the boy's formative ex-
periences was seeing a negro slave barely escape
his pursuers by crossing the river in a skiff.
When he was fourteen his parents, John Mills
and Eleanor (Patten) Lacey, moved to a farm
near Oskaloosa, Iowa. During the next six years
he helped his father as a brick mason, worked on
the farm, attended various local academies, and
taught two winter schools. At the outbreak of
5*9
Lacey
the Civil War he enlisted in the Federal army,
but was soon captured at Blue Mills, Mo., and
paroled. Until exchanged in 1862, he read law
with the attorney general of Iowa, Samuel A.
Rice. He then enlisted under Rice in the 33rd
Iowa Volunteers and rose to the rank of assistant
adjutant-general of his brigade. Vivid descrip-
tions of his experiences are to be found in his
sketches of Generals Rice and Steele (Annals of
Iowa, April 1895 and April-July 1898).
The war over, Lacey was admitted to the bar
and on Sept. 19, 1865, married Martha Newell.
He then proceeded to make up for his deficiencies
in education by studying law twelve to sixteen
hours a day, by reading widely in history and
literature, and by extensive travel at home and
abroad. In 1869 he began his public career in
the House of the Thirteenth General Assembly
as a member of the judiciary committee. The
following year he published the Third Iowa Di-
gest and in 1875 ar>d 1884 respectively, the first
and second volumes of A Digest of Railway De-
cisions. The latter work covered all railway
cases in the English language and established
his reputation as an authority on railway law.
Between 1889 and 1907, he represented the Sixth
District of Iowa in Congress continuously, ex-
cept for the Fifty-second Congress (1891-93).
An ardent student of Indian affairs, public lands,
and forestry, he was one of the earliest conser-
vationists. As chairman of the committee on
forests, he helped to frame most of the legislation
of that period on the preservation of forests and
wild life. His work won the approval of Presi-
dent Roosevelt who declared that, when there
was "a matter ... of consequence to the nation
as a whole," Lacey could be relied upon to "ap-
proach it simply from the standpoint of public
service" (Memorial Volume, post, p. 43). As a
strong but conservative Republican of the "stand
pat" school he had little patience with the "pro-
gressive movement" for tariff revision and cor-
poration regulation as advocated by Gov. Albert
B. Cummins [q.v.~\ in the "Iowa Idea." In con-
sequence he lost his seat in Congress in 1907 and
was defeated by Cummins for the Senate in 1908.
Lacey's political career was then over and he
devoted the rest of his -life to the practice of law
in Oskaloosa.
As a lawyer and statesman his strength lay in
persistence, tireless energy, and a practical mind.
He was an able debater and an accomplished
speaker. Always a student, he was equaled by
few in understanding of public affairs. Medium
in height and physique, he was a gentleman of
the old school, always polite, dignified, and well
dressed. While kindly, witty, and approachable
Laclede
in personal relations he was a grim political
fighter who always knew exactly where he stood ;
nevertheless he commanded the respect even of
his enemies, because of his high conception of
public service.
[The Lacey Papers, Hist. Dept., Des Moines, Iowa;
Major John F. Lacey, Memorial Vol. (1915) ; E. H.
Stiles, Recollections and Sketches of Notable Lawyers
and Pub. Men of Early Iowa (1916) ; Biog. Dir. Am.
Cong. (1928) ; Who's Who in America, 1912-13 ; Oska-
loosa Daily Herald, Sept. 29, Oct. 4, 19 13.] CEP
LACLEDE, PIERRE (c. 1724-June 20, 1778),
trader, founder of St. Louis, was born in the vil-
lage of Bedous, in the lower Pyrenees, France.
His surname was Liguest — the form Laclede
Liguest appearing in all legal documents bearing
his signature — but he chose to be known ts La-
clede. He is said to have been of good family and
to have been trained for commercial pursuits. He
arrived in New Orleans in 1755, and after a time
became a member of the trading firm of Maxent,
Laclede & Company. In 1857 he formed a union,
unsanctioned by church or state but approved by
society, with Marie Therese (Bourgeois) Chou-
teau, a highly respected woman who had left her
husband, taking her infant son, (Rene) Auguste
Chouteau [g.?'.], with her. By Laclede she had
a, son, (Jean) Pierre Chouteau [q.v.~\, and three
daughters, all of whom, in observance of French
law, bore the surname of the undivorced hus-
band. In 1762 Maxent, Laclede & Company
obtained an eight years' monopoly of the trade
with "the savages of the Missouri," and in
August of the following year Laclede with his
family started north, arriving at Fort de Char-
tres, on the Illinois side of the river, exactly
three months later.
The transfer of the territory east of the Mis-
sissippi to the British determined him to estab-
lish his trading post on the western side. In
February 1764, he put his young stepson in com-
mand of a party of thirty men and sent them
across the river to a location he had already
selected, with instructions to plat the ground and
erect a storehouse and cabins. In April he fol-
lowed and named his village St. Louis, in honor
of Louis IX. Until the installation of civil gov-
ernment, more than eighteen months later, he
was the sole ruler of the community. He was,
however, a benevolent dictator, who dispensed
justice with an even hand and distributed the
land fairly, keeping little for himself. His vil-
lage grew, and though his monopoly was re-
voked, his trade expanded. His commercial
methods, however, proved faulty, and he ac-
cumulated a mass of worthless paper which left
him heavily in debt to his firm. In the fall of
1776 he left for New Orleans, where he spent
520
Lacock
Lacock
nearly two years in the effort to straighten out
his tangled finances. On his homeward voyage,
when near the mouth of the Arkansas, he died.
The place of his burial was marked, but efforts
made some time afterward to discover it were
unsuccessful.
Laclede was the founder of a great family
which does not bear his name and of a great city
which for many years suffered his memory to be
wholly eclipsed. Historical research has re-
stored him to his place. He appears as a man
of vision, who saw in his little village a future
metropolis ; a man of initiative, energy, and dar-
ing, just in his dealings, and, though a trader,
less devoted to his own interests than to those
of his community.
[F. L. Billon, Annals of St. Louis in Its Early Days
under the French and Spanisli Dominations (1886);
Wm. Hyde and H. L. Conard, Encyc. of the Hist, of St.
Louis (1899) ; J. T. Scharf, Hist, of St. Louis City and
Co-unty (1883) ; articles on the founding of St. Louis
in Mo. Hist. Soc. Colls., vol. Ill, nos. 3 and 4 (1911),
vol. IV, no. 2 (1913).] W.J.G.
LACOCK, ABNER (July 9, 1770-Apr. 12,
1837), farmer, representative, senator, canal-
builder, was born on Cub Run, near Alexandria,
Va., the son of William and Lovey Lacock. His
father was a native of England and his mother
of France. When Abner was quite young the
family moved to Washington County, Pa., and
settled on a farm. Young Lacock lacked the ad-
vantages of early education, but native ability,
careful observation, and extensive reading, helped
to overcome this handicap. In 1796 he moved
to the sparsely settled region of Beaver (then in
Allegheny County), Pa. The same year he was
appointed justice of the peace, and later became
an innkeeper. In 1801 he was elected to the legis-
lature, and continued his services there until
1803, when he was appointed the first associate
judge of Beaver County. He resigned his judge-
ship a year later to reenter the legislature. Here
( 1804-08) he was identified with the radical
Republicans in their attacks on the judiciary,
and as one of "the puppets of Leib's machine"
(Freeman's Journal, Philadelphia, Aug. 14,
1807), was conspicuous in the impeachment
proceedings against Gov. Thomas McKean
[q.v.]. From 1808 to 1810 he was a member of
the state Senate.
Elected to Congress as a "war candidate" in
1810, Lacock supported President Madison and
the war measures. From 1813 to 1819 he was in
the United States Senate. A bitter enemy of A.
J. Dallas, he acquiesced in that gentleman's ap-
pointment as secretary of the treasury only be-
cause of the country's desperate financial con-
dition (Henry Adams, History of the United
States, vol. VIII, 1891, p. 243). His greatest
activity in the Senate was manifested in the pro-
motion of internal improvements. In a commit-
tee report on Feb. 14, 1817 (Annals of Congress,
14 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 120-22), he recommended
an extensive program of roads and canals, and
the use of the bank bonus for this purpose. He
interested himself in pensions and bounty lands
for soldiers and in higher salaries for govern-
ment clerks and secretaries. He favored popular
election of the president, under which method,
he argued (Mar. 20, 1816), "there could be no
fear of corruption" (Annals of Congress, 14
Cong., 1 Sess., p. 220). The investigation of
Jackson's conduct in the Seminole campaign was
instigated by Lacock, and his report (Feb. 24,
1819) in the capacity of chairman of the investi-
gating committee severely censured the General's
actions in raising and organizing armed forces
and in attacking Spanish territory as violations
of the Constitution and of international law
(Ibid., 15 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 256-68). He was
also a member of the committees on naturaliza-
tion, post roads, appropriations, rules, foreign
relations, military affairs, accounts, and pen-
sions. Between terms of Congress he cultivated
his farm.
Lacock was one of the first men to push ac-
tively the plan for connecting the Delaware and
Ohio rivers by a state line of canals, and after
leaving the Senate he devoted himself whole-
heartedly to this project. He was one of five
commissioners appointed on Apr. 11, 1825, to
survey a route for the contemplated improve-
ments, was a member of the board of canal com-
missioners, and after the legislature had au-
thorized construction, supervised the building of
the western division of the canal, from Pittsburgh
to Johnstown. The first canal boat to run west
of the Alleghanies, a freight and passenger
packet, was the General Abner Lacock. In 1829
his services as canal commissioner terminated.
From 1832 to 1835 he was again in the state
legislature, this time a Clay Whig and con-
spicuous for his advocacy of free popular edu-
cation. In 1836 he was appointed commissioner
to survey and construct the Pennsylvania and
Ohio canal, known as the "crosscut canal," con-
necting the Erie division of the Pennsylvania
canal with the Portsmouth and Ohio canal. Ill-
ness brought on by exposure while working on
this project subsequently caused his death at his
residence near Freedom, Pa.
Lacock derived his title of "General" from
his service as brigadier-general of the Pennsyl-
vania militia. He was an expert surveyor, an
accomplished writer, and a good public speaker.
521
Lacy
His library, well selected and one of the largest
in western Pennsylvania, was destroyed by the
Ohio floods in 1832. His wife was Hannah
Eddy. He had three sons and four daughters,
and left a considerable estate consisting largely
of land.
[Biographical sketch by J. M. Swank in Pa. Mag. of
Hist. & Biog., IV (1880), 202-08 ; J. H. Bausman, The
Hist, of Beaver County, Pa. (2 vols., 1904) ; Hist, of
Beaver County, Pa. ( 1888) ; and Samuel Hazard, Regis-
ter of Pa., Apr. 25, 1829; Pa. Reporter (Harrisburg),
Apr. 27, 1837; Western Argus (Beaver, Pa.), Apr. 19,
1837 ; information from Mrs. Curtis C. Noss, Rochester,
Pa., and Mrs. A. G. Matthews, Richmond, Ind.]
J.H.P.
LACY, DRURY (Oct. 5, 1758-Dec. 6, 1815),
educator, clergyman, was the son of William
Lacy, a farmer of Chesterfield County, Va., and
his wife Elizabeth Rice. When ten years old he
lost his left hand by the explosion of an over-
loaded gun which a soldier at a county muster
asked him to fire. Debarred from manual pur-
suits, he was placed by his father in the then
celebrated school conducted by Rev. Christopher
Macrae, of Littleton Parish in Cumberland
County, Va., who had been educated in Edin-
burgh, Scotland. The boy's mother died when
he was ten years old, his father when he was
sixteen ; and being without patrimony, he was
soon compelled to leave school and to seek work.
At eighteen he became a tutor in the family of
Daniel Allen, a prominent planter and elder in
the Presbyterian Church, Cumberland County,
and there came under the influence of President
John Blair Smith of Hampden-Sydney College,
a graduate of the College of New Jersey, who
was supplying the Cumberland Church at that
time. He next became a tutor in the family of
Col. John Nash of Prince Edward County, the
father-in-law of President Smith.
Of a vigorous mind, and with the encourage-
ment and guidance of President Smith, he con-
tinued his studies in Latin, Greek, the sciences,
and mathematics, receiving the degree of B.A.
in 1788. He had studied theology under Smith,
was licensed to preach in September 1787, and
was ordained the following year. His proficiency
was such that in his twenty-sixth year he was
employed as a tutor in the college, and while
holding this office he preached in neighbor-
ing congregations — Hat Creek and Concord in
Campbell County, and Cub Creek in Charlotte
County. He is said to have had a voice of ex-
traordinary range and beauty, which enabled him
to speak to vast crowds out-of-doors, where
much of his preaching was done. He took an
active part in the revival of 1787-88 in southern
Virginia.
To lighten the burdens of the President, who
Lacy
was also teacher and preacher, young Lacy was
elected vice-president of the college, and on
Smith's resignation to go to Philadelphia, he be-
came for several years acting president (1789-
97). At the end of this time, resigning his posi-
tion in the college, he established an academy at
his home, "Ararat," a short distance from Hamp-
den-Sydney, and there taught for the rest of his
life. He had many students who afterward be-
came eminent in their professions, among them
Hugh Blair Grigsby [q.v.~\, historian, author,
and publicist, who said of him : "I bear my tes-
timony to his thorough teaching. . . . Though
61 years have passed since I was under his care,
I feel the influence of his teaching on my mind
and character at this moment, and pointing the
very thought which I am now pressing." He
continued his active interest in the affairs of the
college as a member of the board of trustees.
In 1809 he was moderator of the General As-
sembly of the Presbyterian Church and was often
a delegate from his presbytery to the Assembly,
which in those days usually met at Philadelphia.
He had married, on Dec. 25, 1789, Anne, daugh-
ter of William Smith of Powhatan County, Va.,
whom he survived but a few days. His death
occurred in Philadelphia, following a surgical
operation, and he was buried in the graveyard
of the Third Presbyterian (Pine Street) Church
of that city.
[P. H. Hoge, Moses Drury Hoge: Life and Letters
(1899); A. J. Morrison, Coll. of Hampden Sidney:
Diet, of Biog., 1776-1825 (n.d.) : Minutes of Hanover
Presbytery, in the library of Union Theological Semi-
nary, Richmond, Va. ; H. B. Grigsby, Discourse on the
Lives and Characters of the Early Presidents and Trus-
tees of Hampden-Sidney Coll. (1913) ; W. B. Sprague,
Annals of the Am. Pulpit, vol. Ill (1858) ; W. H. Foote,
Sketches of Va., Hist, and Biog. (1850); sketch in
Watchman of the South, Jan. 10, 1839; Poulson's Am.
Daily Advertiser, Dec. 8, 1815.] J. D. E.
LACY, ERNEST (Sept. 19, 1863-June 17,
1916), poet, playwright, educator, was born at
Warren, Pa., the son of Barnet W. and Martha
M. (Maclean) Lacy, of English and Scotch-
Irish ancestry. The father, a well-known Penn-
sylvania attorney, suffered financial reverses and
at his death left the family in straitened circum-
stances that early threw the boy on his own re-
sources. Ernest and his older brother, William,
attended Hastings Academy and studied law
in the office of a Philadelphia attorney. Both
showed unusual precocity, and Ernest qualified
for the bar before he was twenty-one. William's
An Examination of the Philosophy of the Un-
knowable as Expounded by Herbert Spencer
(1883), set up and printed by the two brothers
in the garret of their home because they could
not find a publisher, attracted international at-
522
Lacy
tention and was reprinted by Ernest in 1912 af-
ter the author's death.
Earning his livelihood by preparing students
for the bar examinations, and with his brother
working on a revision of Kent's Commentaries,
published under William's name in four volumes
(1891-92), Lacy revealed the true bent of his
genius in his Rinaldo, a romantic five-act trag-
edy in blank verse written while he was still in
his teens. In order to get into touch with actors
who wanted plays he gave up the law for the
theatre. After considerable work as a theatrical
press-agent he became manager of the old Wal-
nut Street Theatre in Philadelphia. Nearly all
of the leading plays came to this house, and
through William B. Gross he was introduced to
Joseph Haworth, Robert B. Mantell, Julia Mar-
lowe, Richard Mansfield, and other well-known
actors. After several years spent as a reviser of
plays at the Walnut, he became business-man-
ager of the Park Theatre. When the Paris Win-
ter Circus came to Philadelphia, Lacy became
manager, and it is characteristic of his versa-
tility that he thoroughly enjoyed his job.
In 1894 Julia Marlowe produced, in Chicago,
Lacy's Chatterton, a one-act play, and it im-
mediately won the public and the critics by the
poetic beauty of its blank verse and the dramatic
effectiveness of its close. Rinaldo was produced
by Joseph Haworth in 1895. It is in the tradi-
tion of the older romantic drama with a strong
Elizabethan flavor. Though a juvenile produc-
tion, it has passages of gripping power, and its
blank verse often rises to a high level. The last
scene "represents the virtues and defects of the
romantic tragedy" (Quinn, post, I, 208). Lacy
also had a knack for writing Irish comedy.
His Crom-a-Boo and Black-Thorn Sceptre were
never produced but he won a popular success
with The Ragged Earl, in which Andrew Mack
appeared in 1899, ar>d which was later turned
into a popular screen play. Japhet in Search of
a Father, a dramatization of Marryat's novel,
was written for Richard Mansfield, but not pro-
duced by him. Unfinished plays on which Lacy
was at work at his death are Earl George, sug-
gested by a note in Blackstone on an ancient
penance, and Montezuma, a romantic tragedy
dealing with the Aztec civilization. The Bard
of Mary Redcliffe, written for E. H. Sothern,
is his best work and in the judgment of com-
petent critics is the foremost poetic drama writ-
ten in America. He devoted years to the study
of Chatterton, and spent his summer vacations
in England studying in the archives of Bristol
and absorbing the atmosphere of the place and
the surrounding country. Chatterton became his
Lacy
patron saint. Furthermore, his chivalric devo-
tion to his brother, his memories of their com-
mon struggles for recognition, and his conscious-
ness of his own power and genius are poured
into this play.
In 1893, Lacy, who was then in London read-
ing at the British Museum and doing dramatic
coaching, was invited to join the faculty of the
old Philadelphia Central High School, chiefly
for the purpose of developing the courses in pub-
lic speaking. In 1896 he became assistant pro-
fessor, in 1900 full professor, and in 1907 he
succeeded Albert H. Smyth as head of the Eng-
lish department. He was a pioneer in develop-
ing debating in the public schools, his legal
training standing him in good stead, and in trans-
forming the older formal work in "elocution"
into vital training in self-expression. His pro-
found knowledge of Shakespeare and his first-
hand acquaintance with dramatic technique made
his Shakespeare courses unique. Because of his
poetic sensibility and his rich emotional nature
he was a rare interpreter of the Romantic poets.
Two of his best sonnets are those to Wordsworth
and Byron. He considered Shelley's Cenci the
greatest English drama of the nineteenth cen-
tury. His strength as a teacher of literature did
not lie in the presentation of facts, but in critical
insight into the poetic mind and in the relating
of poetry to life.
Lacy was of medium height and powerful
build, with finely chiseled features and a well-
poised head, his sensitiveness hidden behind a
challenging air. He had a rich musical voice
and his reading of Shakespeare was for genera-
tions of high school students the best part of
their education in English literature. The fail-
ure of his muse in his later years was partly due
to the drain upon his vitality caused by the
drudgery of teaching, and partly to his growing
sense of alienation from the realistic trends of
the drama. His Plays and Sonnets (1900) con-
tained Rinaldo, Chatterton, and sixty-one son-
nets, marked by depth of feeling and mastery of
form. This volume was reprinted in 1910, and
another added, which contained The Bard of
Mary Redcliffe ; both volumes were reprinted by
N. S. Brown in 1916. In 1917 appeared a one-
volume memorial edition. On June 18, 1885, he
married Hattie C. Dugan, who survived him.
[A. H. Quinn, A Hist, of the Am. Drama from the
Civil War to the Present Day (2 vols., 1927) ; F. S.
Edmonds, Hist, of the Central High School of Phila.
(1902) ; Who's Who in America, 1914-15 ; Phila. Press
and N. Y. Times, June 18, 1916 ; information furnished
by Mrs. Lacy, E. H. Sothern, Chester N. Farr, Jr.,
Louis Mann, and others ; personal recollections.]
J.D.S.
S23
Ladd
LADD, CATHERINE (Oct. 28, 1808-Jan. 30,
1899), schoolmistress and writer of fugitive
prose and verse, was born in Richmond, Va.,
where her father James Stratton had married
her mother, Ann Collins, in 1807, a year after
his arrival from Ireland. Six months after her
birth, he fell from a vessel off the coast and was
drowned. She was educated in the schools of
Richmond and is said to have been a playmate
of Edgar Allan Poe. One of her most treasured
recollections of Richmond was her meeting with
Lafayette at the public reception given for him
there in 1824. In September 1828 she married
George Williamson Livermore Ladd, born in
Plymouth, N. H., who had been a seaman ten
years before ; but having studied with S. F. B.
Morse in Boston, he was then in the South as a
portrait painter. Accompanied by her mother,
she went with him to Charleston, S. C, where
they arrived in time to witness the jubilee for
the election of Andrew Jackson. From Charles-
ton they went to Augusta, Ga., where they re-
mained until burned out in the great fire of 1829.
They then returned to South Carolina but later
removed to Macon, Ga., where for three years
Mrs. Ladd was principal of Vineville Academy.
In 1839 she learned that a building had been
erected in Winnsboro, S. C, for a girls' school
but had never been opened, and she "determined
to give it a trial." On Jan. 1, 1840, she opened
the Winnsboro Female Institute, which in 1850
had nine teachers and about a hundred students,
and she remained principal until it was closed by
the Civil War.
She took a keen interest in public affairs and
is said to have published as early as 185 1 articles
on the encouragement of manufacturing in South
Carolina. She is also said to have submitted a
design for the first Confederate flag. As perma-
nent president of the Ladies' Relief Association
of Fairfield, she did much for the sick and wound-
ed Confederate soldiers. Her son Albert Wash-
ington Ladd was wounded at the battle of Seven
Pines; her husband died on July 14, 1864; and
she lost everything in 1865 when her home was
burned by Sherman's troops. In 1870 she re-
opened her boarding and day school, including
among her subjects art, music, and dancing.
Probably because of failing eyesight, she retired
in 1880 and went to live on "Buena Vista Plan-
tation," nineteen miles from Winnsboro, where
she spent most of her time in her garden. On
July 1, 1891, she became totally blind. She died
at "Buena Vista" in her ninety-first year, and
although she had been a member of the Epis-
copal Church, she was buried in the neighboring
Salem Presbyterian churchyard. Mrs. Ladd's
Ladd
poems are characterized by religious feeling and
love of nature. Her occasional letters of remi-
niscence and later poems, which appeared in the
Winnsboro press, are signed Mrs. C. Ladd ; but
her earlier pen names are said to have been Min-
nie Mayflower, Arcturus, and Alida. Two poems
of little merit, signed by her pseudonym Morna,
appear in the second volume of the Southern
Literary Messenger. She is said to have been
a regular contributor to the Charleston News
and Courier and to have published articles on
art and education, as well as tales, essays, plays,
and news-letters.
[Printed sources include: Ida Raymond, Southland
Writers (2 vols., 1870) ; Mrs. Thomas Taylor and
others, 51. C. Women in the Confederacy, vol. I (1903) ;
the State (Columbia, S. C), Mar. 7, 1906, Apr. 12,
19 12. Mrs. Ladd's scrapbook is in the possession of
Mrs. Joe Fee, Blair, S. C. It contains undated news-
paper clippings, family papers, and an autobiographical
letter dictated by Mrs. Ladd, probably in 1898.]
A.K.G.
LADD, EDWIN FREMONT (Dec. 13, 1859-
June 22, 1925), chemist, United States senator,
was born at Starks, Me., the son of John and
Rosilla (Locke) Ladd. He traced his ancestry
to Daniel Ladd of Ipswich, Mass., who came
from England in 1634. He was educated in
Somerset Academy, in Maine, and graduated
from the University of Maine in 1884. Having
majored in chemistry, upon his graduation he
was employed by the New York Experiment
Station and soon became chief chemist of the
institution, continuing in the position until called
in 1890 to the department of chemistry of the
North Dakota Agricultural College at Fargo,
N. D. There he almost immediately came into
public notice for his campaign against the adul-
teration of food. At that period foods were adul-
terated with coal-tar products, sulphites, copper,
alum, and other harmful matter ; glucose was
substituted for sugars, cheap vegetable matter
for coffee, inferior meats and waste tissue for
potted ham and chicken ; meats were embalmed
with chemicals. Dyspepsia and stomach disor-
ders were alarmingly frequent and directly at-
tributable to these adulterated foods. Ladd's
fight for pure food came into conflict with the
interests of extensive organizations supplying
national food products but he combated them
successfully and helped to drive them from North
Dakota. He was made the administrator of the
pure-food law and by his courageous enforce-
ment of it attained wide recognition. He became
the chief ally of Harvey W. Wiley, chief chemist
of the federal Department of Agriculture, and
they worked together in their efforts to provide
the American people with pure food products.
When Ladd died Wiley wrote a comprehensive
524
Ladd
and touching tribute to the man and his work
(Congressional Record, 69 Cong., 1 Sess., pp.
9016-17). For a quarter of a century (1899-
1925), Ladd was editor of the North Dakota
Farmer.
During Ladd's years as pure-food administra-
tor, North Dakota farmers enjoyed a special
market for white wheat which made a superior
brand of flour. In time a bleaching process was
devised and came into general use by which
equally white flour could be made from inferior
grain, but the bleaching agent was a poison unfit
for human consumption. Ladd, turning his at-
tention to this evil, secured laws requiring that
all sacks and containers for flour made from
bleached wheat be plainly marked, giving the
name of the bleaching agent employed. He made
a less successful fight for the better grading of
storm-damaged wheat which his investigations
informed him had greater flour-producing value
than the milling trade admitted. His efforts in
this direction added to his popularity. In recog-
nition of his work and ability, in 1916 he was
made president of the North Dakota Agricul-
tural College, and four years later he was elected
to the United States Senate. Although he was a
Republican candidate for the senatorship, he was
supported by the Non-Partisan League. During
his years in office he was best known for his
advocacy of various measures for farm relief.
In 1924 he supported LaFollette and as a result
was deprived of party rank for committee as-
signments. In 1923 he visited Russia for the
purpose of obtaining first-hand information re-
garding social and economic conditions and
proved himself a painstaking and unprejudiced
investigator. Some of the agricultural and food
bulletins which he published attained the dignity
of scientific treatises and his Manual of Quantita-
tive Chemical Analysis (1898) was an authority
in its field. He was a member of many scientific
societies. He was married on Aug. 16, 1893, to
Rizpah Sprogle of Annapolis, Md., who survived
him.
[Who's Who in America, 1924-25; Biog. Dir. Am.
Cong. (1928); Cong. Record, 68 Cong., 2 Sess., pp.
1285-95, 69 Cong. 1 Sess., pp. 9008-19; the Sun (Bal-
timore), and Fargo Forum, June 23, 1925 ; letters from
Mrs. Edwin F. Ladd in the Archives of the South
Dakota Department of History.] D. R.
LADD, GEORGE TRUMBULL (Jan. 19,
1842-Aug. 8, 1921), psychologist, philosopher,
theologian, was the son of Silas Trumbull and
Elizabeth ("Williams) Ladd, being a descendant
of Daniel Ladd who came from London to New
England in 1634. Through his paternal grand-
mother he was related to Elder William Brews-
ter and Gov. William Bradford [qq.v.~\. He
Ladd
attended a private school at his birthplace, Paines-
ville, Ohio, but for the most part prepared him-
self for college. In 1864 he was graduated from
Western Reserve College (now Western Re-
serve University), and in 1869 from Andover
Theological Seminary. In December of the
same year, 1869, he married Cornelia Ann,
daughter of John C. Tallman of Bellaire, Ohio,
and began his ministry at Edinburg, Ohio. Two
years later he became pastor of the Spring Street
Congregational Church, Milwaukee, Wis., and
continued there until he accepted the chair of
philosophy at Bowdoin College (1879). Re-
moving to New Haven in 1881, for forty years
he maintained a connection with Yale Univer-
sity, often conducting courses in other institu-
tions, notably at Harvard, Western Reserve
University, and the State University of Iowa.
On invitation from the Imperial Educational
Society and the Imperial University of Tokyo,
he visited Japan in 1892, 1899, and 1906, lec-
turing at Doshisha, Kyoto, Tokyo, and Kobe;
and on the second of these visits he extended his
journey to India, lecturing on philosophy in the
University of Bombay, and on the philosophy of
religion at Calcutta, Madras, Benares, and else-
where.
Ladd's claim to distinction lay neither in the
creating of a system of philosophy, nor in
original work as a psychological investigator.
He was an interpreter and systematizer. His
own view in philosophy seems to have been de-
termined largely by Hermann Lotze, whose lec-
ture notes, in six small volumes, he began to
translate and publish in 1884. Like Lotze he
sought to reconcile the opposing claims of the
realists and the idealists, to attain a realistic
spiritualism, monistic yet verging on personal-
ism. With almost equal thoroughness graduate
students studied under him the works of Hegel
and Wundt in the original. One of his main ef-
forts was directed toward acquainting America
with German thought as exhibited in the post-
Kantian idealists. Another and greater service
was his part in introducing from Germany the
study of psychology as an experimental science
grounded on physiology. His Elements of Physi-
ological Psychology (1887) was the first, and
with its revision (1911), the most encyclopedic
handbook on its subject in the English language.
Its appearance coincided with the rise of the
"new" psychology in America, and to its influ-
ence extending through the nineties is partly
attributable the installation of psychological
laboratories here in greater numbers than in all
the rest of the world. On the speculative and
introspective side of the science, there appeared
525
Ladd
in 1894 the companion volume, Psychology, De-
scriptive and Explanatory. Together they are a
fitting monument to Ladd's faithful workman-
ship. He was a prolific writer in many fields.
The character of his interests is best shown in
The Doctrine of Sacred Scripture (1883), Phil-
osophy of Mind (1895), A Theory of Reality
( 1899) , Philosophy of Conduct ( 1902) , The Phil-
osophy of Religion (2 vols., 1905), and Knozvl-
edge, Life and Reality (1909, 1918). In later
years he wrote Jl'hat Can I Know? (1914),
What Ought I to Do? (1915), What Should I
Believe? ( 1915), What May I Hope? (1915),
and The Secret of Personality (1918). Some
of his works have been translated into Japanese,
some printed for the blind, and some have been
adopted as textbooks in Russia, India, and Japan.
With William James, J. McKeen Cattell, J.
Mark Baldwin, G. Stanley Hall, Joseph Jastrow,
and others, he founded in 1892 the American
Psychological Association, and was its second
president the following year.. In 1895 he mar-
ried again, his second wife being Frances V.
Stevens, daughter of Dr. George T. Stevens of
New York. Aside from his literary activity, his
work in the closing years of the nineteenth cen-
tury was mainly with graduate students in phi-
losophy and psychology. To this end he relin-
quished the Clark Professorship of Metaphysics
and Moral Philosophy at Yale in 1901 and ac-
cepted a university professorship that placed
him in charge of the graduate work in philosophy.
In 1899 the Emperor of Japan conferred upon
him the Order of the Rising Sun, third class,
and on his visit to Japan in 1907 he received the
same order, second class, also the gold medal of
the Imperial Educational Society of Japan. The
same year he was guest and unofficial adviser of
Prince Ito in Korea. At the comparatively early
age of sixty-two he became professor emeritus,
but continued his literary labors with undi-
minished energy almost to the time of his death
at the age of seventy-nine.
[Who's Who in America, 1920-21 ; Warren Ladd,
The Ladd Family (1890) ; obituary notices by Carl E.
Seashore in Science, Sept. 16, 1921 ; by A. C. Arm-
strong in the Philosophical Rev., Nov. 192 1 ; and by
G. Dawes Hicks in Nature, Sept. 1, 1921 ; New Haven
Journal-Courier, Aug. 9, 1921.] E. M.W.
LADD, JOSEPH BROWN (July 7. 1/64-
Nov. 2, 1786), physician and poet, was the eldest
son of William and Sarah (Gardner) Ladd, and
was descended from Joseph Ladd who was in
Portsmouth, R. I., in 1644. He was born in
Newport, R. I., and educated in private schools
in that city. His father was a soldier in the
American Revolution, a member of the Rhode
Island legislature, a member of the convention
52
Ladd
that ratified the Constitution, and a charter mem-
ber of the Marine Society of Newport. At the
age of fourteen the son was placed in a mer-
cantile establishment, which he disliked and
soon left. He then spent a year working in a
printing office in Newport, and while employed
there wrote some ballads and satirical verses. A
satire on Dr. Hopkins, the eminent theologian,
offended that gentleman, and Ladd was removed
by his father from the office. He decided to
study medicine and was placed with Dr. Isaac
Senter. In the next four years he not only pre-
pared for his chosen profession but also read
widely in philosophy and literature. He began
to write serious poetry, inspired by his love for
an orphan heiress whose guardians would not
consent to her marrying him. Licensed to prac-
tise medicine in 1783, he was advised by Gen.
Nathanael Greene, who had recently returned to
Rhode Island, to go to Charleston, S. C. Ladd
did so and soon established himself in that com-
munity both as a doctor and as a man of letters.
He wrote considerable verse and some prose on
literary and scientific subjects, and he also took
part in political discussion. On July 4, 1785, he
delivered before Governor Moultrie and the
Cincinnati of South Carolina an address on the
principles of the American Revolution. In the
autumn of 1786 he accepted a challenge to a
duel and died from his wounds. A book of verse,
The Poems of Arouct, was published in the year
of his death.
Although very little of Ladd's poetry pos-
sesses today any particular freshness or force,
he perhaps deserves more attention than he has
received as one of the earliest of American
writers to show the influence of the English
pre-romantic poets. He wrote, it is true, various
patriotic pieces in the heroic couplet, and his
translations, also in heroic couplets, of the Bible
and Homer are typical of the eighteenth cen-
tury. On the other hand, he paraphrased several
poems of Ossian's in rhymed verse and attempted
the modernization of one of Chatterton's Rowley
poems. His work contains references to Collins
and Goethe, and his descriptions have some of
the flavor of Gray and Goldsmith. The love
poems addressed from Arouet to Amanda are
so extremely sentimental that S. M. Tucker has
suggested (Cambridge History of American
Literature, I, 1917, p. 178) that they may have
been influenced by the Della-Cruscan school.
This is doubtful, for, though the poems are not
dated, many of them must have been written be-
fore The Florence Miscellany appeared in 1785;
but it is undeniable that their insipidity, which
may be forgiven on the ground of the author's
6
Ladd
Ladd
youth, does resemble the tone of much Della-
Cruscan verse. What is important, in any case,
is that Ladd was experimenting, and that he was
sensitive to new influences some time before they
were generally felt in America.
[The chief source is The Literary Remains of Jos.
Brown Ladd, M.D. (1832), edited by Ladd's sister,
Mrs. Elizabeth Haskins, with a biographical sketch by
W. B. Chittenden. See also Warren Ladd, The Ladd
Family (1890), and J. N. Arnold, Vital Record of R. I.,
XIV (1905), 35-] G. H.
LADD, WILLIAM (May 10, 1778-Apr. 9,
1841), "apostle of peace" and pioneer in the the-
ory of international organization, was born at
Exeter, N. H., and died at Portsmouth. He was
the third of ten children of Abigail Hill and Col.
Eliphalet Ladd, a wealthy sea-captain and ship-
builder, and was descended from Daniel Ladd
who settled in New England in 1634. At twenty
he had taken his degree at Harvard with dis-
tinction and was commanding one of the largest
brigs that Portsmouth, N. H., boasted. Until
1812 he followed the sea, with the exception of a
few years spent in Florida, where he lost part of
his fortune in a free-labor experiment designed
to point the way to the peaceful abolition of
slavery. Then he settled down with his wife at
Minot, Me., where he prospered as the scien-
tific cultivator of a large farm. He had married
Sophia Ann Augusta Stidolph in London in
1799. In 1819 this bluff, florid, robust, and al-
most excessively good-humored man by sheer
chance became interested in the struggling cause
of international peace. The handful of peace so-
cieties were so pitifully weak that it was a ques-
tion whether they would survive. Ladd spared
no pains to give them energy and strength : he
founded new groups ; he enlisted able lieuten-
ants ; he devoted a forceful pen and a winning
voice to peace propaganda, to which he gave, by
witty anecdotes and illustrations, a practical turn
(A Brief Illustration of the Principles of War
and Peace, by Philanthropos, Albany, 1831, pas-
sim). He was the first to point out some of the
most significant relationships between pacifism
and feminism (On the Duty of Females to Pro-
mote the Cause of Peace, Boston, 1836). He
made and so far as possible executed careful and
practical plans for enlisting the press and pulpit,
the college and school. A sincerely religious
man, he became a licensed Congregational cler-
gyman in 1837, the better to reach worshipers,
seminaries, and synods. Against great obstacles
he founded, in May 1828, the American Peace
Society, edited its periodical, and by painful
journeys carried its message to state legislatures,
Congress, and the White House. By showing
his colleagues the value of the delegation and the
petition he not only contributed to the technique
of pacifist propaganda, but was the first to try
to bring the peace question into the sphere of
politics.
Peace circles were agitated by debates regard-
ing the fundamental principles and philosophy of
pacifism, and Ladd contributed tactfully but co-
gently to a clarification of opinion (Curti, post).
Believing that the non-resistance principle was
"the only solid and substantial foundation," and
holding that no ultraism was as bad as ultracon-
servatism, he succeeded in 1837 in committing
the American Peace Society to a condemnation
of all war, defensive as well as offensive. Yet he
desired the cooperation of friends of peace of all
shades of opinion, and he was too much an ac-
tualist to follow William Lloyd Garrison and
Henry Clarke Wright [qq.?'.] in all the vagaries
of the Non-Resistance Society. Only his letters
can adequately testify to his zeal, devotion, and
sacrifice. His incessant activity was "meat and
drink" to him, and he grudged every minute that
he did not devote to the cause of peace. He was
too joyous and clear-visioned to be a fanatic, yet
he felt it necessary to act every day as if the
peace of the world depended upon his efforts and
those of his coworkers. It was his greatest re-
gret that he had but one life to give the cause.
He refused to obey his physician who warned
him, after partial paralysis, to spare himself.
With legs so badly ulcered that he was forced to
preach from a stool, he held out to the very night
before his death. He was the St. Francis of the
peace movement, giving up worldly goods as
well as life itself to an ideal.
Ladd was not only a martyr to peace ; he was
one of its greatest architects. Prior to the ap-
pearance of An Essay on a Congress of Nations
(Boston, 1840), the peace movement, both in
America and Europe, was essentially a negative
opposition to war. While many of the ideas in
Ladd's Essay were to be found in earlier proj-
ects, notably that of Jeremy Bentham, these
projects lacked a definite basis for permanent
international organization and required radical
changes in standards of conduct and modes of
thought (James Brown Scott, Introduction to
Ladd's Essay on a Congress of ATations, N. Y.,
1916, p. xxxviii). Ladd's plan was on the con-
trary systematic, concrete, and practical. His
scheme for the organization of the world con-
sisted, briefly, in the establishment of two dis-
tinct but correlated institutions : a congress of
nations for formulating the principles of inter-
national law, and for providing for the general
welfare of the nations ; and a court of nations
for settling differences by judicial decision or
527
Ladd
Ladd-Franklin
by diplomatic arbitration, according to the na-
ture of the case. Thus, like Kant, he associated
the realization of peace with the securing of jus-
tice. By providing for two distinct institutions,
Ladd anticipated the common objection that an
international court would be controlled by a dip-
lomatic body. This was a contribution to inter-
national thought, and, related as it was to the
American doctrines of the separation of powers
and judicial supremacy, it has played an impor-
tant role in subsequent international thought and
organization. The American quality of Ladd's
plan was further evident in his emphasis on pub-
lic opinion as the only necessary sanction for
both jurisdiction and consent to the award of
the court. Popularized by Elihu Burritt [<7.?'.]
in both America and Europe, Ladd's plan, in its
essential features, has been realized in The
Hague Conferences, the World Court, and the
League of Nations. If it be thought that Charles
Sumner was over-enthusiastic in believing that
William Ladd had enrolled himself among the
benefactors of mankind, there is little question
that he prophesied more clearly than any Amer-
ican of the nineteenth century the subsequent
development of international organization.
[John Hemmenway, The Apostle of Peace: Memoir
of Wm. Ladd (Boston, 1872) is an uncritical eulogy
which fails to do its subject justice. For Ladd's activi-
ties and significance see M. E. Curti, The Am. Peace
Crusade, 1815-60 ( 1929). Other accounts include : A. D.
Call, "The Revival of Wm. Ladd," Advocate of Peace,
Apr. 1927, and "Wm. Ladd," Ibid., Nov. 1927, which
contains an excellent bibliography ; J. W. Penney,
"Capt. Wm. Ladd, the Apostle of Peace," Colls, and
Proc. of the Me. Hist. Soc, 2 ser. X (1899), pp. 1 13—
38 ; G. C. Wing, Jr., "Wm. Ladd," Sprague's Jour, of
Me. Hist., Apr. -May-June, 1823; and the Kennebec
Jour. (Augusta), Apr. 17, 1841. The Ladd MSS. are
in the possession of the American Peace Society, Wash-
ington, D. C] M. E. C.
LADD, WILLIAM SARGENT (Oct. 10,
1826-Jan. 6, 1893), merchant, banker, business
leader, was born in Holland, Vt., son of Na-
thaniel Gould and Abigail (Mead) Ladd and a
descendant of Daniel Ladd who emigrated from
England in the seventeenth century. The father,
a physician, moved to New Hampshire in 1830
where William at fifteen worked on a farm, at
nineteen taught a village school, and afterward
became station agent for the Boston, Concord &
Montreal Railroad at Sanbornton Bridge (Til-
ton). This position he held until 1851, when he
was attracted to Portland, Ore., by stories of the
opportunity to make money by outfitting and
provisioning the California miners. At this time
Portland had a population of about seven hun-
dred and had become the metropolis of the Pa-
cific Northwest. Here Ladd with a small stock
of goods became a merchant, prospered, erected
the first brick building in 1853, was elected mayor
in 1854, and in 1859 established the first bank
north of San Francisco under the name of Ladd
& Tilton, an institution that weathered success-
fully the panics of the succeeding years. He was
married in 1854 to Caroline A. Elliott, a New
Hampshire schoolmate.
Ladd was the principal financial supporter and
the leading promoter of many transportation and
industrial enterprises, including the Oregon
Steam & Navigation Company (1862), which
enjoyed a monopoly of transportation on the
upper Columbia River during the boom times of
the Idaho gold rush and made fortunes for its
owners ; its successor the Oregon Railroad &
Navigation Company (1879) ; the Oregon Iron
& Steel Company (1866) ; Oregon Telegraph
Company (1862) ; Oregon Central Railroad
Company (1866); Oregon & Idaho Telegraph
Company (1868); and the Portland Flouring
Mills (1883), described in 1890 as "the largest
manufacturing corporation in the Northwest
states." He took over Villard's unfinished Port-
land Hotel in 1887 and in three years completed
it, giving his city the finest hotel of its day in
the region. He also helped to form companies
for the manufacture of furniture and cordage
and established model farms for raising high-
bred stock and for conducting agricultural ex-
periments.
Ladd was also known for his public interests
and philanthropies. He made gifts to churches
and schools, gave $50,000 to the Presbyterian
Theological Seminary of San Francisco (1866) ;
was an early member of the public-school board
and the Portland Library Association, giving
the library free quarters in his bank building
for twenty years ; set aside one tenth of his year-
ly income for charity and beneficence, and by his
will set up a trust fund of a half-million dollars
to be used for charitable purposes. At his death,
he was worth more than ten million dollars.
Paralyzed in his lower limbs at the age of forty-
nine, he continued in the face of this handicap
an active direction of his varied interests. "The
biography of William S. Ladd," wrote the editor
of the Oregonian (Jan. 7, 1893), "wants but lit-
tle of being also the history of Portland. . . .
He has been foremost, or with the foremost, in
every work through which character is given to
city and state."
[H. H. Bancroft, Chronicles of the Builders of the
Commonwealth, vol. I (1891) ; H. W. Scott, Hist, of
the Oregon Country (1924), vol. II; Jos. Gaston, Port-
land, Ore., Its Hist, and Builders (ign). vol. Ill;
Warren Ladd, The Ladd ■ Family (1890); Oregonian
(Portland), Jan. 7, 15. July i^> 1893] R. C. C— k.
LADD-FRANKLIN, CHRISTINE (Dec. 1,
1847-Mar. 5, 1930), logician and psychologist,
;28
Ladd-Franklin
was born in Windsor, Conn., a descendant of
Daniel Ladd who emigrated to New England in
1634. Her father, Eliphalet Ladd, was a nephew
of William Ladd [q.v.],the founder of the Amer-
ican Peace Society, and her mother, Augusta
(Niles) Ladd, was a niece of John Milton Niles
\_q.vJ], postmaster-general under Van Buren.
Christine Ladd's childhood was passed largely
in her native village, but partly in New York
City and partly (after the death of her mother)
in Portsmouth, N. H. Her playmates were her
brother and a neighbor boy, and she later at-
tributed her long-continued physical vigor to
"playing with the boys." Her last two years as a
schoolgirl were spent at Wilbraham Academy,
where she was permitted to study Greek and
mathematics with the pupils who were prepar-
ing for Harvard, and from which she was grad-
uated as valedictorian of her class. She had al-
ready set her heart upon going to Vassar, and
through the kindness of her aunt, Juliet Niles,
she was enabled to realize her dream. She first
expected to stay only one year, but after spend-
ing the succeeding year in teaching and private
study, she persuaded her aunt to send her back
to Vassar for a second year, at the end of which,
in 1869, she was graduated.
Her most inspiring teacher at college was the
astronomer, Maria Mitchell, though her own
preference was for a career in physics. This be-
ing denied her, since no graduate laboratories
were open to women, she devoted herself instead
to mathematics and published a number of short
mathematical papers during the next few years,
while teaching the sciences in secondary schools.
The new opportunities for research offered by
the Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876,
led her to seek admission as a graduate student.
Though women were not admitted, it so hap-
pened that the English mathematician, J. J. Syl-
vester, then at Johns Hopkins, had noted some
of her published work. He persuaded the Uni-
versity to admit her on a special status, and even
to grant her a fellowship which she held for three
years, or till 1882. By that time she had quali-
fied for the degree of Ph.D., but the University
did not grant her the degree until 1926. While
engaged in mathematical study at Johns Hop-
kins she became specially interested in symbolic
logic as taught by the eminent C. S. Pierce, and
she published in his volume. Studies in Logic by
Mcvibers of the Joints Hopkins University
(1883), an original method for reducing all syl-
logisms to a single formula, which she called the
"antilogism" or the "inconsistent triad" of prop-
ositions, and which is still regarded as a major
contribution to logic.
Ladd-Franklin
On Aug. 24, 1882, Miss Ladd was married to
Fabian Franklin, then a young professor of
mathematics at Johns Hopkins, later prominent
as an editor and publicist, and continued to live
in Baltimore till 1909, being herself lecturer in
psychology and logic at Johns Hopkins for the
last four years of this period. Thereafter, her
husband becoming associate editor of the New
York Evening Post, she resided in New York
and lectured on logic and psychology at Colum-
bia University, holding the title of lecturer in
psychology from 1914 until 1927. Comparable
in importance to her work on logic was that on
vision, in which her publications began to appear
in 1887. Her interest in the subject was intensi-
fied in 1891-92 by a year of study in Germany,
where she succeeded, though the rules excluded
women from the universities, in receiving in-
struction from the psychologist G. E. Miiller of
Gottingen and in working in Helmholtz' labora-
tory in Berlin. Miiller was a supporter of Her-
ing's well-known theory of color vision, while
Helmholtz had his own still more famous theory.
Mrs. Ladd-Franklin, poring over these opposed
theories, saw merits but also defects in each of
them, and was able to formulate a theory of her
own which was consistent with all the facts and
had the additional merit of indicating how the
complete color sense of man might have evolved
from the rudimentary brightness sense of certain
lower animals, and how color-blindness in man
could be understood as an incomplete develop-
ment. Helmholtz had been compelled by the exi-
gences of his theory to regard yellow as a blend
of red and green ; and Hering, while doing jus-
tice to yellow as a unitary color sensation, had
been forced to regard the primary red and green
as exactly complementary colors. The Ladd-
Franklin theory avoids both of these defects by
regarding the red sense and the green sense as
developed out of the more primitive yellow sense,
and as coalescing into the yellow sense when
aroused together.
Color theories have been hotly debated for
many years, and the Ladd-Franklin theory, en-
tering the arena in 1892, became a center of
controversy, in which its author, always eager
for argumentative logic, continued to the end of
her life to take an active part. She was always
seeking converts to her theory and never gave
a wavering sinner a chance to escape while con-
viction appeared at all possible. Late in her ca-
reer, when nearly eighty years old, she redis-
covered a curious visual phenomenon known as
the "blue arcs," which had in fact been discov-
ered and forgotten some eight times during the
preceding hundred years, but of which she made
529
La Farge
much more use than her predecessors. She used
it as evidence for the emission of faint light by
active nerve fibers. Till her death she was ac-
tively engaged in developing this new idea and
debating it with the doubters. She also pub-
lished in 1929 a collection of her principal writ-
ings on Colour and Colour Theories. Aside
from her two specialties, Mrs. Ladd-Franklin
had other important interests and published
many articles on philosophical and general sub-
jects. She was interested in opening to women
such academic opportunities as fellowships and
university professorships from which women
were being kept, as she once expressed it, merely
by "prejudice on the part of the unfair sex."
She was interested also in the campaign for wo-
man's suffrage. She had a wide circle of friends
and was remarkable to an advanced age for her
activity and alertness.
[J. M. and Jaques Cattell, Am. Men of Sci. (4th ed.,
1927) ; Warren Ladd, The Ladd Family (1890) ; Carl
Murchison, The Psychological Reg. (1929); N. Y.
Times, Mar. 6, 1930.] R. S. W.
LA FARGE, JOHN (Mar. 31, 1835-Nov. 14,
1910), painter, worker in stained glass, and
writer, though intensely an American was all
his life proud of his French blood. His father,
Jean-Frederic de la Farge, born in 1786 at
Bussac, Charente Inferieure, grew up during the
transition from the old regime to the new and at
an early age embraced an adventurous career.
Bred in the Napoleonic wars, he had both mili-
tary and naval experiences. In December 1801,
he embarked as an ensign on the expedition un-
der General Leclerc to apprehend Toussaint
l'Ouverture in Santo Domingo. A wound re-
ceived during the passage of his ship through
the British blockade seems only to have increased
his love of action. He gave up his post as en-
sign for a lieutenancy in the army, was captured
by Guerrier, and narrowly escaped massacre
when he finally contrived to leave the island and
board a ship that took him to Philadelphia.
There his martial proclivities fell from him.
Starting without capital, he developed such ef-
fective business traits that he succeeded in ship-
ping, banking, and real-estate ventures, aided by
connections with France. He forthwith dropped
his French style, including the particle, and be-
came John La Farge. Removing to New York,
he established a hotel and engaged in numerous
other enterprises. He acquired properties in
Louisiana and in Jefferson and Lewis counties
in New York. The village not far from Water-
town, on the edge of which he built a mansion,
came ultimately to be known as Lafargeville.
This energetic man of affairs married a French-
La Farge
woman, Louisa, the daughter of M. Binsse de
Saint-Victor. They were living in New York, at
No. 40 Beach St., when the future painter was
born.
John La Farge came into a suave, gracious
environment, in a neighborhood about midway
between the Battery and Washington Square.
With but few brief periods farther north, he
dwelt always within easy reach of Washington
Square — in Clinton Place, Washington Place,
Ninth Street, Tenth Street, lower Fifth Avenue.
All his life he maintained his studios in the fa-
mous building at 51 West Tenth St. There was
always something about him, in his reticence, his
dignity, his whole air of breeding, reminiscent of
"Old Washington Square." But his upbringing
was essentially French. He was steeped in the
French language, in French manners and ways
of family life, in the French care for religion
and for the things of the mind. An English gov-
erness drilled him in the language and looked
closely to his behavior. "I think I was a good
boy," he once said, and "very innocent" (Cortis-
soz, p. 54). Also he "supposed" he went to
school. At six he was reading Robinson Crusoe,
and not much later pretty nearly everything
from Homer to Voltaire. His education as the
years went on was received from various sources
— the grammar school of Columbia, St. John's
College (now part of Fordham University), and
Mount St. Mary's College at Emmitsburg, Md.,
where he was graduated in 1853.
A sheaf of letters that passed between him
and his father when he was first at St. Mary's
throws light upon his character and aptitudes,
and upon the paternal understanding which fos-
tered both. His father adjured the boy of fif-
teen to keep guard over his three younger broth-
ers, to "give them good counsel and give it to
them in such manner that they do not think
you act as master. . . . Read them when you
can the fables of Fontaine. Take the moral in
it which is excellent in all the courses of life,
and show them the application" ("Schoolboy
Letters," post, p. 76). Greatly pleased with his
son's progress, the father wrote, late in 1850:
"I am persuaded that you advance always be-
cause you understand or seek to understand
everything you read — that you have an excellent
memory and all the good judgment that a boy
of your age can have" (Ibid., p. 93). Some idea
of what that phrase, "everything you read,"_ in-
volved may be gathered from a bald enumeration
of the authors La Farge demanded of his father
— Cicero, Catullus, Herodotus, Homer, Landor,
Coleridge, Dryden, Goldsmith, and even twelve
numbers of the Encyclopedic Iconographique.
53°
La Farge
The letters chiefly reveal a devouring curiosity,
foreshadowing the man who was, in his way, to
take all knowledge for his province. Meanwhile,
what of the arts ? In his own words, "the influ-
ences which I felt as a little boy were those of
the paintings and works of art that surrounded
me at home. . . . There were on the walls a
sea piece by Vernet ; some imitation historical
story, that of Daniel, charming, however, in
color, by Lemoyne ; . . . a large painting of
Noah and his sons, ascribed to Sebastiano del
Piombo ; . . . many Dutch paintings of various
authors and excellence, among them a beautiful
Solomon Ruysdael. . . . All this and the very
furniture and hangings of the Empire parlor did
not belong to the Victorian epoch in which I
was growing up. It so happened that my first
teachings were those of the eighteenth century
and my training has covered a century and a
half" (Cortissoz, pp. 63-64).
As early as six he had "a mere boy's wish" to
learn how to draw and paint and he had lessons
from his maternal grandfather, Binsse de Saint-
Victor, who appears to have been a good minia-
turist. Later an English water colorist also
gave him lessons. The reading of Ruskin with-
drew him for a time from the atmosphere of the
eighteenth century, interesting him in medie-
valism instead, but this mood passed. Art at-
tracted him but not yet as a vocation. In so
far as any specific bent declared itself on the
termination of his college days it was intel-
lectual rather than esthetic. The mood in which
he faced the future is reflected in this autobio-
graphical passage : "In the early part of 1856,
... I went to Europe, having already passed
some little while in a lawyer's office — enough to
make me doubt whether my calling lay in that
direction, . . . Europe was to be a manner of
amusement, and, for me, of taking up also some
family connections" (Ibid., p. 73). He sailed in
the celebrated side-wheeler, the Fulton, and, ar-
riving in Paris, plunged into experiences which
in the long run were to determine his career.
His sponsors, of course, were his relatives, the
Saint-Victors. He saw much of the famous Paul
de Saint-Victor, a man of letters occupying a
place of high importance in Paris, and was often
in the house of his grand-uncle, Paul's father.
All about him was the stimulating world of
Gautier, Victor Hugo, and Baudelaire. Roman-
ticism was at its apogee but if La Farge needed
a corrective for its redundancies he could al-
ways find it in the eighteenth-century gait of
grand-uncle Saint-Victor. He visited the aca-
demic Gerome, then a promising young artist,
and at the house of Chasseriau he found raging
La Farge
all the time the war between things academic
and things romantic. "At once one was asked
what one held in regard to M. Ingres and M.
Delacroix" (Ibid., p. 85). Presently, as an on-
looker upon the melee, he had to make some-
thing like a decision for himself. His father ad-
vised him to study painting, "of which I was
rather fond," as La Farge mildly put it, and
American friends in Paris helped him to make
choice of a master. They were "very much in-
clined" to Couture, so to Couture he went. His
mode of establishing himself in the studio was
characteristic. "I explained to him what I
wished, which was to get a practical knowledge
of painting, as practised by him. I also made
him understand that I was doing this as a study
of art in general and had no intention of becom-
ing a painter. This he at first thought prepos-
terous and was probably somewhat astonished
at the youngster who laid out this programme in
such an unusual manner. But I argued with him,
and won his good graces, so that the next day in
the early morning I entered the studio and took
my place with the others. I was given, in the
usual manner, by the student in control, a seat
and place, paper, etc., and I began drawing from
the model before me. There being no one to
guide me, and feeling that the way the others
drew was not mine, I went on my own way.
That day or next came in the great man, who,
instead of objecting to my work having so little
in common with those following his system, was
pleased to say, on the contrary, that mine was
the only one that really gave the motion of the
model" (Ibid., pp. 91-92).
In its suggestion of a certain thoughtful inde-
pendence this points to La Farge's whole evolu-
tion as an artist. Even Couture's appreciative
treatment was not enough to hold him. He was
in the studio only about a fortnight, frequenting
the drawings of the old masters in the Louvre
instead, on Couture's advice, and then hunting
them down in Munich and Dresden. His travels
took him as far as Copenhagen, and there he
made a careful study of Rembrandt's "Supper at
Emmaus." In Belgium he developed a profound
feeling for Rubens, tracking down practically
every painting of his in the country, and after
that thrilling experience he spent the autumn in
England, where he saw the great Manchester
exhibition of 1857, admiring the Rokeby "Venus"
of Velasquez and finding much interest in the
juxtaposition of that master with Titian and
Rubens. In England he was also for a time in
the company of some of the Pre-Raphaelites. Re-
turning to America in 1858, he went back to
reading law.
531
La Farge
He had not yet made up his mind. But he had
architects and painters among his friends, he
dabbled with brush and pencil, and in another
year he 'vas studying at Newport with one of
his friend Couture's pupils, William Hunt. In
i860 he was married to Margaret Mason Perry,
by whom he had nine children. Though for a
moment the Civil War threatened to dislocate
all plans, the fates willed otherwise. La Farge
wanted to enlist but his shortsightedness unfit-
ted him for the profession of arms and he was
obliged, willy-nilly, to stay at home. There his
vision answered for the pursuit of experimental
activities, half artistic, half scientific, in which
a new-found friend, John Bancroft, proved enor-
mously stimulating and helpful. "He was a stu-
dent," wrote La Farge, "almost too much of one,
and we plunged into the great questions of light
and color which were beginning to be laid out
by the scientific men and which later the painters
were to take up. This was the cause of a great
deal of work but of less painting, if I may say
so, less picture-making, because of an almost in-
cessant set of observations and comments and
inquiries supplemented by actual work in paint-
ing. All that I have done since then has been
modified by those few years of optical studies,
and the last realistic painting which may have
shown it is the 'Paradise Valley,' which belongs
to '66-'67-'68." (Ibid., pp. 121-22).
Not only chronologically but also in other
more important ways the "Paradise Valley" sup-
plies a perfect point of departure for considera-
tion of La Farge's development as an artist. It
was energized primarily by the operation of that
mysterious force which is called genius but it
was conditioned also by a factor not always no-
ticeable among artists, a steady play of mind.
The foregoing passage is prophetic. The optical
studies to which he refers were fortified by
others in many fields. Side by side with his in-
vestigations into science went research into na-
ture. The "Paradise Valley" was in advance of
its time. French impressionism was yet to make
its impact upon American art but in this land-
scape La Farge, animated by his own inquisi-
tiveness, reveals his own discoveries and antici-
pates the formula of Monet. "I wished," he said,
"to apply principles of light and color of which
I had learned a little. I wished my studies of
nature to indicate something of this, to be free
from recipes, as far as possible, and to indicate
very carefully in every part, the exact time of
day and circumstance of light" (Ibid., p. 112).
He delighted in his association with Hunt and
appreciated the latter's idolization of Millet but
he adhered to his already ingrained habit of
La Farge
thinking his own way through the production of
a picture. At the same time he was slow to yield
to the purely creative impulses half unconscious-
ly stirring within him and his later memories of
that formative period were those of a young ex-
perimentalist much preoccupied with the pon-
derable problems of a craft. Referring to cer-
tain of his early landscapes, he dwells upon the
effort that he made in them to achieve sheer ac-
curacy : "They are studies out of the window to
give the effect and appearance of looking out of
the window and our not being in the same light
as the landscape. And also to indicate very ex-
actly the time of day and the exact condition of
the light in the sky. ... I aimed at making a
realistic study of painting, keeping to myself the
designs and attempts, serious or slight, which
might have a meaning more than that of a strict
copy from nature. I painted flowers to get the
relation between the softness and brittleness of
the flowers and the hardness of the bowl or what-
ever it might be in which the flowers might be
placed. Instead of arranging my subject, which
is the usual studio way, I had it placed for me
by chance, with any background and any light,
leaving, for instance, the choice of flowers and
vase to the servant girl or groom or any one.
Or else I copied the corner of the breakfast table
as it happened to be" (Ibid., p. 116). In other
words, the technician was finding himself, under
self-imposed discipline.
From all this cogitation and experimentation
there emerged a painter of equal proficiency and
distinction, the kind of painter whose labors have
a strange inner support, from which they draw
most of their validity. Logical ratiocination —
incurably characteristic of him — might be at the
bottom of his work. He might say, as a thinker,
recurring to the "Paradise Valley," that his
program was "to paint from nature a portrait,"
but he went on to explain that it was also his
purpose to "make distinctly a work of art which
should remain as a type of the sort of subject I
undertook, a subject both novel and absolutely
'everydayish' " (Ibid., p. 129). Being what he
was now proving himself to be, an instinctive
artist, in his paintings he subordinated the
"everydayish" element to his originality. What
made him ultimately a commanding figure in
the American school was the fact that he saw his
subjects beautifully as well as veraciously, -that
he had breadth of vision as well as control over
the minute, passing effect, that he was a fine
colorist and draftsman, and a skilful man with
his hands. He was also versatile and industrious.
His career, once inaugurated, was one of pro-
digious activities. At the outset he painted land-
S32
La Farge
scapes, flower subjects, and a few figure sub-
jects. Incidentally he dipped into illustration.
When the Riverside Magazine was started by
Ticknor and Fields he made numerous drawings
for it, taking his motives from Browning and
other poets. In these he showed the quality of
inventive imagination which was ever to stand
him in good stead. He liked to tell of a piquant
incident flowing from one of his early illustra-
tions, "The Wolf Charmer." Long afterward
he met in Japan a court painter, Hung Ai, and
that luminary immediately exclaimed : "Oh, you
are the wolf man !" (Ibid., p. 143). The old en-
graving had lodged itself in his mind for years.
From the "stroke" Hung Ai had guessed the
truth, that La Farge had used a Japanese brush
on the design.
La Farge went on painting easel pictures for
some time but even while landscape thus occu-
pied him he had "become tempted and then
drawn to work in the lines of architecture"
(Ibid., p. 156) ; and, in 1876, he was invited by
H. H. Richardson, who was then carrying Trin-
ity Church in Boston to completion, to decorate
the interior. There was then practically no such
thing as mural decoration in the United States.
The only pioneer in the field was La Farge's
friend William Hunt, painting his charming de-
signs in the Capitol at Albany. La Farge, how-
ever, so richly fertilized by his European travels
and so apt in the logic of art, fearlessly tackled
the huge walls in Boston, improvised a staff of
helpers, and, working amid the crudest of condi-
tions and under much pressure as to time, left
the church astonishingly unified in a scheme of
great warmth and dignity. It was the forerunner
of divers important commissions, of panels in
the Church of the Incarnation in New York, of
others in St. Thomas's in the same city (which
were destined to be destroyed by fire), of the
lovely "Music" and "Drama" for the music
room in the residence of Whitelaw Reid in New
York, and many other notable achievements,
"The Ascension," in the Church of the Ascen-
sion. New York, looming above all the rest.
This great painting had a curious origin. Dr.
Donald, the rector, first consulted La Farge
with a view to placing a stained-glass window in
the altar wall. Then the painter had the idea of
getting Augustus Saint-Gaudens to fill the space
with a big bas-relief. Neither of these plans
prospered and when Stanford White undertook
the architectural renovation of the church the
upshot of all their deliberations on the subject
was La Farge's execution of his vast picture.
At the moment of signing the contract, in 1886,
he had agreed to go with Henry Adams to Japan
La Farge
and there, with characteristic freedom from con-
vention, he found his background. "I had a
vague belief," he said, "that I might find there
certain conditions of line in the mountains
which might help me. Of course the Judean
mountains were entirely out of the question, all
the more that they implied a given place. I kept
all this in mind and on one given day I saw be-
fore me a space of mountains and cloud and flat
land which seemed to me to be what was needed.
I gave up my other work and made thereupon a
rapid but very careful study, so complete that
the big picture is only a part of the amount of
work put into the study of that afternoon" (Ibid.,
pp. 164-65). In other words, "The Ascension,"
indubitably the greatest mural painting of a re-
ligious subject produced anywhere in La Farge's
time, is in essentials the result of a sudden burst
of white-hot inspiration, a fact which might be
inferred from the spiritual force and pure beau-
ty vitalizing it in a well-knit, soundly structural
design. He impressively adorned other walls,
especially those of the supreme court room in
the state Capitol of Minnesota, at St. Paul, where
he illustrated in four great lunettes "The Moral
and Divine Law," "The Relation of the Indi-
vidual to the State," "The Recording of Prece-
dents," and "The Adjustment of Conflicting In-
terests." The deep student of religion, philoso-
phy, and statesmanship, as well as the authorita-
tive artist, is apparent in these compositions.
The figure of Moses on Mount Sinai, in the first
of these lunettes, is especially eloquent of La
Farge's command of the grand style.
All through his mural period La Farge was
also much occupied with work in stained glass.
It was due to his genius that one of the great
crafts of the Middle Ages was in America re-
vived and lifted to a high plane. When he ex-
hibited one of his windows, the Watson Memo-
rial, at the Paris Exposition of 1889, the insignia
of the Legion of Honor was conferred upon
him by the Government, and his fellow artists,
assembled as a jury, added to a medal of the first
class this expression of their admiration : "His
work cannot be fully gauged here, where a sin-
gle window represents a name the most celebrat-
ed and widely known in our Sister Republic. He
is the great innovator, the inventor of opaline
glass. He has created in all its details an art
unknown before, an entirely new industry, and
in a country without tradition he will begin one
followed by thousands of pupils filled with the
same respect for him that we have ourselves for
our own masters. To share in this respect is the
highest praise that we can give to this great
artist" (Ibid., p. 184).
533
La Farge
La Farge treasured this tribute as one of the
greatest strokes of good fortune in his life — tak-
ing it, too, as in some sort a ratification of his
French blood. The beginnings of his glass were
promoted casually enough. He was rather at a
loose end, painting pictures that did not sell any
too rapidly. In despair of finding a satisfactory
market in New York, he was considering a pro-
posal from Durand-Ruel to exploit his work in
Paris and London. An architectural friend com-
missioned him, just then, to design a window
for Memorial Hall, at Harvard, and as contact
with the Pre-Raphaelites in England had inter-
ested him in glass he agreed to go on with the
project. When he had made the window he
liked it so little that he promptly destroyed it.
During a convalescence in bed the secret of suc-
cess came to him. A colored glass container of
tooth powder on his toilet table caught his eye
at the moment when light was passing through
it. His imagination leapt to the suggestion and
shortly afterward, with a Luxemburg glass-
maker in Brooklyn for an aid, he had developed
the "opalescent glass" on which much of his
fame was to rest. He produced thenceforth thou-
sands of windows, not only for churches but for
private houses, and at least one renowned de-
sign, the "Peacock Window," which might be
described as glass created for its own sake, the
embodiment of the very genius of an artistic
medium. La Farge was a born colorist. This is
made plain by his early paintings, by the later
works commemorating his travels in Japan and
amongst the islands of the South Seas, and by
his mural decorations. Yet it may be said that
in his glass as nowhere else La Farge the color-
ist comes definitively into his own, investing his
beautiful designs, whether based on the figure or
on purely decorative motives, with a kind of or-
chestral piercingness and power.
It was an inordinately busy life that he led.
He drew and painted ; he made his glass ; he
traveled not only to Europe but to the far places
of the earth ; he lectured and he wrote. All the
time he was dogged by ill health. He suffered
from a slight lameness, he had had lead poison-
ing, he knew all about the pains of neuritis, he
was often obliged to take to his bed from ex-
haustion, yet even there he was active with pen-
cil or brush. He was six feet tall, deep-chested,
with long and slender hands and feet. His dark
brown hair, only subdued with touches of gray
in his last years, crowned a magnificent head.
His green-gray eyes were set in deep sockets ;
his nose was long, straight, and aristocratic ; his
skin was fine-textured and, while fairly warm in
tint, had a certain parchment-like quality. A
La Farge
shrewd observer found him in his youth "pic-
turesque." He was that always but the term re-
quires a little qualification. Clothed usually in
black and consistently fastidious in all his wear
and ways, ceremonious without stiffness, he
somewhat fused the traits of the artist with those
of the man of the world. He had something of
the aloofness, the mystery, characteristic of his
great French contemporary, Puvis de Chavan-
nes, and could be, when he chose, extremely dif-
ficult to approach. Also, when he chose, he
could be most humanly accessible, sympathetic
with young people, knowing how to laugh and to
chuckle, delighting in a good limerick, and fore-
gathering with a friend over a cigar with all the
humor in the world. With all his scholarship,
he had an extraordinary imagination and an al-
most mystical feeling for recondite ideas. In his
talk he was as distinguished, as creative, as in
his art, having — as in all things — a way of his
own, very deliberate, elaborately parenthetical,
and altogether fascinating.
When with Henry Adams he visited Japan
and later went to the South Seas, he studied life
with the directness of the explorer and with the
more complex passion of the philosopher. An
Artist's Letters from Japan (1897), and Rem-
iniscences of the South Seas (1912), with illus-
trations from his own paintings and drawings,
are a record not only of what he saw but also of
the myriad thoughts evoked by his exotic sur-
roundings. Writing of the siva dance, in the lat-
ter book, he says : "If I do not refrain and cut
short at once, I shall become entangled in trying
to give you word pictures that are utterly inade-
quate. I feel, too, that the drawings and paintings
I have made are so stupid from their freezing
into attitudes the beauties that are made of se-
quence" (Reminiscences, p. 119). As a matter of
fact, his travel books, like his travel pictures, re-
main among the most typical things he did in
color and in eloquence. Somewhere in his
strange cosmos was the instinct of the poet ; he
had, indeed, a great literary gift. His earliest
published writing was "An Essay on Japanese
Art," prepared to accompany Raphael Pum-
pelly's Across America and Asia (1870). In
1893 appeared his pamphlet, The American
Art of Glass. With A. F. Jaccaci, he edited
Noteworthy Paintings in American Collections
(1904), to which he contributed an exhaustive
survey of Mrs. Gardner's collection at Fenway
Court. Lectures that he gave at the Metropolitan
Museum in New York in 1893 were later
brought together in a volume entitled Considera-
tions on Painting (1895). Those on the Bar-
bizon school with which he inaugurated the
534
La Farge
Scammon Course at the Art Institute of Chi-
cago were afterwards published as The Higher
Life in Art (1908). In his Great Masters
(1903) he recorded his critical interpretations
of Michael Angelo, Raphael, Rembrandt, Ru-
bens, Velasquez, Diirer, and Hokusai. One Hun-
dred Masterpieces of Painting (1912) has spe-
cifically to do not only with the giants of the art
but also with the subjects that they treated. He
writes of allegories, of portraits, of decorations.
In the preface, written as the end of his life was
drawing near, he said: "The contemplation of
art is a form of study of the history of man and
a very certain one. Its records are absolutely dis-
interested from any attempt at proving anything.
. . . We have before us (in works of art) the
mirror of life at a given moment. ... I have
chosen masterpieces or beautiful examples, not
only because they are beautiful, which in itself is
all sufficient, but because they escape, in that
way, the touch of the bad taste of fashion." In
all his writings, down to the very last, The Gos-
pel Story in Art (1913), which was prepared for
the press after his death in Providence, R. I., by
his old friend Mary Cadwalader Jones, his mind
was set on the eternal verities. In these writings
he is careful of facts, faithful to history, a learned
expert, and, above all things, the reverent stu-
dent of truth and beauty.
La Farge was unique in the Protean nature
of his genius and in the operation of its multi-
farious activities in a peculiarly rarefied atmos-
phere. He had a kind of Leonardesque wisdom,
an intellectuality which gave balance to every-
thing he did and encrusted it with rich, subtle
implications. His sensibility and his depth were
matched by the delicate French precision with
which he defined a thought in words or in the
language of art. "In conversation La Farge's
mind was opaline, with infinite shades and re-
fractions of light, and with color toned down
to the finest gradations" {The Education of
Henry Adams, 1918, p. 371). He worked in
paint or in glass, so far as his refractory medi-
ums permitted, very much as he talked, and so
he used a pen. He could be very simple and in-
timate, both in his early and late periods, and
he could paint in the grand style when the theme
called for it. In all his moods he painted with
a certain authority. "The Ascension" and the
"Peacock Window," two totally different con-
ceptions, are alike in their demonstration of his
command over mass and over nuance. He came
indeed, in some quarters, to be regarded before
he died as an old master born out of his time.
This was the feeling and the judgment of many
of his contemporaries, in and out of his profes-
Lafayette
sion. His fellow artists held him in honor and
valued his opinion. He had a devoted following
amongst collectors. The adverse criticism that
was occasionally directed against his work was
never sufficient in point or in volume to lessen
the prestige which gave him, finally, a sort of
Olympian relation to his coevals as well as to his
juniors. On what, specifically, is to be based any
surmise as to the endurance of his high repute?
In his earlier period he painted landscapes of
great distinction but they do not place him in
the category of landscape painters as Innes, say,
is placed there. They are vitalized and beautiful
but they are not numerous enough, he did not
"follow them up" enough, for them to give him
outstanding rank in their field. His flower sub-
jects are so extraordinarily fine that they are
always likely to retain a salience of their own.
But neither the flower subjects nor the smaller
figure pieces which he painted from time to time
will give him his distinctive place. That he will
probably owe to his stained glass and to his mu-
ral painting. He was the first American master
of the fusion of decorative art with architecture
and he remains the greatest, a colorist and a
designer who developed remarkable powers as a
collaborator with the builder. Both as a designer
and a colorist he could make the easel picture a
memorable thing. In the continuation of a wall,
whether in glass or on canvas, he reached his
highest level. To this more or less recondite
claim upon the attention of the student of Amer-
ican art, giving new life to old tradition, he added
imagination, extraordinary play of mind, and
grace of style, attributes stamped with original-
ity and distinction.
[The "Schoolboy Letters between John La Farge
and His Father," were published in Hist. Records and
Studies of the U. S. Catholic Hist. Soc, March 1928.
The same volume contains "Some Records of the La
Farge Family," by Thos. F. Meehan. Cecilia Waern
wrote John La Farge: Artist and Writer (1896) from
acquaintance with the painter and his works and from
information that he gave her. The official biography is
John La Farge: A Memoir and a Study (1911) by
Royal Cortissoz, produced out of collaboration with
La Farge, who supplied much autobiographical matter
for the purpose. For comments immediately after his
death, see AT. Y. Herald-Tribune, N. Y. Times, Boston
Transcript, and other papers.] R. Q.
LAFAYETTE, MARIE JOSEPH PAUL
YVES ROCH GILBERT DU MOTIER,
Marquis de (Sept. 6, 1757-May 20, 1834),
French statesman and soldier, was born in the
chateau of Chavaniac, between Brionde and Le
Puy, in Auvergne, France, the son of Gilbert,
Marquis de Lafayette, colonel in the French
grenadiers, and Marie Louise Julie de la Riviere,
both of notable and ancient French families. His
father was killed at the battle of Minden, Aug. I,
535
Lafayette
1759. The boy was brought to Paris in 1768 and
entered the fourth form at the College du Plessis,
where he remained four years. His mother died
Apr. 3, 1770, and his grandfather several weeks
later. Lafayette inherited the fortune of the lat-
ter and found himself, at the age of thirteen,
possessed of an income of 120,000 livres. He
yearned for a military career, agreeable to the
strong tradition in his family, and on Apr. 9,
1 77 1, he was entered in the second company of
the King's Musketeers, from which he was trans-
ferred, Apr. 7, 1773, to the regiment commanded
by Noailles, where he became a second lieu-
tenant. A marriage between Lafayette and Marie
Adrienne Franqoisede Noailles had already been
'arranged; this took place Apr. 11, 1774, and
henceforth the fortunes of the shy, awkward
youth, not yet seventeen, were allied to those of
one of the most powerful French families of the
old regime. Shortly after his marriage he was
promoted to a captaincy and joined his regiment
at Metz, returning in September to participate
in the court life at Versailles. Here he suffered
considerable mortification, since he drank poorly
and danced so badly that he provoked Marie
Antoinette to laughter.
During the summer of 1775 he returned to bar-
racks at Metz ; on Aug. 8 he attended a dinner
given by the Comte de Broglie to the Duke of
Gloucester. Here the Duke spoke freely and
sympathetically of the American insurgents and
Lafayette's enthusiasm and imagination were
first stirred. During the weeks that followed,
vague aspirations slowly crystallized. By aiding
the insurgents he saw the possibility of crushing
"perfidious Albion" and avenging the defeat of
the Seven Years' War, in which his country had
been humiliated and his father had lost his life.
He partook of that current romantic enthusiasm
for a regenerated world which had been engen-
dered by the writings of Rousseau and Raynal,
and saw himself in the garb of a modern Plu-
tarch's hero, a role proper to satisfy his own love
of la gloirc. Thus motivated, he made the first
and most important decision of his life, to aid
the American colonists. Concealing his plans
from his family, he confided in the Comte de
Broglie, who tried to dissuade him, but who later
introduced him to John Kalb [q.v.~\. Lafayette
withdrew from active service in the French army,
June 11, 1776, and after the announcement of the
Declaration of Independence he entered into re-
lations with Silas Deane and Arthur Lee [qq.v."].
Two agreements were signed, during December
1776 and February 1777, between them. Kalb
and Lafayette were promised commissions, and
the latter agreed to serve the colonies with the
Lafayette
greatest zeal without compensation, reserving
only the right to return to France, if called by
his king or family. He sent Du Boismartin, a
friend, to purchase and fit out a vessel for the
passage to America. To allay all suspicions La-
fayette spent several weeks in London with the
French ambassador, the Marquis de Noailles, his
uncle. Returning to Bordeaux he embarked
with Kalb in La Victoire. The vessel put in at
Los Pasajes, where Lafayette was ordered by
Louis XVI to accompany the Due d'Ayen on
a tour in Italy. Lafayette hesitated and Kalb
thought that the venture was given up. To sat-
isfy the British ambassador a lettre de cachet had
been launched against Lafayette. News of this
determined him and, having rejoined Kalb at
Los Pasajes, he sailed for the United States,
Apr. 20, 1777. The commotion created by his de-
parture was excellent publicity for the cause of
the Americans.
On June 13 they disembarked near George-
town, S. C, where they were entertained by
Major Benjamin Huger. Within a week Lafay-
ette wrote his wife a letter of boyish enthusiasm
relating many impressions that he had already
formed of men and affairs in America. After six
weeks of arduous travel he and his companions
arrived in Philadelphia, where he presented his
credentials to a committee of Congress. Con-
gress was weary of foreign adventurers and his
first reception was more like a dismissal than a
welcome. Undaunted, he wrote a petition re-
questing two things : to serve at his own expense,
and to begin as a volunteer. This modest and
unusual proposal secured attention ; his creden-
tials were examined, and on July 31 Congress
voted him the rank and commission of major-
general, but gave him no active command. The
situation was one that Lafayette never complete-
ly understood. On Aug. 1 he met General Wash-
ington in Philadelphia. This was the beginning
of a historic friendship. The young major-gen-
eral, not yet twenty, was virtually adopted by
Washington, whose staff he joined as a volun-
teer. He received his baptism of fire in the bat-
tle of the Brandywine, Sept. 11, when he was
slightly wounded in the leg. Kalb called this an
excellent bit of good fortune, for it established
Lafayette in the eyes of his American comrades.
He recuperated at the Moravian settlement at
Bethlehem, Pa., and in October rejoined Wash-
ington in camp at Whitemarsh. At Gloucester
he led a successful skirmishing party against the
Hessians. Partly because of his personal quali-
ties and partly .from political considerations,
Congress on Dec. 1 voted him command of the
division of Virginia light troops with full au-
536
Lafayette
thority as major-general. During the winter he
remained at Valley Forge, sharing hardships
and privations and earning the title of "the sol-
dier's friend." He warned Washington of the
Conway Cabal and urged him to protect himself.
At the end of January 1778, the Board of War
placed Lafayette in command of the proposed
"irruption into Canada,'' a fantastic scheme to
capture Canada with a handful of men in the
dead of winter. He immediately had visions of
restoring the lost provinces of France and wrote
to his friends in Europe of his glorious antici-
pations. When, on Feb. 19, he arrived at Albany
and understood that nothing had been done he
was humiliated and enraged. He wrote to Wash-
ington denouncing those who had led him astray,
adding: "I well know that you, my dear general,
will do everything possible to get me the one
thing for which I thirst: glory" (Charavay, p.
29). Other letters to Washington and Laurens
described his "painful and ridiculous situation"
(Sedgwick, p. 61) in what Laurens called "that
indigested romantic scheme" (E. C. Burnett,
Letters of Members of the Continental Congress,
III, 1926, p. 124). By April, Lafayette, chagrined
and disappointed, was back at Valley Forge. Bit-
ter memories were forgotten during the celebra-
tions which followed the arrival, May 1, of the
news of the French alliance ; Lafayette was again
a center of attention. On May 18 at Barren Hill,
by skilful maneuvering, he escaped capture by
a larger force commanded by Sir Henry Clinton.
He participated in the battle of Monmouth, June
28, with distinction but without success. He was
active in preparations for the combined land and
sea attack against Newport, R. I., to be carried
out with the aid of the French fleet under
D'Estaing. He was valuable as a liaison officer
between the two armies, and, following the
wretched failure of the expedition early in Au-
gust, he did much to calm the jealousies and
recriminations of both French and Americans.
In October 1778, Congress granted him a fur-
lough that he might return to France, voted him
an elegant sword, and wrote a letter to Louis
XVI extolling his merits. He sailed Jan. 11,
1779, in the Alliance, manned by British prison-
ers and deserters, whose mutiny he later subdued.
In Paris and Versailles he was welcomed and
acclaimed, received by the King and Queen, con-
sulted by all the ministers, and kissed by all the
ladies. He was discussed, toasted, entertained;
meanwhile he proposed to Vergennes an invasion
of Great Britain, a descent upon Ireland, a con-
quest of Canada, and other projects having a
common end, for, he declared, "the thought of
seeing England humiliated and crushed makes
Lafayette
me tremble with joy" (Whitlock, I, 194). He
advocated hiring part of the Swedish navy for
service in America ; tried to float an American
loan in Holland ; and urged a French army for
expeditionary service in the United States, pro-
posing himself as commander of it. He ac-
quiesced in the appointment of the Comte de
Rochambeau as commander and, early in March
1780, sailed on the Hermione to prepare for the
arrival of the French army. Arriving at Boston,
Apr. 28, he was given a triumphal welcome at
Governor Hancock's house. After considerable
delay he found Washington at Morristown, in
great need of troops and money. He visited
Congress to discuss the necessary measures to
be taken to cooperate with the French fleet, and
was restored to his old command of the Virginia
light troops. The French fleet arrived at New-
port, R. I., during July and Lafayette met Ro-
chambeau July 25 to advocate an offensive cam-
paign, which was declined by Rochambeau.
When, during September, Washington first con-
ferred with Rochambeau, Lafayette was invalu-
able as an intermediary. He returned with
Washington to West Point, where they learned
of Arnold's treason. As a member of the court
martial at Tappan he voted for the death penalty
for Andre. Following this he went into winter
headquarters at Philadelphia.
Meanwhile, Washington planned a combined
land and sea attack to capture Gen. Benedict
Arnold who was at Hampton Roads. For this
purpose he entrusted 1,200 New England troops
to Lafayette, who marched to Head of Elk, on
Chesapeake Bay, where he arrived Mar. 3,
1 78 1. The French fleet did not arrive and the
opportunity of capturing Arnold was lost. Early
in April he received orders to join General
Greene in the Carolinas. Rallying his men by a
personal appeal, he marched southward, reach-
ing Richmond on Apr. 29, just in time to prevent
its occupation and destruction by the British
army under General Phillips. Lafayette now
asked assistance from General Wayne and Penn-
sylvania troops. When Lord Cornwallis marched
northward and was joined by the troops formerly
under Phillips, Lafayette, with his thousand ef-
fective troops, slowly retreated before the ad-
vance of the superior forces of the British. "The
boy can not escape me," wrote Cornwallis (Whit-
lock, I, 236). Lafayette retired until he met
Wayne at the Rapidan River, then returned to
harass Cornwallis. The latter slowly retired to
the sea, finally reaching Portsmouth, where he
dispatched some of his troops to New York.
Washington now told Lafayette of the proposed
concerted action with De Grasse and the French
537
Lafayette
Lafayette
fleet and ordered him to prevent the escape of
Cornwallis to the southward. With the arrival
of De Grasse, of Rochambeau's army, and Wash-
ington's Continental Army, Cornwallis was be-
sieged at Yorktown, where he capitulated, Oct.
19. "The play is over," Lafayette wrote the
Comte de Maurepas, "the fifth act is just ended"
{Ibid., I, 260). During all the Virginia cam-
paign, Lafayette had demonstrated tact, caution,
and a superior knowledge of military tactics.
Lafayette sailed for France in the Alliance in
December. He was enthusiastically received by
populace and court. Incessantly feted and con-
sulted, he basked in the thunderous acclaim.
Meanwhile, he aided the American agents in
seeking supplies and a loan. He was at Cadiz,
ready to sail with a new expedition, when news
of the signing of the preliminary articles of peace
reached him. He now returned to his ancestral
estates in Auvergne, where he won great popu-
larity with the peasants by his distribution of
grain. He then established himself at his hotel
in Paris, rue de Bourbon, where he held salon
and discoursed on America and republican prin-
ciples. He was made a member of the Society of
the Cincinnati. He returned to America in Au-
gust 1784, arriving at New York, where he re-
ceived a tremendous ovation. During the fol-
lowing six months he visited his old colleagues
in arms and was affectionately welcomed from
Mount Vernon to Boston. On Dec. 8 Congress
gave him a distinguished reception at Trenton
and on the 21st he sailed from New York on La
Nymphe.
Lafayette returned to France with a renewed
enthusiasm and a new vision. He would give
France her charter of liberties and would estab-
lish them. In his salon and his utterances his
ardent republicanism asserted itself; he engaged
in various philanthropic and humanitarian en-
terprises, for the manumission of negro slaves
and the abolition of slavery, and for the res-
toration of the civil rights of the French Prot-
estants. With Jefferson \_q.v.~\, now minister to
France, he labored for the readjustment of
American frontiers with Spain. During 1785-
89, his services to the United States, while
not dramatic, were invaluable. He attacked the
tobacco monopoly of the farmers-general in an
effort to eliminate the middle profits of the Brit-
ish merchants ; he sought to find a large French
market for the New England fisheries, for the
United States, a debtor nation, could pay the
French debt only by building up credits from an
excess of exports. Through the activity of Jef-
ferson and Lafayette, the United States was
gaining the position of the most favored nation
in the French market. When Jefferson, in 1786,
contemplated a combined blockade of the Bar-
bary pirates Lafayette at once offered his serv-
ices as chief of operations. He urged upon the
French government the postponement of the first
payments of the American debt that the United
States might first care for its internal finances.
Early in 1789, he was instrumental in securing
the recall of De Moustier, who, although he had
been sent to America as French minister at Jef-
ferson's request, had made himself obnoxious to
the American government. In 1787, Lafayette
had been a member of the Assembly of Notables ;
his enthusiastic republicanism had alarmed Jef-
ferson, who suggested the British constitution
rather than the American as a model for the
French. When Jefferson left France in October
1789, Lafayette was already well launched in
that revolution in which he became a prominent
figure.
His activities, his successes, and his blunders
in that movement belong to French rather than
to American history. In 1790 he was the most
popular figure in France; from 1792 to 1797 he
was incarcerated in foreign prisons, from which
Congress, Washington, and Gouverneur Morris
vainly sought to effect his release. Liberated at
length through French influence, he and his fam-
ily remained in exile until late in 1799, when
they returned and settled at La Grange, about
forty miles from Paris. The Revolution had shat-
tered his fortune. Congress had, in 1794, voted
him $24,424, his emoluments as a brigadier-gen-
eral, which he had refused to accept during the
American Revolution. It was estimated that he
spent more than $200,000 of his private funds in
assisting the colonies; he never solicited repay-
ment, but in 1803 Congress voted him a grant
of 11,520 acres. These lands were eventually lo-
cated in Louisiana, but it was a dozen years be-
fore he realized any financial assistance from
them. Lafayette remained aloof from politics,
cultivating his lands at La Grange. He acknowl-
edged Napoleon, though he later broke with him ;
he remained a liberal, upheld by faith in the ulti-
mate triumph of representative government. He
never ceased to hold up the United States as an
example and promise to mankind; he was a good
friend and counselor of the American legation
in Paris.
In 1824 President Monroe invited him to visit
the United States; he arrived at Staten Island
Aug. 15 and began an epochal tour which Charles
Sumner said "belongs to the poetry of history."
"The Marquis," "the soldier's friend," had re-
turned, the venerable symbol of a past heroic age.
For more than a year his triumphal tour of the
538
Laffan
Laffan
United States provoked demonstrations of fren-
zied enthusiasm without precedent or parallel in
American history. This was one of the happiest
years of his life, for he had never lost his one
great foible, as Jefferson had described it, "a
canine appetite for popularity and fame" (The
Writings of Thomas Jefferson, 1903, VI, 70).
On Sept. 8, 1825, he sailed for France and on
Oct. 9 reached La Grange, where he was given a
brilliant fete attended by four thousand people.
He reentered politics and played a conspicuous
part in the July Revolution of 1830 but by his
indecision lost the opportunity of establishing
the republic of which he had long dreamed. One
of his last speeches in the Chamber was in 1833,
favoring ratification of the Franco-American
treaty signed July 4, 183 1. His last speech was
one attacking the reactionary policies of Louis-
Philippe, whom he had assisted to power. He
died May 20, 1834, and was buried in Picpus
Cemetery in Paris. His grave was covered with
earth from Bunker Hill.
[For the extensive materials concerning Lafayette,
consult Stuart W. Jackson, La Fayette ; a Bibliography
(1930), detailed but uncritical, and Louis R. Gott-
schalk's critical bibliographical article in Jour, of Mod.
Hist., June 1930, pp. 281-87. The best source for his
life is the Memoires . . . du general La Fayette . . .
(6 vols., Paris, 1837-38), of which the first three vol-
umes have been translated into English (London, 1837).
B. F. Stevens, Facsimiles . . . (25 vols., London, 1889-
98), Henri Doniol, Histoire de la participation de la
France a letablissemcnt des £tats-Unis d'Amcrique (5
vols., Paris, 1886), and Charlemagne Tower, The Mar-
quis de La Fayette in the Am. Revolution ... (2 vols.,
1895) are the best sources for his activities in the
American Revolution. The Letters of Lafayette and
Jefferson (1929), ed. by Gilbert Chinard, reveal his
services to the United States after his return to France,
fitienne Charavay, Lc general Lafayette . . . (Paris,
1898), the best biography, has never been translated
into English. Brand Whitlock, La Fayette (2 vols.,
1929), is the most complete biography in English, but
see Bernard Fay's review, Saturday Rev. of Lit., Oct.
19, 1929. A. Levasseur, La Fayette in America in 1824
and 1825 (2 vols., 1829), is a detailed history of his last
American visit. Lida Rose McCabe, Ardent Adrienne
. . . (1930), is an interesting biography of Madame de
Lafayette. Louis R. Gottschalk has in preparation a
volume of unpublished letters of Lafayette.]
F. M— n.
LAFFAN, WILLIAM MACKAY (Jan. 22,
1848-Nov. 19, 1909), journalist and art con-
noisseur, was born in Dublin, Ireland, the son
of Michael and Ellen Sarah FitzGibbon Laffan.
He was educated at H. T. Humphrey's school at
Blackrock and prepared for Dublin University
at French College, Booterstown. After leaving
Trinity College, Dublin University, he studied
for a short time at St. Cecilia's School of Medi-
cine. His interest in art had already shown it-
self and he was artist to the Pathological Society
of Dublin. At the age of twenty he was attracted
by journalism and went to San Francisco, where
as a reporter he exhibited a knack for humorous
description. He became the first city editor of
the San Francisco Chronicle when it was es-
tablished in the latter part of 1868. With his own
pencil he provided for the Chronicle the first
illustrated journalism on the Pacific Coast. His
service on the Chronicle and later as managing
editor of the San Francisco Bulletin made him
quickly familiar with many angles of practical
newspaper work.
In 1870 Laffan went to Baltimore, where he
worked as a reporter and soon became editor of
the Baltimore Daily Bulletin, the ownership of
which he later acquired. This newspaper, which
became the Evening Bulletin, was devoted large-
ly to art, literature, and science. In 1877 ne
moved to New York City and was taken on the
Sun by Charles A. Dana as dramatic critic,
From that time until his death, with the excep-
tion of two years spent as art editor and general
representative of Harper Brothers in London,
his literary career was with the Sun. He be-
came its publisher in 1884 and in 1887 he started
the Evening Sun. Dana died in 1897 and on
Feb. 22, 1902, Laffan's name appeared in the
Sun's editorial masthead as proprietor. Through
his friendship with J. Pierpont Morgan he had
been able to buy the control of the newspaper.
Although the editorial direction of the paper re-
mained with Edward Page Mitchell [q.v.~], who
had been Dana's chief editorial writer for many
years, Laffan was active in the supervision of
every department. He wrote occasionally for the
editorial columns, usually some brief and strik-
ing paragraph. In 1904 he announced the Sun's
support of President Roosevelt, whom the Sun
had frequently opposed, in five words :
"Theodore, with all thy faults — ."
Except to his intimates he was a mysterious fig-
ure. His pride was so great as to exclude the
ordinary vanities. He disliked publicity and
avoided public appearances. He had a "Celtic
temperament that boiled at low temperature,
boiling behind a physiognomy betokening a habit
of control imperturbable as ice at zero. His
hatreds were so passionate that he could discern
precious little good in the fiercely hated ; no
woman could be more tenderly considerate when
affection existed" (Mitchell, post, p. 353).
In art Laffan won high rank. His Engravings
on Wood was published by Harpers in 1887. In
1897 he published Oriental Ceramic Art and in
1907 he edited the Catalogue of the Morgan Col-
lection of Chinese Porcelains. He was one of
the group of connoisseurs assembled by J. P.
Morgan when the latter became president of the
539
Laffite
Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1904. Laffan
was elected a trustee in 1905. "There was no
department of art to which he was not sympa-
thetic and no department in which he had not
expert knowledge" (R. W. De Forest, "Mr. Laf-
fan's Part in the Development of the Metropoli-
tan Museum," the Sun, Nov. 20, 1909, p. 6). As
the principal art adviser of J. P. Morgan and
Henry Walters, Laffan was responsible for the
purchase of millions of dollars worth of treasures
that were sent from Europe to American collec-
tions. He had much to do with the Metropolitan
Museum's first archeological campaign in Egypt
and when seized with his last illness was plan-
ning similar explorations in Mesopotamia. J. P.
Morgan's will established in his honor the Laf-
fan Professorship of Assyriology and Babyloni-
an Literature at Yale University. In 1872 Laf-
fan married Georgiana Ratcliffe of Baltimore.
[E. P. Mitchell, Memoirs of an Editor (1924) ; Who's
Who in America, 1908-09 ; The Metropolitan Museum
of Art: Fortieth Ann. Report, 1909 ; Bull, of the Met-
ropolitan Museum of Art, Dec. 1909; F. M. O'Brien,
The Story of The Sun (1918); news and editoral
articles in the Sun (N. Y.), Nov. 20, 1909; personal
acquaintance.] F. M. O.
LAFFITE, JEAN (fl. 1809-1821), adventurer
and outlaw, was probably born in Bayonne,
France, shortly before 1780. The many stories
of his ancestry and early life are confused and
contradictory. It seems likely that he followed
the sea from his early youth, and he may have
been the "Captain Lafette" of the French priva-
teer La Socur Cherie when, in April 1804, she
put into the Mississippi for repairs and pro-
visions (Official Letter Books of IV. C. C. Clai-
borne, II, 97-98). Before 1809 he was estab-
lished in New Orleans as joint owner, with his
brother Pierre, of a blacksmith shop, which was
operated by slave labor and was probably used
as a depot for goods and slaves brought into
Louisiana by a band of privateers and smugglers.
Shortly afterward — probably in 1810 — Jean Laf-
fite became the chief of this band at their estab-
lishment on the secluded islands of Barataria
Bay. Under his shrewd direction, ten or a dozen
ships sailed with commissions from the young
republic of Cartagena to prey on the Spanish
commerce of the Gulf. The goods and slaves
they brought in Laffite sold to New Orleans
merchants and Louisiana planters in flagrant
violation of the United States revenue laws. His
men were also accused by British and American
officials of attacking neutral merchantmen; but
in spite of proclamations by the governor of
Louisiana and ineffective expeditions against,
and conflicts with, the Baratarians, they con-
tinued to flourish. The United States govern-
Laffite
ment was occupied by the War of 1812, and
Louisiana was profiting by the work of Laffite.
On Sept. 3, 1814, three officers of the British
army and navy visited Laffite, and offered him
rewards in lands, pardon for past offenses, and
a captaincy in the British army in return for aid
in the impending attack on New Orleans. Laf-
fite, having adroitly secured as much informa-
tion as possible, put the British off with promises
to consider the question. Then he promptly in-
formed the Louisiana officials of the whole affair,
although Pierre Laffite was even then in jail in
New Orleans. In spite of this patriotic act, a
force under command of Commodore Daniel T.
Patterson of the American navy and Col. George
T. Ross of the United States army arrived at
Barataria Sept. 16, and, meeting with no re-
sistance, destroyed the establishment, took the
ships found there to New Orleans, and arrested
the men. When this blow fell, Laffite was in hid-
ing with his brother, who had escaped from jail.
Immediately, he offered the services of the Bara-
tarians to the American cause, and, Dec. 17,
1814, Gov. W. C. C. Claiborne [q.v.~] issued a
proclamation of invitation to the Baratarians.
Many of them responded and served in the battle
of New Orleans. As a reward, President Madi-
son, on Feb. 6, 1815, pardoned them for past
crimes.
The Laffites were not long in returning to their
evil ways. They were interested in the privateer-
ing establishment at Galveston even before Luis
de Aury left it, but it was not until September
1817 that Jean Laffite founded there his new
establishment, Campeche (American State Pa-
pers, Foreign Relations, vol. IV, 1834, pp. 132-
38). As president of the commune of Campeche
(manuscript, Galveston), he commanded an in-
creasing number of privateers, while Pierre
made frequent, mysterious journeys to the United
States. The privateers flew the flags of the coun-
tries revolting from Spain, and Jean Laffite was
in 18 19 appointed governor of Galveston under
the short-lived republic founded by the Ameri-
can filibuster, James Long [q.v.~\. He never
rendered any considerable aid to the revolution-
ists, however, and his men worked solely for
their own profit. They were, in fact, usually de-
nominated pirates, and sixteen of them were con-
victed as such in New Orleans, Nov. 22, 1819.
Another band of them in the same year raided
the coast of Louisiana, causing an American
cruiser to come to Galveston. Laffite hanged
the leading offender, and pacified the Americans,
but in 1820 an American merchantman was cap-
tured and scuttled in Matagorda Bay, and the
United States government acted. In spite of the
540
Lafitte — La Flesche — LaFollette
fact that Galveston had been acknowledged as
Spanish territory by the treaty of 1819, Lieut.
Lawrence Kearny [q.z>.~\ was sent in the brig
Enterprise to break up the Galveston establish-
ment early in 182 1. Laffite acquiesced quietly,
and burning his town, sailed away.
The Laffites were known on the Spanish Main
for several more years, but disappeared before
1825. They were probably already dead, one
killed in a battle at sea, the other by fever in a
Yucatan village ; but of their deaths no facts are
established. In life, Jean Laffite was a romantic
figure, a criminal leader with gentlemanly man-
ners, noted for his hospitality, handsome, and
ruthless. Legend has heightened this romance,
obscuring the fact that he was a shrewd, suc-
cessful merchant as well as the last of the great
freebooters.
[See Charles Gayarre, "Hist. Sketch of Pierre and
Jean Lafitte, the Famous Smugglers of La., 1809-1814,"
in Mag. of Am. Hist., Oct., Nov. 1883; Official Letter
Books of W. C. C. Claiborne (1917). esp. VI, 216-17,
232-33, 279-80 ; A. L. Latour, Hist. Memoir of the
War in West Fla. and La. in 18 14-15 (1816) ; "Life
of Jean Lafitte, the Pirate of the Mexican Gulf," in
Colburn's United Service Mag. (London), Oct., Nov.
1851, reprinted in Littell's Living Age, Mar. 1852; De
Bow's Rev., Oct. 1851, Aug. 1855; H. Yoakum, Hist,
of Tex. (1855), vol. I ; Papers of Mirabcau Buonaparte
Lamar, vols. I (1921), IV, pt. II (1925); William
Kennedy, Texas (London, 1841), vol. I; Lyle Saxon,
Lafitte, the Pirate (1930) ; Niles' Weekly Reg., Nov.
19, 1814, Feb. 5, 1820. The spelling of the name here
adopted is that of signature to documents in the Rosen-
berg Library, Galveston, and letters published in La-
tour and in the Lamar Papers. The archives of St.
Louis Cathedral, New Orleans, contain the baptismal
records of Laffite's illegitimate children by his quad-
roon mistress.] W. B.
LAFITTE, JEAN [See Laffite, Jean, fl.
1809-1821].
LA FLESCHE, SUSETTE [See Bright
Eyes, 1854-1903].
LA FOLLETTE, ROBERT MARION
(June 14, 1855-June 18, 1925), governor of Wis-
consin, United States senator, Progressive can-
didate for the presidency, was born in a log-cabin
in the town of Primrose, Dane County, Wis. His
father, Josiah LaFollette, and his mother, Mary
(Ferguson) Buchanan LaFollette, had moved
into the new state of Wisconsin from Indiana; to
Indiana they had gone from Kentucky, where the
father of Josiah had lived on a farm adjacent to
that of Thomas, the father of Abraham Lincoln.
The LaFollette family, which was much like that
of Lincoln in status and objective, derived its
name from a French Huguenot founder who ar-
rived in New Jersey about 1750 (L. A. Warren,
"The Lincoln and LaFollette Families in Pioneer
Drama," Wisconsin Magazine of History, June
1929, p. 359). Robert was born to the hard labor
LaFollette
that went with pioneer poverty. He remained
on the farm at Primrose until he worked his way
into, and through, the University of Wisconsin
at Madison, where he came under the influence
of President John Bascom and was graduated
with the degree of B.S. in 1879. After studying
law a few months, in a private office and in the
law school of the university, he was admitted to
the bar in February 1880 and began practice in
Madison.
He was already a prominent figure in the com-
munity. Though he was short of frame and at
this time slender, his upstanding hair and reso-
nant voice drew attention to him. He yearned
to be an actor but took instead to declamation,
preparing an Iago that won him the champion-
ship of an interstate oratorical contest in 1879,
and that often had to be repeated before admir-
ing friends {Wisconsin State Journal, May 12,
1879). He won also as a wife his classmate,
Belle Case (Apr. 21, 1859-Aug. 18, 1931), who
took up the study of law, receiving the degree of
LL.B. from the state university in 1885, and who
worked with him in law and politics. It early
became a tradition, in which LaFollette whole-
heartedly concurred, that her sound judgment
was the most valuable of the family assets.
Neither he nor she, then or later, showed an in-
terest in legal practice for the sake of money;
and the abundant time which the young lawyer
had on his hands in the early years was invested
in political friendships. He canvassed Dane
County in 1880, and was elected district attorney
without the permission of the local leader, Col.
E. W. Keyes [q.v.]. Upon his renomination in
1882, he was the only Republican elected on the
county ticket.
That year, in his district, there was contro-
versy over the Republican nomination for Con-
gress ; this resulted in the election of a Demo-
crat but made it easier for LaFollette, on his own
initiative, to secure the Republican nomination
in 1884. The older leaders underestimated his
industry and charm. He was elected in Novem-
ber 1884, in spite of the activity of a third candi-
date, a Prohibitionist, who drew away nearly
two thousand votes. Twice again he was nomi-
nated and elected, his service in the House of
Representatives thus covering the six years
1885-91. While he was establishing himself in
Congress, where his industry and power in debate
served him well, the control of the Republican
party in Wisconsin was vested in Senator Phi-
letus Sawyer [q.v.'] of Oshkosh, a lumberman of
great wealth and a business politician of unusual
sagacity. Sawyer was aided after 1885 by the
junior senator, John Coit Spooner \_q.vJ], a rail-
541
LaFollette
LaFollette
road lawyer from the western side of the state,
and with them was associated Henry Clay Payne
\_q.v.~\, whose position at various times as post-
master of Milwaukee, chairman of the state cen-
tral committee, and national committeeman, gave
him great political opportunities. LaFollette was
a younger man and at first an outsider, but during
his six years in Washington he gained a place on
the committee on ways and means, and did valiant
service as a junior in the preparation of the Mc-
Kinley tariff. Still relatively a conservative, he
was headed for greater responsibilities when the
political landslide of 1890 separated him from his
office.
The reaction against the protective tariff,
which was the chief cause of the Republican de-
feat of that year, was felt in Wisconsin as else-
where ; but in Wisconsin the feeling against the
Republicans was embittered by the Bennett Law,
enacted by the last legislature, which prescribed
that all schools in the state should give a portion
of their instruction in the English language.
The adherents of the foreign-language parochial
schools were inflamed by this legislation and for
the moment they outrode every other political
force in Wisconsin. Only one of the Republican
representatives, Nils P. Haugen, was returned
to Congress, and a Democratic state government
was installed at Madison. Sawyer and Spooner,
in their struggle to survive and to retain control
of the Republican state organization, were dis-
posed to discard those whom the Bennett Law
had struck and to abandon LaFollette with the
rest.
LaFollette returned to the practice of law in
Madison. He found himself outside politics, not
pliant enough to retain the active support of the
leaders, and less available for new favors than
men who had not been caught among the ani-
mosities of 1890. Before the time came for the
nominations of 1892, he had given additional
reasons for his abandonment by the leaders, and
had acquired a new point of view. In the autumn
of 1891 Senator Sawyer summoned him to Mil-
waukee to offer him law business in defending
certain former state treasurers (whose bonds-
man Sawyer was) against a suit brought by the
Democratic state government to compel them to
account for the interest they had received on state
moneys in their charge. The case was about to
open in the Madison court of Judge Robert G.
Siebecker, the Democratic brother-in-law of
LaFollette, when the latter startled the political
world by announcing that Senator Sawyer had
tried, through him, to bribe Judge Siebecker,
offering him large contingent fees payable after
the case had been "decided right" {Milwaukee
Sentinel, Oct. 29, 30, 1891). Judge Siebecker at
once withdrew from the case. Sawyer, though
conceding that in ignorance of the family con-
nection he had offered the work to LaFollette,
disclaimed an intent to bribe and denied that
LaFollette had instantly and indignantly repulsed
his advances. LaFollette, however, adhered to
his charge, and was convinced that this effort at
bribery was only a small evidence of the political
corruption practised by the party managers.
It is not possible to measure with precision
the relative degrees in which resentment for his
abandonment after 1890 and determination to
clean up politics now entered his life. Both in-
fluenced him ; and as his campaign against the
bosses advanced, his vision of a new political
system grew in definiteness. The caucus and
convention system he believed to be unrepresen-
tative and corrupt, and a means of maintaining
political control in the hands of industrial, rail-
road, and financial interests so that they might
escape their due share of taxation and reap illicit
profit. In the ten years that elapsed between his
retirement from Congress and his inauguration
as governor in 1901 he elaborated a definite pro-
gram of reform, comprising: (a) a system of di-
rect-primary nominations protected by law; (b)
an equalization of taxation of corporate property
with that of other similar property ; (c) the regu-
lation of charges by railroads and other corpora-
tions to ensure fair play and to prevent them
from passing on their taxes to the public ; and
(d) the erection of commissions of experts for
the regulation of railroads and for other public
interests. His first steps as a reformer were
directed toward the reclaiming of the state gov-
ernment from boss control.
LaFollette found himself an unwelcome aid in
the Republican canvass of 1892, but he assisted
as a free-lance speaker, for he was and continued
to be a, Republican. He toured the state for fol-
lowers in his crusade, finding them most nu-
merous in the western sections where the farm-
ers had been permeable to Granger ideas and
those of Populism, and in northern counties
where railroad dominance and the power of the
timber barons had aroused real animosities. In
the more populous southeast, from Milwaukee
on the east to Janesville, on Rock River, he made
the fewest of his converts. In 1894, through the
medium of a Wisconsin Republican League, he
and his friends pushed the candidacy of a Scan-
dinavian congressman, Nils P. Haugen, for the
nomination as governor; but the organization
procured with ease the selection and election of
Major W. H. Upham, an up-state business man
It now became easier, however, to make way
542
LaFollette
LaFollette
against the Republican managers, for both Saw-
yer and Spooner were out of the Senate. In 1896
LaFollette sought the nomination as governor,
and went to the state convention in Milwaukee
believing that he had a majority of the delegates
pledged to his candidacy. When they failed him,
and nominated an Oconto lumberman, Edward
S. Scofield, on the sixth ballot, LaFollette be-
lieved that a corrupt use of money had accom-
plished his defeat. In 1898 he returned to the
attack, but again Scofield was nominated and
elected.
There were reasons to suppose that the struggle
of LaFollette was now hopeless. McKinley was
president; Payne was in high favor; Spooner
was back in the Senate, where a Milwaukee "Stal-
wart" joined him. The Democratic interlude was
over, and the conservative Republicans had
seemed to meet one of the leading LaFollette de-
mands by setting up a tax commission (1899).
In 1900, however, he found new recruits in the
persons of Joseph W. Babcock \_q.v.~], congress-
man and chairman of the Republican congres-
sional committee in 1894, who had been passed
over for senator in favor of Spooner, and Isaac
Stephenson [g.?'.], a wealthy lumberman whose
senatorial aspirations had been similarly checked.
With this new backing, the campaign against
the Wisconsin bosses was so successfully re-
sumed that all open resistance was withdrawn.
LaFollette found himself nominated by acclama-
tion in 1900; but his associates were the con-
servative associates of Governor Scofield who
were renominated, and in the legislature the
"Stalwart" Republicans had surrendered noth-
ing. He took the office of governor in January
190 1, committed to a program of direct-primary
legislation, tax reform, and railroad control.
This was partly reminiscent of Populism, partly
anticipatory of Progressivism ; but nowhere else
was such a program so aggressively presented
in a Republican state, and before the trend of
the times was fully realized elsewhere the "Wis-
consin Idea" had taken a place at the head of
liberal political thought (Charles McCarthy, The
Wisconsin Idea, 1912; Frederic C. Howe, Wis-
consin: An Experiment in Democracy, 1912).
LaFollette attacked, as corrupt and greedy po-
litical manipulators, the leaders whom he had
found in power and created a deep and lasting
schism in the party in the state. When his oppo-
nents blocked him, as they did at every step, he
countered by going to the people, whom he un-
derstood. They listened to him for long hours
at county fairs, or in a thousand Chautauqua
audiences, when he recited in full his statistical
proofs of the unfair system of taxation and the
need for a public control of railroad rates. His
labors racked his body to its permanent injury,
but assembled a loyal following of common peo-
ple who remained his until, and after, death. The
legislature of 1901 did none of the things that he
had urged in his campaign, and he believed that
its recalcitrance was another proof of the plot
of the bosses against reform. They had allowed
him the empty shell of office, but had retained the
reality of legislative control. At about this time
one of the wealthy "Stalwarts," Charles F. Pfis-
ter, secured control of the Milwaukee Sentinel,
upon which LaFollette had relied for support,
and turned into its columns a persistent attack
upon his aims and motives. To fight the Sentinel,
the Milwaukee Free Press was soon set up as a
new daily by Isaac Stephenson, who differed
from most of LaFollette's associates in having
money (Isaac Stephenson, Recollections of a
Long Life, 1829-1915, 1915, p. 219). The con-
servatives responded to LaFollette's charge of
treachery by denouncing his "rule-or-ruin" am-
bition, and his refusal to cooperate. In 1902 the
governor made a thorough canvass not only for
his own renomination but also for the election
of a legislature that would work with him. He
was so successful that his own lieutenant, Irvine
L. Lenroot, was chosen speaker of the Assembly,
and his primary law was enacted in 1903, sub-
ject to a popular referendum the next year. He
had removed the Republican state convention of
1902 from the hostile influences of Milwaukee to
the friendly atmosphere of the university gym-
nasium at Madison (Barton, post, p. 201). When
Lenroot began the keynote speech before the con-
vention of 1904, the prospect of victory for the
primary law was so good that he was warranted
in reminding his auditors that they constituted
"the last republican convention in Wisconsin"
{Wisconsin State Journal, May 18, 1904).
In the legislature of 1903 the conservative
forces had blocked the passage of railroad and
taxation laws acceptable to LaFollette, and after
the session they had set to work to put him out
of politics. They contested every step in the
campaign of 1904, but a majority of the state
central committee were now LaFollette men, and
these decided to nominate a state ticket and to
select delegates at large to the Republican Na-
tional Convention in a single state convention to
be held in May. The selection of the delegates
to this convention was a matter of warm par-
tisanship, and gave rise to many contests which
the state central committee was disposed to set-
tle in favor of the LaFollette contestants. There
was rumor of an intended seizure of the gavel
by "Stalwarts," and the gymnasium hall was
543
LaFollette
policed by University athletes and so fenced as
to keep physical control in the hands of the
friends of the governor. The precautions were
so complete that the convention renominated
LaFollette with ease, and chose him to lead the
delegates at large in Chicago; whereupon the
"Stalwart" delegations and contestants held a
rival convention in the opera house, nominated
their own state ticket, and chose a set of dele-
gates for the national convention with Payne
and Spooner at their head.
The Republican National Convention at Chi-
cago seated the anti-LaFollette delegation in
spite of the fact that they were the choice of a
bolting faction. The president designate, Roose-
velt, made no opposition to the seating of the
"Stalwarts," thereby arousing in LaFollette a
conviction that his progressivism was neither
genuine nor dependable. In spite of the schism,
the Republican party carried Wisconsin in 1904,
and LaFollette met a friendly legislature in 1905.
A railroad commission was set up, the bill erect-
ing it receiving constructive support from the
railroad politicians who now accepted it as in-
evitable. The Progressive movement and the
"Wisconsin Idea" were fully launched, to be
elaborated during the next few years by the lieu-
tenants of LaFollette. He himself was elected
to the United States Senate in 1905, replacing
Quarles. He deferred his resignation as gover-
nor and his qualification as senator until January
1906, in order to complete the work in hand.
For the next ten years men trained as civil serv-
ants in Wisconsin found unusual opportunities
in the federal service, although LaFollette, who
had been the leader of many of them, was "alone
in the Senate."
Thrice after 1905 LaFollette was elected to
succeed himself. His popular following in Wis-
consin defied any attempt to break his hold upon
it, but at no time did his associates in the Repub-
lican party recognize his right to lead, or accept
cheerfully his direction in those fields in which
he could qualify as expert. His speeches con-
tinued to be elaborate statistical treatises, and
he revealed on the floor of the Senate the same
qualities of vision, courage, and persistence that
had enabled him to organize and direct his cru-
sade against the bosses in Wisconsin. Unde-
pendable as a unit in the Republican organization,
he insisted upon a right to dominate that was
not accorded him and a freedom to stigmatize
his opponents that was bitterly resented. As the
years went on, however, a surprising number of
the measures advocated by him were enacted.
Before the World War checked the movement
for reform, the direct primary was established
LaFollette
by law in most of the states of the nation. This
served to break in a measure the tight grip of
party bosses on the personnel in office, but re-
sulted also in the bringing to Washington and
into the state governments of men as stubborn
and refractory as LaFollette himself, to the de-
struction of party coherence. His reforms in
taxation made Wisconsin a leader in fair assess-
ment and in the adoption of the income tax, which
soon became national. In the matter of railroad
control, LaFollette advocated in the Senate physi-
cal valuation as a basis for rate-making, and was
generally dissatisfied with any measure that
could command a majority of votes. Regulatory
commissions, advocated by him as means to the
bridging of the gap between the electorate, which
can pass intelligent judgment only on general
propositions, and technical experts, who can
strive for scientific exactitude, rebuilt his state
and to some extent changed the whole aspect of
American government. Because of its depend-
ence upon laboratory men in economics, law, and
science, the movement toward government by
commissions gave definitive impulses to the Uni-
versity of Wisconsin, which was perhaps the
object of LaFollette's greatest affection, and
through his influence that institution rose to na-
tional prominence.
Unalterably at variance with the dominant
wing of the Republican party that represented
industry and finance, LaFollette regarded him-
self and was regarded by his followers as the
logical man to take over the principles of the
Roosevelt administration and translate these into
enactment. They failed to perceive that the "Stal-
wart" faction, with which Roosevelt himself had
not been able to maintain more than an armed
truce, would not have tolerated a genuine Roose-
veltian. LaFollette's name was presented to the
Republican National Convention of 1908, but it
was Taft who secured the nomination, while
Roosevelt gave no sign of seeing in LaFollette
more than a progressive local leader. The latter,
remembering his own rebuff of 1904 and per-
ceiving Roosevelt's willingness to find a working
basis with the "stand-pat" wing of the party, be-
came deeply convinced that Roosevelt was not a
genuine reformer. The Taft administration
could never convince him that it was progressive.
LaFollette led the Senate opposition to the
Payne-Aldrich tariff, and espoused the cause of
conservation. His hopes for the nomination to
succeed Taft in 1912 were advanced by the Demo-
cratic gains of 1910. The schism that had been
scarcely concealed in the Republican party since
1901 broke out in open warfare.
In the opinion of LaFollette the foundation of
544
LaFollette
American society was imperiled by the unre-
strained greed of business, which he felt would
inevitably engender Socialism. He was no So-
cialist, but he feared for the continuance of the
"American principle" unless democracy could
develop agencies powerful enough to overcome
the selfish power of wealth. He founded a per-
sonal organ for maintaining contact with his
followers when, on Jan. 9, 1909, appeared the
first number of LaFollctte's Weekly Magazine,
carrying the caption : "Ye shall know the truth
and the truth shall make you free." Believing
that in the nation, as previously in Wisconsin,
it was necessary to gain control over the organi-
zation before reforms could be attained, he draft-
ed the manifesto upon which the National Pro-
gressive Republican League was organized in
his Washington residence in 191 1. The League
aimed at such mechanical reforms as direct pri-
maries and the direct election of senators, and
hoped to bring about the nomination of a Pro-
gressive candidate to succeed Taft. It was gen-
erally conceded that LaFollette was the logical
leader of this insurgent group, although defeat
was expected to be the immediate reward of its
activities. He was encouraged to fight by many
who would have preferred to support Roosevelt,
but who believed that the latter was outside the
contest. He thought that Roosevelt was himself
one of his backers. But, by the end of 1911, the
revolt against Taft ceased to appear hopeless and
Roosevelt, in secrecy, became convinced that it
might be won, if only he took the lead. In Febru-
ary 1912, a temporary breakdown of LaFollette
on a public occasion ( Owen Wister, in "Roosevelt
and the 1912 Disaster," Harper's Magazine, May
1930) gave the pretext for many of his support-
ers to switch to Roosevelt. LaFollette believed
for the rest of his life that he had been used only
as a decoy and never forgave either Roosevelt
or the deserters among his own followers. He
remained in the race at the Chicago convention,
but to no avail. His prominence as a Progressive
soon threw him into close contact with the Wil-
son administration when the latter undertook to
enact progressive measures with Democratic
votes. On numerous occasions the Democrats
received LaFollette's support, paying for it by
joining with him in the passage of a seaman's
act in 1915. His strong sympathy with labor,
too, brought him close to much of the activity of
the Democrats ; but he broke away when the
problems of the World War and neutrality be-
gan to require American attention.
Such positive testimony as LaFollette's pri-
vate correspondence may contain with reference
to the reasons for his war attitude has not yet be-
LaFollette
come available. Roosevelt's early and vigorous
support of the Allies may have helped to fix his
attitude. He retained throughout his life that
critical attitude toward Great Britain that was
nearly universal during his service in the House
of Representatives. The German or Scandina-
vian origin of many of his constituents did not
tend to soften it. When imperialism began to be
discussed during his senatorial career, his sym-
pathies were with the people of the dependencies.
His characteristic hostility to the larger agencies
of wealth made him critical of the profits which
some Americans derived from the munitions
trade, and made it easy for him to believe that
the drift of the United States into the World
War was the result of a conspiracy of Wall
Street to protect its loans to the Allies. Really
anti-British, he could not avoid the reputation
of being pro-German. Never a man to conceal
his sentiments or to take cover in a fight, he be-
came an open critic of the diplomatic course of
President Wilson. He engineered the filibuster
that prevented the passage of the armed mer-
chant-ship legislation at the close of the short
session in 1917, and he spoke and voted against
the declaration of war against Germany. In the
latter debate he used the almost fatal words:
"Germany has been patient with us" {Congres-
sional Record, 65 Cong., 1 Sess., p. 234). After
the declaration, he "supported all other war
measures because if we were to send an army in
a foreign war at all, it was right and necessary
to send them perfectly equipped and amply sup-
plied in every way" (LaFollette's Magazine, July
1919, p. 1). He used every effort, however, to
make the war a charge upon the current income
of the rich, rather than a bonded obligation upon
posterity. In September 19 17, the incorrect
press version of one of his speeches at a Non-
partisan League meeting in St. Paul exagger-
ated his unpopularity, and directed against him
a movement for his expulsion from the Senate.
There was no ground for an expulsion, but the
Senate evaded compliance only by protracting
its proceedings. LaFollette continued to be the
scapegoat for excited patriots. No piece of criti-
cism wounded him more deeply than an adverse
memorial from members of the faculty of his
university, and a censure by the legislature of
his state. But when his partisans later wished
to retaliate upon those who had censured him it
was his hand that restrained them. Active as he
was in criticism of the avowed aims of the war,
his activity was lessened by the long and des-
perate illness of his eldest son. He opposed the
ratification of the Covenant of the League of
Nations, and the accession of the United States
545
LaFollette
to the World Court. He strove to organize far-
mer and labor opinion, to protect these classes
against the consequences of deflation, and to
prevent "big business" from entrenching itself
in the legislation of the post-war period.
LaFollette had been reelected easily in 1916;
and at the next senatorial election, in 1922, the
war was over, the reaction had set in, and he
was stronger than ever among his constituents.
In the Senate from 1919 to 1925, he and his "lit-
tle group of willful men," as Wilson had previ-
ously characterized them, were able to hold a
balance of power. His Republican associates re-
sented his independence but dared not risk the
consequences of turning him out of the party.
His hold on liberal opinion was steadily becom-
ing stronger, and his character stood every test
in the trying years of the Harding administra-
tion. He was the author of the resolution which
authorized the senatorial investigation of the
Teapot Dome and other naval oil leases. There
was no chance that his party would ever accept
him for the presidency, but there was in 1924 a
possibility that the forces in revolt might be
welded into a new party of liberalism, and that a
third candidate might throw the election into the
House of Representatives, where on the vote by
state delegations the insurgents might hold a
balance of power and determine the choice.
"Coolidge or chaos" was the phrase of George
Harvey, who exaggerated the possibility of this
to the advantage of the Republican candidate.
A conference for Progressive political action,
meeting at Cleveland in July 1924, invited La
Follette to run independently ; this he did, se-
lecting his vice-presidential associate, Senator
Burton K. Wheeler, from among the progressive
Democrats. He carried out as active a canvass
against both Coolidge and Davis as his health
would permit, and received nearly 5,000,000
votes in November, or one-sixth of the votes
cast ; whereas the Populist ticket of 1892 had re-
ceived only one vote in twelve. It was his last
campaign. He had long worked against physical
disabilities which now got the better of him. He
died in Washington during the following sum-
mer, but the magnetism of his name placed his
eldest son and namesake in his Senate seat. His
widow and three other children also survived
him.
[In the files of LaFollctte's Weekly and of the Mad-
ison Capital Times may be found expression of LaFol-
lette's views, and an approving exposition of them. See
also the compilation of Ellen Torelle, The Polit. Phi-
losophy of Robt. M. LaFollette as Revealed in his
Speeches and Writings (1920). He prepared for serial
use in the American Magazine in 1911-12 the personal
chapters that became LaFollette' s Autobiography ; A
Personal Narrative of Political Experiences (1913),
reprinted and enlarged in later years. A friendly sketch
Lafon
of his work is Albert O. Barton, LaFollette's Winning
of Wisconsin 1894-1904 (1922). Among numerous ar-
ticles may be cited : Bruce Bliven, "Robt. M. LaFol-
lette," New Republic, July 1, 1925, and "Robt. M. La
Follette's Place in Our Hist.," Current Hist., Aug.
1925 ; F. A. Ogg, "Robt. M. LaFollette in Retrospect,"
Current Hist., Feb. 1931. For Mrs. LaFollette, see
N. Y. Times, Aug. 19, 20, 1931. Shortly after his death
his wife and children executed an agreement whereby
his voluminous papers will eventually become the prop-
erty of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin.]
F. L. P.
LAFON, THOMY (Dec. 28, 1810-Dec. 22,
1893), negro philanthropist, was born in New
Orleans, La., the son of Pierre Laralde and Mod-
est Foucher. How he came by the name Lafon
is not known. His father was part French; his
mother was of Haitian extraction. Both were
free persons of color. In some way young Lafon
acquired sufficient education to begin life as a
school teacher. Then, about 1850, he began to
operate a small store in Orleans Street, in his
native city. Just before the Civil War he began
to lend his savings at advantageous rates of
interest and to invest in real estate. Possessed
of excellent judgment and great sagacity, he
quickly accumulated a comfortable fortune,
which grew with the years, and which enabled
him to leave an estate valued at approximately
half a million dollars at the time of his death.
Lafon was physically weak and almost ema-
ciated in appearance, but his carriage was erect
and dignified, and his manners courteous and
affable. His fluency in the use of French and
Spanish led many, apparently without reason,
to believe that he had been educated in Europe.
He was devoted to art and especially fond of
music. His olive complexion, regular features,
and straight steel-gray hair, would have enabled
him to pass as a Caucasian in most communities,
but he made no effort to conceal his race. He
was of a retiring nature and averse to notoriety
of any kind. Although he owned pretentious
houses in many sections of the city, he preferred
a humble abode, a small, shabby-looking cottage
at the corner of Ursuline and Robertson Streets.
He never married, but lived here with his sister,
his sole companion and adviser, who possessed
the same traits and characteristics as himself.
He shunned all extravagances and lived like a
miser, but, while he carefully investigated all re-
quests for assistance, he was never known to
refuse financial aid to deserving persons or
causes. A devoted Roman Catholic, he became
greatly attached, toward the end of his life, to
Archbishop Janssens, who possibly influenced
his later philanthropies. These extended to all
classes of society with no distinction in regard
to color or race, sex or age. By his will, dated
Apr. 3, 1890, he provided for his aged sister and
546
Lag una
some rtiUJds, but left the bulk of his estate to
charitable, educational, and religious institutions
of New Orleans. Among them were the Charity
Hospital, the Lafon Old Folks Home, the Soci-
ety of the Holy Family, the Shakespeare Alms-
house, Straight University (now Straight Col-
lege) and one or two other colored educational
institutions, and the Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat
Hospital. In recognition of his charities the city
of New Orleans has named one of its public
schools after him. He died at his home, and
was buried in St. Louis Cemetery on Esplanade
Avenue.
[Records at St. Louis Cathedral and at the City Hall,
New Orleans; Jour, of Negro Hist., Jan. 1917, Apr.
1922; R. L. Desdunes, Nos Hommes et Notre Histoire
(Montreal, 191 1); Daily Picayune (New Orleans),
Dee. 23 and 24, 1893 ! copy of Lafon 's will (will No.
41,124) in the office of the Clerk of the Civil District
Court for the Parish of Orleans, New Courthouse
Building, New Orleans.] M.J.W.
LAGUNA, THEODORE DE LEO DE (July
22, 1876-Sept. 22, 1930), philosopher, was born
at Oakland, Cal., the son of Alexander de Leo
and Frederica Henrietta (Bergner) de Laguna.
His father was a French citizen of Spanish de-
scent who came to the United States during the
political revolution of 1848. His mother was
born in Saxony. Alexander de Laguna married
her in Philadelphia in 1850. In the same year
they sailed for San Francisco by way of Cape
Horn. Theodore, who was the youngest of nine
children and a rather frail child, attended the
public schools of Oakland and was graduated
from the University of California in 1896. From
the same University he received the degree of
M.A. in 1899. In 1900-01 he was fellow in phi-
losophy in Cornell University and at the end of
that year was granted the doctorate in philoso-
phy. From 1901 to 1903 he taught school in the
Philippine Islands and traveled in the Orient.
Although his health suffered from this experi-
ence, he regarded it as an important factor in
the later formulation of his sociological views.
During the years 1903-05 he resumed his studies
in philosophy at Cornell University where he
held office as honorary fellow and assistant in
philosophy. On Sept. 9, 1905, he married Grace
Mead Andrus, then a graduate student in Cor-
nell University. From the time of his marriage
his wife was closely associated with him in his
philosophical studies, teaching, and publication.
In the autumn of 1905 they went to the Univer-
sity of Michigan where De Laguna had been ap-
pointed assistant professor of education. From
1907 until his death at Hardwick, Vt, in Sep-
tember 1930, he was professor of philosophy at
Bryn Mawr College.
Laguna
De Laguna's interests were not confined to
technical philosophy, but included also the fields
of literature and music. Reared in the rigorous
pietism of a Lutheran home, he sought, even in
his undergraduate years, freedom of thought by
shaking off the trammels of the constraining
faith in which he had been bred, but more than
a touch of that faith lingered on to his last days
{Contemporary American Philosophy, vol. I, pp.
420 ff.). His philosophical life was spent largely
in the processes of analysis and criticism. He
gave his allegiance to no school of thought, al-
though at different periods of his life he ac-
knowledged the spell of neo-Hegelianism and
welcomed certain aspects of the pragmatism of
William James, such as the evolutionary view
of knowledge and the emphasis laid on belief.
He was disposed to reject the traditional em-
piricism and rationalism in their dogmatic forms.
Between these, on the one hand, and the new
theories of social and organic evolution on the
other, he wrote as a mediator. He characterized
his own philosophy as "The Way of Opinion."
Not only is knowledge in constant process of
growth and modification, according to De La-
guna's view, but there is no such thing as truth
in general ; there are only truths of particular
propositions. There is no science of the universe,
but only particular sciences. Cosmologies are
merely figures of speech. He is not an agnostic
nor is he a skeptic in any ordinary connotation
of these terms. While he denies the validity of
induction, and accords to deduction alone logical
validity as a method, he finds in science a healthy
condition. "Scientific knowledge has the best
claim to the title that any beliefs can have"
{Contemporary American Philosophy, vol. I,
p. 411); it (scientific knowledge) is the most
authoritative "opinion," the nearest approxima-
tion to certainty, and in this respect is superior
to speculative philosophy in its present state. De
Laguna's publications include the following:
Dogmatism and Evolution: Studies in Modern
Philosophy (1910), written in collaboration with
his wife; Introduction to the Science of Ethics
(1914); Factors of Social Evolution (1926);
"The Way of Opinion" (in Contemporary
American Philosophy, vol. I, 1930) ; and nu-
merous articles and discussions of current phil-
osophical literature published principally in the
Journal of Philosophy and the Philosophical
Review.
[Who's Who in America, 1930-31 ; Addresses at a
Memorial Service for Theodore de Leo de Laguna at
Bryn Mawr College, Nov. 16, 1930, delivered by Marion
Edwards Park, Brand Blanchard, W. P. Montague,
and Helen H. Parkhurst (unpublished) ; N. Y. Times,
Sept. 25, 1930.] W. A. H.
547
Lahontan
LAHONTAN, LOUIS- ARMAND DE LOM
D'ARCE, Baron de (June 9, 1666-c. 1713), a
noted traveler in the New World and author of
a popular volume of description and travel, was
a native of the south of France, where the village
of Lahontan still stands on the banks of the
Garonne. His father, Isaac de Lorn d'Arce, was
a noted engineer who bought the barony of La-
hontan and bequeathed it to his only son, the
child of his old age and of a second marriage
with Jeanne-Franqoise le Fascheux de Couttes.
Isaac Lahontan died in 1674 after having had
financial losses that left his estate greatly de-
pleted. Louis, following the custom of his time,
entered the army at an early age, held first a
commission in the Bourbon regiment, and then
transferred to the marine corps, which had
charge of colonial defense. In 1683 he embarked
with his regiment for New France, where the
governor, La Barre, had asked for troops to
aid him against the Iroquois. Lahontan's first
military service was in La Barre's futile expedi-
tion of 1684 to Lake Ontario, which failed to
reach or punish the Iroquois Indians, with whom
the governor was forced to make an ignominious
peace. For this he was recalled. The Marquis
Denonville, who came in his place, undertook in
1687 an expedition which was more effective.
In the interval between the two excursions La-
hontan was in garrison, where he devoted much
time to hunting and to observing his surround-
ings. Meanwhile he was summoned to France
on affairs of his estate. Needing every available
soldier, the governor would not allow him to
go and, after the campaign was finished, sent
him west with Duluth and Tonty because he un-
derstood the Indian languages and the Indian
methods of diplomacy. He was left as com-
mandant at Fort St. Joseph, on St. Clair River
above Detroit. This post he abandoned the next
year on pretext of danger, visited Mackinac,
and thence went somewhere into the farther west
to spend the winter. In his book he claimed to
have ascended the Mississippi, to have found
the River Long, and there to have wintered
among tribes whose names and customs are un-
known to history.
In the summer of 1689 he returned to Quebec
and joined the new governor, Count de Fron-
tenac, by whom the young baron was held in
such esteem that he was sent to France in 1690
to bear the good news of the defeat of the Eng-
lish fleet on the lower St. Lawrence. Lahontan's
reward was a promotion to a captaincy and the
gift of a place in the order of Notre Dame. By
September 1691 he was again in Canada, a mem-
ber of the gay court of Frontenac at Chateau St.
Lahontan
Louis. There he had an affaire dit coeur with a
Canadian girl, whom he finally refused to marry,
apparently from caprice. The next year he again
embarked for France and, on the way, aided in
the repulse of a large British squadron at Plai-
sance, Newfoundland. In reward for this service
he was made royal lieutenant for the last-named
colony, whence in 1693 the erratic soldier de-
serted the service, and made himself an exile
from French domains. Thereafter he wandered
about Europe, from Portugal to Holland and,
later, from Hamburg and Copenhagen to Spain.
In 1703 he published at The Hague his famous
book, Nouveaux Voyages de Mr. le Baron de
Lahontan dans I' Amerique Septentrionale, which
ran through many editions and translations. It
was accompanied by a map showing the River
Long and a number of illustrations of the man-
ners and customs of the Indians, a brief vocabu-
lary, and much interesting material on the New
World. In the first English edition, the same
year, the author published a series of "Dia-
logues" with the Huron Indian he called "Ada-
rio," wherein he discussed the philosophy of
primitive life as contrasted with civilization.
His last years were spent at the court of Han-
over, where he was befriended by the philoso-
pher, Leibnitz, and where he is believed to have
died.
Lahontan was a caustic spirit with a cynical
outlook on life ; his favorite authors were Lu-
cian and Petronius and he had a deep aversion
for ecclesiastics of all kinds. His "Dialogues
Curieux" depicted the "natural man" so impor-
tant to eighteenth-century philosophers, and his
influence on the growth of primitivism both in
England and France has been lately traced by
Chinard (post). Addison, Steele, and preemi-
nently Swift derive from Lahontan, while his
work was a source for LeSage, Montesquieu,
Voltaire, and Chateaubriand. He wrote well,
even charmingly, and his descriptions of Can-
ada and the West add to the knowledge of prim-
itive conditions, of flora, fauna, and the life of
the savages. His accounts of historical events
and personages are accurate, except where he
wilfully misled his readers. His imaginary River
Long has discredited his book of travels, which
in many particulars is the best account of New
France in the late seventeenth century.
[New Voyages to America, ed. by R. G. Thwaites
(1905) with critical biography and bibliography; in-
troduction of Gilbert Chinard, Dialogues Curieux, par
Baron de Lahontan (1931) ; F. C. B. Crompton,
Glimpses of Early Canadians : Lahontan (1925) ; Proc.
and Trans, of the Royal Soc. of Canada, vol. XII
(1895); L. P. Kellogg, The French Regime in Wis.
and the Northwest (1925)] L. P. K.
548
Laimbeer
LAIMBEER, NATHALIE SCHENCK
(Dec. 4, 1882-Oct. 25, 1929), banker and finan-
cial writer, was born in New York City, the
daughter of Spotswood and Effie (Morgan)
Schenck. Her interest was first aroused in
finance, she said, when as a child she accom-
panied her grandmother to the bank. Sometimes
she was permitted to clip coupons from bright
orange bonds, and she then determined that her
first purchase would be securities of similar
color. During the Spanish-American War, when
she was but fifteen, she collected $25,000 in
dimes for the American Red Cross for the con-
struction of an ice plant in Cuba. She did not
prepare for a business career, however, and for
many years devoted her abilities entirely to so-
cial and charitable enterprises. She was mar-
ried in 1904 to Capt. Charles Collins of the Brit-
ish Army, by whom she had one son and from
whom she was later divorced. In 1909 she mar-
ried William Laimbeer of New York, and to
them two daughters were born. In 1913 her sec-
ond husband was killed in an automobile acci-
dent on Long Island and as a result of the same
accident she was for some time a semi-invalid.
Her first outstanding public work was done
as a volunteer in the United States Food Ad-
ministration during the World War, when she
assisted in devising plans for the canning and
conservation of food. Following in the line of
this experience, in November 1918, she became
manager of the Bureau of Home Economics of
the New York Edison Company, giving many
lectures and demonstrations at various colleges
and schools. In 19 19, she entered upon her
banking career as manager of the women's de-
partment of the United States Mortgage &
Trust Company. Less than a year later she was
appointed assistant secretary of that organiza-
tion in charge of those Manhattan branches
which were organizing women's departments.
She was called to the National City Bank of
New York in 1925 as assistant cashier, being the
first woman employed by that bank ever to be
given a title. As head of the women's depart-
ment, until poor health forced her to retire in
1926, she became nationally known as a banker
of ability and sound judgment. From January
1928 to July 1929 she was editor of the depart-
ment on finance of the Delineator, and she con-
tributed many articles on finance to the New
York World and other papers. She was one of
the founders of the Association of Bank Women,
served as its national vice-president from 1921 to
1923, and was elected to the presidency for the
three years following. In this office she made,
it is said, a definite contribution to the cause of
Lalor — Lamar
bank women, securing for them recognition as
an integral part of the banking profession. Co-
incident with, and perhaps owing to, her work
in the Association of Bank Women, came a
change in the conception of banks : heretofore
considered as credit institutions primarily, they
came to be regarded as organized agencies for
public service, and women's departments in-
creased in number and effectiveness.
Mrs. Laimbeer died in New York, as a result
of acute cardiac dilatation, and was buried in
Woodlawn Cemetery.
[N. Y. Times, Oct. 26, 1929 ; Delineator, Jan. 1928-
July 1929, esp. Mar. 1928 ; letter from W. P. Williams,
personnel director of the National City Bank of N. Y.,
June 20, 1930; interview with the president of the
Asso. of Bank Women, June 26, 1930 ; records of the
Department of Health, N. Y. City.] j y_p
LALOR, ALICE [See Teresa, Mother, 1766-
1846].
LAMAR, GAZA WAY BUGG (Oct. 2, 1798-
Oct. 5, 1874), ship-owner, banker, cotton mer-
chant, and Confederate agent, was born in Rich-
mond County, Ga., the son of Basil and Rebecca
(Kelly) Lamar and a descendant of Thomas
Lamar who, coming from France, settled in
Maryland before 1663. His first wife was Jane
Meek Creswell, to whom he was married in
Augusta, Ga., Oct. 18, 1821. He manifested a
keen aptitude for business and rose quickly to a
place of prominence in the financial circles of
Augusta and Savannah. Quick to discern the
trends of the time, he rarely missed an ascend-
ing movement in commerce. He introduced the
first iron steamship in American waters, build-
ing the John Randolph in Savannah in 1834 from
plates and structural shapes fabricated in Eng-
land (commemorative tablet, City Hall, Savan-
nah). The next year he was one of the incor-
porators of the Iron Steam-Boat Company of
Augusta, which established a line of steamers on
the Savannah River. He was financially inter-
ested in the Mechanics' Bank of Augusta, of
which his brother, George Washington Lamar,
was cashier. In 1838 he bought the Centre Street
toll bridge over the Savannah River at Augusta,
selling it two years later to the municipality.
He is said to have rendered financial assistance
to the Republic of Texas, when his cousin Mira-
beau B. Lamar \_q.v.~\ was president ; and at an-
other time to have assisted in the floating of a
Mexican bond issue. His ship Mary Summers
served as an American transport in the Mexican
War.
On the night of June 14, 1838, his steamship
Pidaski went down off the Carolina coast, and
though Lamar himself and his eldest son were
549
Lamar
Lamar
rescued from the water, his wife and six chil-
dren were among the 140 who were lost. The
surviving son later came into prominence in the
affair of the slave ship Wanderer, and as a lieu-
tenant-colonel in the Confederate army was
killed in one of the last engagements of the Civil
War. A few years after his first wife's death
Lamar married Harriet, daughter of Charles
Antoine de Cazenove, a native of Switzerland,
and his wife, Anne Hogan of Alexandria, Va.
By his second marriage Lamar had two sons and
three daughters.
In 1845 he removed to New York, becoming
president of the Bank of the Republic. In No-
vember i860 he bought 10,000 muskets at the
Watervliet Arsenal, N. Y., and shipped them to
Georgia, where they arrived just after the se-
cession of South Carolina. On Jan. 22, 1861,
New York police took from the steamer Monti-
cello at her North River pier 200 muskets con-
signed to Savannah ; and the Georgia authori-
ties seized five New York vessels lying at Sa-
vannah as a reprisal. Lamar acted as agent for
the state of Georgia in the settlement of the af-
fair, which was effected, with restitution, on
Mar. 18. He remained in New York until well
after the commencement of hostilities, acting as
a Confederate intelligence and postal agent.
Returning to Savannah as head of the Bank
of Commerce, he was elected president of the
Bank Convention of the Confederate States, held
at Atlanta in July 1861. For the next three and
a half years he was actively engaged in banking
and blockade running. In October 1863 he in-
curred considerable popular disfavor through
the exposure of overtures he had addressed to
Fernando Wood, former mayor of New York
and then member of Congress, looking toward a
copartnership in blockade running. Lamar pro-
posed to finance and manage the venture if
Wood could "grease" the blockade so that their
ships could pass freely at Ossabaw Inlet. The
proposals were intercepted and printed in the
New York Times, and were reprinted in many
Confederate papers. Lamar vigorously defended
his proposition on the basis that the end justified
the means : that to loosen up the blockade it was
as consistent with the public good to use bribes
as gunpowder. He considered the war over when
Sherman occupied Savannah, and immediately
took the oath of allegiance to the United States
in order to save as much of his property in the
occupied area as possible. After many disputes
with Federal officers, however, over property
which they claimed as "captured and aban-
doned," he was arrested by the military authori-
ties on charges of conspiring with his nephew,
G. B. Lamar, Jr., and others, to appropriate gov-
ernment cotton and to bribe various military and
civil officials. He was confined for a time in
the Old Capitol Prison at Washington ; but was
released by President Johnson. He retained
Gen. Benjamin F. Butler to press his claims
against the government. Considerable sums have
been recovered by his heirs and legatees.
Though an astute politician and trader, Lamar
was a generous man. He endowed hospitals for
negroes in Augusta and Savannah ; and was one
of the endowers of the Young Men's Library
Association of Augusta. He died in New York;
and was buried at Alexandria, Va., among the
Cazenoves.
[C. C. Jones and Salem Dutcher, Memorial Hist, of
Augusta, Ga. (1890) ; I. W. Avery, The Hist, of the
State of Ga. (1881); War of the Rebellion: Official
Records {Army), 1 ser. IV, 2 ser. Ill (Navy), 1 ser.
XXVIII (pt. 2), LIII, supp., 3 ser. I, 4 ser. I ; A. D.
Candler, The Confed. Records' of the State of Ga., vol.
IV (1910) ; Edward Mayes, Geneal. Notes on a Branch
of the Family of Mayes and on the Related Families
(1928?) ; W. H. Lamar, "Thomas Lamar of the Prov-
ince of Maryland and a Part of His Descendants,''
Southern Hist. Asso. Pubs., July 1897 ; Daily Chronicle
and Sentinel (Augusta), Oct. 28, 29, 1863 ; Savannah
Republican, Oct. 24, 27, 1863; N. Y. Tribune, Oct. 6,
1874; Atlanta Constitution, Oct. 8, 1874.]
W.M.R.Jr.
LAMAR, JOSEPH RUCKER (Oct. 14, 1857-
Jan. 2, 1916), jurist, a descendant of Thomas
Lamar, who emigrated from France to Virginia
in the seventeenth century, was born at "Cedar
Grove," the plantation home of his maternal
grandfather in Elbert County, Ga. His father,
James Sanford Lamar, was educated for the bar
but having come under the influence of Alexan-
der Campbell, entered the ministry of the Dis-
ciples of Christ. His mother, Mary Rucker, was
the youngest child of Joseph Rucker of Ruckers-
ville, Ga., a planter of wealth and unusual men-
tal force. Joseph Lamar's early childhood was
spent at "Cedar Grove" but after his mother's
death in 1864 he went to live in Augusta, where
his father was pastor of the Disciples' Church.
There at the academy of Joseph T. Derry he
was a schoolmate of Woodrow Wilson. After
completing his secondary education at Martin
Institute, Jefferson, Ga., and the school con-
ducted by Col. Richard Malcolm Johnston at
Penn Lucy, Md., he entered the University of
Georgia. At the request of his father — who had
been called to a pastorate in Louisville, Ky. —
he transferred to Bethany College, West Vir-
ginia, where he graduated in 1877. After study-
ing law at Washington and Lee University, and
in the office of Henry Clay Foster in Augusta,
he was admitted to the bar of Georgia in 1878.
He then returned to Bethany, taught Latin for
55°
Lamar
/amar
a year, and on Jan. 13, 1879, was married to
Clarinda Huntington Pendleton, a daughter of
the president of the college. In 1880 he moved
to Augusta to practise law in partnership with
Foster, and there he made his home until ele-
vated to the United States Supreme Court.
Lamar was an indefatigable worker and rose
rapidly at the bar. He also took an interest in
public questions and served two terms in the
state legislature (1886-87, 1888-89). An inter-
est, early developed, in the history of the juris-
prudence of his native state led him to write
many papers on the subject. His talent for re-
search was given recognition in 1893 by his
appointment as one of three commissioners to
recodify the laws of Georgia. To Lamar was
assigned the major task of preparing the civil
code. This compilation, The Code of the State
of Georgia (2 vols., 1896), enhanced his repu-
tation and eight years after its completion he
was appointed an associate justice of the state
supreme court. He found the duties of the court
congenial, but his health suffered from the ex-
acting and confining nature of the work, and
after serving two years he resigned. He re-
sumed the practice of law in Augusta and was
soon retained in important litigation. It was
during this period that he gained a favorable de-
cision, on final appeal to the United States Su-
preme Court, in the case of Central of Georgia
Railway Company vs. Wright, Comptroller-
General of Georgia (207 U. S., 127). His argu-
ment, that the Georgia statute providing the
method of assessing railroad property for taxa-
tion violated the "due process" clause of the
Constitution, was considered masterly. Nomi-
nated by President Taft an associate justice of
the Supreme Court of the United States, he was
unanimously confirmed by the Senate and sworn
into office Jan. 3, 191 1.
Lamar's opinions, on both the state and fed-
eral benches, have distinct literary merit and
reveal unusual judicial ability. Terse, clear, and
logical, they yet leave little to be said upon con-
trolling questions. They also show that he had a
profound sense of justice, as in Oliver vs. Oliver
(118 Ga., 362), where he held that a director of
a corporation, who purchases shares in the com-
pany without informing the seller of a contem-
plated transaction which would enhance the
value of the stock, must rescind the sale or give
the seller other appropriate relief. Perhaps his
most widely discussed decision was rendered in
Gompers vs. Bucks Stove & Range Company
(221 U. S., 418), in which the conviction of
Samuel Gompers and other labor leaders was set
aside because of defective procedure, but where
the power of courts to punish for violations of
injunctions restraining boycotts was upheld.
His most far-reaching decision was probably
United States vs. Midwest Oil Company (236
U. S., 459) in which it was held the president of
the United States had the right, without express
authority of Congress, to withdraw public oil
lands from private entry.
Lamar was sent by President Wilson as one
of the commissioners to represent the United
States at the mediation conference at Niagara
Falls, Canada, in May-June 1914, sponsored by
Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, to adjust the dif-
ferences between the American and Mexican
governments growing out of Wilson's refusal to
recognize Huerta as president of Mexico. His
tact and ability so impressed Wilson that the
President wished to appoint him a delegate to
the Pan American Conference to be held in
Chile the following October, but Lamar felt' he
could not absent himself so long from his judi-
cial duties ; moreover, his health was beginning
to fail. At the end of the next term he sought
to regain his strength at various watering places.
He did not improve, however, and, returning to
Washington, died just five years after becom-
ing a member of the Supreme Court. Lamar
was a companionable man with much charm of
manner. Lord Bryce, who knew him in Wash-
ington, said of him, "He seemed to me to have
an eminently just and wide mind, always seek-
ing for the truth in a spirit of perfect candour,
and penetrating deep to the true reasons of po-
litical principles and legal rules" (Life of Joseph
Rucker Lamar, post, p. 282). Several of Lamar's
papers are scattered through the reports of the
Georgia Bar Association.
[See : Clarinda Pendleton Lamar, The Life of Jos.
Rucker Lamar (1926) ; W. J. Northen, Men of Mark
in Ga., vol. IV (1908) ; memorials in 241 U. S., App.
ii, and 146 Ga., 841 ; Evening Star (Washington), Jan.
3, 1916 ; N. Y. Times, Jan. 4, 31, 1916. Lamar's opin-
ions are to be found in 1 17-21 Ga. Reports and in 220—
38 U. S. Reports.] b. F.
LAMAR, LUCIUS QUINTUS CINCIN-
NATUS (Sept. 17, 1825-Jan. 23, 1893), Mis-
sissippi statesman, senator, associate justice of
the United States Supreme Court, was born in
Putnam County, Ga., fourth of eight children of
Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus and Sarah Wil-
liamson (Bird) Lamar. The Lamars, who were
of French Huguenot ancestry according to tra-
dition, settled in Maryland prior to 1663, moved
to Georgia about 1755, and, following the ad-
vancing frontier, became established in Putnam
County about 1810. The elder L. Q. C. Lamar
was a distinguished Georgia lawyer who served
as judge of the Ocmulgee circuit. His brother,
S5*
Lamar
Mirabeau B. Lamar [q.v.], was the second pres-
ident of the Republic of Texas. Young L. Q. C.
Lamar was connected on his mother's side with
the distinguished Williamson, Bird, Clarke, and
Campbell families.
Prepared in the schools of Baldwin and New-
ton County, he was graduated from Emory Col-
lege, Oxford, Ga., in 1845. The president of
that institution was the notable A. B. Longstreet
[q.z>.], whose daughter Lamar later married. He
studied law in Macon, Ga., under Absalom
Chappell, a kinsman, and was admitted to the
bar in Vienna, Dooly County, in 1847. After a
short-lived partnership with Judge Chappell, he
began practice in Covington, Newton County.
On July 15, 1847, he married Virginia Long-
street. In November 1849, thinking the newer
country more promising for a young man, he
followed his father-in-law, who had become pres-
ident of the University of Mississippi, to Ox-
ford, Miss. Here he practised law, served as
adjunct professor of mathematics in the Univer-
sity, and entered politics. He returned to New-
ton County, Ga., in 1852, and served that county
in the legislature in 1853. In 1854 he moved to
Macon, Ga., but resided there only one year, re-
turning to Mississippi for personal and profes-
sional reasons in October 1855.
He now became permanently identified with
Mississippi. In 1857 he was elected to Congress
from the first district as a Democrat, and was
returned to the Thirty-sixth Congress in 1859.
During these turbulent years he acted with the
Southern Democrats on slavery and party ques-
tions. He was conservative in temperament and
loved the Union, but was determined to preserve
what he understood to be the rights of the South-
ern states. It was this spirit which animated
him in the secession crisis. As a member of the
Charleston Democratic Convention in i860 he
opposed the withdrawal of the Southern dele-
gates, but was over-ruled. He had never ques-
tioned the theoretical right of secession, and af-
ter Lincoln's election he became convinced that
only the dissolution of the Union could preserve
the rights and liberties of the slave-holding
states. Resigning his seat in Congress and re-
turning to Mississippi he drafted and reported
the Mississippi ordinance of secession.
He assisted in raising the 19th Mississippi
Regiment for the Confederacy, and served as its
lieutenant-colonel in Virginia until his health,
never robust, forced his retirement from active
service in May 1862 and his resignation in the
following October. In November he was ap-
pointed special commissioner of the Confederacy,
to Russia, and proceeded to Europe, arriving in
Lamar
London, Mar. 1, 1863. He passed several months
in London and Paris, but when the events of
1863 had demonstrated the futility of his mis-
sion he was recalled, before setting out for St.
Petersburg. He reached Richmond Jan. 9, 1864.
In the last year of the Confederacy he labored
to sustain the Davis administration against its
critics. From December 1864 to the surrender
he served as judge-advocate of the III Army
Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia.
Lamar's activities in the first years of peace
were confined to his law practice and professor-
ships, first of metaphysics and then of law, in
the University of Mississippi. His political life
seemed closed. In 1872, however, receiving some
Liberal Republican support, he was elected to
Congress, winning the first Democratic victory
in Mississippi since the beginning of Congres-
sional Reconstruction. Soon his chivalrous eu-
logy of Charles Sumner, delivered April 1874
(Congressional Record, 43 Cong., 1 Sess., pp.
3410-11), attracted national attention, and did
much to bind up sectional wounds. The fol-
lowing year, conditions in Mississippi being in-
tolerable, Lamar led the victorious fight which
accomplished redemption from radical misrule.
He was now the foremost political figure in
the state, and his stanch national patriotism and
personal integrity were winning the admiration
of Congress and the country. He pleaded for
sectional reconciliation and good will. In a spirit
of moderation he supported the electoral com-
promise settlement of 1876 which made Hayes
president. Elected to the Senate in January
1876, he took his seat Mar. 6, 1877.
In the Senate he took high rank at once as
orator and statesman. He wished to face new
issues, to represent a "New South," but his
former Confederate affiliations subjected him to
badgering by Conkling, Blaine, Hoar, and others,
with whom he engaged in frequent spirited col-
loquies from which he emerged with increased
renown. In 1878 his opposition to the free-sil-
ver movement, contrary to the instructions of
his state legislature, attracted much attention,
and his independence evoked some adverse criti-
cism in Mississippi. He believed that the free
coinage of silver under existing conditions was
an unsound policy, and that payment of national
bonds in silver constituted a violation of faith to
the bond-holders.
In 1885 Cleveland tendered Lamar appoint-
ment as secretary of the interior, a post which
he accepted with misgivings. His acceptance,
he wrote to Jefferson Davis, was actuated by the
wish to "impress the country with a desire of the
South faithfully to serve the interests of a com-
552
Lamar
,amar
mon country" (Mayes, post, p. 4"i). He ad-
ministered His department in a manner highly
satisfactory to the president, who on Dec. 6,
1887, nominated him to the coveted place on the
Supreme Court bench made vacant by the death
of Justice Woods. The nomination met some
political and factious opposition, on the score
of Lamar's age and previous Confederate activi-
ties, but was confirmed by the Senate on Jan. 16,
1888. He served on the Court until his death
five years later. Of him, Chief Justice Fuller
said : "He rendered few decisions, but was in-
valuable in consultation. His was the most sug-
gestive mind that I ever knew, and not one of
us but has drawn from its inexhaustible store"
(Ibid., post, p. 546).
By his first marriage, Lamar had one son and
three daughters. His wife died, Dec. 30, 1884,
and on Jan. 5, 1887, he married Henrietta
(Dean) Holt of Macon, widow of William S.
Holt. No issue came of this union. Lamar died
at Macon, Ga. He represented the best of the
old and the new South. He was a leader in both
orders. In him were united scholarship and the
gifts that produce political leadership : the com-
bination made him a powerful figure.
[Edward Mayes, Lucius Q. C. Lamar, His Life,
Times and Speeches (1896) is the basis of all subse-
quent accounts. It is filial and somewhat uncritical,
but contains a store-house of Lamar materials. See
also H. L. Carson, Hist, of the Supreme Court of the
U. S. (1891), vol. II; "In Memoriam : Lucius Q. C.
Lamar," 148 U. S. Reports, 707-11 ; War of the Rebel-
lion: Official Records (Army), 1 ser. XI (pt. 1), XV,
XXVI (pt. 2), LI, LIII, 4 ser. II, III; H. P. Judson,
in Rev. of Rev. (N. Y.), Mar. 1893; Atlanta Consti-
tution, Jan. 24, 1893 ; scattered material in official doc-
uments and the contemporary press. A number of let-
ters from L. Q. C. Lamar are in the Confederate, James
Murray Mason, and Cleveland MSS. at the Lib. of
Cong.] H.J. P., Jr.
LAMAR, MIRABEAU BUONAPARTE
(Aug. 16, 1798-Dec. 19, 1859), second president
of the Republic of Texas, was born in Warren
County, Ga. He was a cousin of Gazaway Bugg
Lamar and uncle of Lucius Q. C. Lamar [qq.v.'\.
His parents, John and Rebecca (Lamar) Lamar
were cousins descended from Thomas Lamar
who emigrated from France to Virginia and
then settled in Maryland before 1663. Mirabeau
was the second of a family of nine children,
more than one of whom later reached positions
of distinction. The unusual names were due to
the eccentricity of an uncle. John Lamar was a
thrifty farmer who gave his children a sound
common-school education. After an unsuccess-
ful venture as a merchant in Alabama, Mirabeau
Lamar, in 1823, became the private secretary to
Gov. George M. Troup of Georgia. In this po-
sition he took an active part in the movement to
secure the expulsion of the Creeks and Cher-
okees against the opposition of the national gov-
ernment. After his marriage, on Jan. 1, 1826, to
Tabitha B. Jordan, of Perry, Ala., Lamar be-
came the editor of the Columbus Enquirer at
Columbus, Ga., the organ of the state-rights
party. His wife died in 1833. Defeated for Con-
gress, he soon afterward became interested in
Texas and took a short trip there in 1835. Late
in March 1836, he returned to Texas, borrowed
a horse, and was soon on his way to join Hous-
ton's army at Groce's ferry (The Papers of
Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar, I, 346). In the
battle of San Jacinto, Lamar distinguished him-
self as the commander of the cavalry and soon
after became secretary of war in the provisional
cabinet of President Burnet. He advocated the
execution of Santa Anna and was bitterly op-
posed to the more lenient policy of Austin and
Houston. In the election of 1836, Lamar was
chosen vice-president of Texas, and two years
later, after a curious campaign marked by the
suicide of two leading opponents, he became
president for the full constitutional period of
three years (December 1838-December 1841).
The new president was an excellent horseman
and had a reputation as a ready orator and writ-
er. His habit of writing verses after the fashion
of Byron, some of which he later brought to-
gether in a volume entitled Verse Memorials
0857), strengthened the belief of his opponents
that he was a dreamer rather than a statesman.
But the simplicity of his manners, his honesty
and generosity in money matters, his hospitality,
and his complete devotion to the welfare of
Texas were generally recognized by a pioneer
community which did not always read his poems.
(Anson Jones, Memoranda and Official Corre-
spondence Relating to the Republic of Texas,
1859, p. 34, and Kendall, post, I, 69, are typical
unfriendly and friendly portraits.)
President Lamar regarded the recent rejec-
tion of Texas by the United States as on the
whole fortunate and laid all his plans for the cre-
ation of a great independent republic. He ad-
vocated a national bank and planned a compre-
.hensive system of education beginning with the
common schools and ending with a state uni-
versity, both to be supported by generous grants
of land. He commenced successful negotiations
to secure recognition by France, England, and
Holland. Mexico had been compelled by for-
eign war and internal dissensions to grant a vir-
tual truce to the rebellious Texans, but all ef-
forts to gain a recognized independence failed.
One reason was Lamar's plan to extend the
sovereignty of Texas to the whole region north
553
Lamar
and east of the Rio Grande. For this purpose
he secured the expulsion of the Cherokees from
eastern Texas (1839) and sent a successful puni-
tive expedition against the troublesome Co-
manches in the west. He had personally se-
lected a capital for the nation on the extreme
limit of settlement and in 1840 became the found-
er of the new city of Austin on the Colorado.
In the closing months of his administration he
opposed a scheme of Houston to grant great
areas in the west to a colonizing French com-
pany, and without authority from Congress, he
organized an expedition of 265 soldiers and 38
civilians to open trade with distant Santa Fe and
to persuade the New Mexicans by peaceful means
to accept the sovereignty of Texas. The distance
had been miscalculated; the unfriendly influence
of the Mexican governor Armijo had been under-
estimated; and the members of the expedition
were easily captured and sent as prisoners on a
long march to Mexico. Lamar had been success-
ful in many things, but he was unable to solve the
growing financial difficulties of Texas. His In-
dian policy was ruthless and effective, but also
expensive. When Houston was reelected presi-
dent at the close of 1841, Texas had a paper cur-
rency depreciated almost to the vanishing point
and a debt of more than seven millions with no
immediate likelihood of solvency.
Lamar's closing years were relatively unevent-
ful. In 1844 he reversed his former attitude and
became an advocate of annexation on the frank
ground that such a measure was necessary to
the preservation of slavery and the safety of the
South (Papers, IV, 1924, pt. I, p. 113). After
services during the Mexican War at Monterey
and Laredo, he spent most of his time in the
management of his plantation at Richmond. He
was bitterly opposed to Clay's compromise meas-
ures of 1850. After remaining a widower for
many years, in 1851 Lamar was married to Hen-
rietta Maffitt of Galveston, sister of John New-
land Maffitt [q.v.~\. In the fifties he took an ac-
tive interest in various commercial conventions
for the South. In 1857 his financial difficulties
were partially relieved by an appointment as
minister to Nicaragua, but he found it impos-
sible to gain the ratification of a proposed treaty
which would have given the United States a
virtual protectorate over the isthmus, and his
capacity for a diplomatic post was bitterly criti-
cized by papers unfriendly to the Democratic ad-
ministration (Papers, post, IV, pt. 2, pp. 201-04).
In July 1859, he was recalled and died at his
home in Richmond before the close of the year.
[The Papers of Mirabcau Buonaparte Lamar (6 vols.,
1920-27) were published by the Texas State Library.
Lamb
See also : A. K. Christian, Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar
(1922), reprinted from the Southwestern Hist. Quart.,
Jan. 1920-Apr. 1921 ; W. C. Binkley, The Expansionist
Movement in Texas (1925), which contains an excellent
bibliography ; W. H. Lamar, "Thomas Lamar of the
Province of Maryland, and a Part of his Descendants,"
Southern Hist. Asso. Pubs., July 1897, G. W. Kendall,
Narrative of the Texan Santa Fe Expedition (2 vols.,'
1844), and Edward Mayes, Gencal. Notes on a Branch
of the Family of Mayes and on the Related Families
('928?)-] R.G.C.
LAMB, ISAAC WIXOM (Jan. 8, 1840-July
14, 1906), Baptist clergyman, inventor, the son
of Rev. Aroswell and Phebe (Wixom) Lamb,
was born in Hartland, Livingston County, Mich.
He was descended from Valentine Wightman,
first of the family of pastors of Groton Church,
Groton, Conn. Lamb's early life was that of the
pioneer farmer's son, and included a common-
school education in the district schools followed
by a preparatory-school course at Kalamazoo,
Mich. He then entered the Baptist Theological
Seminary at Rochester, N. Y. As a boy he had
earned his spending money by braiding whip
lashes by hand, and while attending the seminary
he was in the habit, while poring over his books,
of not only braiding lashes but doing all sorts of
knitting as well. He had always shown an apti-
tude in mechanics and an interest in invention,
and upon returning to his home in West Novi,
Mich., he began to work seriously upon a ma-
chine to braid whip lashes. For this device he
secured patent No. 24,565 on June 28, 1859. He
thereupon began working on the perfection of a
knitting machine, and in order to expedite his
work, removed about 1861 to Detroit, Mich. On
Sept. 15, 1863, he secured patent No. 39,934 for
a knitting machine capable of knitting not only
tubular goods such as the legs and feet of hosiery,
but flat, single-ribbed or plain work as well. This
was the first successful flat, as contrasted to cir-
cular, knitting machine to be designed in the
United States. Furthermore, it could knit fine
or coarse yarn with equal ease. In 1864 Lamb
removed to Rochester, N. Y., where he sold an
interest in his invention and in the following year
organized the Lamb Knitting Machine Manu-
facturing Company. About the same time a sec-
ond company to manufacture the machine was
established at Chicopee Falls, Mass. Going to
Europe, he secured patents in France, England,
and Belgium, and in 1866 established factories
in Paris and in Covet, Switzerland. He had
meanwhile continued improving his machine
and in 1865 had secured three patents which
when added to his original machine made it
capable of producing thirty different kinds of
knitted goods. The machine, too, could be op-
erated at the rate of 4,000 knots a minute. Upon
554
Lamb
his return to the United States in 1869, he gave
up his business connections and was ordained in
the Baptist ministry; and until 1899 he was en-
gaged in active pastoral work in various locali-
ties throughout Michigan. He still devoted his
leisure to invention, however, and secured more
than fifteen patents, chiefly for further improve-
ments of his knitting machine. While a resident
of Dansville, Mich., in 1879, he also perfected
and patented leaf turning paper, and in 1883
while living in Parshallville, Mich., he devised
an improved windmill and derrick. In 1895 he
organized the Perry Glove & Machine Company
in Perry, Mich., to manufacture gloves with
machines of his own design. He was president
of this company and mill superintendent at the
time of his death. In the disposal of his knitting
machine patents Lamb realized comparatively
little financially. He gave much to church and
charitable causes. He was twice married: first,
on Sept. 25, 1861, to Caroline Smith of Hart-
land, Mich. ; and after her death, to Mrs. Eliza-
beth L. Phelps on Mar. 21, 1880. He died in
Perry, Mich., survived by his widow and two
step-children.
[Senate Ex. Doc. No. 12, 36 Cong. 1 Sess. ; House
Ex. Doc. No. 60, 38 Cong. 1 Sess.; House Ex. Doc.
No. 52, 39 Cong. 1 Sess. ; Specifications and Drawings
of Patents Issued from the U. S. Patent Office, Aug.
1879, Aug. 1882, May 1883, Dec. 1884, Jan. 1887, Nov.
1891, Dec. 1893, Mar. 1897, Apr., Sept., Oct. 1898, May
1900, Mar. 1904, May 1905 ; W. B. Kaempffert, A
Popular Hist, of Am. Invention (1924); John Cham-
berlain, "The Technology of Knitting," in The Textile
American (Boston), Oct. 1923 ; Who's Who in America,
1906-07 ; Lamb family records ; Textile* World Record
(Boston), Aug. 1906; Detroit News, July 16, 1906;
Detroit Journal, July 17, 1906.] C. W. M.
LAMB, JOHN (Jan. 1, 1735-May 31, 1800),
Revolutionary patriot, soldier, was born in New
York City. His father, Anthony Lamb, a native
of England, was apprenticed to Henry Carter, a
mathematical instrument maker near St. Clem-
ent's Church, London, but in July 1724 became
an accomplice of Jack Sheppard, one of the most
noted burglars in history. Sheppard died on the
gallows at Tyburn, Nov. 16, 1724, but because
it was Lamb's only offense, he received "a fa-
vourable prosecution" (Borrow, post) and was
sentenced to be transported to the American
colonies. In Virginia he served out his time,
then settled in New York City, where he worked
at his trade, married a Dutch lady named Ham,
and became a respectable citizen. John Lamb
joined his father in the manufacture of mathe-
matical instruments, then became prosperous as
a wine merchant. On Nov. 13, 1755, he married
Catherine Jandine, of Huguenot descent. After
the passage of the Stamp Act in 1765 he was a
leader of the Sons of Liberty, was active in
Lamb
haranguing the populace, corresponded with pa-
triots in the other colonies, and continued to be
an irrepressible agitator during the next decade.
He signed the non-importation agreement, wrote
articles for the patriot press in New York and
Boston, and published anonymous handbills. In
December 1769 he publicly denounced the New
York Assembly for its subserviency to the royal
governor. The Assembly, suspecting Lamb of
being the author of two handbills which were
considered libels on the house, ordered him to its
bar. He was examined, but dismissed for lack
of evidence. During the excitement over the
tea tax he was a member of the committee of the
Sons of Liberty chosen to correspond with simi-
lar committees elsewhere. When news of the
battle of Lexington reached New York, Lamb
and Isaac Sears [g.e'.] seized the custom house
and prevented vessels from leaving the harbor.
Lamb and his men seized the military stores at
Turtle Bay. He was commissioned captain of
an artillery company in July 1775 and joined the
army of Gen. Richard Montgomery for the in-
vasion of Canada. At the siege of St. Johns he
aroused the displeasure of Montgomery, who
wrote (Nov. 24, 1775) to Gen. Philip Schuyler,
that Lamb was "a restless genius" and had "a
bad temper. . . . He has been used to haranguing
his fellow-citizens in New York, and can not
restrain his talent here." Brave, intelligent and
active he was, "but very turbulent and trouble-
some" (B. J. Lossing, The Life and Times of
Philip Schuyler, i860, I, 469). Wounded and
captured during the assault on Quebec (Dec. 31,
1775), Lamb was released on parole a few months
later. Congress appointed him major of artil-
lery in command of the northern department
(Jan. 9, 1776) but he remained inactive because
of his parole. On Nov. 29, 1776, Congress or-
dered Washington to include Lamb in the next
exchange of prisoners. In January 1777 he was
exchanged and appointed colonel of the 2nd Con-
tinental Artillery. He was wounded at Compo
Hill in April 1777 while assisting Benedict
Arnold in harassing the British retreat following
the British attack on Danbury, Conn. He com-
manded the artillery at West Point in 1779 and
1780, and was brevetted brigadier-general (1783)
by virtue of the general act for promotions
passed by Congress at the close of the Revolu-
tion. In 1784, the New York legislature, of
which he was a member, appointed him collector
of the customs for the port of New York. He
was chairman of an association of "Federal Re-
publicans" opposed to the ratification of the fed-
eral Constitution and corresponded with Anti-
Federalist leaders — Patrick Henry, Richard
555
Lamb
Henry Lee, William Grayson, and others. A
Federalist mob took note of his activities by
threatening his house, which he hastily fortified.
The Constitution ratified, Washington promptly
appointed Lamb to the collectorship at New
York. A few years later a large shortage oc-
curred, and although it is supposed that Lamb's
deputy, a former criminal, was guilty, Lamb,
held responsible by the government, sold his lands
to cover the lost funds, resigned his office (1797),
and died in poverty.
[Lamb MSS., N. Y. Hist. Soc. ; I. Q. Leake, Memoir
of the Life and Times of Gen. John Lamb (1850) ; H.
B. Dawson, The Sons of Liberty in N. Y. (1859);
Thos. Jones, Hist, of N. Y. during the Revolutionary
War (2 vols.), written between 1783 and 1788 but first
published in 1879; Jour. . . . of the Gen. Assembly of
the Colony of N. Y '., Dec. 20, 21, 1769 ; Jours, of Cong.,
Jan. 9, Nov. 29, 1776; Names of Persons for whom
Marriage Licenses were Issued by the Secy, of the
Province of N. Y. previous to 1784 (i860) ; John
Schuyler, Institution of the Soc. of the Cincinnati
(1886) ; John Villette, The Annals of Newgate; or the
Malefactors Register (1776), I, 258-59; Jas. Mounta-
gue, The Old Bailey Chronicle (1788), I, 315-16; G.
H. Borrow, Celebrated Trials and Remarkable Cases of
Criminal Jurisprudence (18257, HI, 378-79; Com-
mercial Advertiser (N. Y.), May 3.C. 1800.]
F. E. R.
LAMB, MARTHA JOANNA READE
NASH (Aug. 13, 1829-Jan. 2, 1893), author,
editor, daughter of Arvin and Lucinda (Vinton)
Nash, was born in the little town of Plainfield,
Mass., close to the Berkshire Hills, "blessed
with an abundance of rock and forest and fresh
air," as she once characterized it. Her grand-
father, Jacob Nash, was a Revolutionary soldier,
and her grandmother, Joanna (Reade) Nash,
had ancestors on the Mayflower and was of the
same family as Charles Reade, the English novel-
ist. While Martha was still a child her mother
died. Her father, she says, was a severe critic
of newspapers and of people who wrote for them.
At the age of fifteen, when on a visit to her
mother's birthplace, she wrote an unsigned let-
ter to a Northampton paper, which the editor,
having discovered the identity of his contributor,
published over her signature. Fearing her fa-
ther's wrath, she locked herself in her room un-
til she was assured that she would not be "scolded
for her first literary effort." In school her fa-
vorite subject was mathematics, and it was that
and allied subjects to which she later devoted
herself during a brief teaching career. Her
article, "The Coast Survey" (Harper's New
Monthly Magazine, March 1879), reveals her
grasp of a technical subject.
On Sept. 8, 1852, she was married to Charles
A. Lamb, of Ohio, and lived for some years
thereafter in Chicago, where her husband was
salesman for a furniture house. While there she
Lamb
aided in the movement which led to the founda-
tion of the Half-Orphan Asylum and the Home
for the Friendless. In 1866 she made New York
City her residence and plunged into literary work.
At first she wrote several books for children,
then a novel, Spicy (1873), which had the Chi-
cago fire for a background, then short stories for
magazines. While thus engaged she saw an op-
portunity to indulge the taste for historical study
which had always possessed her. Though Wash-
ington Irving had written his burlesque History
of New York in 1809, and Mary L. Booth, a
single-volume History of the City of Nezv York
in 1859, neither had used to any extent the wealth
of source material that was available. With the
aid of the colonial documents published by the
State of New York, of newspapers, and of manu-
script collections, she was able to write a History
of the City of New York: Its Origin, Rise, and
Progress (2 vols., 1877-81), which for accuracy,
clearness, and precision of statement was far
superior to any earlier work on the subject. Both
humor and pathos appear in her treatment of
what to some others would have seemed but dry
facts. The work won acclaim for her as "one
of the most advanced women of the century"
(New York World, Jan. 3, 1893). In May 1883
she was chosen as editor of the Magazine of
American History, at that time in its seventh
year, and the only periodical in the country that
was devoted to American history. This publi-
cation absorbed her attention for the rest of her
life. She secured for its columns contributions
from talented writers in all parts of the country
and herself contributed scores of articles, some
of which were subsequently reprinted, among
them, Wall Street in History (1883), Unpub-
lished Washington Portraits (1888). With un-
tiring energy she gave her personal attention to
the most minute details in connection with each
issue, and her readers realized they were profit-
ing by the work of an accomplished, patient, in-
dustrious, and painstaking student. Invited to
a meeting of the Royal Society of Canada in
1 89 1, she was "the guest of Montreal," an honor
never previously bestowed upon a woman not of
royal blood. Her death occurred in New York
City, but she was buried in the Berkshire Hills
from which she came.
[Daniel Van Pelt, "Mrs. Martha J. Lamb," in Mag.
of Am. Hist., Feb. 1893 ; Mrs. F. H. Pierson, "Martha
J. Lamb, the Historian," in Proc. N. J. Hist. Soc, 2
ser. X (1890), 115-20; New-Eng. Hist, and Gcneal.
Reg., July 1893; N. Y. World, Jan. 3, 1893; N. Y.
Herald, Jan. 4, 1893 ; N. Y. Geneal. and Biog. Record,
Apr. 1893; Publishers' Weekly, Jan. 7, 1893; W. B.
Gay, Gazetteer of Hampshire County, Mass., 1654-
1887 (1887); Jacob Porter, Topog. Description and
Hist. Sketch of Plainfield in Hampshire County, Mass.
556
Lambdin
(1834); Confession of Faith, Covenant, and List of
Members of the Cong. Ch., Plainficld, Mass. (1893) ;
C. N. Dyer, Hist, of the Town of Plain field, Hampshire
County, Mass. (1891) ; F. E. Willard and M. A. Liver-
more, A Woman of the Century (1893).] A. E. P.
LAMBDIN, JAMES REID (May 10, 1807-
Jan. 31, 1889), painter, was born in Pittsburgh,
Pa., the son of James and Prudence Lambdin.
At the age of twelve he spent most of his free
time drawing, carving, and engraving on wood.
He discovered his life-long passion for painting
when, over the door of a coffee house opposite
his mother's home in Pittsburgh, he chanced to
see, painted as a sign, a full-length copy of one
of Stuart's portraits of Washington. Spurred by
his new ambition he went to Philadelphia in 1823,
and there began to study under Edward Miles,
an English painter and miniaturist. After six
months he was accepted as a pupil by Thomas
Sully, with whom he worked for several years,
returning to his native city in 1826. At that
time friends interested in his career endeavored
to collect sufficient funds to send him to Europe,
and Lambdin hurried to New York for embarka-
tion. The funds, however, did not materialize,
and the disappointed young painter returned to
Pittsburgh. In a zealous endeavor to acquaint
the West with works of art, he opened a museum
and gallery of paintings in Pittsburgh at Fourth
and Market streets. Assisted by popular sub-
scription, he enlarged his collection to include,
besides fifty pictures — historical and otherwise
— twenty quadrupeds, 200 foreign and American
birds, 500 minerals, 400 fossils, 150 marine shells,
marine plants, and Indian curios.
For four years Lambdin remained in his native
city, but in 1832 he moved his museum and family
to Louisville, Ky., seeking a wider field for his
prospects as a painter. Although he resided in
Louisville for several years, he spent the greater
part of his time visiting the large cities between
Pittsburgh and Mobile, Ala. During this period
of restless roving, he painted (1833) a portrait
from life of Chief Justice Marshall. By 1837,
having tired of an itinerant existence, he had
settled in Philadelphia, where he soon became a
member of the Artists' Fund Society, in which
organization he served as corresponding secre-
tary in 1838 and 1844, as vice-president from
1840 to 1843, and as president from 1845 to 1867.
From 1845 to 1864 he was a director of the Penn-
sylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and for some
time chairman of that institution's committee on
instruction. In 1858 he presided over the con-
vention of American artists at Washington, and
was appointed by President Buchanan to serve
as one of the United States art commissioners.
Lambert
He served as professor of fine arts at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania from 1861 to 1866.
Lambdin achieved recognition through por-
trait painting. Among his canvases are portraits
of every president of the United States from
John Quincy Adams to James A. Garfield, the
majority having been executed in Washington
at the Executive Mansion. He painted a self
portrait which is owned by the Pennsylvania
Academy of the Fine Arts. He was also an ac-
complished miniaturist. His "Miniature of an
Artist" was shown at the Pennsylvania Academy
in 1845, and his miniature of "Polly Vincent" is
also well known. He was married to Mary
Cochran of Pittsburgh, and they had six chil-
dren, five of whom lived to maturity. He died
of heart failure on the train between Philadelphia
and his home in the suburbs.
[Public Ledger (Phila.). Feb. 1, 1889; school cata-
logues of the Univ. of Pa., 1861-66; catalogue of the
Sesquicentennial Hist. Exhibition of the Pa. Acad, of
the Fine Arts, 1926 ; catalogue of the Loan Exhibition
of Hist. Portraits at the Pa. Acad, of the Fine Arts,
Dec. i, 1887, to Jan. 15, 1888; Standard History of
Pittsburg, Pa. (1898), ed. by Erasmus Wilson; Theo-
dore Bolton, Early Am. Portrait Painters in Miniature
(1921); H. B. Wehle, Am. Miniatures, 1730-1850
(1927); Art in America, June 1922; Ulrich Thieme
and Felix Becker, Allgcmeincs Lcxikon dcr Bildendcn
Kunstlcr, vol. XXII (1928) ; Wm. Dunlap, Hist, of the
Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in the U. S.
(2 vols., 1834), rev. ed. (3 vols., 1918), ed. by F. W.
Bayley and C. E. Goodspeed ; information from the
Md. Hist. Soc. ; Pittsburgh Mercury, Oct. 4, 1826.]
D.G.
LAMBERT, LOUIS ALOISIUS (Apr. 13,
1835-Sept. 25, 1910), Roman Catholic clergy-
man and author, was born at Charleroi, Pa. His
father, William Lambert, had come from Ireland
in 181 1 ; his mother was Lydia Jones, a Quakeress
who had entered the Catholic Church. Educated
at St. Vincent's College, Westmoreland County,
Pa., and subsequently at the archdiocesan semi-
nary, Carondelet, Mo., Lambert was ordained a
priest in 1859, for the diocese of Alton, 111. He
was then stationed at Cairo and served missions
in several counties. When the Civil War broke out
he was commissioned chaplain of the 18th Regi-
ment, Illinois Infantry, by Governor Yates. With
the rank of a captain of infantry, he saw service
in Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mis-
sissippi. When peace came he returned to Cairo,
but went to New York in 1868 to become profes-
sor of philosophy in the novitiate of the newly
established Congregation of St. Paul. On May
20, 1869, he received official excardination from
the diocese of Alton, and on Oct. 16, 1869, was
appointed pastor at Waterloo, N. Y. There in
the next twenty years he began and virtually
completed the building of a church. Meanwhile,
however, he deepened his interest in writing and
557
Lambert
lecturing. During 1877 he founded the Catholic
Times, a weekly, which was merged some time
later in the Catholic Times of Rochester. In
1892 he founded and until 1894 edited the Catho-
lic Times of Philadelphia, which in its third year
was combined with its rival as the Catholic
Standard and Times. Meanwhile an unusual op-
portunity had presented itself. In August 1881,
the North American Review had published a de-
bate between Robert G. Ingersoll and Judge
Jeremiah S. Black \_qq.v.~\. A new wave of
agnostic rationalism was gaining momentum at
the time, and the circumstances under which
the Ingersoll-Black debate was conducted lent
strength to the atheist argument. Father Lam-
bert took up the cudgels in a series of papers
contributed to the Catholic Union and Times of
Buffalo, N. Y. These were reprinted as Notes
on Ingersoll (1883) and ran through many edi-
tions, the book appealing to Catholics and Prot-
estants alike. The method was a form of literary
dialogue, in which passages from Ingersoll's
addresses were quoted and commented upon.
Lambert's Tactics of Infidels (1887) continued
the argument, in the same manner. Thus Lam-
bert became the champion of orthodoxy in the
United States, and as such was bitterly attacked
in such "infidel" pamphlets as B. W. Lacy's Re-
ply to Rev. L. A. Lambert's Notes on Ingersoll
(1885) and Charles Watts's Orthodox Criticism
Tested (Toronto, n.d.). Lambert's other pub-
lished writings include: Thesaurus Biblicus
(1880), the first Catholic Biblical concordance
in English, adapted from a German work by
Philip Merz; and Christian Science at the Bar
of Reason (1908). He also edited Catholic Be-
lief (1884), by Joseph Faa di Bruno, and Indif-
ferentism (1917), by Rev. John MacLaughlin.
During these years he was widely termed the
"American Newman" and he was certainly the
first American Catholic apologist to reach a wide
audience outside his own communion, but his
writings are so closely identified with contro-
versies peculiar to a definite era that they have
not lasted beyond their day. He must be judged
primarily as a journalist, and here his most im-
portant achievement, apart from his books, was
his editorship of the New York Freeman's Jour-
nal from 1894 to 1910. During several years he
was involved in a bitter quarrel with his ordi-
nary, Bishop Bernard J. McQuaid of Rochester.
The charges against Father Lambert were these :
that he had written in a spirit of opposition to the
bishop ; that he was the leader of a group of re-
bellious priests, who sought unjustifiable con-
trol over a "clergy fund" and other matters;
and that his attitude with regard to certain Irish
Lamberton
patriotic demonstrations had been antagonistic
to episcopal authority. The Bishop summarized
these charges in a letter to Cardinal Simeoni,
of the Propaganda (Feb. 18, 1888), adding that
he had been "shamefully deceived" about Father
Lambert's character and claiming that the latter
had been dismissed from Alton diocese for bad
conduct. These personal accusations were quite
mistaken, as the facts prove, but the Bishop had
some cause for complaint. He was, no doubt, a
little autocratic, but he faced the problem of
maintaining discipline among frequently recal-
citrant priests. Father Lambert was, perhaps,
spoiled in a measure by his literary and ora-
torical successes, so that he failed occasionally
to pay the Bishop due respect. The controversy
was carried to Rome, elicited the interest of many
other clergymen and prelates, was tentatively
decided several times, and finally settled (Jan.
22, 1890) after both Bishop McQuaid and Lam-
bert had journeyed to the Vatican. The terms
were that Lambert should remain in the diocese
of Rochester, but be transferred from Waterloo
to Scottsville. During these years his popularity
had increased, and crowds gathered to listen to
his addresses. After a period of decline, he died
at Newfoundland, N. J., and was buried at
Scottsville, N. Y.
[Archdiocesan archives, New York and Baltimore;
F. J. Zwierlein, The Life and Letters of Bishop Mc-
Quaid, vol. Ill (1925); J. T. Smith, in Ave Maria,
Dec. 3, 1910; Cath. World, Nov. 1910; Cath. News
(N. Y.), Oct. 1, 1910; Freeman's Journal (N. Y.),
1894-1910; Cath. Encyc., vol. XVI (copr. 1914) ;
Newark Evening News, Sept. 26, 1910 ; date and place
of birth and names of parents from Who's Who in
America, 1910-11.] G. N. S.
LAMBERTON, BENJAMIN PEFFER
(Feb. 25, 1844-June 9, 1912), naval officer, the
son of James Findlay and Elizabeth (Peffer)
Lamberton, was born in Cumberland County, Pa.
After attending Carlisle high school and Dick-
inson preparatory school, in 1858 he entered
Dickinson College and continued there until the
end of his junior year. His imagination having
been fired by contact with the army post at Car-
lisle, his first desire had been for a military ca-
reer, and it was this that finally led to his secur-
ing an appointment as midshipman in the navy.
He entered the Naval Academy in 1861 with a
large war class and was graduated at the end of
three years in the upper section. On Feb. 25,
1873, he married Elizabeth Marshall Stedman of
Boston. After various assignments in the Atlan-
tic and Pacific squadrons, in 1885 he attained the
grade of commander and was ordered to Charles-
ton as lighthouse inspector. There must have
been something in this service that had unusual
558
Lamberton
interest for him, since he had four assignments
under the Lighthouse Board, covering ten years.
In the spring of 1898, on being ordered to the
Asiatic Station, he succeeded in reaching the
American squadron at Hong Kong just before
it sailed for Manila. He had been detailed to
command the cruiser Boston, but Commodore
Dewey created for him the position of chief of
staff. "Thus," Dewey wrote, "I secured the aid
of a most active and accomplished officer . . .
when there was positive need of his services ;
but not until later did I realize how much I owed
to the sympathetic companionship of Lamberton's
sunny, hopeful, and tactful disposition" (Auto-
biography, post, pp. 193-94). As the American
force engaged the Spanish in Manila Bay, he
was standing next to Dewey on the bridge. The
following morning when the Spanish flag was
flying over the arsenal at Cavite, he went in the
Petrel to demand its surrender. Later he was
given charge of removing the sick and wounded
Spaniards to the captured steamer Isabel and of
taking them to Manila. When the American
army arrived, and the Spaniards in Manila
capitulated, he was the naval representative on
the joint commission that determined the details
of surrender. He had been highly commended
by Dewey in his report of the battle of Manila
Bay, and Congress advanced him seven numbers.
On the 17th of May he was promoted to the rank
of captain, and later was given command of the
Olympia. In 1903 he was promoted to the rank
of rear-admiral and made commander-in-chief
of the South Atlantic Squadron, but this duty
was cut short by a serious eye trouble that had
its origin in his close proximity to the large
guns of the Olympia during the firing in Manila
Bay. In 1905 he was made chairman of the
Lighthouse Board, holding this office until he
was retired for age, Feb. 25, 1906. His last years
were spent in Washington, where he died.
His letters show that home ties meant much to
him. His father died when Lamberton was a
boy, and out of his naval pay he provided for his
mother. His cheerfulness was contagious, for
it was the expression of good health and abound-
ing vitality. He was fond of walking and out-
door sports. Often he was the companion of
President Cleveland in duck shooting and fish-
ing, and their friendship continued to the end.
[Autobiography of George Dewey (1913) ; F. E.
Chadwick, Relations of the U. S. and Spain — The
Spanish-American War (2 vols., 191 1) ; Annual Report
of the Light-House Board (1905) : L. R. Hamersly, The
Records of Living Officers of the u. S. Navy and Marine
Corps (7th ed., 1902) ; Army and Navy Jour., June 15,
1912; Army and Navy Reg., June 22, 1912; Evening
Star (Washington), June 10, 1912.] C. S A
Lambing
LAMBING, ANDREW ARNOLD (Feb. 1,
1842-Dec. 24, 1918), Roman Catholic clergy-
man and historian, was born in Manorville, Pa.,
the son of Michael Anthony and Anne (Shields)
Lambing. His father was a descendant of Chris-
topher Lambing, who in 1740 emigrated to
America from Alsace, France ; his mother was
of Irish ancestry. Educated at St. Michael's
Seminary, Pittsburgh, he was ordained a priest
on Aug. 4, 1869. He held the following pas-
torates in Pennsylvania: Loretto, 1869; Cam-
eron Bottom, 1870 ; Kittanning, 1870-73 ; Pitts-
burgh (St. Paul's Orphan Asylum and Church
of St. Mary of Mercy), 1873-85; and Wilkins-
burg, 1885-1918. He served the Pittsburgh di-
ocese as fiscal procurator, as president of the
diocesan school board, and as censor of books.
After having written two manuals, The Orphan's
Friend (1875) and The Sunday School Teach-
er's Manual (1877), he definitely entered the
field of historical study and writing. In 1880 he
published A History of the Catholic Church in
the Dioceses of Pittsburg and Allegheny and
five years later, The Baptismal Register of Fort
Duquesne, 1754-1756 (1885), translated from
the French and accompanied by an introductory
essay and notes. His interest in the Fort like-
wise led him to dedicate an altar to Our Lady of
the Assumption at the Beautiful River, as a
memorial of the eighteenth-century shrine. Fa-
ther Lambing's other publications include: The
Sacramentals of the Holy Catholic Church
(1892); Come, Holy Ghost (1901); The Im-
maculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary
(1904) ; The Fountain of Living Water ( 1907) ;
and Foundation Stones of a Great Diocese : Brief
Biographical Sketches of the Deceased Bishops
and Priests Who Labored in the Diocese of Pitts-
burgh from the Earliest Times to the Present
(1912). In addition he contributed to The Stand-
ard History of Pittsburg ( 1898), edited by Eras-
mus Wilson, and helped to edit A Century and a
Half of Pittsburg and Her People (1908). In
so far as his historical books are concerned, they
must be judged as pioneer efforts, carried
through without the preparation which modern
research demands, therefore faulty, but never-
theless useful as first digests of the records.
When Pope Leo's encyclical on the study of
history was published (1883), Father Lambing
tried to organize a historical society, but the
result of his efforts was a publication which later
became American Catholic Historical Researches
and was ultimately merged (1912) with the Rec-
ords of the American Catholic Historical Society
of Philadelphia. As a serious attempt to pro-
mote study of the past by Catholics it has its
559
Lambuth
place among journals of a former day. Having
won the personal friendship of Andrew Carnegie,
Father Lambing was made one of the trustees of
the Carnegie Institute and of the Carnegie Tech-
nical School, Pittsburgh. For many years he
was president of the Historical Society of West-
ern Pennsylvania, and in 1893 he prepared
the Pittsburgh diocesan school exhibit for the
World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. His
last years were spent in such complete retirement
that virtually no notice was taken of his death,
which occurred at Wilkinsburg, where he is
buried.
[A. A. Lambing, Michael Anthony and Anne Shields-
Lambing (1896) ; The Am. Cath. Who's Who (1911) ;
Records of the Am. Cath. Hist. Soc. of Phila., June
1920.] G. N.S.
LAMBUTH, JAMES WILLIAM (Mar. 2,
1830-Apr. 28, 1892), missionary of the Meth-
odist Episcopal Church, South, was of mission-
ary lineage. His grandfather, William Lambuth,
had been sent by Bishop Asbury from the Balti-
more Conference to labor among the Indians "in
the wilds of Tennessee," and his father, John
Russell Lambuth, a member of the Kentucky
Conference, had volunteered for service among
the Indians of Louisiana. In 1830, the latter was
holding a camp meeting in Greene County, Ala.
Without any explanation he left the meeting but
soon returned with this announcement, "I was
called home by the birth of a baby boy. In
heartfelt gratitude to God I dedicated the child
to the Lord as a foreign missionary, and I now
add a bale of cotton to send him with" (Pinson,
post, p. 17).
The family early moved to Mississippi. James
graduated from the University of Mississippi in
1851 and became a preacher chiefly to the ne-
groes gathered in their cabins. In 1854 he joined
the Mississippi Conference and was immediately
appointed by Bishop Andrew to aid in founding
the China Mission of his Church. After he had
mastered the Chinese language he began preach-
ing on the streets of Shanghai and in the vil-
lages along the canals and creeks of the Shanghai
area. He made it his policy to spend two weeks
of each month on a preaching tour, living in a
houseboat and sharing his faith and life with the
Chinese. This plan of work, which called for
constant and prolonged absence from home, was
made possible by the fact that his wife, Mary I.
(McClellan) Lambuth, was as truly a missionary
as her husband, and had not only the skill to care
for her home but also the courage and wisdom
to initiate a work for the women and children of
China which continues to bear the imprint of her
genius. When the outbreak of the Civil War
Lambuth
interfered with missionary enterprises, Lambuth
returned to Mississippi, but went back to China
in 1864 and resumed his former activities.
As time went on, however, he came to look
with uneasiness upon what he felt was a dispro-
portionate amount of time, money, and effort
spent on educational endeavors as compared with
that given to evangelistic work. Partly from
this cause and partly for health reasons, after
thirty-two years of pioneering service in China,
he and his son, Dr. Walter R. Lambuth [q.v.~\,
accepted a commission to lay the foundation of
Southern Methodist missions in Japan. The son
was appointed superintendent, but the father had
virtually an equal influence in selecting the ter-
ritory around the Inland Sea as that upon which
they would concentrate their efforts. By this
choice the mission came to occupy a territory
which has a strategic place in the industrial
growth and resources of Japan. While the work
had its center in the great industrial cities of
Kobe and Osaka, it spread to the surrounding
country. The elder Lambuth's travels by boat
around the Inland Sea earned for him the title
"Father of the Inland Sea Mission." After some
sixteen years of service in Japan he died at Kobe
with the appeal: "I die at my post; send more
men."
[Hist. Cat. of the Univ. of Miss., 1849-1900 (1910) ;
W. W. Pinson, Walter Russell Lambuth, Prophet and
Pioneer (1924) ; In Memoriam: J. W. Lambuth (Kobe,
Japan, 1892) ; James Cannon III, Hist, of Southern
Mcth. Missions (1926); Christian Advocate (Nash-
ville), May s, 1892.] O.E. B.
LAMBUTH, WALTER RUSSELL (Nov.
10, 1854-Sept. 26, 1921), missionary and bishop
of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, was
born in Shanghai, China, where his father and
mother, James William Lambuth [q.v.~\ and
Mary Isabella (McClellan) Lambuth, were mis-
sionaries. He lived in China during his first
six years, occasionally going with his father on
his houseboat journeys to the cities and villages
of the Shanghai area. From 1859 to 1864 he was
in America ; a portion of the time in Tennessee
and Mississippi with relatives and friends of
his father, the remainder of the time with his
mother's people in Cambridge, N. Y. During the
Civil War his parents were in the United States
and in 1864 the boy returned with them to China,
where he remained until 1869.
Two years later he entered Emory and Henry
College, Washington County, Va. Prior to his
graduation in 1875, he decided to devote his life
to the Christian ministry and the practice of
medicine in China. From 1875 to 1877 ne studied
theology in the Biblical department of Vander-
bilt University, pursuing at the same time a
56<
Lambuth
course in the medical school. In 1877 he- was
ordained elder in the Tennessee Conference of
the Methodist Episcopal Church, South; re-
ceived the degree of M.D. from Vanderbilt Uni-
versity ; was married to Daisy Kelley of Nash-
ville, Tenn. ; and was sent as a missionary to
China, where he began work in Shanghai and
the adjacent village of Nanziang. While in the
United States on leave in i88r, he studied in
Bellevue Hospital Medical College, receiving
the degree of M.D. from that institution, and the
next year continued his studies in Edinburgh
and London. Returning to China in 1882, he laid
the foundations of the hospital and medical serv-
ice in Soochow. In 1884 he resigned his duties
there and established for the Methodist Episcopal
Church the medical work in Peking. With his
father in 1885-86 he inaugurated the missionary
enterprise of the Methodist Episcopal Church,
South, in Japan. He was appointed superin-
tendent with headquarters at Kobe. While in
China he had stressed evangelistic and medical
activities, but in Japan he found it needful to
develop educational facilities, founding the col-
lege and theological school known as Kwansei
Gakuin, and the Hiroshima Girls' School.
In 1891 Lambuth returned to the United States,
where he was assigned to field service at home,
and edited the Methodist Review of Missions.
He was elected general secretary of the Board of
Missions in 1894, serving in that capacity with
marked efficiency until 1910. He was a vital
factor in 1907 in uniting the Canadian Methodist
Church, the Methodist Episcopal Church, and
the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in Japan
into what is now known as the Japan Methodist
Church. At the General Conference of 1910 he
was elected a bishop. His first assignment in-
cluded superintendence of the mission activities
in Brazil and the projection of a new work in
tropical Africa. His adventurous journey with
a view to founding a Methodist mission in the
Congo, involving 2,600 miles by boat and rail
and 1,500 miles on foot through the jungles of
tropical Africa, brought him election as a fel-
low of the Royal Geographical Society of Lon-
don. It was fitting that his last official service
should be in the Orient, where it was his privilege
to open a new work for the Koreans in Siberia.
Bishop Lambuth also had an influential part
in enterprises which involved the cooperative
effort of the various Christian churches. He
participated actively in the Ecumenical Confer-
ences, held an official place in the World Mis-
sionary Conference at Edinburgh in 1910, and
was made a member of the continuation commit-
tee of that body, which did so much to make the
Lamme
principle of cooperation dominant in the policies
of the missionary societies of Europe and Amer-
ica. In addition to his many other achievements,
he was the author of the following books : Side
Lights on the Orient (1903), Winning the
World for Christ (1915), and Medical Missions
(1920). He died in Yokohama, and, as he had
requested, his ashes were taken to Shanghai and
buried beside those of his mother.
[W. W. Pinson, Walter Russell Lambuth, Prophet
and Pioneer (1924); MS. journal and diary; files of
the Methodist Review of Missions, 1890 to 1900 ; Chris-
tian Advocate (Nashville), Nov. 18, 1921 ; Jour, of the
Gen. Conf. of the M. E. Ch. South (1922) ; The Japan
Times and Mail (Tokyo), Sept. 27, 28, 1921 ; Who's
Who in America, 1920-21.] O E B
LAMME, BENJAMIN GARVER (Jan. 12,
1864-July 8, 1924), engineer, inventor, was born
on his father's farm near Springfield, Ohio, the
son of James Given and Sarah (Garver) Lamme.
His early life was that of the normal healthy
farmer's boy, consisting of play, work, and school.
The play, however, centered about "making
things" with the farm tool kit and collecting In-
dian artifacts, while school satisfied an unusual
taste for mathematics with which he was en-
dowed. In 1883 he entered Ohio State Univer-
sity at Columbus, taking the course in mechanical
engineering, and graduating in 1888, having lost
a year owing to the illness and death of his fa-
ther. During his college career his analytical
sense developed to such an extent that he was
able to picture a mathematical problem in his
mind with full diagrams, produce the necessary
equations, and carry them through to a final re-
sult without touching pencil to paper. This facil-
ity in mental computations he applied equally
well in mechanics, physics, and other similar
subjects. In his senior year he devised a series
of formulae covering the flow of natural gas
through long pipe lines, and these were later
adopted by the state of Ohio.
After spending a few months at home follow-
ing his graduation, early in 1889 he obtained
work with the Philadelphia Natural Gas Com-
pany in Pittsburgh, a newly formed enterprise
of George Westinghouse ; but in May of that
year he gave up this position and became an
apprentice in the testing department of the West-
inghouse Electric Company. With this organi-
zation he remained connected until his death.
In the course of his first year's work he rose to be
foreman of tests and at the same time, because
of his skill in computing, he was given the task
of making the calculations for electrical ma-
chinery. The unusually satisfactory results which
he obtained in this latter work marked the be-
ginning of his career as electrical engineer and
56:
Lamme
inventor. Before the close of 1889 the West-
inghouse Company produced from Lamme's cal-
culations a double-reduction-gear direct-current
railway motor, and the following year there was
constructed from his design the single-reduction-
gear motor, the direct ancestor of the now uni-
versally adopted street-railway motor. As a re-
sult of his success Lamme soon confined all of
his attention to analytical work and the design
of electrical machinery for his company. In in-
creasing numbers, year after year, he obtained
patents, being credited with a total of 162 at
the time of his death. He was the leader in di-
rect-current railway motor developments with
respect to types of apparatus ; a pioneer in de-
signing the rotary converter, of which he be-
came the champion ; and to him is due most of
the credit for the leading position which this ma-
chine holds in the electrical field. The alternat-
ing-current generators which inaugurated hy-
dro-electric power at Niagara Falls, N. Y., were
the product of his brain ; he established many of
the fundamental features of the direct-current
generator ; and he was among the first to pro-
duce a commercially successful induction motor.
It was he who transformed the great creative
ideas of Nikola Tesla into commercial form and
created the single-phase railway system, includ-
ing the first practical twenty-five-cycle commu-
tator motor. This system, in 1905, was incor-
porated into the electrification of the New York,
New Haven & Hartford Railway ; and it is
equipment of Lamme's design which supplies
power to the elevated and subway systems of
New York. In 1900 he became assistant chief
engineer of the Westinghouse Company and in
1903, chief engineer, which position he held at
the time of his death.
Aside from his own work, Lamme was much
interested in training young engineers who came
to the Westinghouse Company and he established
a design school in which he was the much loved
and respected teacher. During the World War
he was a member of the naval consulting board,
serving as chairman of the inventions commit-
tee. He was awarded the Thomas A. Edison
gold medal in 1919 by the American Institute of
Electrical Engineers for "invention and devel-
opment of electrical machinery" ; and in 1923 he
received the initial award of the Joseph Sulli-
vant gold medal, provided for the alumnus of
Ohio State University who "has made the most
notable contribution to the liberal, the fine, or
the mechanic arts." He wrote over a hundred
articles concerning his electrical studies, which
appeared in technical journals and in the Trans-
actions of the American Society of Electrical
Lamon
Engineers. A collection from these was pub-
lished in 1919 under the title, Electrical Engi-
neering Papers. Outside of his electrical work
Lamme's chief interests were archeology, math-
ematical puzzles, of which he patented several,
photography, and automobiling. He never mar-
ried and made his home with a sister in Pitts-
burgh, where his death occurred.
[Reg. of Grads. and Members of the Ohio State
Univ. Asso. 1879-1917 (1917) ; Benjamin Garver
Lamme, Electrical Engineer: An Autobiog. (1926);
Jour. Am. Inst. Electrical Engrs., Aug. 1924; Elec-
trical World, July 12, 1924; Scientific American, Sept.
1924; Industrial Engineer, Aug. 1924; Illustrated
World (Chicago), Jan. 1922; Who's Who in America,
1922-23 ; Gasette Times (Pittsburgh) and N. Y. Times,
July 9, 1924J C.W. M.
LAMON, WARD HILL (Jan. 6, 1828-May
7, 1893), lawyer, the son of George and Eliza-
beth (Ward) Lamon, was born in Frederick
County, Va., but lived as a boy at Bunker Hill,
Berkeley County, now in West Virginia, where
he received a common-school education. He set-
tled in Danville, 111., in 1847, studied law in
Louisville, Ky., and returned to Danville, where
he was soon admitted to the bar. In 1852 he be-
came the Danville partner of Lincoln, whose cir-
cuit-riding life he shared and whose friendship
he enjoyed to a marked degree. By 1859 he had
moved to Bloomington. Having joined the Re-
publican party, he campaigned for Lincoln and
was chosen to accompany the President-Elect to
Washington in February 1861, being particu-
larly responsible for Lincoln's safety when ru-
mored* assassination plots caused the scheduled
itinerary to be changed to a secret night journey
from Harrisburg to Washington. In March 1861
he was sent as Lincoln's personal agent to
Charleston, S. C, where he found himself the
target of popular derision. After conferring with
Governor Pickens and Major Anderson, both
of whom received from him the impression that
Fort Sumter would be evacuated, he reported to
Lincoln the inflamed condition of Southern sen-
timent.
On Apr. 6, 1861, Lincoln appointed him mar-
shal of the District of Columbia. After the out-
break of war he tried to raise a "loyal" brigade
in Virginia ; took in Illinois troops to fill up his
incomplete organization ; served briefly in the
field ; and then returned to the marshalship at
the capital. His giant frame, handsome appear-
ance, and exuberant, swashbuckling air made
him a conspicuous figure as he made arrests, exe-
cuted the orders of the circuit court of the Dis-
trict, and performed such ceremonial duties as
introducing people to the President at levees.
Intense in his hatred of abolitionists, he was
drawn into controversies over escaping slaves
562
Lamont
and figured in various conflicts between the mili-
tary and civil authorities. Out of this situation
grew various senatorial attacks upon him and
the court he served, as well as clashes with the
military governor of the district of Washington
(H. G. Pearson, James S. Wadsworth, 1913,
pp. 136-39). The radical onslaughts upon the
marshal reacted upon Lincoln, who was criti-
cized for keeping a Southern pro-slavery man
in a position so responsible and so personally
close to himself. When plots were suspected on
every hand in 1864, Lamon slept next to Lin-
coln's bed-chamber and supervised the patrolling
of the White House grounds. It was the regret
of his life that he was absent from Washington
(on a mission to Richmond) on the night of the
assassination.
Resigning as marshal in June 1865, he became
a law partner of Jeremiah S. Black [g.v.]. In
1872 there was issued The Life of Abraham Lin-
coln from His Birth to His Inauguration as
President, by Ward H. Lamon. This book was
written by Chauncey F. Black and was based
chiefly upon material that Lamon bought from
W. H. Herndon [g.^.]. It was intended as the
first volume of an extended biography ; but pub-
lic dissatisfaction with its realistic treatment of
Lincoln caused the project for the second vol-
ume to be dropped. From 1879 to 1886, his part-
nership with Black having been dissolved, he
lived in Colorado, chiefly Denver, seeking health
and practising law. His later years were spent
mainly in Washington and in European travel.
He died near Martinsburg, W. Va. His first
wife, Angelina (Turner) Lamon, had died in
April 1859, leaving one daughter. His second
wife, Sally (Logan) Lamon, daughter of Ste-
phen T. Logan \_q.v.~\, had died in Brussels, Bel-
gium, in 1892.
[Lamon MSS. in Huntington Lib., San Marino, Cal.,
including documentary material collected both by Hern-
don and by Lamon for biography of Lincoln, an exten-
sive unpublished account of Lincoln's administration
intended for the second volume of The Life of Abraham
Lincoln, and about 2.300 letters ; a few letters in Univ.
of 111. Lib. ; Black Coll. in Lib. of Cong. ; manuscript
biography by E. M. Prince in McLean County Hist.
Soc. Lib. at Bloomington, 111. ; information from La-
mon's daughter, Mme. Xavier Teillard of Murat, Can-
tal, France ; memoir in W. H. Lamon, Recollections of
Abraham Lincoln (1895), ed. by Dorothy Lamon ; Har-
per's Weekly, July 22, 191 1 ; C. C. Tilton in Trans. III.
State Hist. Soc, vol. XXXVIII (193O ; W. E. Barton,
The Soul of Abraham Lincoln (copr. 1920) ; World's
Work, Feb. 191 1 ; N. Y. Herald, May 9, 1893, p. 14.]
J.G.R.
LAMONT, DANIEL SCOTT (Feb. 9, 1851-
July 23, 1905), secretary of war and financier,
was the able lieutenant of more prominent prin-
cipals. He was of Scotch-Irish descent, son of
John B. and Elizabeth (Scott) Lamont, and was
Lamont
born in Cortland County, N. Y., on his father's
farm. He attended Union College, Schenectady,
partly supporting himself, but failed to graduate
with his class in 1872. A job was found for him,
first as engrossing clerk and then as assistant
journal clerk, in the Capitol at Albany, where he
attracted the attention of Samuel J. Tilden and
John Bigelow [qq.v.~], and became their protege
in the Democratic faction that was at war with
Tammany. Tilden gave him a clerkship on the
state central committee (1872), which he re-
tained for many years ; and from 1875 to 1882 he
was chief clerk of the New York department of
state. Daniel Manning, who came to know him
on the state central committee, employed him on
the Albany Argus (1877-82), in which Lamont
finally acquired a financial interest. When
Cleveland was brought forward in 1882 by Man-
ning, Lamont was assigned to him as political
prompter, beginning a connection that was to
last and grow more intimate through fifteen
years. He was private and military secretary
with rank of colonel on the staff of the Gov-
ernor in 1883 ; and he went to Washington as
private secretary to the President in 1885. Here
he raised his office to a new dignity and impor-
tance, acting as buffer for his chief, speeding
business by direct reference to the departments,
and serving to advance the aims of the President
by devotion and forethought. The newspaper
men jested of the necessity to "see Lamont" if
action was to be secured; and this drew Lamont
closer to Cleveland, who welcomed the connec-
tion. Lamont came to know intimately the sec-
retary of the navy, William C. Whitney, who
gave him a financial job after 1889 in connection
with his own large ventures in the street-railway
matters ; and here Lamont began the construc-
tion of a family fortune. In 1893 Cleveland re-
called him as secretary of war, and Lamont re-
luctantly accepted the post, retaining it through
the administration. He handled it effectively,
without bringing it into political prominence.
He noted correctly in his first year that "it may
be assumed that Indian warfare is virtually at
an end" (Annual Report, 1893, I, 5) ; he urged
repeatedly and in vain the reorganization of the
infantry on the basis of the regiment of three
four-company battalions (Ibid., 1896, I, 7) ; he
directed the policing of Chicago during the Pull-
man strike. In 1897 he went back willingly to
private life, and although he was occasionally
mentioned in connection with political posts, he
passed the remainder of his life outside politics.
He was now elected vice-president of the North-
ern Pacific Railway Company (1898-1904),
coming into close and profitable contact with
563
Lamont
James J. Hill \_q.v.~\ ; and he acquired director-
ships in many other corporations and banks.
He died at Millbrook, Dutchess County, N. Y.,
in 1905, leaving a wife, Juliet (Kinney) Lamont,
and two daughters.
[Lamont was mentioned in innumerable paragraphs
for twenty years, the notice being generally jocular
and friendly, and treating him primarily as political
manipulator. A good obituary is in the Brooklyn Daily
Eagle, July 24, 1905. See also Robert McElroy, Grovcr
Cleveland (2 vols., 1923) ; G. F. Parker, Recollections
of Grover Cleveland (1909) ; Who's Who in America,
1903-OS] F. L. P.
LAMONT, HAMMOND (Jan. 19, 1864-May
6, 1909), educator, editor, was born in Monti-
cello, Sullivan County, N. Y., the son of Rev.
Thomas Lamont, a Methodist minister, and
Caroline Deuel (Jayne) Lamont. On his fa-
ther's side he was of Scotch-Irish lineage, being
a descendant of Robert Lamont, who came to
America from County Antrim, Ireland, about
1750 and settled in North Hillsdale, N. Y. His
mother's ancestral line ran back to William
Jayne, an Englishman, who crossed the Atlantic
in 1678 and made his home in New Haven, Conn.
Hammond prepared for college in Albany and
went to Harvard, where he graduated in 1886,
having taken high rank as a scholar and achieved
prominence as an undergraduate journalist.
From 1887 to 1890 he was engaged in news-
paper work in Albany and in the latter year
joined the staff of the Post Intelligencer, Seattle,
Wash. On May 14, 1891, at Nyack, N. Y., he
married Lillian Mann. The able manner in
which he reported a speech of President Eliot
at Seattle in 1892 led to his being invited to Har-
vard as instructor in English. After serving in
this capacity for three years, he became associ-
ate professor of rhetoric at Brown University,
where in 1898 he was made professor. During
his teaching career he edited Specimens of Expo-
sition (1894, 1896), and Edmund Burke, Speech
on Conciliation with America (1897) ; his work,
English Composition, however, was not pub-
lished until 1906. The arrival of Lamont at
Brown was the beginning of a revolution in the
teaching of English composition there, and his
stay was a tonic to the whole university. Sur-
rounding himself with assistants whom he in-
spired with his own spirit, he made the courses
of his department the most conspicuous in the
curriculum. Since they were required courses,
directly and indirectly he touched the whole stu-
dent body. Its first reaction was one of undis-
guised hostility. He had a keen, critical mind;
he wielded a ruthless, slashing red pencil ; his
criticisms were often clothed in most discom-
forting irony; he despised sham, superficiality,
LaMountain
and dishonesty in any form. Furthermore, the
students found him a rigorous disciplinarian.
Themes two minutes late were not received
whatever the accompanying excuse ; unfortunate
youths who forgot to bring their work to class
were marked zero. "If you are two minutes late
for a train," he would say, "you miss the train;
if you forget your theater ticket, you don't get
into the theater. You'll do well to learn that les-
son now." Under his instruction, however, men
learned to think clearly, to distinguish truth from
fallacy, the essential from the irrelevant, and to
write, clearly, concisely, and correctly. His hon-
esty, fearlessness, and competence, together with
the kindly, helpful interest he took in all who
were worthy of such interest, at length won for
him the students' enthusiastic loyalty, and be-
fore he left the university he was probably the
most popular of its professors. After his death
two of his former classes purchased his library
of twenty-seven hundred volumes of English
literature and presented it to Brown as a memo-
rial.
In 1900 he returned to journalism, becoming
managing editor of the New York Evening Post.
"His tireless industry, his broad grasp of po-
litical principles, his thorough knowledge of the
newspaper and political worlds made him at once
the foremost member of the Evening Post staff"
(Evening Post, May 7, 1909). In June 1906 he
succeeded Wendell Phillips Garrison as editor
of the Nation. His knowledge of educational
matters was so extensive and his judgment was
so sound that educators were continually seek-
ing his advice. Calls to professorships in several
leading colleges he declined. His career ter-
minated when he was in his prime. Failing to
rally from an operation, he died in the Roosevelt
Hospital, New York, in his forty-sixth year.
[Thomas Lamont, A Brief Account of the Life at
Charlotteville of Thomas William Lamont and of His
Family (191 5) ; Nation, May 13, 1909 ; Harvard Grads.
Mag., June 1909 ; Brown Alumni Monthly, June 1909 ;
Who's Who in America, 1908-09 ; personal acquaint-
ance] H. E. S.
LA MOUNTAIN, JOHN (1830-Feb. 14,
1870), aeronaut, was born in Wayne County,
N. Y. He has sometimes been confused with
another aeronaut, Edward Lamountane, who
was killed at Ionia, Mich., on July 4, 1873, while
making an ascension with a Montgolfier paper
balloon. John LaMountain seems to have been
a sailor, but he became interested in ballooning
at an early age. He made several ascensions,
one at Bennington, Vt., in company with O. A.
Gager; and in 1859 he and Gager became asso-
ciated with the veteran John Wise, who had ap-
pealed to Congress for an appropriation of $15,-
564
LaMountain
ooo to build a balloon of sufficient gas capacity
to cross the Atlantic. Under the leadership of
Wise, LaMountain and Gager constructed the
balloon Atlantic for rapid transportation of
mails and passengers from the United States to
Europe. It was a spheroid fifty feet in diameter,
carrying a wicker car above a light wooden
boat. The Trans-Atlantic Balloon Company as
organized consisted of Wise, LaMountain, Ga-
ger, and Messrs. Johnson and Gilbert. On July
i, 1859, just before 7:00 p. m., Wise, LaMoun-
tain, Gager and a reporter named William Hyde,
left St. Louis, Mo., hoping to reach New York
City, and the next day passed over Lake Erie,
crossing near Niagara Falls at a height of 10,000
feet. They journeyed on over Lake Ontario,
gradually falling. All ballast had been used and
the weather became very unsettled. It was im-
possible to make a landing on the ground, owing
to high wind. They therefore decided to swamp
the balloon in the lake ; but the attempt failed.
After crossing the lake, the balloon crashed into
trees and the aeronauts climbed down to earth
at Henderson, Jefferson County, N. Y., about
2:35 p. m. on July 2. They had traveled over a
thousand miles (850 in an air line), the longest
air voyage on record to that date. LaMountain
with one other companion, J. A. Haddock, made
a second trip in the Atlantic, starting from Wa-
tertown, N. Y., Sept. 22, 1859. Drifting into
Canada, they were forced to land in the wilder-
ness about a hundred and fifty miles north of
Ottawa and were finally rescued by trappers.
Early in 1861 LaMountain joined the Army
of the Potomac and was able to give General
McClellan important information regarding the
position of the enemy, inasmuch as his balloon
on one occasion, Aug. 10, 1861, passed over the
enemy's lines at a height of one mile and a half.
Recognizing that he was in some danger of being
captured if the voyage continued in that direc-
tion, and aware of a west wind at greater alti-
tude, he threw out ballast until he reached a
height of nearly three miles. The wind direction
at this height, as he had anticipated, brought the
balloon back and he was able to make a landing
in Maryland and to report what he had seen to
Major-General Butler. General McClellan was
much impressed with the possibilities of this use
of the balloon, and four additional balloons were
ordered for service. Later several officers of
high rank made ascensions of moderate height
under LaMountain's direction; but for various
reasons, largely connected with the difficulty of
transporting the balloons, the aeronautic sec-
tion did not develop as had been expected.
LaMountain's companions on his aerial voy-
Lamoureux
ages give him credit for his good judgment at
critical moments and speak of him as a daring
and brave aeronaut. His name is sometimes
spelled LaMountane, which may have been the
original form.
[John Wise, Through the Air (1873) ; War of the
Rebellion: Official Records (Army), 1 ser., IV, 600-
01 ; Daily Missouri Republican (St. Louis), July 2—7,
1859 ; N. Y. Herald, Sept. 29, Oct. 4, 6, 1859 ; Scientific
American, Apr. 18, 1863 ; Am. Ann. Cyc, 1870.]
A.M.
LAMOUREUX, ANDREW JACKSON
(Mar. 20, 1850-Feb. 25, 1928), journalist and
librarian, was born in Iosco, Mich., the son of
Thomas L. and Elizabeth (Carver) Lamoureux.
He was a descendant of Andre Lamoureux, a
Huguenot ship-master and pilot of Meschers, on
the west coast of France, who after the Revoca-
tion of the Edict of Nantes escaped to Bristol,
England, and, toward the end of the century,
emigrated to New York. Prepared for college
in the little village of Howell, Mich., Andrew en-
tered Cornell University with the class of 1874
but, because of ill health, was obliged to leave
before the completion of his course. During his
university days, however, he was prominent in
student activities. Upon leaving the university,
he engaged in newspaper work, first in Utica,
later in Ithaca, New York, and, at the time of
the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, he
represented the newspaper directory at the news-
paper exhibition held there. Not long after this,
in 1877, he went to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to
become editor of an English paper, the British
and American Mail, published there and known
as the official organ of the Brazilian coffee in-
dustry. Later, upon reorganization, it became
the Rio Nezvs and acquired considerable polit-
ical importance and a wide circulation both in
Brazil and abroad. In its pages, as editor and
owner, he took up the fight against slavery. This
had theoretically been abolished, so far as the
children of slaves were concerned, in 1871, but
the fact that the older generations were still in
bondage and that the new law was evaded
aroused the young American to continue the
struggle against the institution. When, in 1888,
slavery was completely abolished, the people of
Rio, realizing the important part he had played
in its downfall, publicly acknowledged their ap-
preciation and presented him with a diamond-
studded gold pen. In addition to his journalistic
activities, not only in connection with his own
publication but also with several New York and
London papers for which he acted as corre-
spondent, he compiled in 1887 a Handbook of
Rio de Janeiro. He was, likewise, one of the
founders, and, for seven years, the secretary, of
565
Lampson
the "Strangers' Hospital" in Rio, one of the first
modern public hospitals in Brazil. It was here
he met, and on June 7, 1897 married, Sarah
Cross, who was a graduate nurse, trained at the
Swansea General and Eye Hospital, Birming-
ham, England.
Because he was the champion of the liberal
cause and bent his efforts toward progressive
welfare work, his life was often threatened and,
at one time, it was necessary for him to leave the
country for a period of eight months. In 1902,
having disposed of his interest in the newspaper,
he left Brazil and returned to the United States
in broken health. Several years later he became
reference librarian in the College of Agricul-
ture, Cornell University, where he remained
until his death. The most important literary
work of his later years was his contribution of
seventeen scholarly articles to the eleventh edi-
tion of the Encyclopaedia Bn'tannica. Several
of these cover the geography and statistics of
certain Latin-American countries; others deal
with the more important cities; all reveal the
wide acquaintance of Lamoureux with South
American conditions.
[Ithaca Journal-News, Feb. 25, 1928 : Cornell Alum-
ni News, Mar. 8, 1928; New York Times, Feb. 26,
1928; Times (London), Apr. 26, 1928; The Delta
Upsilon Decennial Cat. (1902) ; A. J. Lamoureux, "An-
dre Lamoureux, the Huguenot Emigrant and Family,"
Lamoureux Record, Oct. 1919.] R. S. H.
LAMPSON, Sir CURTIS MIRANDA (Sept.
21, 1806-Mar. 12, 1885), merchant, was the
fourth son of William and Rachel (Powell)
Lampson and was born in New Haven, Vt. He
received an ordinary school education. Being
averse to farming with his father, he went to
work as clerk in the general store of his native
town. After spending several years there, but
before he had reached his majority, he went to
New York for further experience as a merchant
and gradually worked into the exporting busi-
ness. In view of the fact that he dealt largely
in trade with England, he presumably decided
that the business could be conducted to better
advantage in England, and in the year 1830 he
removed with his wife to that country. Begin-
ning alone in London, he gradually built up a
successful importing business which in the course
of time he reorganized as the C. M. Lampson
Company, with himself as senior partner. Hav-
ing decided, too, to remain in England, he be-
came a naturalized citizen of Great Britain on
May 14, 1849, and purchased the estate of
"Rowfant" in the parish of Worth and county of
Sussex. By this time he had became a wealthy
man and in addition to his own business was
an active deputy-governor of the Hudson's Bay
Lamy
Company. In 1856 he met Cyrus W. Field who
had gone to England from the United States for
the purpose of interesting British capital in the
project of establishing telegraphic communica-
tion by cable between England and America.
Field was successful in this undertaking and
brought about the organization of the Atlantic
Telegraph Company of which Lampson was a
most interested member of the board of direc-
tors, both financially and otherwise. He was
one of the five directors who held out for con-
tinuing the attempt to lay a cable after the first
failure in 1858 and was even more active after
being made vice-chairman of the company.
Lampson worked almost seven years to build
up sufficient confidence to attempt another lay-
ing of a cable. He was rewarded for his labors
when with the refinancing and reorganization
of the original company as the Anglo-American
Company and with the aid of the steamship
Great Eastern in laying the cable, a transatlantic
telegraph service was finally established in
1865-66. For the great aid which he rendered
to this undertaking Queen Victoria created him
a baronet on Nov. 16, 1866, the citation of Her
Majesty reading, "To whose resolute support
of the project, in spite of all discouragements,
it was in a great measure owing that it was not
at one time abandoned in despair." Lampson
was one of the trustees of the fund that was
given by his friend George Peabody for the bene-
fit of the poor of London. He was married on
Nov. 30, 1827, in New York, to Jane Walter
Sibley of Sutton, Mass., and at the time of his
death in London he was survived by a son and
daughter.
[Illustrated London News, Dec. 8, 1866; Times
(London), Mar. 13, 1885 ; Jos. Foster, The Baronetage
of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1880; H. M. Fieid,
Hist, of the Atlantic Telegraph (1867) and The Story
of the Atlantic Telegraph (1892) ; I. F. Judson, Cyrus
W. Field, His Life and Work (1896); C. F. Briggs,
The Story of the Telegraph (1858) ; and Diet, of Nat.
Biog.] C.W.M.
LAMY, JOHN BAPTIST (Oct. 11, 1814-
Feb. 13, 1888), Roman Catholic prelate, was
born at Lempdes, France, of a family which had
given many servants to religion. His parents,
Jean and Marie Die Lamy (the name was orig-
inally 1'Amy), sent him to the Seminary of
Montferrand, and he was ordained a priest at
Clermont-Ferrand by Bishop Louis Charles
Ferron, Dec. 22, 1838. The next year, having
been made assistant to the rector of a parish in
his native diocese, he volunteered to join Bishop
J. B. Purcell [q.v.~\, of Cincinnati, in mission
work in lower Ohio. Upon reaching the United
States, he was stationed at Wooster and Dan-
566
Lamy
ville, Ohio, and later at Covington, Ky. When
Mexico ceded the southwest territory in 1848,
the bishops of the United States petitioned Rome
for a transfer of the ecclesiastical jurisdiction.
Accordingly Father Lamy was named vicar
apostolic of New Mexico and consecrated bishop
of Agathon. The ceremony took place at Cin-
cinnati on Nov. 24, 1850, the celebrant being
Bishop M. J. Spalding [q.v.~]. Though the trip
west was made via New Orleans and thence in
company with a government caravan, it was
hazardous and the Bishop almost lost his life in
a serious accident. He arrived to find the Catho-
lics of his territory (which included all of what
is now New Mexico, the greater part of Ari-
zona, a section of Colorado, and some districts
in Nevada and Utah) scattered and inclined to
resent, with the native clergy, the coming of an
American bishop. Thereupon Bishop Lamy rode
on horseback to Durango, Mexico, to visit Bish-
op Zubiria and to establish friendly relations.
In order to forestall further trouble and to se-
cure financial assistance, he then journeyed to
France and Rome (1853). On July 29, 1853, he
was named bishop of Santa Fe, and in 1875,
archbishop. Laboring with great vigor and
kindliness to spiritualize a somewhat turbulent
population of Spanish and Indian Catholics, he
undertook almost incredibly difficult journeys,
preaching and catechizing. During 1852 he had
attendel the First Plenary Council of Baltimore,
and on his way had induced the Sisters of Loret-
to, Kentucky, to send six of their number west-
ward into New Mexico. One died on the way
and another, becoming ill, went back, but the
rest established a school in Santa Fe. Seven
years later the Christian Brothers likewise made
a foundation in the city, and the Jesuits arrived
in 1867. Meanwhile, the Gadsden Purchase
(1854) had added the southern part of Arizona
to the diocese, and in i860 Denver and the ad-
joining section of Colorado were also annexed.
Much of the administrative work was confided
to the Rev. Joseph Machebeuf, an indefatigable
missionary, whom Bishop Lamy had appointed
his vicar general. Apart from one or two
brushes of minor importance, the Civil War did
not affect the diocese. A report to Propaganda
in 1865 revealed progress in every sense, and
estimated the number of Catholics at 100,000,
with flourishing churches and schools. On July
18, 1885, Bishop Lamy resigned to become titu-
lar bishop of Cyzicus. He died in Santa Fe.
Few men are more representative of the pioneer
Catholic missionary in the United States. He
was simple of heart, generous and resolute, and
his spare frame and austere profile testified to
Landais
the hardships he had endured. During recent
years his memory has been revived in Death
Comes for the Archbishop (1927), a novel by
Willa Cather which is largely based upon the
records of his career.
[Archdiocesan archives, Santa Fe : W. J. Howleit,
Life of the Rt. Rev. Joseph P. Machebeuf, D.D.,
(1908); J. H. Defouri, Hist. Sketch of the Cath. Ch.
in New Mexico (1887) ; J. G. Shea, Hist, of the Cath.
Ch. in the U. S. (1892); Commercial Gazette (Cin-
cinnati), Feb. 14, 1888; The Commonweal, Sept. 28,
'927.] G.N.S.
LANDAIS, PIERRE (c. 1731-Sept. 17, 1820),
naval officer, was born in St. Malo, Brittany.
Early in life he entered the French navy and
during the years 1766-69 accompanied the cele-
brated navigator Bougainville in a voyage of
discovery around the world. Later he served
as captain of a fireship and as a lieutenant at
Brest. Dissatisfied with his prospects in the
French service, he sought employment in the
Continental navy and readily accepted a cap-
tain's commission therein, proffered to him on
Mar. 1, 1777, by Silas Deane, the American
commissioner at Paris, who placed a high esti-
mate upon his professional abilities. Deane au-
thorized him to take command of the French
merchantman Flamand at Marseilles and trans-
port to America a cargo of military supplies. On
Dec. 1, 1777, he arrived at Portsmouth, N. H.,
after having quelled a serious mutiny on ship-
board. Thence he proceeded to Philadelphia,
taking with him letters of recommendation from
Deane and from Baron von Steuben, one of his
passengers on the Flamand. Favorably im-
pressed by the Frenchman, the Continental Con-
gress confirmed his appointment as captain and
gave him command of the frigate Alliance, one
of the best berths in the navy. On Oct. 15, 1778,
the Massachusetts legislature passed an act nat-
uralizing him as a citizen of that state. With
Lafayette as a passenger, he returned to France
where he arrived in February 1779, with a con-
siderable number of his crew in irons, as a re-
sult of a plot against their commander.
In these two cruises, Landais disclosed that
he had little aptitude for dealing with men and
that his eccentricities more or less disqualified
him for a naval command. John Adams, who
saw him frequently at this time, reported that
he was disappointed and moody, indecisive, jeal-
ous, and artless, and predicted that he would die
poor and despised (C. F. Adams, The Works of
John Adams. Ill, 1851, pp. 200, 204, 206). In
April the Alliance was attached to the fleet of
John Paul Jones [q.v.~\ and as next in rank to
that officer her commander might have achieved
great professional distinction, but animated by
5t>7
Landais
Lander
jealousy and petty pride he chose to disobey or-
ders and assert his independence of his superior.
Sulking, or fearful through timidity, he took but
little part in the battle off Flamborough Head.
The few shots fired by the Alliance did more
damage to the flagship than to the enemy. After
the cruise, Jones formally accused Landais of
gross insubordination and of firing intention-
ally into the Bon Homme Richard. Franklin,
the American minister at Paris, investigated the
dispute, but unable to settle it, referred it to the
Continental Congress in America. He placed
Jones in command of the Alliance and warned
her former commander not to meddle with the
ship. In direct violation of these orders, encour-
aged by Arthur Lee, Landais went aboard the
Alliance during the absence of Jones, took com-
mand of her, and sailed for America, leaving in
France part of the cargo allotted to her. On this
voyage the crew twice mutinied and Landais
had frequent quarrels with his officers and pas-
sengers. Finally he retired to his cabin and de-
clined to give commands or receive communica-
tions, and the Alliance was placed in charge of
her lieutenant who brought her into Boston. A
court-martial, presided over by Commodore
John Barry [q.t'.'i, that inquired into Landais's
conduct in France and during this voyage sen-
tenced him in January 1781 to be broken and
rendered incapable of serving in the American
navy.
Landais now became a resident of New York
City and a chronic claimant for money alleged
to be due him from the federal government.
When early in the French Revolution the
French navy was reorganized, he returned to
his native land and again entered its naval serv-
ice. In the Sardinian war of 1792-93 he is said
to have displayed on one occasion much gal-
lantry. In the latter year, ranking then as a
rear-admiral, he commanded first a small fleet in
the Mediterranean and later a larger fleet with
the Cote d'Or, no guns, as his flagship, in the
Atlantic. Several of his ships took part in the
famous mutiny of 1793, and when he asked to
resign his command, his request was readily
granted. He returned to New York City in 1797.
The twenty-three years of life that remained to
this unfortunate officer were spent in "proud,
solitary, and honourable poverty." He often vis-
ited the federal capital to prosecute his claims
for prize money and a restitution of rank. In
1806 Congress voted him $4,000 on account, to
be deducted from his share of prize money, in
case of a final settlement. Two years before he
died he erected in the cemetery of St. Patrick's
(Old) Cathedral a monument to himself, with
an inscription in French, which may be trans-
lated thus : "To the memory of Pierre de Lan-
dais, formerly rear-admiral in the service of the
United States, who disappeared June, 1818, aged
87 years." He died in the New York City Hos-
pital and is said to have been buried in the pot-
ter's field, then at Washington Square.
[Some more or less reliable information on Landais
is found in the Mag. of Hist., Sept. 1905. G. C. Ver-
planck's article in Miscellanies (1833), II, 329-33, is
romanticized. Other sources are : J. H. Sherburne,
Life and Character of John Paul Jones (ed. 1851) ; Pa-
pers of Continental Congress, No. 41, vol. V; No. 193,
vol. II ; Report of the Secretary of State on the Memo-
rial of Peter Landais (1806) ; E. E'. Hale, Franklin in
France (1887), I, 3!a-4i ; L. E. Chevalier, Histoire de
la Marine sous la Premiere Rcpublique (1886), pp. 98,
100, 102, 119; C. H. Lincoln, Naval Records of the
Am. Revolution (1906); C. O. Paullin, "Admiral
Pierre Landais," in Cath. Hist. Rev., Oct. 1931 ; and
N. Y. Gazette and Gen. Advertiser, Sept. 19, 1820.]
CO. P.
LANDER, EDWARD (Aug. 11, 1816-Feb. 2,
I9°7)» jurist, was born in Salem, Mass., the
eldest son of Edward and Eliza (West) Lander.
His brother, Frederick W. Lander \_q.v.~\, was a
soldier and engineer ; his sister, Louisa Lander,
was a sculptress. He was graduated from Har-
vard in 1835, took the degree of M.A. in 1838,
and that of LL.B. in 1839. After practising in
his own state, he emigrated in 1841 to Indian-
apolis, Ind., where he became district attorney
for several counties. During the Mexican War,
he became captain of the 4th Indiana Volunteers
but did not see active fighting. Soon after his
return to civil life, he received an ad interim
appointment and was subsequently elected judge
of the court of common pleas. His next public
office, to which he was appointed by President
Pierce in 1853, was that of justice of the supreme
court of Washington Territory. As a resident
of the Puget Sound country he interested him-
self in means of communication with the trans-
montane hinterland, urging the building of
railroads and participating in expeditions to ex-
plore trails.
More in harmony with his profession was his
excellent work as member of a commission to
draft a code of law for the territory. During the
Indian wars of 1856-58, Lander was made cap-
tain of Company A of volunteers but became
involved in a legal, rather than military, com-
bat. The territorial authorities accused some
settlers, former employees of the Hudson's Bay
Company, of affording aid and comfort to the
enemy, and therefore ordered them to Fort
Steilacoom for surveillance. Local attorneys
prepared writs of habeas corpus which were to
be laid before the district court of Pierce Coun-
ty, Lander presiding for his colleague, Judge
568
Lander
Lander
Chenoweth, who was ill. To forestall the release
of the suspects, Gov. Isaac Ingalls Stevens, on
Apr. 3, 1856, proclaimed martial law in Pierce
County and ordered Lander's arrest when the
latter attempted to hold court. Later, the judge
tried to bring Stevens before his own bench, in
Olympia, Thurston County, on charges of con-
tempt. The federal marshal and posse failed in
the attempt to arrest Stevens who had now pro-
claimed martial law in Thurston County and had
ordered Lander rearrested. The alleged emer-
gency had passed before Judge Chenoweth se-
cured the release of his colleague, who there-
upon fined the executive, represented by attorney,
the nominal sum of fifty dollars, merely to vindi-
cate the supremacy of civil law. The national
administration upheld the judge's position on the
mooted question of martial law. Lander de-
clined renomination for his position in 1858. As
independent candidate for territorial delegate in
1861, he was defeated by a substantial majority.
After receiving an injury which invalided him
for the remainder of his life, he made his resi-
dence at Washington, D. C, where he repre-
sented Hudson's Bay Company and its subsidiary,
the Puget Sound Agricultural Company, also
the claimants in the French spoliation claims.
He was married but had no children. He died
at Washington.
[Elwood Evans and others. Hist, of the Pacific North-
west: Ore. cmd Wash. (1889), vol. I; F. T. Gilbert,
Hist. Sketches of Walla Walla, Whitman, Columbia,
and Garfield Counties, Wash. Territory (1882) ; F. J.
Grant, Hist, of Seattle, Wash. (1891) ; E. S. Meany,
Hist, of the State of Wash. (1909) ; Ezra Meeker,
Pioneer Reminiscences of Puget Sound (1905) ; Ncw-
Eng. Hist, and Gencal. Reg., Apr. 1851 ; the Orcgonian
(Portland), Feb. 3, 1907; Pioneer and Democrat
(Olympia), May, June 1856; C. A. Snowden, Hist, of
Wash. (1909), vol. Ill; Hazard Stevens, The Life of
Isaac Ingalls Stevens (1900), vol. II; Who's Who in
America, 1903-05-] H.J.D.
LANDER, FREDERICK WEST (Dec. 17,
1821-Mar. 2, 1862), transcontinental explorer,
soldier, poet, was born at Salem, Mass., the son
of Edward Lander and Eliza West. Edward
Lander ]_q.v.~\ was his brother and Louisa Lan-
der, the sculptress, was his sister. His paternal
grandfather was interested in foreign trade,
while his mother's father, Nathaniel West, served
for a time as midshipman in the British navy and
later commanded a noted American privateer,
the Black Prince, distinguishing himself in the
Revolution. Young Lander received his early
education at Franklin and Dummer academies
and was noted for physical strength and love of
sports. Later he studied engineering at South
Andover and at Norwich, Vt., then practised his
profession for a time in survey work on several
eastern railroads, in which he established a repu-
tation for ability and thoroughness. In 1853 he
served as a civil engineer on the staff of Isaac
I. Stevens [q.v.~\ during the survey of the North-
ern Pacific Railroad route. In this capacity he
made a reconnaissance of "the several crossings
of the Mississippi." His report is printed in
Senate Executive Document 29 (33 Cong., 1
Sess. ). In the spring of the year 1854 he headed
a party of exploration to report upon the feasi-
bility of a projected railroad from Puget Sound
to the Mississippi River (see "Report of the
Reconnaissance of a Railroad Route from Puget
Sound via the South Pass to the Mississippi
River," House Executive Document 129, 3.3
Cong., 1 Sess., vol. Ill), and during the four
years following, he served as superintendent and
chief engineer of the overland wagon road. This
involved considerable arduous' service and haz-
ardous duty ; and in 1858, Lander's party of
seventy were attacked by Piute Indians in a
spirited engagement. The Indians were repulsed.
Lander submitted a report as to the advisability
of a main line railroad from the Mississippi
River to Salt Lake City, with branches to San
Francisco and Puget Sound (House Executive
Document 70, 35 Cong., 1 Sess.). Altogether,
he led or participated in five transcontinental
surveys, and for his accomplishments received
high praise from the secretary of the interior.
In October i860 he was married to Jean Margaret
Davenport [see Lander, Jean Margaret Daven-
port], an actress, born at Wolverhampton, Eng-
land, who had come to the United States in 1838.
Upon the outbreak of the Civil War, Lander
was entrusted with a secret and confidential mis-
sion to Governor Houston of Texas, with full
authority to order Federal troops then in Texas
to support Houston if thought advisable. Later
he served with credit as an aide on General Mc-
Clellan's staff in the engagements at Philippi and
Rich Mountain; and on May 17, 1861, he was
appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, tak-
ing over in July, command of a brigade of Gen.
C. P. Stone's division on the upper Potomac. In
the serious engagement of Edwards Ferry, he
was severely wounded in the leg, after which he
was authorized to reorganize his brigade into a
division, with which command, on Jan. 5, 1862,
he successfully defended the town of Hancock,
Md., against a superior force of the enemy. On
Feb. 14, 1862, while still suffering from his
wound, he led a brilliant charge at Blooming
Gap, for which gallant conduct he received a
special letter of commendation from the secre-
tary of war. About this time, ill-health due in
large part to the severity of the winter campaign,
compelled a leave of absence ; and on Mar. 2,
569
Lander
1862, while preparing to move his division into
the Shenandoah Valley to cooperate with Gen-
eral Banks, he died suddenly in the division camp
on the Cacapon River, in Virginia, of a conges-
tive chill, brought on by fatigue and exposure.
General McClellan announced his death to the
army in a special order, the day following. Lan-
der was survived by his wife, by whom he had
no children. Besides being a successful and in-
trepid explorer as well as a soldier of marked
ability, Lander was a vigorous and forceful
writer and was the author of many patriotic
poems of the war period.
[See F. B. Heitman, Hist. Reg. and Diet, of the U.
S. Army (1903), vol. I; Battles and Leaders of the
Civil War, vol. II (1888) ; A. S. Webb, The Peninsula:
McClellan' s Campaign of 1862 (1881); G. M. Dodge
and YV. A. Ellis, Norwich Univ. (1911), vol. II; War
of the Rebellion : Official Records (Army) ; N. Y. Times,
Mar. 3, 1862 ; and Boston Morning Jour., Mar. 4, 1862.
Lander's name is given in the Salem vital records as
Frederick William Lander. In later life he apparently
used the name given above.] q D. R.
LANDER, JEAN MARGARET DAVEN-
PORT (May 3, 1829-Aug. 3, 1903), actress,
was born at Wolverhampton, Staffordshire, Eng-
land. Her father, Thomas Donald, at first a
lawyer, was later manager of the Richmond
(England) Theatre. Her mother, formerly Miss
Danby, was well known in British provincial
theatres. Under the name Jean Davenport the
child made her first professional appearance at
the Richmond Theatre in 1837, in the title part
of Shakespeare's King Richard the Third, and
next as Little Pickle in The Spoiled Child. Ex-
ploited as an infant prodigy, she played these
characters in other cities of Great Britain, win-
ning special success in London and Dublin. In
1838 she came to America, making her debut at
the National Theatre, New York City, on May
21, as Richard the Third and Little Pickle. Af-
terward she gave performances in all the large
Eastern and Southern cities, playing in addition
to the two parts mentioned, Sir Peter Teazle,
Shylock, Sir Giles Overreach, the Dumb Boy of
Manchester, Young Norval, and others, with
great success. She returned to Europe in 1842,
traveled in England and France, and studied un-
der private tutors. In 1844 and 1845, U1 London,
she appeared as Shakespeare's Juliet, Julia in
The Hunchback, the Countess, in Love, and be-
came a great favorite. From 1846 to 1848 she
won further success in Holland and Germany.
On her return to England in 1848, she made her
appearance as a public reader. Her Shake-
spearian readings were especially notable.
During her second visit to America in 1849
her professional success on her tour of the coun-
try was so great that she decided to make Amer-
Landon
ica her home. Besides Juliet, the Countess, and
Julia, she played Meeta, in The Maid of Marien-
dorpt, Horatia, in The Roman Father, Pauline,
in The Lady of Lyons, and Peg Woffington in
Masks and Faces. In December 1853, during her
engagement at the Broadway Theatre, New York
City, she appeared in adaptations from the French
of Adriennc Lecouvreur and La Dame aux
Camclias, having the distinction of introducing
these two hapless heroines to the American pub-
lic. In 1855 she went to California; in 1856-57
and in 1859 she was again in England. In Oc-
tober i860, in San Francisco, she was married
to Frederick West Lander \_q.v.~\. General Lan-
der died in March 1862 from the effects of wounds
received in the American Civil War. Mrs. Lan-
der then served as a hospital nurse, coming out
of her retirement from the stage to appear in
Mesalliance (her own adaptation from the
French) at Niblo's Garden, New York, Feb. 6,
1865. The critic of the New York Herald (Feb.
7, 1865), writing of this performance said in
part : "Mrs. Lander is a small, beautifully formed
lady, with a sweet, expressive face, and a voice
as clear as a silver bell. Her motions are very
graceful. . . . She carries us back to those old,
delightful days when it required brains, not brass,
to be a star." Shortly after this, Mrs. Lander
added to her repertoire such parts as Queen
Elizabeth, Mary Stuart, and Marie Antoinette,
with all the success attending her former ef-
forts. With Comte de Najac, she dramatized
Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter, in which she made
her last appearance as Hester Prynne at the
Boston Theatre on Jan. 1, 1877. Thereafter she
resided in Washington and Lynn, Mass. Her
death occurred at her summer home in the latter
city. Judged by the standards of the day she was
undoubtedly an actress of great talent, taste, and
intellectual attainment.
[T. A. Brown, Hist, of the Am. Stage (1870) ; J. N.
Ireland, Records of the N. Y. Stage (1866), vol. II:
G. C. D. Odell, Annals of the N. Y. Stage, vol. IV
(1928) ; Lawrence Hutton, Plays and Players (1875) ;
Wm. Winter, The Wallet of Time (1913), vol. I ;
Arthur Hornblow, Hist, of the Theatre in America
(1919), vol. II ; Eugene Tompkins and Quincy Kilby,
The Hist, of the Boston Theatre, 1854-1901 (1908) ;
N. Y. Dramatic Mirror, Aug. 8, 15, 1903 ; N. Y. Herald,
Sept. 24-29, 1849, Dec. 6, 1853, Feb. 7, 1865; N. Y.
Times, Aug. 4, 1903.] L. H. F.
LAN DON, MELVILLE DE LANCE Y
(Sept. 7, 1839-Dec. 16, 1910), humorous lecturer
and writer under the pen-name Eli Perkins, was
born on his father's farm at Eaton, Madison
County, N. Y., son of John and Nancy (Marsh)
Landon, both of old New England stock. After
study in the district school and local academy
he attended Madison (later Colgate) University
57°
Landon
and then Union College, graduating in 1861. At
the outbreak of the Civil War he joined the bat-
talion organized by Cassius M. Clay for the de-
fense of Washington. At the same time he served
as a clerk in the Treasury Department. In 1863
he served with the rank of major on, Gen. A. L.
Chetlain's staff in Tennessee. At the request of
Secretary Chase he resigned and took up cotton
growing in Louisiana and Arkansas with free
labor, 1864-67, cultivating 1,700 acres in 1867.
Subsequently he traveled in Europe, visiting
Paris, Rome, Athens, and St. Petersburg, and
in the last-named capital was for a short time
secretary to his former commander Clay, then
minister to Russia. Returning home in 1870, he
prepared a compact digest, The Franco-Prussian
War in a Nutshell (1871), and then took up
journalism. His humorous correspondence from
Saratoga for the New York Commercial Adver-
tiser, which he signed "Lan" and later "Eli Per-
kins" (stated by Landon to have been applied to
him by Artemus Ward) made him a reputation,
and was collected under the title Saratoga in
1901 (1872). In 1875 he published Eli Perkins
at Large: His Sayings and Doings. After con-
ducting a lecture tour for Josh Billings, he
turned himself to platform humor, and in the ten
years up to 1887 "delivered a thousand humorous
and philosophical lectures through the Union."
While his success on the platform is thus abun-
dantly evidenced, his humor in print appears
feebler and more largely anecdotal than that of
some of his contemporaries ; the "philosophical"
element consists of plentifully illustrated dis-
tinctions between humor, wit, and satire. These
popular readings and lectures he continued for
many years. In 1879 he edited the Complete
Works of Artemus Ward with a biographical
introduction. He also published several collec-
tions, including Wit and Humor of the Age
(1883) ; Wise, Witty, Eloquent Kings of the
Platform and Pulpit (1890), and Thirty Years
of Wit (1891). Many of his books were repub-
lished under varying titles. His book entitled
Money: Gold, Silver, or Bimetalism (1895) was
a campaign document against free silver. Dur-
ing his later years he frequently visited Europe
and also toured the Orient, writing travel letters
for New York and Chicago newspapers. He was
president of the New York News Association,
possessed considerable wealth, and at his resi-
dence in New York entertained many artistic
and literary celebrities. His death from loco-
motor ataxia occurred at Yonkers, where he had
made his home shortly before. He was married
in Grace Church, New York, Mar. 22, 1875, to
Emily Louise, daughter of the Rev. Edward
Landreth
Smith of Port Chester, N. Y., and was survived
by his wife and one daughter.
[Who's Who in America, 1908-09; N. Y. Times,
Dec. 17, 1910; J. O. Landon, Landon Gencal. (1928) ;
biographical material in Thirty Years of Wit (eds.
1891 and 1899).] A.W.
LANDRETH, DAVID (Sept. 15, 1802-Feb.
22, 1880), merchant, agriculturist, and writer,
was the only son of David Landreth, a native of
Haggerston, near Berwick-on-Tweed, North-
umberland County, England, and of Sarah
(Arnell) Landreth, a native of Lewes, Del. The
elder David Landreth was a tree grower, seeds-
man, and nurseryman, who came to Canada in
1781 and in 1783 removed to Philadelphia, where
he established a nursery and seed business in
1784. The family name, according to Thomas
C. Gentry's Family Names (1892), was of
Anglo-Saxon origin, meaning a field stream or
spring. David Landreth the younger was born
in Philadelphia, received his education in private
schools, and while a very young man entered his
father's business. This enterprise at that time
was being conducted under the partnership of
his father and his uncle, Cuthbert Landreth.
David was made manager of a branch store in
Charleston, S. C, which prospered under his
direction and continued to thrive with a succes-
sion of leaders until the period of the Civil War,
when it was confiscated (Apr. 22, 1862) by act
of the Confederate States. After successfully
launching this branch he returned to Philadel-
phia, and in 1828 became proprietor of the firm,
which now had a prosperous, well-established
business. In 1847, the Landreth nursery and
seed farm was removed to "Bloomsdale Farm,"
at Bristol, Pa. There Landreth planned and
planted a nursery, arboretum, and vegetable vari-
ety trial grounds which were for a time the most
complete in the United States. He engaged also
in the breeding of Alderney cattle; in 1872-73
experimented with steam-plowing, trying both
a Scotch and an American engine ; and later
conducted tests of steam digging and chopping.
He served as vice-president of the United States
Agricultural Society, a manufacturing company
which was one of the first to make sowing and
reaping machines.
Besides his business pursuits, he had numer-
ous literary and public interests. He was one of
the founders of the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society, organized in 1827, and served it as cor-
responding secretary. 1828-35, ar>d as vice-presi-
dent, 1829-36. In 1856 he became, president of
the Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of
Agriculture, serving in this capacity for two
years. He was president of the Agricultural
57*
Lane
Section of the United States Sanitary Fair, and
was one of the organizers (1847) of the Farm-
ers' Club of Pennsylvania. His literary endeav-
ors were expressed in the founding in 1832 and
subsequent publishing of the Illustrated Floral
Magazine, which was noted for the clearness,
beauty, and accuracy of its descriptions and il-
lustrations. In 1847 he published an American
edition with additional notes of George W.
Johnson's Dictionary of Modern Gardening, a
classic of horticultural writing.
He was married twice: first, in 1825, to Eliza-
beth Rodney of Delaware, by whom he had five
children ; and second, in 1842, to Martha Burnet
of Philadelphia, by whom he had three children.
He died at his home at "Bloomsdale," Bristol,
Pa. The seed firm which he conducted ably for
so long a period was continued by his descend-
ants, and is the oldest of its kind in America.
[Burnet Landreth, "David Landreth," in L. H. Bailey,
Cyc. of Am. Horticulture (1900) ; S. F. Hotchkin, The
Bristol Pike (1893); "An Early Methodist of Phila-
delphia." Pa. Mag. of Hist, and Biog., XII (1888), 488-
89; Phila. Record, Feb. 24, 1880; communication from
Burnet Landreth, Jr., 1929.] W. B. M k.
LANE, FRANKLIN KNIGHT (July 15,
1864-May 18, 1921), interstate commerce com-
missioner, secretary of the interior, the eldest of
the four children of Christopher S. and Caroline
(Burns) Lane, was born near Charlottetown,
Prince Edward Island, Canada. His father at
this time was a Presbyterian minister, but later,
when recurrent attacks of bronchitis affected his
voice, became a dentist. From his mother, a
woman of direct Scotch descent, Lane derived
many of his physical and mental traits. To es-
cape the rigor of the Canadian climate, his father
moved with the family to California in 1871,
settling in Napa. From boyhood Lane was thor-
oughly American in his democratic outlook in
his emphasis upon equality of economic oppor-
tunity, and in his restless, ambitious spirit. He
attended a grammar school at Napa, and later
a private school called "Oak Mound." In 1876,
the family moved to Oakland, where the boy en-
tered high school. He attended the University
of California, 1884-86, as a special student, put-
ting himself through college by working during
vacation and after hours. Philosophy and eco-
nomics were the subjects which appealed to him
most strongly, and he became one of the leading
spirits in a political science club.
The readable, effective style that characterizes
Lane's public papers he himself attributed to his
early newspaper training. He did newspaper
work to help pay his way through college, and,
after studying law in San Francisco at the Hast-
ings College of the Law (part of the University
Lane
of California), he was admitted to the bar in
1888. He then became a special correspondent
in New York for the San Francisco Chronicle.
In 1891, he bought an interest in the Tacoma
Daily News, and became editor of that journal.
In April 1893 he married Anne Wintermute.
Though the editorship of a newspaper gave him
an opportunity to exert an influence on local af-
fairs and to express his views on public questions,
the venture was not financially successful. The
paper became bankrupt and Lane sold it at auc-
tion in 1894, turning with undampened ardor to
new fields of activity. In the fall of that year, he
entered into an association for a few months with
Arthur McEwen, publisher of Arthur McEwen's
Letter, a weekly political journal in San Fran-
cisco which attacked civic corruption, and more
especially the Southern Pacific Railroad, then
the colossus that dominated the affairs of the
state. About the same time, he and his brother,
George W. Lane, established a law partnership.
In 1898, Lane made his formal entry into politics,
accepting membership on a committee to draft
a charter for San Francisco and stumping the
city in behalf of the charter. Accepting the Demo-
cratic nomination for city and county attorney,
he was elected in 1898 and reelected the next
year and in 1901. None of his opinions as city
attorney were reversed by the supreme court. In
1902, he was nominated as the Democratic and
Non-Partisan candidate for governor of Cali-
fornia, but was defeated. Reluctantly yielding
to his friends, he accepted the Democratic nomi-
nation for mayor of San Francisco in 1903, only
to suffer defeat again.
The vigor of his democracy, however, and his
fighting spirit, had already made Lane a national
figure. In December 1905, President Roosevelt
nominated him to the Interstate Commerce Com-
mission. The Senate was slow to act, for the con-
servatives in that body regarded Lane as a radi-
cal, and the nomination was not confirmed until
June 29, 1906. Lane quickly became recognized
as one of the ablest members of the Commission.
A champion of the "plain people," he held that
if men had made great fortunes out of privileges
granted by the common people it was possible to
correct the evil by a change in law. His "radi-
calism" went no further than this. The decisions
written by Lane as interstate commerce commis-
sioner "were among the most important, and
probably the most important, that determined the
constitutional powers of the Government in the
regulation of common carriers" (Hemphill, in
North American Review, August 1917, p. 252).
Some of his decisions involved nice questions of
constitutional law, but they were all sustained by
572
Lane
Lane
the Supreme Court. He undertook several pieces
of constructive work while a member of the
Commission. Notable among these was the in-
stallation of a uniform system of demurrage laws.
Intellectual independence, breadth of vision, and
a fine mastery of details characterized his seven
years' service.
Lane was somewhat reluctant to leave the Com-
mission, of which he had recently been made
chairman, to accept Woodrow Wilson's offer
(February 1913) of the secretaryship of the in-
terior. Dependent almost entirely on his salary,
he dreaded the added social and financial de-
mands of a place in the cabinet. Nevertheless,
he obeyed the summons of the draft. Though the
post of secretary of the interior is one of the
most exacting in the cabinet, Lane could hardly
have asked for one better adapted to his talents,
or enabling him to draw more effectively upon
the stores of his experience in the West. A con-
servationist, he consistently maintained that the
resources of the West should be used to develop
the West. To show his practical interest in the
welfare of Alaska, he nominated an Alaskan as
its governor. He recommended the construction
of a railway line from Seward to Fairbanks. The
objective of his Indian policy was the release of
every Indian from the guardianship of the gov-
ernment as soon as he gave evidence of his abil-
ity to care for his own affairs. Lane plunged
with enthusiasm into a study of all the many
activities carried on by the Department of the
Interior. He was an indefatigable first-hand in-
vestigator, and his inspection trips covered recla-
mation projects, national parks, and Indian res-
ervations.
To the employees who worked under him in
Washington, as to the men and women in the
field, he was the inspirational leader. He aimed
to kindle in them the glow of his own enthusiasm
for public service. To promote fellowship, and
to foster the spirit of teamwork in the Depart-
ment, he organized the "Home Club." His ad-
dress to his staff on Flag Day, 1914, later pub-
lished as a small pamphlet, Makers of the Flag
(1916), has been described as a classic in its
field, while his annual reports disclose his philo-
sophic grasp of the problems of his Department
and his high conception of his duties as a cabinet
officer. He found time to continue his corre-
spondence with an extraordinarily wide circle
of friends. In The Letters of Franklin K. Lane
(1922), a selection published after his death, the
human qualities of the man are abundantly re-
vealed. In 1916, he served as chairman of the
American-Mexican joint commission; in 1918,
he was made chairman of the railroad wage com-
mission ; and the following year he was chair-
man of the industrial conference. When the
United States declared war against Germany in
1917, Lane threw himself, with his character-
istic enthusiasm, into the work of rallying public
support behind the war effort of the administra-
tion. To this end, he made numerous public
speeches, many of which were published in 1918
in a book entitled The American Spirit. As the
war drew to a close, he proposed that part of
the public domain be set aside for returning
soldiers who wished to go back to the land, but
Congress did not accept the suggestion.
Lane resigned from the cabinet on Mar. 1,
1920, to become vice-president of the Pan-Ameri-
can Petroleum Company, at a salary said to have
been $50,000 a year. His health was declining,
and his private means were so small that he felt
it incumbent upon him to accept private em-
ployment, and to build up an estate to safeguard
the financial future of his wife and two children.
He told close friends that on leaving Washing-
ton he would not have money enough to buy
railroad tickets for himself and his family back
to California, and to move there the little furni-
ture he owned (Sullivan, post, p. 610). His
hopes, however, were not to be realized, for he
died on May 18, 1921, at Rochester, Minn., fol-
lowing an operation.
[Valuable biographical material is contained in The
Letters of Franklin K. Lane (1922), ed. by Anne W.
Lane and Louise H. Wall. Some of these were pub-
lished as "Letters of a High Minded Man, Franklin K.
Lane," in World's Work, Mar.-Sept. 1922. Among
articles on him may be cited : Jas. C. Hemphill, "Frank-
lin Knight Lane," North Am. Rev., Aug. 1917 ; Wm.
E. Smythe, "Franklin K. Lane, American," Rev. of
Revs., (N. Y.), Apr. 1920; Lawrence Abbott, "A Pas-
sionate American," Outlook, June 1, 1921. See also
Nation, June 1, 1921 ; Mark Sullivan, "Public Men
and Big Business," World's Work, Apr. 1924; N. Y.
Times, May 19, 1921.] O. M.,Jr.
LANE, GEORGE MARTIN (Dec. 24, 1823-
June 30, 1897), classicist, was descended from
William Lane who settled in Dorchester, Mass.,
about 1635. His parents, Martin Lane of North-
ampton, Mass., and Lucretia Swan of Boston,
removed to Cambridge shortly after the birth of
their son. The boy was probably first inspired
to classical scholarship in the school of Charles
Stearns Wheeler, later instructor at Harvard.
Graduating with high distinction from Harvard
in 1846, Lane was appointed to conduct the upper
Latin classes during the absence of Professor
Charles Beck. In 1847 he went to Germany in
order to devote himself to classical philology, a
subject in which no American college then of-
fered systematic instruction. After four years
of study abroad, he received the degree of Ph.D.
573
Lane
Lane
at Gottingen, in 1851. Upon the resignation of
Professor Beck in that year, Lane was elected
University Professor of Latin with no interven-
ing period of probation as a teacher — an unusual
procedure, but (as President Eliot said) never
better justified. On the establishment of the Pope
Professorship in Latin in 1869, he was trans-
ferred to that position. Resigning in 1894 he
was made professor emeritus. During forty-
three years he was in the active service of Har-
vard College, of which he was one of the very
ablest teachers. His pupils recalled with ad-
miration his originality of thought, never disabled
by his seemingly exhaustless memory ; his power
to inspire them with the love of truth ; his in-
sistence on scrupulous accuracy ; his felicity of
expression, born of his delicate literary taste;
and an abounding wit and humor that gave life
to every subject of his instruction.
Lane was preeminently a teacher — a great
teacher through the spoken word. He wrote
relatively little. He contributed articles to the
Nation, to the Bibliothcca Sacra and the North
American Review, and to the Harvard Studies
in Classical Philology. His Latin Pronunci-
ation (1871) extirpated the traditional "Eng-
lish" pronunciation of Latin almost everywhere
throughout the United States. He corrected the
proof of much of the large Harpers' Latin Dic-
tionary ( 1879) ; his counsel and assistance made
Charlton T. Lewis' Latin Dictionary for Schools
(1889) a more original and trustworthy book.
His scholarly fame is chiefly secured by his
posthumously published Latin Grammar for
Schools and Colleges (1898). Highly trained
as was his linguistic sense, he was not content
unless he could fortify his every statement by his
own examination of the materials in all their
details. So great indeed was his passion for pre-
cision that, after nearly thirty years of labor, the
book was completed only after his death, by his
pupil, Professor Morris Morgan. Of special im-
portance is the Syntax, in the treatment of which
the author showed that he had imbibed the very
spirit of the Latin language and could reproduce
in idiomatic translation the shifting tone and
the character of the original. Of the Latin Gram-
mar, Professor Gildersleeve said that it "will
abide not only as a repertory of important facts
and a repository of acute observations but as a
monument of literary art and sympathetic inter-
pretation" (Morison, post, p. 39).
Lane was distinguished for great personal
charm, geniality, courtliness, and humor. Of his
humor one specimen is still remembered — the
"Lay of the Lone Fishball," a ballad of which he
was himself the hero. He was married in 1857
to Frances Eliza Gardiner, who died in 1876; in
1878 to Mrs. Fanny (Bradford) Clark.
[Am. Jour, of Philology, July, Oct. 1897, Oct. 1898 ;
Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, VII (1896),
374-81, IX (1898), 1-12; Pubs, of the Col. Soc. of
Mass., vol. VI (1904) ; Nation (N. Y.), July 8, 1897 ;
J. H. Fitts, Lane Geneals., vol. II (1897) ; S. E. Mori-
son, The Development of Harvard Univ. . . . 1869-1929
(■93°) : J- L. Chamberlain, Harvard Univ. (1900);
F. O. Vaille and H. A. Clark, The Harvard Book
(187s), vol. I.] H.W.S— h.
LANE, HENRY SMITH (Feb. 24, 181 1-
June 18, 1881), representative and senator from
Indiana, was born on a farm near Sharpsburg,
Bath County, Ky., the son of James H. Lane, a
colonel of militia and Indian fighter. He studied
law and was admitted to the bar, in 1832, at Mt.
Sterling, Ky. In 1834 he moved to Crawfords-
ville, Ind., where he practised his profession un-
til he became a banker there, in 1854, with his
father-in-law, Isaac C. Elston. He was a Whig
member of the state House of Representatives
(1838-39) and took an active part in the cam-
paign of 1840. Elected to the twenty-sixth fed-
eral House of Representatives to fill a vacancy
caused by resignation and reelected to the next
Congress, he served from Aug. 3, 1840, to Mar.
3, 1843. When Tyler succeeded Harrison and
vetoed bills to charter a new federal bank Lane,
like most of his party, broke with the President
and denounced him in bitter terms. He greatly
admired Henry Clay and campaigned ardently
for him in 1844; the defeat of his idol was one
of the great disappointments of his life. Unlike
many northern Whigs he strongly supported the
Mexican War, raised a company of volunteers,
became its captain, and subsequently rose to be
major and then lieutenant-colonel of the 1st In-
diana Regiment. He went to Mexico but v/as
mainly engaged in guarding supply trains and
in garrison duty, and he did not participate in
any battles. After his return home he again ran
for Congress but was defeated by one of the lead-
ing Indiana Democrats, Joseph E. McDonald.
Early in his life, he recognized that slavery
was out of harmony with the spirit of the age, but
he opposed the methods of the active abolition-
ists. However, when the Republican party was
founded upon the principle of opposition to slav-
ery in the territories, he became one of its leaders
in Indiana. He presided over the national con-
vention of 1856 and made an impassioned speech
that gave him a national reputation. In 1859,
holding that the election of Bright and Fitch in
1857 had been irregular, the Republicans and
"Americans" or old Whigs, who now controlled
both houses of the state legislature, chose Lane
and Monroe McCarty for the United States Sen-
ate, but they were not allowed to take the seats
574
Lane
because the Democratic majority in that body
supported Bright and Fitch. In the Republican
National Convention of i860 he energetically op-
posed the candidacy of Seward and played a large
part in bringing about Lincoln's nomination. He
was nominated for governor by the Indiana Re-
publicans, with Oliver P. Morton as the candi-
date for lieutenant-governor. The two cam-
paigned vigorously and were elected. Two days
after his inauguration, in accordance with a
previous understanding, he was elected United
States senator and resigned the governorship in
favor of Morton. In the Senate he was a mem-
ber of the committee on military affairs and of
the committee on pensions, of which latter he
became chairman. He gave zealous support to
the Union cause and, later, to the congressional
plan of reconstruction, but he originated few
measures and rarely spoke at any length, his
talents "being better suited to the hustings than
to a legislative body" (Woolen, post, p. 124).
His influence was, however, much greater than
the record of his activities in the Congressional
Globe indicates.
He declined to be a candidate for reelection
and upon the expiration of his term in 1867 re-
turned to Crawfordsville to take up again his
banking interests. In 1869 he became special
Indian commissioner and, in 1872, served as
commissioner for the improvement of the Mis-
sissippi River. He was a delegate to the Repub-
lican national conventions of 1868 and 1872 and
for many years a trustee of Asbury College
(now De Pauw University). He was fond of
telling how in the days of attending court in
Fountain County before the war, he approached
a group that included Abraham Lincoln. "Here,"
said Lincoln, "comes an uglier man than I am."
As a stump speaker he had few equals, but his
oratory was of the impassioned type, and he was
not a logical speaker nor a good debater. Unlike
his fellow partisan, Oliver P. Morton, he made
few enemies, being popular even with most of
his political opponents. He was twice married,
first, to Pamelia Bledsoe Jameson of Kentucky,
who died in 1842, and, second, on Feb. 11, 1845,
to Jonna Elston, of Crawfordsville, a sister of
the wife of Lew Wallace [q.i1.].
[Files of the Congressional Joint Committee on
Printing ; Encycl. of Biog. of Ind., ed. by G. I. Reed,
vol. I (1895) ; A Biog. Hist, of Eminent and Self-Made
Men of the State of Indiana (1880), vol. I; W. W.
Woolen, Biog. and Hist. Sketches of Early Ind.
(1883) ; Indianapolis Journal, June 20, 1881 ; Indian-
apolis News, Apr. 6, 1914, Aug. 8, 1914.] P L H.
LANE, HORACE M. (July 29, 1837-Oct. 27,
1912), missionary educator in Brazil, was born
at Readfield, Me., the son of Rufus King Lane
Lane
by his second wife Electa (Davis) Lane, both of
New England stock. At nineteen he went to
Brazil to take a commercial position. While he
was prospering in business he became interested
in Christian missions and education, and finally
went into teaching. The understanding of the
people and the mastery of their language gained
in these years qualified him for his later achieve-
ments among Brazilians. Returning to the
United States, he studied medicine and, settling
in Missouri, entered upon the life of a physi-
cian. In 1863 he married Ellen Williams. A let-
ter from a Presbyterian missionary in Sao Paulo,
Brazil, in 1886, contained the request that he
take charge of a school there. Though he had
a large practice, and his wife's death had just
left him with eight children to care for, he im-
mediately went to Sao Paulo with his family,
under appointment from the Presbyterian Board
of Foreign Missions.
In his Escola Americana he adapted the es-
sential features of American school practice to
Brazilian conditions and showed a unique gift
for educational method. This school was the first
co-educational institution in the country, the
first to receive students without distinction of
race or color, and the first to provide manual
training. Lane was inexhaustibly energetic and
ceaselessly active. He had a rare faculty for
winning friends, unusual administrative ability,
and "a wizard's mastery of school finance in a
Latin land." As the school developed it pro-
duced a demand for higher education, and in
1891 an independent non-sectarian institution
named Mackenzie College was organized. For
twenty-one years Lane presided over the college
and the school, and created one of the most val-
uable educational forces in South America.
Mackenzie graduates became prominent in en-
gineering, business, public-school teaching, and
intellectual leadership. .Students were sent for
advanced training to the United States, for Lane
had a vision of Pan-American unity of spirit.
During his presidency more than fifteen thou-
sand students entered the college and the school.
They felt his friendliness and to many he com-
municated his spirit. They were "scattered " he
said, "throughout the land to aid in its regenera-
tion." The wholesome religious influence of the
college was a recognized power in Brazilian life.
To this life he contributed in other ways than
through his students. His methods and text-
books were the model for public schools through-
out the nation, and he took a large part in the
organization of an independent Brazilian Pres-
byterian Church. His character and services
won the confidence of the leading men of Sao
575
Lane
Paulo and he was undoubtedly the most influen-
tial foreigner and educator in Brazil. In the
physical weakness of his last years he held to
his work with characteristic resolution and fidel-
ity, and died at his post after a short illness.
[Jacob Chapman and J. H. Fitts, Lane Geneals., vol.
I (1891) ; Ann. Reports of the Board of Foreign Mis-
sions of the Presbyt. Ch. in the U. S. A., 1886-1912;
manuscript records of the Board ; Assembly Herald
(Phila.), June 1907, Jan. 1913; The Continent (Chi-
cago), Dec. 12, 19, 1912; Jornal do Commercio (Rio
de Janeiro), Oct. 29, 1912; information as to certain
facts from Rev. George Alexander.] R.H.N.
LANE, JAMES HENRY (June 22, 1814-
July 11, 1866), soldier and Kansas political lead-
er, was the son of Amos and Mary (Foote)
Howes Lane. His father, a native of New York,
emigrated to Indiana in 1808, became an itin-
erant attorney, a member of the legislature
(speaker in 1817), and congressman from the
fourth Indiana district during Jackson's second
term. His mother was born in Connecticut, ac-
quired a good education, and imparted the fun-
damentals of learning to her son. Lane's birth-
place was probably Lawrenceburg, Ind., although
when it gave him political advantage he claimed
Kentucky as his native state. He was a product
of the frontier, and like his father, a Democrat
of the Jackson school. He studied law in his
father's office, was admitted to the bar, and prac-
tised his profession occasionally. In 1841 he
married Mary E. Baldridge of Youngstown, Pa.,
a grand-daughter of Gen. Arthur St. Clair ; they
were divorced some fifteen years later and re-
married in 1857. In the Mexican War he served
as colonel of the 3rd Indiana Regiment, and as a
volunteer commander without previous military
experience acquitted himself creditably at Buena
Vista. Later he commanded the 5th Indiana,
which he led to Mexico City. Military achieve-
ment 6rought political advancement: he served
as lieutenant-governor, 1849-53, and as member
of Congress, 1853-55, where he voted for the
Kansas-Nebraska Bill.
Refusing to stand for reelection, he emigrated
to Kansas Territory in April 1855 and soon at-
tempted to organize the Democratic party there.
Failing in this endeavor, he joined the Free-
State movement, and as chairman of the plat-
form committee of the Big Springs convention,
in September 1855, he advocated a broad and
constructive program designed to unite anti-
slavery factions in the Territory. At the "Peo-
ple's Convention" two weeks later he was made
chairman of the "Executive Committee of Kan-
sas Territory," and as such directed the activi-
ties of the party in its quest for statehood. Pos-
ing as the spokesman of Stephen A. Douglas
.Lane
[q.v.~\, he assured Free-State men that they had
only to frame a constitution and it would com-
mand the support of the Illinois Senator. In
October he was elected president of a convention
assembled at Topeka which framed and adopted
a constitution ratified a month later by the voters
of the party. The "Topeka Movement" was in-
terrupted by the Wakarusa War in December,
during which Lane fortified Lawrence against
pro-slavery Missourians and, had it not been for
the cautious Robinson (Charles Robinson [q.z'.~\,
leader of the anti-slavery forces), might have
taken the offensive. This crisis was a turning
point in Lane's career. He was essentially a
conservative until the hysteria of exciting events
produced the proper background for radical lead-
ership. A "state" government was organized in
March 1856, and Lane and Andrew H. Reeder
[q.v.] were elected to the Senate by the would-
be legislature.
Lane immediately went to Washington to la-
bor for the admission of Kansas, armed with a
memorial framed by the "Senators and Repre-
sentatives of the General Assembly of the State
of Kansas." It was favorably received in the
House but was rejected by the Senate, where
Douglas and other Administration leaders pro-
nounced it a fraud and a forgery, largely upon
technical grounds. Douglas refused to be drawn
into a duel, and Lane toured the Northwest to
lay the cause of Kansas before the people. Since
the Missouri River had been closed to emigrants
from the Northern states he opened a new route
via Iowa and Nebraska, and through this chan-
nel "Lane's Army of the North" invaded Kan-
sas. Arriving in August 1856 he attacked pro-
slavery strongholds, and his men committed
depredations fully as atrocious as those of the
"border ruffians." Peace was restored upon the
arrival of Gov. J. W. Geary [q.v.~\ in Septem-
ber.
After spending the following winter in the
East, Lane returned to the Territory in March
1857. He opposed participation in the Lecomp-
ton movement but favored contesting the Octo-
ber election for members of the territorial legis-
lature. This policy was adopted, and the Free-
State party gained control of the General As-
sembly, which immediately elected Lane major-
general of militia. Following the homicide of
Gaius Jenkins, June 3, 1858, Lane retired from
politics, but emerged in 1859 to become a Repub-
lican candidate for the Senate, and when the
state was admitted in 1861 he reached the goal
of his ambition.
Arriving in Washington in April 1861, he im-
mediately raised a "Frontier Guard" which bi-
576
Lane
vouacked in the East Room of the Executive
Mansion for a few days. This episode marked
the beginning of an intimate friendship with
Lincoln which gave Lane influence and prestige
in the management of Kansas affairs in Wash-
ington. In June 1861 Lincoln appointed him
brigadier-general of volunteers with authority
to raise two regiments. During September and
October this "Kansas Brigade" operated against
Confederate forces under Gen. Sterling Price
in western Missouri and "jayhawked" property
of both Union and Confederate sympathizers.
Returning to the Senate in December, Lane de-
manded an aggressive winter campaign. The
President, who admired his tireless activity and
infectious enthusiasm, tendered him the com-
mand of an expedition from the department of
Kansas into Arkansas and the Indian country,
but a controversy with Gen. David Hunter, the
departmental commander, prevented the "Great
Southern Expedition" from materializing.
Although Lane had expressed anti-slavery
convictions as a member of Congress from In-
diana, he went to Kansas declaring that his at-
titude toward the institution there would depend
upon the suitability of the soil and climate for
hemp production. In 1857, however, he an-
nounced himself a "crusader for freedom." At
the outbreak of war he asserted that "slavery
would not survive the march of the Union
Army," and his brigade assisted many blacks in
escaping from Arkansas and Missouri. As re-
cruiting commissioner for Kansas he assembled
a regiment of negroes which was mustered Jan.
13, 1863, perhaps the second to be officially re-
ceived into Union service.
The Lane-Robinson feud which began in the
territorial period continued with credit to neither
of the principals. In the Kansas election of
1862 indorsement of Lane became the chief issue,
and dissatisfied Republicans, supported by Dem-
ocrats, bolted the regular ticket. He was de-
nounced as an "infamous demagogue" with "an
insatiable thirst for power," but the result of
the election was regarded as a Lane triumph.
His enemies increased and in the legislative ses-
sion of 1864 they sought to end his political ca-
reer by electing Gov. Thomas Carney [q.v.~] to
the Senate. Since Lane's term would not expire
for over a year the premature election was
branded "a fraud upon the people." Lane
stumped the state the following summer and,
aided by opportune military events, secured the
election of a friendly legislature which returned
him to the Senate by an almost unanimous vote.
As early as December 1863 Lane advocated the
reelection of Lincoln, and his Cooper Institute
Lane
speech a few months later was a timely review
of the Administration's successes. He was a del-
egate to the Baltimore convention, and in the
Grand Council of the Union League which as-
sembled the evening before, he defended the
President's record. In the campaign which fol-
lowed he represented Kansas on the National
Committee, and as chairman of the "National
Union Committee for the West," he urged north-
western radicals to support Lincoln. He was a
strong advocate of western expansion and gave
the Homestead and Pacific Railroad bills his
undivided support. He secured a grant of land
to Kansas to aid the construction of the Leaven-
worth, Lawrence & Fort Gibson, and the Atchi-
son, Topeka & Santa Fe railroads. In the re-
construction of seceded states he deserted the
radicals and reverted to conservatism. Accept-
ing the perdurance theory, he advocated a "To-
peka Movement" for Arkansas, Louisiana, and
Tennessee as the best method of combating
"bogus authority." His support of President
Johnson's veto of the Civil Rights Bill caused
almost universal condemnation in Kansas as
"misrepresenting a radical constituency." De-
pressed by his cold reception at home, over-
worked, mentally deranged, charged with finan-
cial irregularities connected with Indian con-
tracts, he shot himself on July 1, 1866, but lin-
gered ten days, dying July II.
Lane's great service to Kansas in the terri-
torial period lay in his organization of various
anti-slavery factions into a compact Free-State
party. Albeit the movement which he led for
statehood was destined to fail, it gave the mem-
bers of that party a common purpose which
united them until the pro-slavery legislature
was overthrown. Furthermore, Northern men
in Kansas had implicit faith in Lane's military
capacity which gave them confidence in contests
with "border ruffians." After the beginning of
the Civil War, he was a pioneer in advocating
emancipation and enlistment of negroes. Indi-
gent, ambitious, provocative, magnetic, he was
primarily an agitator. His "demoralized ward-
robe," his unkempt hair and beard, his "lean,
haggard, and sinewy figure," all contributed to
his success in a frontier political canvass. His
use of sarcasm and invective, his crude gestures
and his long, bony fore-finger, his harsh and
raspy voice made him an effective stump orator.
"That he loved Kansas, and that Kansas loved
him, is undeniable."
[John Speer. Life of Gen. James H. Lane (18961, is
eulogistic ; Wm. E. Connelley, James Henry Lane
(1899). is fragmentary; W. H. Stephenson, "The Po-
litical Career of General James H. Lane" (Kan. State
Hist. Soc. Pubs., vol. Ill, 1930), emphasizes his polit-
577
Lane
ical activities but devotes some attention to the mili-
tary background. See also R. G. Elliott, "The Big
Springs Convention," Trans. Kan. State Hist. Soc,
vol. VIII (1904); L. W. Spring, "The Career of a
Kansas Politician," Am. Hist. Rev., Oct. 1898; W. O.
Stoddard, "The Story of a Nomination," North Am.
Rev., Mar.1884; Jacob Stringfellow (N. V. Smith),
"Jim Lane," Lippincott's Mag., Mar. 1870; Kan. State
Hist. Soc. Colls., vol. XIII (.1915); D. W. Wilder,
The Annals of Kansas (1886); W. H. Stephenson,
"Amos Lane, Advocate of Western Democracy," hid.
Mag. of Hist., Sept. 1930; Cong. Globe, 1853-66;
War of the Rebellion: Official Records, ser. I, II, III ;
Leavenworth Daily Conservative, July 12, 1866. The
"Webb Scrap Book" (17 vols.), preserved in the Kan.
State Hist. Lib., contains copious clippings from a
wide range of newspapers, May 1854-Sept. 1856.]
W.H.S.
LANE, JAMES HENRY (July 28, 1833-
Sept. 21, 1907), Confederate soldier, educator,
was born at Mathews Court House (now Math-
ews), Va., the son of Walter Gardner and
Mary Ann Henry (Barkwell) Lane. His great-
grandfather, Ezekiel Lane, had been one of the
earliest settlers in Mathews County and the fam-
ily had been actively associated with political
and military affairs in Virginia. His grand-
father, William Lane, was a sergeant in the War
of 1812, and his father served as a member of
the Virginia legislature and as colonel of the
Mathews County militia during the Civil War.
James Henry received his education in private
schools and from tutors on his father's planta-
tion until 185 1 when he entered Virginia Mili-
tary Institute at Lexington, Va., as a sophomore.
He graduated July 4, 1854, second in a class of
fourteen. Three years later he graduated from
the University of Virginia in the scientific
course and immediately returned to the Virginia
Military Institute, where he was commissioned
lieutenant and served as assistant professor of
mathematics and assistant instructor in tactics.
Subsequently he taught in various private
schools and when the Civil War began was serv-
ing as professor of natural philosophy and in-
structor in military tactics in North Carolina
Military Institute. He immediately responded to
the governor's call for men to serve for one year
and was elected major of the 1st Regiment,
North Carolina Volunteers. These troops pro-
ceeded at once to Virginia; on June 10, 1861,
Lane led the scouting party which brought on
the battle of Bethel and won for the regiment the
title of "Bethel Regiment." He was elected lieu-
tenant-colonel Sept. 1, 1861, and a fortnight later
when D. H. Hill [q.v.~\ was made brigadier-gen-
eral he became colonel of the 28th North Caro-
lina infantry, having reorganized his volunteers
into the "state troops" enlisted for the duration
of the war. He served with the Army of Vir-
ginia during the entire war, participating in all
the important engagements. He was twice
Lane
wounded in the battles of the Peninsular cam-
paign and dangerously wounded at the second
battle of Cold Harbor. "For gallant and meri-
torious conduct" he was recommended for pro-
motion by Generals Lee, Jackson, and Hill, and
upon the death of General Branch at Sharps-
burg that officer's brigade petitioned that Lane
might be assigned to command them. The pro-
motion was made Nov. 1, 1862. He was then
twenty-nine years old and was popularly be-
lieved to be the youngest brigadier in the army.
His brigade promptly dubbed him the "Little
General" and presented him with a sword, sash,
saddle, and bridle in honor of his promotion.
The command of the rear guard on the retreat
from Sharpsburg was intrusted to him. At
Gettysburg he took active part in Pickett's
charge, and again commanded the rear guard in
Lee's retreat into Virginia. He surrendered
with his brigade at Appomattox.
Lane returned to civil life to find his parents
in want and the family plantation wasted. He
borrowed $150 and sought employment as a
teacher once more. For seven years he taught in
private schools in North Carolina and Virginia.
In 1872 he became professor of natural philoso-
phy and commandant of the Virginia Polytechnic
Institute, where he spent eight years. After a
year in the Missouri School of Mines as pro-
fessor of mathematics he became professor of
civil engineering in the Alabama Polytechnic
Institute, remaining in this school until June
1907 when he became professor emeritus. He
was married in 1869 to Charlotte Randolph
Meade.
[T. M. Owen, Hist, of Ala. and Diet, of Ala. Biog.
(1921), vol. IV; C. A. Evans, Confed. Mil. Hist.
(1899), vol. IV; The South in the Building of the
Nation (1909), vol. XII ; manuscript material relating
to his life in the files of the Dept. of History and Ar-
chives, Montgomery, Ala. ; W. R. Cox, Address on the
Life and Services of Gen. James H. Lane, Army North-
ern Va. (n.d.) ; Who's Who in America, 1907-08;
Montgomery Advertiser, Sept. 22, 1907.] fj p
LANE, JOHN (Apr. 8, 1789-Oct. 10, 1855),
Methodist clergyman, and a founder of Vicks-
burg, Miss., son of William and Nancy Lane,
was born in Fairfax County, Va., but when only
two years of age was taken by his parents to
Elbert County, Ga. His mother, a devout Meth-
odist, so influenced his early life that he often
testified that because of her teaching and exam-
ple, "he had no recollection of having ever sworn
a profane oath, uttered a willful falsehood, played
a game of cards, drank a dram of ardent spirits
as a beverage, or taken a chew of tobacco"
(Jones, post, p. 400). He spent one year and a
half in Franklin College, Ga. While there he de-
cided to enter the Methodist itinerancy, and on
57*
Lane
Jan. 12, 1814, was admitted on trial in the South
Carolina Annual Conference. In 1815 when
Bishop McKendree hesitated, because of Creek
uprisings, to send preachers to the Mississippi
territory, Lane volunteered for that frontier
work and the following year he was a member of
the first formal Mississippi Annual Conference
of the Methodist Episcopal Church. On Oct. 27,
1819, he was married to Sarah, eldest daughter
of Newet Vick.
In 1821 Lane was forced temporarily to leave
the itinerancy. His father-in-law, a local Meth-
odist minister, died in 1819, leaving a family of
ten children, all of them too young to administer
their father's estate. Prior to his death Vick had
purchased the land upon which the greater part
of the city of Vicksburg, Miss., is now situated.
Seeing the commercial possibilities of the site,
he had planned to start a city there. Although
instructed by Vick's will to carry out his wish,
the original executor of the estate felt that it
would be more profitable to cultivate cotton on
the land and refused to survey and sell the land
as building lots. As a result, Lane was appoint-
ed to administer the estate. In this work he
showed remarkable business ability and despite
much litigation executed the plans of his father-
in-law and thereby shares with him the honor of
being the founder of Vicksburg. Lane became
one of the leading merchants of the young city,
was a director of the Railroad Bank of Vicks-
burg, and for a number of years was probate
judge of Warren County. In time he was a man
of some wealth.
Returning to the itinerancy in 1832, for the
next twenty-three years he was an outstanding
leader in Mississippi Methodism. He served
sixteen years as a presiding elder and was five
times sent as a representative to the General
Conferences of the Church. As a member of the
General Conference of 1844, he was active in
the movement that resulted in the schism in the
Methodist Episcopal Church and the formation
of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. He
was largely responsible for the founding (1839)
of Centenary College and was for many years
the president of its board of trustees. As presi-
dent of the Missionary Society of the Mississippi
Conference he promoted religious work among
the negro slaves. His home in Vicksburg has
been described as a "sort of hotel of hospitality."
He donated the land for the first Methodist
church in Vicksburg, gave horses to many cir-
cuit-riders, and often entertained in his own
home an entire Methodist annual conference.
He contributed liberally to all benevolent causes.
His beneficiaries, however, took advantage of
L,ane
his generosity. It is estimated that during his
lifetime he paid one hundred thousand dollars of
security money. His death came as a result of
exposure while nursing members of his family
during the yellow-fever epidemic in Vicksburg
in 1855.
[T. O. Summers, Biog. Sketches of Eminent Itiner-
ant Ministers (1859) ; W. B. Sprague, Annals Am. Pul-
pit, vol. VII (1859) ; John G. Jones, A Complete Hist,
of Methodism as Connected with the Miss. Conference
of the M. E. Ch. South, vol. I (1887) ; Minutes of the
Ann. Conferences of the M. E. Ch. South for the Year
1855 (1878); Dunbar Rowland, Mississippi (1907),
vol. II; Vicksburg Weekly Sentinel, Oct. 17, 1855.]
P. N.G.
LANE, JOSEPH (Dec. 14, 1801-Apr. 19,
1881), soldier, governor, legislator, was born in
Buncombe County, N. C, second son of John
and Elizabeth Street Lane who soon bore him
away to the frontier in Henderson County, Ky.
There he attended the common school, but hav-
ing to support himself took employment under
the clerk of the county court. At fifteen he
crossed the Ohio and worked as a clerk in a store
in Warrick County, Ind. There in 1820 he was
married to Polly Pierre. He then settled in Van-
derburg County on a river-bank farm which he
managed, also buying produce and conducting
a flatboat commerce with New Orleans. Here
he prospered for twenty-four years, becoming
almost at once a prominent community and state
leader. He was elected to the lower house of the
Indiana legislature as early as 1822 and was
reelected frequently. From 1844 to 1846 he was
a member of the Senate. In the Mexican War
he led his brigade at Huamantla and in other
engagements with such bravery and genius as to
emerge one of the outstanding heroes of the war,
brevetted major-general.
Returning home in August 1848, he was com-
missioned in the following December by Presi-
dent Polk to be governor of the Territory of
Oregon. He made a winter journey, by the
Santa Fe route, to California and on Mar. 2,
1849, arrived at Oregon City, where on the fol-
lowing day he proclaimed the new government.
As superintendent of Indian affairs he forced
the Cayuse to deliver up the Whitman murderers
and began the negotiations with the truculent /
Rogue River tribe which finally ended with the
peace at Table Rock in September 1853. Re-
signing the governorship June 18, 1850, he was
at once chosen delegate in Congress from the
territory, was reelected three times, and when
Oregon became a state, Feb. 14, 1859, entered
the upper house as United States senator where
he remained till Mar. 3, 1861. His public career
was now ended. As candidate for vice-president
on the Breckinridge ticket, as an open and
579
Lan<
Lane
avowed partisan of the secession movement, he
lost his hold upon Oregon, which had become
a Republican state in i860. He retired to his
farm near Roseburg and lived in semi-seclusion
for twenty years. Nevertheless, his character
for honest and fair dealing, his charm of man-
ner and highmindedness, won for him the per-
sonal good will and even the friendship of many
Oregonians who had become his relentless po-
litical enemies.
One much-touted episode of his later career
belongs to legend rather than history ; namely,
his relation to the "Pacific Republic" in aid of
the Confederacy. Because he brought home a box
containing four rifles, made for him and for three
neighbors by a Cincinnati gunmaker, rumor
reported that he had brought military equipment
to arm co-conspirators in southern Oregon. His
accidental wounding by the premature discharge
of a horse-pistol carried in the wagon in which
a neighbor drove him south from Portland gave
rise to all sorts of dramatic embellishments ; and
the ransacking of his effects while he lay ill at
a neighbor's house may have revealed corre-
spondence with men engaged in rebellion. But
Lane, while ardently sympathizing with the
South, was too much the political realist to un-
dertake the dismemberment of southern Oregon
and northern California — especially from Port-
land as a base ! He was one of the ablest and
most vivid personalities of his time in western
history. His conversational powers were ex-
traordinary ; he was an effective public speaker,
and an independent thinker on public questions.
[About 2,000 letters of Lane's are in the archives
of the Oregon Historical Society. The best general de-
scriptive sketch of his life to i860 is in John Savage,
Our Living Representative Men (i860). Biog. Sketches
of Hon. John C. Breckinridge and Gen. Joseph Lane
(i860) is a campaign document. Albert G. Brackett,
Gen. Lane's Brigade in Central Mexico (1854), illus-
trates his military career. For Indian affairs his reports
to the Indian office are invaluable. Other sources in-
clude: G. H. Williams, "Political History of Oregon
from 1853 to 1865," Quart, of the Ore. Hist. Soc, Mar.
1901 ; "Extract of a Letter from Gen. Lane to Senator
Nesmith," Ibid., June 1906; C. F. Coan, "The First
Stage of the Federal Indian Policy in the Pacific North-
west," Ibid., Mar. 1921 ; Biog. Dir. Am. Cong. (1928) ;
information as to certain facts from Lane's son, Simon
Lane] J. S— r.
LANE, LEVI COOPER (May 9, 1830-Feb.
18, 1902), surgeon, was born on a farm near
Somerville, Butler County, Ohio, the eldest of
the nine children of Ira and Hannah (Cooper)
Lane. He attended Farmers College, near Cin-
cinnati, and later Union College, Schenectady,
N. Y. He graduated in medicine from Jefferson
Medical College in 1851 and for the following
four years served at Ward's Island, N. Y., as in-
terne and house physician. He passed the exam-
ination for entrance to the United States Navy
in 1855 and was assigned to duty at the hospital
at Quarantine, Staten Island, N. Y. Later he
had a tour of sea duty in Central American wa-
ters. Resigning from the navy in 1859, he joined
his uncle, Dr. Elias Samuel Cooper [q.v.~\, in
practice in San Francisco, and was at once ap-
pointed professor of physiology in the recently
established medical school of the University of
the Pacific. This school closed its doors in
1864 following the death of Dr. Cooper, and
Lane accepted the chair of physiology in the To-
land Medical College, which was, started the
same year. In 1870 a group from this faculty re-
vived the old Medical College of the Pacific, and
Lane became professor of surgery. In 1882 he
built and gave to the school a fine brick build-
ing, at which time the name was changed to
Cooper Medical College in honor of his uncle.
He later gave a second building to the school
and he began the negotiations which finally re-
sulted in its amalgamation with Stanford Uni-
versity in 1909. He built the Lane Hospital in
1894 as an adjunct to the school.
Lane was a surgeon with original ideas and
excellent judgment. For years he had the best
of the surgical practice on the Pacific coast, his
patients coming from as far as Alaska and
Chile. He is credited with having performed
the first vaginal hysterectomy in America, with
having originated an operation for craniectomy
for microcephalus, and he devised improvements
in the surgical treatment of harelip. He brought
to his surgical practice an exact knowledge of
anatomy and excellent judgment of surgical
risks. Aseptic surgery was introduced late in
his career and he was never able to master its
technique. He sought to balance this defect by
absurd measures to preserve aseptic conditions
in Lane Hospital. He was essentially a student
and read Greek and Latin, as well as French,
German, and Spanish. He submitted a Latin
thesis on external urethrotomy for his examina-
tion for the navy. He had a profound knowledge
of the history and literature of surgery and made
a translation from the German of Billroth's Sur-
gical Pathology. He projected an elaborate text-
book on surgery in three volumes, but lived only
to finish the first, the Surgery of the Head and
Neck (1896), a work containing a wealth of ma-
terial with its value greatly affected by poor ar-
rangement. Among his other notable publica-
tions are Ligations for the Cure of Aneurism
(1884), reprinted from the Pacific Medical and
Surgical Journal, and Rudolph Virchow (1893),
reprinted from the Occidental Medical Times.
In 1896 he founded the Lane Lectures, a series
58<
Lane
Lane
designed to introduce to the California profes-
sion the most progressive minds of Europe and
the eastern United States.
His whole career was handicapped by a frail
physique and frequent illness. Asthmatic as a
youth, he later suffered from a chronic bronchi-
tis. His physical ills prevented him from taking
great part in public affairs, though he was at
one time a member of the city and state boards
of health and a president of the state medical
society. He was married in the early seventies
to Mrs. Pauline Cook; they had no children.
Lane's name is carried by the main building
and by the library of the college that he re-
founded.
[Am. Medicine, Mar. i, 1902; Pacific Medic. Jour.,
Mar. 1902 ; H. A. Kelly and W. L. Burrage, Am.
Medic. Biogs. (1920) ; Annals of Surgery, Sept. 1928;
San Francisco Call, Feb. 19, 1902; information from
family.] J. M. P— n.
LANE, Sir RALPH (c. 1530-October 1603),
colonist, was the second son of Sir Ralph Lane
of Horton, Northamptonshire, and his wife
Maud, daughter of William, Lord Parr. Of his
early life nothing is known. He may have rep-
resented Higham Ferrers in the Parliament of
1558 and Northampton in that of 1562 (Names
of Members Returned to Serve in Parliament,
1878, pt. I, pp. 397, 405). About 1563 he en-
tered the service of Queen Elizabeth as equerry.
He engaged in various maritime activities, re-
ceiving a commission in 1571 to search certain
ships of Brittany reputed to be laden with un-
lawful goods, permission in 1573 to transport
iron guns overseas, a license in 1574 to bring in
ships with Portuguese commodities, and a pat-
ent in 1576 for searching for and seizing bullion
and jewels transported contrary to statute. Ac-
tive in the struggle between England and Spain,
he suggested a plan for raising 10,000 men for
service in Flanders, prepared seven ships for
action against Spain, and asked to be commis-
sioned "General of the Adventurers" in 1572.
He asked to serve against the Spaniards in Ire-
land, in 1579, or to have the Queen's letters to
the "Kings of Fez and Algiers." He was sent
into Ireland to erect fortifications in 1583 and re-
mained there for two years. He was appointed
sheriff of Kerry but relieved of the office to
go with Sir Richard Grenville on a voyage to
Virginia for Sir Walter Raleigh. Grenville,
Lane, and 107 colonists sailed from Plymouth in
seven ships, Apr. 9, 1585, arrived off Cape Fear
June 23, and finally settled on Roanoke Island.
Lane was left in command of the colony when
Grenville sailed for England, Aug. 25. He ex-
plored the surrounding country and sent glow-
ing reports of Virginia to Walsingham and to
Hakluyt. Realizing that a better harbor was
necessary, he favored removal to Chesapeake
Bay, but the hostility of the Indians was in-
curred, supplies failed to arrive, and removal
was postponed. Sir Francis Drake, whose fleet
appeared off the coast June 8, 1586, offered to
outfit Lane with shipping and supplies to last
through the summer or to carry the colonists
back to England. Lane accepted the first propo-
sition but almost immediately the ship Drake
gave him was driven to sea in a four-day storm.
Drake offered to furnish another ship, but the
discouraged colonists asked to be taken back to
England. They embarked June 18 and sailed the
following day, arriving at Portsmouth July 27,
1586. Only four men had been lost during the
year. Lane wrote an account of Virginia pub-
lished by Hakluyt in The Principall Navigations
. . . of the English Nation (1589). After his re-
turn to England, he resumed his activities
against Spain. He submitted a plan for the de-
fense of the coast in 1587 and was sent into Nor-
folk to view the forces of the county in the same
y«ar. He served as muster master of the camp
at West Tilbury in Essex in 1588 and as muster
master general of the army sent under Drake
and Norris to the coasts of Spain and Portugal
in 1589. Through the mediation of Lord Burgh-
ley he was made muster master general and
clerk of the check of the garrisons in Ireland,
Jan. 15, 1592, and remained in Ireland for the
duration of his life. He was knighted by the
lord deputy, Sir William Fitzwilliam, Nov. 17,
T593 (W. A. Shaw, The Knights of England,
1906, II, 90). He asked, Feb. 14, 1595, for the
surveyorship of parish clerks in Ireland in order
that he might "cess" himself upon them "for
chickens and bacon while travelling about the
musters." He was wounded in 1594 and from
that time on suffered from ill health. Probably
for that reason he was unable to perform his
duties and charges of negligence were numerous
in the years which followed. He seems never
to have married. He died and was buried at
Dublin.
[Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Ser. ; Calendar
of State Papers, Ireland ; Calendar of State Papers,
Colonial Ser. ; Acts of the Privy Council ; Alexander
Brown, The Genesis of the U. S. (2 vols., 1890) ; Rich-
ard Hakluyt, Collection of the Early Voyages . . . of
the English Nation, III (1810), 307-40, IV (1811),
26; F. L. Hawks, Hist, of N. C, vol. I (1859) ; E. E.
Hale, in Trans, and Colls. Am. Antiq. Soc, vol. IV
(i860); I. N. Tarbox, Sir Walter Ralegh and His
Colony in America (1884) and H. S. Burrage, Early
English and French Voyages (1906), both of which re-
print Lane's account ; Thomas Blore, The Hist, and
Antiquities of the County of Rutland, I (1811), 169;
W. C. Metaalfe, ed., The Visitations of Northampton-
58:
Lane
shire Made in 1564 and 1618-19 (1887), pp. 185-86;
sketch by J. K. Laughton, in Diet. Nat. Biog.]
I.M.C.
LANE, TIDENCE (Aug. 31, 1724-Jan. 30,
1806), pioneer Baptist minister of Tennessee,
was born near Baltimore, M<±, the son of Rich-
ard and Sarah Lane. He was the great-grand-
son of Major Samuel Lane, an officer in the
King's service, who was in Maryland as early
as 1680 ; his paternal grandparents were Dutton
and Pretitia (Tidings) Lane. At his christening
he was given his grandmother's maiden name,
Tidings, but in some way or other this was
changed to Tidence. The Lanes were typical
frontiersmen. They migrated first into South-
western Virginia, then pushed down into the
Yadkin River country, North Carolina. Here,
apparently, May 9, 1743, Tidence married Esther
Bibbin for Bibber). Sometime about 1754 Shu-
bael Stearns [q.v.~\, a Separate Baptist evangel-
ist with all the zeal and methods of the New
Light persuasion, came into what is now Ran-
dolph County, N. C, and established the Sandy
Creek Church. What Lane's religious connec-
tions up to that time had been is not known ex-
cept that he had been christened in St. Paul's
Church, Baltimore. From what he had heard of
Stearns, he had not formed a favorable impres-
sion of him, but curiosity led him to make a
forty-mile journey to hear him. Stearns had a
magnetic influence over his audiences and an
eye that exerted almost magical power. He fixed
it on Lane, and Lane succumbed. He tried to
quit the place, but was drawn back. "Shunning
him," he said, "I could no more effect than a
bird can shun a rattlesnake when it fixes its eyes
upon it" (Burnett, post, p. 319). Lane under-
went a thorough conversion and was thereafter
an effective Baptist preacher after the pattern of
Stearns.
The defeat of the Regulators at the battle of
Alamance, 1771, led many of the North Caro-
linians to seek relief from oppression by push-
ing through the mountains into what is now east-
ern Tennessee. Among these were a consider-
able number of the Sandy Creek Church, who
settled on Boone Creek, in the present county of
Washington. Lane went thither about 1776, and
by 1779 at the latest had organized the recent
comers into the Buffalo Ridge Baptist Church.
By so doing he became the first pastor of the
first permanent church body of any denomina-
tion in Tennessee. A few years later he moved
still farther westward and established himself
on Bent Creek, near the present town of Whites-
burg, Hamblin County. Here with Rev. Wil-
liam Murphv he organized the Bent Creek Bap-
58:
Lane
tist Church in June 1785, which he served as pas-
tor for the remainder of his life. When the Hol-
ston Association was instituted in October, the
first ecclesiastical association to be formed in
Tennessee, Lane became its moderator. He is
said to have been "much sought in counsel by
the churches. He was not so hard in doctrine as
some of his brethren, his doctrinal belief being
a modified Calvinism" (Burnett, pp. 321-22).
He had seven sons and two daughters. Four of
the sons were in the battle of King's Mountain,
three of them under Col. John Sevier [q.z>.~\.
[J. J. Burnett, Sketches of Tennessee's Pioneer Bap-
tist Preachers (1919) ; S. C. Williams, "Tidence Lane
— Tennessee's First Pastor," in The Baptists of Tenn.
(1930) : B. F. Riley, A Hist, of the Baptists in the
Southern States East of the Mississippi (1898) ; N. C.
Baptist Hist. Papers, vol. II (Oct. 1897-July 1898).]
H.E.S.
LANE, WALTER PAYE (Feb. 18, 1817-
Jan. 28, 1892), Texas and Confederate soldier,
was born in County Cork, Ireland. Some four
years after his birth, his parents, William and
Olivia Lane, determined to emigrate to America.
In 1821 they landed at Baltimore and found their
way to Fairview, Guernsey County, Ohio. At
the age of eighteen, Lane made a visit to an elder
brother who was in business in Louisville, Ky.
There he met the Texas commissioners, Austin
and Archer, and was soon on his way to Texas,
armed with a letter of introduction to Houston.
So poor that he traveled part of the way on foot,
he arrived in time to join the little army at
Groce's ferry and to participate in the memo-
rable campaign of San Jacinto. From this time,
an almost insatiable desire for adventure was
the mainspring of his career. After a short
visit to his home, he was again in Texas, where
he joined the crew of the privateer Thomas
Toby, which, with seven guns and one hundred
men, made rich prizes of Mexican vessels in the
waters of the Gulf. When the Thomas Toby
ended her voyages as a wreck in the shoals of
Galveston Bay, he was reduced to making his
living, for one winter, as a teacher of forty chil-
dren in a typical neighborhood school. His at-
tempt to take up land on the frontier in Robert-
son County, Tex., was checked by the Indians,
who killed almost all the party of about twenty-
four. He was badly wounded and barely escaped
with his life. In the comparatively quiet days
that followed, he was for two years a clerk in a
village store, relieving the monotony of life by
joining the army to expel the Cherokees from
their homes in north-eastern Texas. At the out-
break of the Mexican War, he organized a com-
pany of Texas rangers, which saw much active
service in the campaigns of Taylor in northern
Lane
Lane
Mexico, gained distinction in September 1846
at the capture of Monterey, and was sent on a
number of hazardous scouting expeditions, one
of which led two hundred miles into the heart of
the enemy country. On this occasion, he showed
his romantic spirit by going out of his way to
gather with pious zeal the bones of the seventeen
Mier prisoners who had been shot and buried
at Salado three years before. The bodies were
sent back for burial in Texas. According to his
own account, in his attitude toward the Mexi-
cans he was ruthless and careless of property;
on one occasion he defied an order for his arrest
delivered in person by his commanding general ;
but he was so brave and efficient as a scout that
he made himself indispensable, and his lapses
from military discipline were soon forgotten and
forgiven.
After the discovery of gold in California, he
alternated between the life of a miner and a
merchant, making and losing more than one
small fortune in California, Nevada, Arizona, and
Peru. At the beginning of the Civil War, he had
been living for three years in Marshall, Tex.
He promptly enlisted and was at once elected
lieutenant-colonel of the 3rd Texas Cavalry. His
command saw hard fighting at Wilson's Creek,
Pea Ridge, Corinth, where he gained the special
praise of Beauregard, and in the closing cam-
paigns against Banks in Louisiana. Before the
end of the war, he had become a brigadier-gen-
eral. He retired to take up again the life of a
merchant in Marshall, where he remained a
bachelor and made his spacious house a home
for numerous nephews and nieces. As the years
passed, the old soldier became the symbol of the
heroic age in Texas history, and when he died he
had long been the idol of the Daughters of the
Confederacy and of the Daughters of the Re-
public of Texas.
[The Adi'cntures and Recollections of General Walter
P. Lane (copr. 1928) ; The Encyclopedia of the New
West, ed. by W. S. Speer and J. H. Brown (1881) ;
War of the Rebellion : Official Records (Army), ser. 1,
III, VIII, X, pt. 2, XXVI, pt. 1, XXXIV, pt. 1 (1881-
91); Alex. Dienst, "The Navy of the Republic of
Texas," The Quarterly of the Texas State Hist. Asso.,
Jan. 1909 ; Galveston Daily News, Jan. 29, 1892.]
R.G.C.
LANE, WILLIAM CARR (Dec. 1, 1789-Jan.
6, 1863), physician, first mayor of St. Louis, gov-
ernor of New Mexico Territory, was born in
Fayette County, Pa., on the farm of Presley Carr
and Sarah (Stephenson) Lane, third son among
their eleven children. After attending country
school in the section where his father was a man
of importance, he spent two years in Jefferson
College and a year in a prothonotary's office. At
twenty-one he matriculated in the two-year
course in Dickinson College, and then studied
medicine in Louisville and Shelbyville, Ky. In
18 1 3 he volunteered against Tecumseh and was
stationed at Fort Harrison, where he became
surgeon's mate. Desiring fuller medical knowl-
edge, he resigned from the army to attend lec-
tures, 1815-16, at the University of Pennsyl-
vania, during which time President Madison
appointed him post surgeon. On returning to the
military service, he joined the operations along
the Mississippi, but again soon tired of army
routine. While on furlough, he married, Feb. 26,
1818, Mary Ewing of Vincennes, and the next
year, at her urging, withdrew from the army to
practise in St. Louis. In 1821 Carr Lane, as the
settlement of 600 dwellings knew him, was chosen
aide-de-camp to Gov. Alexander McNair [q.v.~\,
and in successive years named quartermaster-
general of Missouri and elected (Apr. 5, 1823),
first mayor of St. Louis. His vote, 122, against
70 for Auguste Chouteau and 28 for Marie Philip
Leduc, indicated decline of the French influence.
Lane's prophetic message to the aldermen
urged the establishment of a free school, and
that "a suitable system of improvements may
always be kept in view" (Darby, post, p. 343).
During his first year, wards were established,
assessors and health officers appointed, streets
defined, and one block even graded and paved.
So pleased were the voters they reelected him
annually five times, and nine years later, after
they had called him to fill an unexpired term,
reelected him twice more — a record unequaled
in St. Louis history. In addition, in 1826, he
was elected representative in the legislature as a
Democrat. According to a contemporary (Ibid.,
p. 344), Lane, had he so desired, might, at this
time, have been United States Senator in place
of Thomas Hart Benton [q.v.], with whom he
had joined in establishing the first Episcopal
church in St. Louis ; but he preferred to stand
for the national House of Representatives, since
in that body there was only one member from
Missouri. His party, however, chose Spencer
Pettis as its candidate in his stead. Later Lane
opposed Jackson and became a Whig. During
the Black Hawk War he served again as army
surgeon.
In 1852 President Fillmore appointed him gov-
ernor of New Mexico Territory. The non-co-
• operation of the military forces at first made it
difficult for him to restore order to the chaos, but
his administrative ability and energy eventually
won the support of influential citizens. He urged
stock raising, objected to the enactment of laws
in two languages, and made treaties with the In-
dians. He revived the policy formerly practised
583
Lang
by the Mexican and Spanish authorities of keep-
ing the Indians quiet by giving them food, but
this policy was not upheld by the government at
Washington, and its cessation resulted in an in-
crease of Indian outbreaks. Although desirous
of obtaining parts of what later became the
Gadsden purchase, Lane took no steps toward
expansion. Believing he could do more for the
territory as its delegate to Congress, he stood
for that post, to miss it by a few votes. At Pierce's
election he resigned and returned to St. Louis.
His Southern sympathies later made him many
enemies.
Lane was large, handsome, warm-hearted and
high-tempered. It is said that, challenged to a
duel, he called for lighted powder kegs for the
contestants to sit upon to see who would be blown
the highest. In his last years he urged a munic-
ipal waterworks for St. Louis and published a
pamphlet, Water for the City (i860), in which
he recommended the Chain of Rocks site which
was later adopted. Survived by his widow and
two daughters, he died in his seventy-fourth year
and was buried in Bellefontaine Cemetery, leav-
ing a record as lustrous as that of any St. Louisan
of the years before the Civil War.
[See John F. Darby, Personal Recollections (1880) ;
"Hist. Sketch of Gov. William Carr Lane together with
Diary of his Journey from St. Louis, Mo., to Santa Fe,
N. M., July 31st, to Sept. 9th, 1852," with annotations
by Ralph E. Twitchell, N. Mcx. Hist. Soc. Pubs., No.
20 (1917) ; "Letters of Willam Carr Lane, 1852-1854,"
ed. by R. P. Bieber, in N. Mcx. Hist. Rev., Apr. 1928 ;
H. H. Bancroft, Hist, of Ariz, and N. Mcx. (1888) ;
Louis Houck, A Hist, of Mo. (1908. vol. Ill) ; F. L.
Billon, Annals of St. Louis in its Territorial Days
(1888) ; Wm. Hyde and H. L. Conard, Encyc. of the
Hist, of St. Louis (1899) ; W. B. Stevens, St. Louis,
the Fourth City (1909) ; James Cox, Old and New St.
Louis (1894) ; information from Mrs. Sarah Glasgow
Wilson, Lane's grand-daughter, Dr. Presley Carr Lane,
his grand-nephew, and Wm. G. B. Carson, his great-
grandson, all of St. Louis. Lane's portrait by Chester
Harding [q.v.] hangs in the St. Louis Art Museum.]
I.D.
LANG, BENJAMIN JOHNSON (Dec. 28,
1837-Apr. 4, 1909), conductor, composer, pianist,
educator, was a son of Benjamin and Hannah
(Learoch) Lang, the former of Scottish origin,
a successful organist and pianoforte teacher at
Salem, Mass., where Benjamin Johnson was
born. He was educated in the public schools.
His musical education, under his father, began
early and in 1850 he played a church organ at
Danvers. A year later he was the regular organ-
ist at Crombie Street Church, Salem. Thence he
went to the First Baptist Church in Boston. In
1855 he continued his studies in Germany as a
pupil of Alfred Jaell and a personal protege of
Franz Liszt, who gave him valuable advice. Re-
turning to Boston the young musician began a
lifetime of arduous teaching, at first in coopera-
Lang
tion with his father and afterward in his own
studio. He made his premier concert appearance
in 1858 with the Mendelssohn Quintet Club in
the first Boston performance of Beethoven's C
minor trio, opus 1, number 3. He then began to
acquire a reputation, which he sustained, for in-
troducing previously unheard music. The list of
his "firsts in Boston" grew to be prodigious.
Having become organist of the Old South
Church in May 1862, Lang made his debut as a
conductor at a concert for the first Boston presen-
tation of Mendelssohn's First H'alpurgisnight
with chorus, soli, and full orchestra. He there-
after found himself rapidly advancing as con-
ductor and concert pianist, and in spite of
personal handicaps, notably his shyness and some-
what brusque and dictatorial platform manner,
he became the foremost New England musician
of American birth. One of his triumphs was the
Jubilee concert of Jan. I, 1863, in the Music Hall,
celebrating President Lincoln's Emancipation
Proclamation. On this occasion he shared the
musical honors with Carl Zerrahn. When the
Apollo Club, of male singers, was formed in
1871, Lang was engaged as its first conductor.
Its programs, deposited in the Boston Public Li-
brary, attest the enterprise with which "B. J.,"
as he was familiarly known in Boston, sought
out new musical works and trained his amateur
vocalists to present. In 1874 Lang took on also
the conductorship of the Cecilia Society, a mixed
chorus. These societies, under his baton, gave
New England many remarkable concerts.
When Hans von Bulow visited Boston in 1875
he quarreled with the conductor whom he had
engaged. Lang was called in at short notice and
with great eclat conducted the first performance
on any stage of the Tschaikowsky B flat minor
concerto. In June 1877, upon the request of the
governor of Massachusetts, he organized and di-
rected a concert in honor of President Hayes,
presented by the Apollo Club. Such honors en-
titled him, so many of his friends thought, to be
considered for the conductorship of the Boston
Symphony Orchestra when it was founded, but
this honor never came to him. In 1891 he made
one of his most spectacular successes in bring-
ing to Boston the orchestra of the Metropolitan
Opera Company, with famous singers, for a con-
cert performance of Wagner's Parsifal. In 1895
he became conductor of the Handel and Haydn
Society. In addition to these activities he also
composed various musical works, including the
oratorio David, several symphonies and over-
tures, and many church pieces and songs. Lang
was married, in 1861, to Frances Morse Bur-
rage, by whom he had three children. He died
584
Langdell
of pneumonia in the spring of 1909 and was
buried from King's Chapel, where he had been
organist since 1885.
[See W. F. Apthorp, sketch in Music, Aug. 1893;
Ethel Syford, "The Apollo Club of Boston," New Eng.
Mag., Apr. 1910; Jour, of School Music, May 1909;
Musical Courier, May 22, 190 1 ; Boston Transcript,
Apr. 5, 7, 1909. Volumes II, III, and IV of clippings
in the Allen A. Brown music library, Boston Public
Library, contain many references to Lang, and there is
an autobiographical sketch in the program of the Cecilia
Society's memorial concert given on Apr. 18, 1909.]
F. W. C.
LANGDELL, CHRISTOPHER COLUM-
BUS (May 22, 1826-July 6, 1906), professor of
law, legal author, the son of John Langdell, was
born in New Boston, a small farming town of
New Hampshire. His paternal ancestors were
English, but it was from the family of his Scotch-
Irish mother, Lydia Beard, that he inherited his
intellectual power. His early education was in
district schools, and he began to teach at the age
of eighteen with no other equipment. Encour-
aged to believe that he could work his way
through college, he entered Phillips Exeter Acad-
emy in 1845, and with the aid of his sisters suc-
ceeded in graduating there and entering Harvard
as a sophomore in the class of 1851. In the win-
ter of the next year he was given leave of ab-
sence in order to teach school, and did not return
to college, but after a brief period of study in an
Exeter law office, entered the Harvard Law
School in 1851. He remained there for three
years, being librarian as well as student most of
the time. His ability was soon recognized, and
Prof. Theophilus Parsons employed his assist-
ance in the preparation of his treatise, The Law
of Contracts (2 vols., 1853-55). Many of the
most valuable notes in Parsons' book were writ-
ten by Langdell. During his stay at the Law
School, he saw something of Charles W. Eliot
[<7.?\], then a junior in the College. Eliot, years
afterwards, recalling his talks with Langdell,
said : "He was generally eating his supper . . . ,
standing in front of the fire and eating with good
appetite a bowl of brown bread and milk. I was
a mere boy, only eighteen years old ; but it was
given me to understand that I was listening to a
man of genius" (Lewis, post, p. 475).
In December 1854, Langdell began practise in
New York City. By chance, while studying in
the Law Institute of that city, he was able to
supply Charles O'Conor \q.v.~] with a reference,
and thereafter assisted O'Conor in several im-
portant cases. Langdell did not often appear in
court, and was not widely known, but became
recognized by a number of leaders of the bar as
an able lawyer. In 1870 his old friend Eliot,
then recently made president of Harvard, invited
Langdell
him to become Dane Professor (afterwards dean)
in the Harvard Law School. He accepted and,
in collaboration with Eliot, introduced striking
changes. Theretofore no examination had been
a prerequisite to the degree of bachelor of laws.
Examinations were now insisted upon, and,
though each instructor was allowed to adopt the
mode of teaching he thought best, Langdell de-
termined that the students in his own classes
should be trained to use original authorities and
to derive for themselves, under his guidance, the
principles of the law. He published for this pur-
pose A Selection of Cases on the Law of Con-
tracts (1871), A Selection of Cases on Sales of
Personal Property (1872), and Cases on Equity
Pleading (1875). To these selections were added
brief summaries of the principles developed by
the cases. In two instances these summaries
were afterwards enlarged and published separate-
ly: A Summary of Equity Pleading (1877) and
A Summary of the Law of Contracts (1879). A
Brief Survey of Equity Jurisdiction was pub-
lished in 1905.
In the preface to the Cases on the Law of Con-
tracts Langdell stated the theory of teaching on
which he acted : "Law, considered as a science,
consists of certain principles or doctrines. To
have such a mastery of these as to be able to apply
them with constant facility and certainty to the
ever-tangled skein of human affairs, is what con-
stitutes a true lawyer ; and hence to acquire that
mastery should be the business of every earnest
student of law. Each of these doctrines has ar-
rived at its present state by slow degrees ; in
other words, it is a growth, extending in many
cases through centuries. This growth is to be
traced in the main through a series of cases ; and
much the shortest and best, if not the only way of
mastering the doctrine effectually is by studying
the cases in which it is embodied. But the cases
which are useful and necessary for this purpose
at the present day bear an exceedingly small pro-
portion to all that have been reported. The vast
majority are useless and worse than useless for
any purpose of systematic study. Moreover, the
number of fundamental legal doctrines is much
less than is commonly supposed ; the many dif-
ferent guises in which the same doctrine is con-
stantly making its appearance, and the great ex-
tent to which legal treatises are a repetition of
each other, being the cause of much misappre-
hension. If these doctrines could be so classified
and arranged that each should be found in its
proper place, and nowhere else, they would
cease to be formidable from their number."
The method of teaching used by Langdell,
though accepted with enthusiasm by his pupils
#.?
Langdell
and soon adopted by his colleagues, met with
vigorous criticism both from the bar and from
teachers in other law schools. The quality of the
student-body was improved by the examinations
which weeded out idlers, but the number of stu-
dents in the school for many years remained less
than it had been under the former regime. It
was only by degrees, as graduates of the new
school proved their capacity, that criticism
abated. Not until 1890 was the case method used
in any other law school. In that year William
A. Keener [q.v.~], one of Langdell's pupils, re-
signed his Harvard professorship to join the
faculty of the Columbia Law School, and intro-
duced the method of teaching he had learned
from Langdell. Thereafter the spread of this
method of teaching and the growth of the Har-
vard Law School were rapid. Langdell was for-
tunate in having as one of his early pupils James
Barr Ames \_q.v.~\, whose success in applying his
teacher's method did much to popularize it. From
youth, Langdell suffered from weakness of the
eyes, and before he had been teaching many years
in Cambridge the infirmity increased so that he
was obliged to employ a reader, and could not
carry on colloquies with students as part of his
method of teaching. This subjected him to a dis-
advantage in his later years. He continued,
however, to give instruction until 1900, though
resigning his position as dean in 1895. In spite
of the facts that he was the originator of a strik-
ing change in the method of legal instruction,
and was independent and original in his writings
on the law, Langdell was by temperament strong-
ly conservative. He sought his legal inspiration
from the earlier decisions and disliked variations
from older rules of law. He was modest and not
overmuch given to speech, but tenacious of his
opinions and capable of direct, simple, and logi-
cal statement concerning any matter to which
he had given attention. Never abating in his
work even after he ceased to teach, he carried
out with rare consistency in spite of increasing
infirmities the early purposes of his life. The
Corporation of the University gave his name to
the main building of the Harvard Law School
and to a professorship. A portion of his fortune
is held by the School in trust to devote the in-
come to a purpose always dear to his heart, the
aid of poor students of ability. He married on
Sept. 22, 1880, Margaret Ellen Huson, who* sur-
vived him a few years. They had no children.
T Sketches by James Barr Ames in W. D. Lewis, ed.,
Great Am. Lawyers, vol. VIII (igc.9), and Harvard
Grads. Mag., Dec. 1906; by S. F. Batchelder in Green
Bag, Aug. 1906; by Jeremiah Smith in Bull. Phillips
Exeter Acad., Sept. 1906; article by Eugene Wam-
baugh in the Nation CN. Y.), July 12, 1906; The Cen-
tennial Hist, of the Harvard Law School (191 8) ; S. F.
Langdon
Batchelder, Bits of Harvard Hist. (1924') ; Harvard Lat»
School Asso., Report of the Ninth Ann. Meeting at
Cambridge, June 25, 1&95, in Especial Honor of Chris-
topher Columbus Langdell (1895) ; Harvard Lavu Rev.,
Nov. 1906.] 5 yy_
LANGDON, COURTNEY (Jan. 18, 1861-
Nov. 19, 1924), educator, was born at Rome,
Italy, where his father, William Chauncy Lang-
don [#.£'.], was founder and first rector of the
American Episcopal Church. His mother was
Hannah Agnes Courtney of Virginia. Return-
ing to America in 1862, his father became a
member of the joint committee of the American
Episcopal Church on Italian Catholic reform,
and was sent as a representative to Italy in 1867,
residing at Florence from that date until 1873.
Courtney was, therefore, educated from his
seventh to his thirteenth year in Italian schools.
In 1873 his father founded and was the first pas-
tor of Emmanuel Church, Geneva, Switzerland.
There his son attended school during his four-
teenth and fifteenth years. The father became
rector of Christ Church, Cambridge, Mass., in
1876, and there Courtney knew Longfellow as a
neighbor. When he entered Harvard in 1878,
he had, as he expressed it, three mother tongues,
and he cultivated them all to the close of his life.
He remained at Harvard three years.
He was an instructor in modern languages at
Lehigh University (1882-84), a private tutor in
Baltimore (1884-86), and an instructor in Ro-
mance languages at Cornell (1886-90). He was
then called to Brown University as assistant pro-
fessor of modern languages. His field was later
narrowed to Romance languages and literatures,
of which he was made professor in 1898. In 1891
Brown gave him the rare honorary degree of
bachelor of arts. During his thirty-four years
at Brown he was an important force in the cul-
tural life of the University. In his lectures his
chief effort was to interpret the thought of his
author in its application to modern life. From
another point of view, his lectures formed a re-
view of the spiritual record of the human race,
the authors whom he chiefly considered being
Homer, Virgil, Dante, Shakespeare, Moliere,
Milton, and Browning. He paid very little heed
to the technical limits of his subject, and many
a Brown graduate found his mental awakening
in Langdon's lecture room. Various Langdoni-
ana made up of his classroom sayings have found
their way into print. His interest in the life of
the students went far beyond the college walls.
He followed with enthusiasm all their activities
and was a favorite speaker at student gatherings.
As a public lecturer on many themes in literature
and the philosophy of life he was in wide de-
mand.
<86
Langdon
His thought on religious matters is represented
by A Plea for a Spiritual Philosophy, published
in pamphlet form a year after his death. The
World War stirred him to the depths of his na-
ture, and in 1917 he published Sonnets on the War.
He made a translation of Rostand's Chantecler,
but owing to copyright difficulties, it was never
published. His great work was his translation
of Dante {The Divine Comedy of Dante Ali-
ghicri, 3 vols., 1918-21), with the original and
the translation on opposite pages. The transla-
tion was in blank verse, extremely clear and
readable. He had passed his boyhood in Dante's
city, and Dante's language to him had conver-
sational values that not all scholars recognize.
While he made his translation in the light of the
best modern scholarship, what makes it dis-
tinctive is the introductory comment given in his
interpretative analyses. These form his spiritual
legacy to the world. During the last months of
his life he was engaged upon a translation of
Ferrero's Roman Historians, which he finished
only half an hour before his death. His final
visit to Italy, in 1924, was made in part for the
purpose of conferring with Ferrero. At this time
he was made a Commander of the Crown of
Italy, an honor which he highly prized. In his
spiritual development he acknowledged a deep
obligation to his older Cornell associate, Hiram
Corson \_q.v.~\ ; later he found in Bergson an elab-
oration of his own philosophy. In 1883 he mar-
ried Julia H. Bolles, of Olean, N. Y., by whom
he had a daughter who died in infancy. This
marriage was terminated by divorce and, Aug.
1, 1894, he married Susan Hayward Taft, of
Uxbridge, Mass. He died in Providence, R. I.,
survived by his widow and six sons.
[Who's Who in America, 1924-25 ; Brown Alumni
Mo., Dec. 1924; Brown University archives; Provi-
dence Jour., Nov. 20, 1924 ; Publishers' Weekly, Dec.
6, 1924 ; information from his widow and a brother,
W. C. Langdon.] H.L. K.
LANGDON, JOHN (June 26, 1741-Sept. 18,
1819), merchant and politician, son of John and
Mary (Hall) Langdon, brother of Woodbury
Langdon [q.v.~\, and great-grandson of Tobias
Langdon who came to America before 1660, was
born at Portsmouth, N. H., where his father's
family had settled in the preceding century. He
attended a local grammar school, served an ap-
prenticeship as a clerk, went to sea, and later
engaged in commercial ventures on his own ac-
count. By the outbreak of the Revolution he had
acquired considerable property. He was a sup-
porter of the revolutionary movement from the
beginning and in 1774 took part in one of the
first overt acts against British authority, the
Langdon
seizure and removal of munitions from the Ports-
mouth fort.
In 1775 he was speaker in the legislature and
attended the Continental Congress. The jour-
nals of the latter body show that he had numer-
ous duties, being a member of committees on the
purchase of woolen goods and ordnance, and
with Franklin, John Adams, and other notables,
of another committee "to make enquiry in all the
colonies, after virgin lead, and leaden ore, and
the best methods of collecting, smelting, and re-
fining it." On June 25, 1776, he was appointed
agent for Continental prizes in New Hampshire
and throughout the war was active in varied
duties connected with this post. The state and
Continental records contain correspondence and
reports which show his responsibility for secur-
ing lead, powder, gunlocks, flints, blankets, rum,
and similar military supplies. He was among
the first to appreciate the possibilities of naval
operations against British commerce and built
several ships of war for the government. His
private ventures are reported to have been suc-
cessful and he came through the period with his
fortune unimpaired. On Feb. 2, 1777, he married
Elizabeth, the sixteen-year-old daughter of John
Sherburne.
In 1777 he began a period of four years as
speaker in the legislature, and in the same year
performed one of his greatest services by organiz-
ing and financing General Stark's expedition
against General Burgoyne. Tradition has it that
on this occasion he pledged his plate and sold
seventy hogsheads of Tobago rum to secure the
necessary funds. He led a body of militia in per-
son and was present at the surrender of the Brit-
ish army at Saratoga. Later he also commanded
a detachment of New Hampshire troops in the
Rhode Island campaign. In 1783 he was again
a delegate in Congress, in 1784 state senator, and
a year later served his first term as chief execu-
tive or president of New Hampshire. In 1786-
87 he was again speaker in the legislature and at
the close of the session attended the Constitutional
Convention in Philadelphia, paying his own ex-
penses and those of his colleague Nicholas Gil-
man because of the depleted condition of the
treasury. Much of the important work of the
convention had been done before his arrival, but
Madison's notes show that he was a strong ad-
vocate of adequate powers for the new govern-
ment in the fields of commercial regulation,
defense, and taxation. At the close of the con-
vention he attended another session of Congress.
In the following year he was a member of the
New Hampshire ratifying convention and served
another term as state president, resigning in
587
Langdon
January 1789 to enter the United States Senate
on the organization of the new government.
He served two full terms in the Senate, being
president pro tempore throughout the First and
the greater part of the Second Congress. Since
he was a commercial leader, an extensive holder
of Continental securities, and a friend of Wash-
ington, it is not surprising that for a time at least
he showed Federalist predilections. He supported
the funding system and the creation of the United
States Bank, but opposed the assumption of state
debts. It is not clear just when he began to back-
slide into the Republican ranks. Soon after his
death Jefferson wrote, "We were fellow labourers
from the beginning of the 1st to the accomplish-
ment of the 2nd revolution in our government, of
the same zeal and the same sentiments" {Letters
by Jl'ashington, etc., post, p. 47). In 1794 there
was considerable opposition to his reelection, and
when, in the following year he voted against the
ratification of the Jay Treaty he was definitely
placed in the opposition. He had decided French
sympathies, a fact noted by the minister of France
in 1788, and was naturally a strong opponent of
the policies of President Adams in the embroglio
of 1798-99.
After his retirement from the Senate in i8or,
he declined President Jefferson's offer of the
secretaryship of the navy, but was active in or-
ganizing the Republican party in New Hamp-
shire. He served in the legislature from 1801 to
1805, the last two terms as speaker, and from
1802 on contested the governorship annually with
John T. Gilman until in 1805 he was successful.
He was reelected thenceforth every year till 181 1,
with the exception of 1809 when his support of
the Embargo cost him his place. In 1812 he re-
tired from active politics, declining the Repub-
lican nomination for the vice-presidency, tendered
him by the congressional caucus, on the ground
that his faculties were becoming blunted and he
could not face further responsibilities.
Although there is nothing in Langdon's record
which indicates genius, he was unquestionably
a man of good sense, thorough patriotism, and
fine character. Contemporaries, friends and op-
ponents alike, bear witness to his personal charm.
Although he has been described as frugal and
fond of money, he entertained on a generous
scale. The Marquis de Chastellux, one of his
guests, described him as "a handsome man and
of a noble carriage" and his residence as "elegant
and well furnished" (Travels in North America
in the years, 1780-81-82, 1787, II, 232).
[T. L. Elwyn, "Some Account of John Langdon," in
Ear'h State Papers of N. H., XX ( 1891 ). 850-80 ; brief
sketch by Wm. Plumer, Ibid., XXI (1892). 804-12;
for portrait, E. S. Stackpole, Hist, of N. H. (1916),
Langdon
vol. II ; Letters by Washington, Adams, Jefferson and
Others, Written during and after the Revolution to
John Langdon (1880) ; C. A. Beard, An Economic In-
terpretation of the Constitution of the U. S. (1913);
W. R. Cutter, New England Families (1913), vol. II;
E. C. Burnett, Letters of Members of the Continental
Cong. (5 vols., 192 1-3 1) ; Max Farrand, The Records
of the Federal Convention of 1787 (3 vols., 1927) ; N.
H. Gazette (Portsmouth), Sept. 21, 1819.]
W.A.R.
LANGDON, SAMUEL (Jan. 12, 1723-Nov.
29> l797), Congregational clergyman and presi-
dent of Harvard College, was born in Boston,
Mass. He was the youngest child of Samuel and
Esther (Osgood) Langdon. Although his father
was a housewright or builder in rather humble
circumstances, Samuel was prepared for college
at the South Grammar School, and entered Har-
vard in 1736. Upon graduating in 1740, in the
same class with Samuel Adams, he went to
Portsmouth, N. H., where he took charge of the
grammar school and acquired a reputation for
learning and piety. In 1745 he went to Louis-
bourg as chaplain of the New Hampshire regi-
ment and in the same year he became assistant to
the Rev. Jabez Fitch of the North Church in
Portsmouth. Two years later he succeeded Fitch
as pastor, in which capacity he continued to serve
most acceptably until 1774. His sermons were
prepared with great care and he was the recog-
nized head of the Piscataqua Association of min-
isters.
For his services in the Louisbourg expedition
Langdon was granted land near Conway, N. H.
Possibly it was this incident that led him to be-
come interested in the geography and resources
of the province. In 1756 he drew for Gov. Ben-
ning Wentworth a map of New Hampshire
which became the basis of one that Langdon and
Col. Joseph Blanchard published in London in
1761. The latter was dedicated to Charles Town-
shend, secretary at war, and it is said that this
compliment led directly to the degree of doctor
of theological studies which Langdon received
from the University of Aberdeen in 1762.
According to his kinsman, the Rev. John Eliot,
Samuel Langdon was elected to the presidency
of Harvard College more because of "his char-
acter, as a zealous whig" than because of "his
reputation in the republick of letters." Several
officers of the college were pro-British, and John
Hancock, the treasurer, was convinced that an
out-and-out Whig was needed for the presidency.
Accordingly Langdon was elected in 1774. But
he did not enjoy the years that followed. War
conditions prevailed, nerves were overwrought,
and Langdon "did not receive all that kindness
from the students and officers, or legislature of
the college, which his character, as a scholar and
588
Langdon
a christian, merited" (Eliot, post, pp. 291-92).
In August 1780, he asked the Corporation to ac-
cept his resignation. It was unfortunate that he
took this step just two days after an impudent
committee of students had suggested that he do so.
During the remaining seventeen years of his
life he was the beloved pastor of Hampton Falls,
N. H. His term of service there was quiet, use-
ful, and happy. In 1788 he was a member of the
New Hampshire convention for ratifying the
federal Constitution. He bequeathed his library
to the church for the use of the ministers of
Hampton Falls. He was buried in the old ceme-
tery in that town. Langdon was married, in 1748,
to Elizabeth Brown, daughter of the Rev. Rich-
ard Brown of Reading, Mass. Five of their chil-
dren lived to maturity, and three of these left
descendants. His chief literary production was
Observations on the Revelation of Jesus Christ
to St. John (1791).
[F. B. Sanborn's biographical sketch in Mass. Hist.
Soc. Proc, 2 ser., XVIII (1905), 192-232, is sympa-
thetic and informing, and a good antidote to John Eliot's
account of Langdon in his Biog. Diet, of the First Set-
tlers and Other Eminent Characters . . . in New Eng-
land (1809) and to some of Josiah Quincy's observa-
tions in his Hist, of Harvard Univ. (1840), II, 161-
200. 509-22. See also Catalogue of the Boston Public
Latin School (1886) ; W. B. Sprague, Annals Am. Pul-
pit, vol. I (1857) ; Nathaniel Adams, Annals of Ports-
mouth (1825) ; Warren Brown, Hist, of Hampton Falls
(1900) ; Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles (3 vols., 1901),
ed. by F. B. Dexter ; Extracts from the Itineraries of
Ezra Stiles (1916), ed. by F. B. Dexter; "'Belknap Pa-
pers," in Mass. Hist. Soc. Colls., 6 ser. IV (1891);
Columbian Centinel (Boston), Dec. 6, 1797.]
L. S.M.
LANGDON, WILLIAM CHAUNCY (Aug.
19, 1831-Oct. 29, 1895), Protestant Episcopal
clergyman, was born in Burlington, Vt, the son
of John Jay Langdon and Harriet Curtis (Wood-
ward), great-grand-daughter of Eleazar Whee-
lock [q.v.~\, founder of Dartmouth College. Be-
cause of the mother's health, the family moved
first to Washington, D. C, where in 1835 the
father was a clerk in the United States Treasury,
and then to Louisiana, whence he went to the
Mexican War as colonel of the 1st Louisiana
Regiment. William graduated from Transyl-
vania University, Lexington, Ky., in 1850, and
for a year thereafter was adjunct professor of
astronomy at Shelby College, Kentucky. In 185 1
he was appointed assistant examiner in the
United States Patent Office, Washington, be-
coming chief examiner in 1855. The next year
he resigned, and went into the practice of patent
law.
In 1852, with Thomas Duncan, William J.
Rhees, and Zalmon Richards, he started the
Washington Young Men's Christian Association.
Two years later, at a convention in Buffalo, he
Langdon
took the lead in founding the American Con-
federation of Young Men's Christian Associ-
ations, of which he was chosen first general sec-
retary. He also made influential contributions
to the coordinating of the various Y.M.C.A. so-
cieties of Europe at the Paris meeting of 1855
and to the establishing of definite relations be-
tween the American and European organizations.
Through this work he came to realize the prac-
ticability of cooperation among Christian de-
nominations. In 1854 he organized and con-
ducted a system of inter-denominational mission
Sunday schools for boys and girls in Washing-
ton. Finding greater interest in these activities
than in the patent law, he decided to enter the
ministry, and on Feb. 28, 1858, was ordained
deacon in the Protestant Episcopal Church. In
the same year he married Hannah Agnes Court-
ney, daughter of Enoch Sullivan Courtney, a
merchant of Richmond and Baltimore.
During a trip to Europe in 1857 his attention
had been attracted to the Old Catholic Movement,
an endeavor to restore in the Roman Catholic
Church the principles and practice of the early
Christian church. Seeing in such restored con-
ditions of early Christianity the common ground
on which the reunion of the Christian churches
could be effected, he thenceforth took an active
interest in the movement. In 1859, having been
advanced to the priesthood, he went to Rome
where he started an Episcopal church for Amer-
ican residents and tourists, which became St.
Paul's Inside the Walls. He returned to Amer-
ica in 1862 and for three years during the Civil
War was rector of St. John's Church, Havre de
Grace, Md. He presented a memorial to the
General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal
Church of 1865 on conditions in Italy and was
sent back to that country to be the representative
of his Church among the Old Catholics. Settling
in Florence, he lived there until 1873 and estab-
lished an Episcopal church, St. James's, for
American residents and tourists. Upon the death
of the editor of L'Esaminatore, the official organ
of the Old Catholics, he succeeded to his post. In
1873 ne moved to Geneva, where he started
Emmanuel Church for American residents and
tourists. He attended the Old Catholic congresses
at Cologne and Bonn in 1872, 1873, 1874, and
1875.
Returning to the United States, he became the
rector of Christ Church, Cambridge, Mass., in
1876, but on account of failing health resigned
two years later. From 1883 to 1890 he was rec-
tor of St. James Church, Bedford, Pa. He then
moved to Providence, R. I., where he started a
mission which afterward became St. Martin's.
589
Langdon
During his last years he lived with his son,
Courtney Langdon [q.v.~\, in Providence, and
was connected as an honorary assistant with
Grace Church there.
Throughout the latter part of his career he
devoted himself mainly to an effort to reunite
Catholic and Protestant churches on the basis of
their common rule of faith, their common Catho-
lic doctrine, their two common sacraments, and
the historic ministry. He organized a group of
scholars known as the Sociological Group, which
developed into the League of Catholic Unity.
These influential men tried to effect a union of
the Episcopal, Presbyterian, and Congregational
churches, but the retrogressive attitude taken by
the Protestant Episcopal General Convention of
1895 put to an end for the time any progress in
that direction. The keen disappointment over
this result proved the last straw of burden on
Langdon's exhausted strength. He died a few
days thereafter, on Oct. 29, 1895. At his funeral
in Grace Church, Providence, on All Saints'
Day, some thirty-five clergy of eleven different
churches were present and partook of the Holy
Communion together.
[Papers in the possession of the Langdon family, the
National Council of the Y.M.C.A., and the Interna-
tional Y.M.C.A. College at Springfield, Mass. ; papers
of the Old Catholic Church in America ; Wm. Chauncy
Langdon, ''The Story of My Early Life" (MS.), and
"The Early Story of the Confederation of the
Y.M.C.A.," in Year Book of the Young Men's Chris-
tian Associations of the U. S. and Canada, 1888; L.
Doggett, Hist, of the Young Men's Christian Asso.
(1922), vol. II; N. Y. Tribune, Oct. 30, 1895; Provi-
dence Jour., Oct. 30, 1895.] G E S.
LANGDON, WOODBURY (1738 or 1739-
Jan. 13, 1805), merchant, was the elder son of
John and Mary (Hall) Langdon, and the brother
of Gov. John Langdon [g.?'.]. The exact date of
his birth is not known, but without doubt the
place was Portsmouth, N. H., where the Langdon
family had been established since the middle of
the seventeenth century. His father, a farmer
on the outskirts of the town, was now and then
elected a selectman. His mother was descended
from Gov. Thomas Dudley of Massachusetts-
Bay. Woodbury attended the Latin grammar
school, which was kept by an excellent master,
Major Samuel Hale, and then entered the count-
ing-room of Henry Sherburne, a prominent
merchant of Portsmouth. In 1765 he married
Sherburne's daughter, Sarah. His commercial
ventures were successful and in 1770 he was ac-
counted a rich man. As the dissensions with the
British government increased, he took the con-
servative side. In 1770 he was influential in
keeping Portsmouth out of the non-importation
agreement (Portsmouth Town Records, MS.,
Langdon
vol. II, folio 246), and in town meeting, Dec. 16,
1773, he registered his disapproval of a series of
resolutions which were passed condemning the
British government's new policy. Nevertheless,
Portsmouth elected him to the provincial As-
sembly in the spring of 1774, to the revolutionary
convention at Exeter in the following summer,
and reelected him to the Assembly in February
1775-
After war broke out Langdon went to England
to conserve "a considerable sum of money" be-
longing to him there. Much of what he did dur-
ing the next two years is a mystery. He visited
France twice, and Lord George Germain be-
lieved that he was concerting a plan of trade be-
tween that country and the United States. When
Langdon returned to America in the summer of
1777, he landed at New York and was held a
prisoner within the British lines. In December
1777 he escaped and returned to Portsmouth
(Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, 1901, edited by
F. B. Dexter, II, 240).
In the spring of 1779 Langdon was elected to
the Continental Congress and he took his seat in
the following autumn. In 1780, 1781, and 1785
he was reelected, but on each occasion declined
to serve. Instead, he remained in New Hamp-
shire, where he held various offices. His appoint-
ment as a justice of the superior court in 1785
had unpleasant consequences. On June 17, 1790,
he was impeached by the House of Representa-
tives for neglecting his duty, specifically for not
holding court at various places in 1789 and 1790.
The trial was held in January 1791, but it came
to naught, and Langdon was allowed to resign.
Meanwhile he had been appointed one of the fed-
eral commissioners for settling the accounts be-
tween the United States and individual states.
In 1796 and again in 1797 he ran for Congress
as the Republican candidate, but was not elected.
Langdon was a handsome man, but he lacked
the winning manners of his brother John. His
contemporary, William Plumer, wrote of him
(post, p. 815) : "He was a man of great inde-
pendence and decision — bold, keen, and sarcastic,
and spoke his mind of men and measures with
great freedom. . . . He was naturally inclined
to be arbitrary and haughty but his sense of
what was right, and his pride prevented him from
doing intentional evil."
[The best biographical sketch of Langdon is that by
Wm. Plumer in Early State Papers of N. H., XXI
(1892), 812-15. The course of his impeachment and
trial may be followed in vol. XXII (1893) of the same
series. A few of his letters are included in the Langdon
MSS. of the N. H. Hist. Soc. An obituary appeared in
the New Hampshire Gazette (Portsmouth), Jan. 29,
1805.] L. S.M.
590
Lange
LANGE, ALEXIS FREDERICK (Apr. 23,
1862-Aug. 28, 1924), educator, was born in La-
fayette County, Mo., the son of Alexander and
Caroline (Schnegelsiepen) Lange, natives of
Bavaria, Germany. His education was begun in
local elementary and high schools. Entering the
University of Michigan in 1882, he had, by 1885,
attained with distinction both the baccalaureate
degree and the degree of master of arts, special-
izing in German, English, and Anglo-Saxon. The
period 1886-87 he spent in Europe as a student,
first at the University of Marburg, then at the
University of Berlin. Upon his return to Amer-
ica, he became successively instructor in Eng-
lish and professor of German and Anglo-Saxon
at his Alma Mater. He also resumed his studies
for the degree of Ph.D., completing the require-
ments in 1892, after he had joined the faculty of
the University of California.
His California career began in 1890 with his
appointment as assistant professor of English.
From the outset he became known as one of the
successful teachers of the University. In 1907
he was persuaded by President Benjamin Ide
Wheeler to transfer his interest to the field of
education and to assume the headship of that
department, where he developed a philosophy of
administration within the University, and, later,
in the organization of the state school system.
He acted as dean of the College of Letters from
1897 to 1909, during which time he laid the foun-
dation for the present organization of this col-
lege, by providing for lower division work, in
which students were required to lay a general
cultural foundation through contacting a par-
tially restricted curriculum ; and upper division
work, in which the student entered upon spe-
cialization. During 1909-10, he served as dean
of the Graduate Division, and organized the
graduate work along modern lines. From 1910
to 1913 he acted as dean of the faculties, a posi-
tion equivalent to the vice-presidency in many
universities. When the School of Education
was organized in 1913, he was made its direc-
tor, and in 1922, its dean.
He was a stanch advocate of the theory that
the school must maintain close relationship with
the people. To assure this connection, he insist-
ed, the system should be under lay control but
should have the leadership and guidance of pro-
fessionally trained experts. He was the leading
instrumentality in securing, in 1913, the reor-
ganization of the California State Board of Edu-
cation as a lay board. He also suggested the
present system of financing public schools. Later
he proposed the program for the organization of
the California Teachers Association into a se-
Lange
ries of sectional bodies with a State Council act-
ing as a clearing house.
It is in the field of secondary education, how-
ever, that his influence has been most notable.
Long before the founding of junior high schools
or junior colleges, he was advocating a plan that
extended from the seventh grade of the older ele-
mentary school to the end of the sophomore year
of college. He is unquestionably the father of
the junior high school movement, and he shares
with David Starr Jordan [q.v.~\ the honor of
originating the junior-college movement. In his
administration of the School of Education,
Lange's chief attention was given to the train-
ing of high-school teachers. The program which
he developed has not been surpassed in any other
state and is responsible for the national recog-
nition which the public high schools of Califor-
nia have received. He translated from the work
of Johann Friedrich Herbart Outlines of Edu-
cational Doctrine (1901), and edited The Gentle
Craft by Thomas Deloney (Berlin, 1903). He
was the author of a number of valuable papers,
the most important of which were collected after
his death and published under the title, The
Lange Book : The Collected Writings of a Great
Educational Philosopher (1927), edited with an
introduction by A. H. Chamberlain. Lange was
married in September 1891 to Carolyn Crosby
Penny, a graduate of the University of Michi-
gan. He died in his sixty-third year.
["Alexis F. Lange — a Symposium," Sierra Educ.
News, Oct. 1924; Francis Bacon, "Alexis Lange,"
Western Jour, of Educ., Jan. 1925; introduction to
The Lange Book (1927), ed. by A. H. Chamberlain;
Who's Who in America, 1922-23 ; San Francisco
Chronicle, Aug. 29, 1924 ; N. Y. Times, Aug. 30, 1924.]
W. W. K.
LANGE, LOUIS (Sept. 29, 1829-Sept. 25,
1893), editor and publisher, son of Andrew and
Anna (Stiel) Lange, was born in a rural dis-
trict of Germany in the Province of Hesse, and
received his elementary training in country
schools. When he was seventeen he came to
America and became an apprentice in the com-
posing rooms of the New Yorker Staats-Zeitung,
where he received the greater part of his educa-
tion. In the summer of 1855 he entered the em-
ploy of the Michigan Staats-Zeitung of Detroit
and stayed about two years. He then went to
Mexico. On his return, he took up his residence
in St. Louis, Mo., where in 1859 he became
printer and bookkeeper for Moritz Niedner. On
Mar. 11, 1861, Niedner founded the Daily Mis-
souri State Journal, with Lange as financial
manager. The paper was sympathetic with the
Confederate cause at the time of the outbreak
of the Civil War, and on July 13, 1861, was sup-
?9i
Langford
pressed by order of Gen. Nathaniel Lyon [q.v.~\.
A regiment of Home Guards surrounded the
newspaper office and removed the forms, type,
parts of the press, and the morning edition of the
paper to the headquarters of the regiment. It
appears, however, that Lange was not himself
committed to the Southern cause, and after the
war he was known as a Republican. After be-
ing connected with the Missouri Republican
(Democratic in politics) for about a year, he
started in business for himself. Niedner, in the
meantime, had purchased a small literary maga-
zine known as Die Abendschulc, previously pub-
lished in Buffalo, N. Y., and this unpromising
journal he sold to Lange in the spring of 1863
for the sum of $200. In Lange's hands, however,
it grew from this small beginning into a posi-
tion of importance, becoming one of the leading
German literary periodicals published in the
United States. So well was it managed and ed-
ited that it gained wide circulation among Ger-
man-Americans of the best class and attracted
the patronage of Germans abroad.
In the early days Lange supported his journal
from the proceeds of a job-printing office in the
attic of his home. He gave the best years of his
life to the development of this periodical, which
he kept free from political views, feeling strong-
ly that such matters had no place in a purely lit-
erary magazine. After it became firmly estab-
lished and his corps of editorial writers well or-
ganized, he founded a small political paper
called Die Rundschau, which was published for
a short time in St. Louis. Later, transferred to
Chicago, where it was edited and published by
his eldest son, Louis Lange, Jr., it became an
important factor in German-American politics,
and its editor was appointed United States con-
sul successively at Annaberg and at Bremen,
Germany, by President Cleveland.
Lange married Margarethe Schmidt in 185 1.
Six children were born to them. Lange was an
intimate of Carl Daenzer, Emil Preetorius
[q.v.~\, and Carl Schurz \_q.v.~\ and was accus-
tomed to meet with them every Wednesday af-
ternoon in a little social group. He was active
in the affairs of the Lutheran Church, and took
an interest in religious education. He died in
St. Louis, and was buried there.
[Information as to certain facts from Lange's son,
Theodore Lange of St. Louis ; R. V. Kennedy, St.
Louis Directory (1859) ; Daily Missouri State Journal,
Mar. 1 i-July 12, 1861 ; Missouri Republican, July 13,
1 86 1 ; Wm. Hyde and H. L. Conard, Encyc. of the
Hist, of St. Louis (1899); Wcstliche Post, Sept. 26,
l893-l S.M. D.
LANGFORD, NATHANIEL PITT (Aug.
9, 1832-Oct. 18, 191 1 ), Vigilante, explorer, and
Langford
first superintendent of the Yellowstone National
Park, was the twelfth child of George Langford
II, a bank cashier of Westmoreland, N. Y, by
his wife Chloe, daughter of Nathaniel Sweeting
of Oneida County, N. Y. His paternal ancestor,
John Langford, settled at Salem, Mass., about
1660; and his mother's forebear, Zebiah Sweet-
ing of Somerset, England, came to Rehoboth,
Mass., some time before 1699. Each family con-
tributed two generations of soldiers to the War
of the Revolution. After receiving an elemen-
tary education in a rural school, Langford, in
1854, migrated with his three sisters and his
brother Augustine to St. Paul, Minn., and re-
mained there as cashier in various local banks
till 1862. In that year, on account of his health,
he joined Capt. James L. Fisk's Northern Over-
land Expedition to the Salmon River gold fields
as second assistant and commissary. After travel-
ing 1,600 miles, most of the party settled for a
stormy winter in the Prickly Pear Valley, but
Langford and a few companions pushed on to
Bannack, a Montana outpost 400 miles from the
nearest permanent settlement. Gold had been
discovered there in 1861 ; news of the discovery
reached the outside world late in 1862, and that
winter and the following spring thousands
flocked in. The mining community found itself
thronged with thieves and ruffians of all descrip-
tions. Since there were no police and no courts
of law, any one suspected of having gold was
likely to be ruthlessly murdered. To handle the
situation a group of courageous men, all of the
Masonic order, took it upon themselves to pun-
ish outlaws, and Langford was one of those who
played a distinguished part in organizing this
celebrated Vigilante method of law administra-
tion and enforcement. His Vigilante Days and
Ways (2 vols., 1890) describes these stirring
times with a lucidity and literary charm which
entitles it to a permanent place in American lit-
erary history.
Upon the organization of Montana as a terri-
tory in 1864, Langford was appointed United
States collector of internal revenue. In 1868 he
was twice removed from office by President
Johnson and twice reinstated by the Senate. In
December 1868 Johnson appointed him governor
of the territory, but the appointment was not
confirmed by the Senate.
Langford is best known, perhaps, as one of the
first to describe the curious natural formations
in that remarkable geological district now known
as Yellowstone Park. In 1869 D. E. Folsom had
penetrated the district, but was driven back by
Indians. He told Langford and a few other in-
timate friends what he had seen, with the re-
592
Langlade — Langley
suit that Gen. H. D. Washburn [q.v.~\ then or-
ganized, with the assistance of Langford, Lieut.
G. C. Doane, and Judge Cornelius Hedges, an
exploring party of nineteen men, and on Aug.
17, 1870, they left Helena. These four kept
diaries of the journey, each of which has been
published, but Langford's is the most finished
and complete and is a masterpiece of descrip-
tive narrative (Diary of the Washburn Expedi-
tion to the Yellowstone and Fire Hole Rii'ers in
the Year 1870, 1905). Folsom and Hedges had
each suggested independently that the Yellow-
stone district should become a national park, but
it was Langford who brought the Yellowstone
district to the attention of the nation through
lectures and popular magazine articles (see
Scribncr's Monthly, May, June 1871, June
1873). After the park was created by act of
Congress, Mar. 1, 1872, Langford served for the
first five years, without compensation, as its su-
perintendent. During this period he protected
the park from numerous attempts at unscrupu-
lous exploitation, and he was thus largely re-
sponsible for its being what it is today. He held
various public offices in Montana till 1884, al-
though in 1876 he had returned to St. Paul,
where he resided until his death. He was an ac-
tive member of both the Montana and the Min-
nesota historical societies, being president of
the latter body from 1905 until his death. He
made many contributions to their publications,
the most important being a long history of the
Louisiana Purchase (Collections of the Minne-
sota Historical Society, vol. IX, 1900).
Langford married Emma, daughter of Charles
Wheaton of Northfield, Minn., Nov. 1, 1876.
She died soon afterwards, and on Sept. 14, 1884,
he married her sister, Clara Wheaton.
[Family material ; genealogical papers and diary pre-
served in Minn. Hist. Soc. (MS. division) ; letters and
papers in Mont. Hist. Soc. (presented by Langford in
1905) ; Vigilante Days and Ways (1890) ; introduc-
tion to Langford's Diary of the Washburn Expedi-
tion (1905); appreciations in Colls. Minn. Hist. Soc.,
vol. XV (1915) ; T. J. Dimsdale, Vigilantes of Mon-
tana (191 5) ; H. M. Chittenden. The Yellowstone Na-
tional Park (1895) ; J. F. Fulton, in Minn. Mag., Mar.
1 93 1 ; St. Paul Dispatch, Oct. 18, 191 1.] J.F.F.
LANGLADE, CHARLES MICHEL DE
[See De Langlade, Charles Michel, 1729-
1801].
LANGLEY, JOHN WILLIAMS (Oct. 21,
1841-May 10, 1918), chemist, educator, was
the son of Samuel and Mary Sumner (Williams)
Langley and the brother of Samuel P. Langley
[#.?'.], astronomer and aeronautical pioneer. He
was born in Boston, Mass., where his father was
a wholesale merchant and in later life a banker.
Educated in public and private schools there, he
Langley
entered the Lawrence Scientific School of Har-
vard, from which he received the degree of B.S.
in 1861. After working as a chemist for a year
in Boston, he enlisted in the navy and because
of his medical knowledge was assigned for a
few months to the Charlestown Navy Yard as
acting assistant examining surgeon. He was
then transferred to the United States gunboat
Pampero, stationed at the mouth of the Mis-
sissippi River, and saw service on this vessel
for one and one-half years. Resigning Sept. 1,
1864, he returned to his parents' home in New-
ton, Mass., and for the succeeding three years
engaged with his brother Samuel in the building
of several refracting telescopes and finally, an
eight-inch glass reflector. Scientific interest
alone prompted this activity of the brothers,
and following it they spent much of the year 1868
in Europe, visiting scientific institutions, observ-
atories, and art galleries. Upon his return John
was appointed assistant professor of chemistry
at the Western University of Pennsylvania, now
the University of. Pittsburgh, where he re-
mained for five years. He then accepted a call
to the University of Michigan as acting pro-
fessor of general chemistry and physics; in 1877
he became full professor, resigning in 1888 to
take a position as chemist and metallurgist for
the Crescent Steel Works, Pittsburgh, Pa. Four
years later he returned to university work, this
time as professor of electrical engineering at
the Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland,
Ohio, where he remained until his retirement in
1906. During his whole career he was engaged
in chemical and metallurgical research in iron
and steel, the results of which were published
in scientific journals. Among his papers were
"On the Relationship of Structure, Density and
Chemical Composition of Steel" (American
Chemist, November 1876) ; "On the Sub-aque-
ous Dissociation of Certain Salts," with C. K.
McGee (Proceedings of the American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science, 1883) ;
and "The Use of Electrolysis in Technical
Chemical Processes" (Journal of the American
Chemical Society, January 1894), read before
the World's Congress of Chemists in 1893. He
was a consultant for several steel manufacturers
and was employed as expert in some twenty pat-
ent cases involving metallurgical processes. In
1889 he organized the International Committee
for Standards of Analysis of Iron and Steel, the
Work of which was taken over later by the
United States Bureau of Standards. He was
awarded the honorary degree of M.D. by the
University of Michigan in 1877. On Sept. 12,
1 87 1, he married Martica Irene Car ret of
593
Langley
Charlestown, Mass., and at the time of his death
in Ann Arbor, where he made his home after
his retirement, he was survived by his widow,
two daughters, and a son.
[T. H. S. Hamersly, General Reg. of the U. S. Navy
and Marine Corps (1882); E. D. Campbell, Hist, of
the Chemical Laboratory of the Univ. of Mich., 1856-
1916 (1916); Univ. of Mich. Cat. of Grads., Non-
Grads., Officers, and Members of the Faculties 1837-
1921 (1923); Who's Who in America, 1918-19; In
Memoriam (Scientific Club of Ann Arbor, Oct. 26,
1 918) ; H. A. Kelly and W. L. Burrage, Am. Medic.
Biogs. (1920); Detroit Free Press, May 12, 1918;
information from family ; authority for date of mar-
riage, Boston Transcript, Sept. 13, 1871.] C. W. M.
LANGLEY, SAMUEL PIERPONT (Aug.
22, 1834-Feb. 27, 1906), a pioneer in research
concerning solar radiation and human flight in
heavier-than-air machines, author, third secre-
tary of the Smithsonian Institution, was born in
Roxbury, Mass. He was the son of Samuel and
Mary Sumner (Williams) Langley. His an-
cestors were almost exclusively of English stock,
with some slight admixture of Welsh. Some of
them emigrated to Massachusetts in the early
part of the seventeenth century and experienced
the struggles of the times. Among his forebears
were Richard, Increase, and Cotton Mather, and
Rev. John Cotton, and many men prominent in
the history of Massachusetts — members of the
Phillips, Sprague, Sumner, Howell, Williams,
Pierpont, and Langley families. Among his less
known ancestors were mechanics and artisans
skilled in various trades, and substantial farm-
ers, men of rugged health and severely upright
moral fiber and probity.
His father was a wholesale merchant of Bos-
ton, but a man of liberal interests. He had a
small telescope with which the young Samuel
and his brother John Williams \_q.v.'] watched
the building of Bunker Hill Monument. The
boys constructed a complete telescope for them-
selves, grinding and polishing the mirror to an
excellent optical figure, and making the entire
mounting. With this instrument they made many
amateur observations of the heavens. Langley
wrote long afterward : "I cannot remember when
I was not interested in astronomy. I remember
reading books upon the subject as early as at
nine, and when I was quite a boy I learned to
make little telescopes, and studied the stars
through them. . . . One of the most wonderful
things to me was the sun, and as to how it heated
the earth. ... I asked many questions, . . . and
some of these childish questions have occupied
many years of my later life in answering."
CGoode, post, pp. 203-04.) The family were
omnivorous readers, and Samuel, as a boy, made
frequent use of the excellent public libraries of
Langley
Boston. As a man he surprised his intimates by
his wide knowledge of the English, German, and
French classics, his historical research, and his
acquaintance with works on astronomical, phys-
ical, and mechanical science. His formal educa-
tion comprised attendance at several private
schools, the Boston Latin School, and the Bos-
ton High School, from which he was graduated
in 1 85 1 ; but he had no college or university
training.
He was engaged in engineering and architec-
ture from 1851 to 1864. In 1864 and 1865 he
traveled in Europe with his brother John, visit-
ing observatories and learned societies. In 1866
he was appointed assistant professor of mathe-
matics in charge of the small observatory of the
Naval Academy at Annapolis, but in the follow-
ing year became director of the Allegheny Ob-
servatory and professor of physics and astron-
omy in the Western University of Pennsylvania,
where he remained twenty years. Allegheny
Observatory needed funds exceedingly when
Langley assumed charge. He devised a method
of regulating railroad time from the Observa-
tory clock, and persuaded the Pennsylvania Rail-
road to contract with the Observatory for this
service. This arrangement inaugurated a prac-
tice which later became universal, and was the
Observatory's principal source of revenue dur-
ing Langley's directorship. In his earlier years
he made the classic drawings of sun-spots which
have been standard textbook illustrations to this
day. He observed the total solar eclipses of
1869, 1870, and 1878, and made valuable obser-
vations. He also made careful visual studies of
the solar spectrum, and was much in demand as
a popular lecturer and writer on astronomical
subjects.
His great astronomical achievement, however,
was in the field of spectral measurements of solar
and lunar radiation. He had always been more
interested in the new astronomy of the physical
characteristics of the heavenly bodies than in
the older astronomy of position. To measure
the distribution of heat in the spectrum of the
sun he invented the bolometer (1878). This is
an electrical thermometer, the sensitive element
of which is a thin, narrow, blackened metallic
tape, adapted to absorb radiation in very nar-
row bands of the spectrum, and sensitive to a
rise in temperature of the millionth of a degree.
With the bolometer he began at Allegheny Ob-
servatory an epoch-making series of experiments
on the distribution of radiation in the solar spec-
trum, the transparency of the atmosphere to the
different solar rays, and the enhancement of their
intensity at high altitudes and even outside the
594
Lang ley-
atmosphere altogether. He devised a new meth-
od of determining the "solar constant of radia-
tion," that fundamental quantity which is the
measure of the intensity of solar heat at mean
solar distance.
Because of the turbidity of the atmosphere at
Allegheny, he organized in 1881 an expedition
to the then wilderness of Mount Whitney, Cali-
fornia, the highest mountain in the United
States. This famous expedition was under the
auspices of the War Department, but was aided
by the Pennsylvania Railroad and by Langley's
life-long friend, William Thaw of Pittsburgh.
In the clear atmosphere of Mount Whitney,
Langley and his able assistant, James E. Keeler,
measured the energy of solar radiation with the
bolometer and carried the solar spectrum far
beyond the then recognized limit in the dark
regions beyond the red. Computations of the
solar constant were made from the observations
both at Lone Pine and Mountain Camp, and
valuable new results on atmospheric transpar-
ency resulted. By an unfortunate error of theo-
retical deduction the value of the solar constant
was stated as 3.0 calories per square centimeter
per minute, a value long quoted in textbooks,
although the observations themselves, properly
reduced, indicated approximately 2.0 calories,
which is very near the present accepted value.
After his return from Mount Whitney, Lang-
ley employed the bolometer in studies of the
deep infra-red spectra of the sun and the moon,
and of heated bodies. His work on the lunar
spectrum has not even yet been repeated. It led
to determinations of the lunar temperature of
the same order as, though somewhat lower than,
those now preferred. In his later years at Alle-
gheny, he did considerable popular lecturing
and writing on astronomical subjects. Some of
these lectures were published by the Century
Magazine, and later collected in a book entitled
The Nexv Astronomy (1888), which passed
through several editions and became a classic
in astronomical literature. It is difficult to exag-
gerate its charm, which culminates in a whim-
sical parable on the last page.
On Jan. 12, 1887, Langley was appointed as-
sistant secretary of the Smithsonian Institution
in charge of library and international exchanges.
When Secretary Spencer F. Baird died later in
the same year, Langley was elected to succeed
him (Nov. 18, 1887), and retained the position
until his death. Like his predecessors and those
who came after him, he felt keenly the hamper-
ing poverty of this great institution. There was
and is a misapprehension in the public mind
that the Smithsonian is a government bureau
Langley
liberally supported by public funds. This prob-
ably grew from the fact that the Institution ad-
ministers eight important government bureaus,
and fostered them in their early years from its
private funds. In fact it is a private foundation
under government guardianship. Its great mis-
sion, as stated by its founder, James Smithson,
is "the increase and diffusion of knowledge
among men." Nothing could be broader in sci-
ence than this object. The world-wide prestige
of the Institution brings to it opportunities for
accomplishments which the slenderness of its
disposable income precludes. The first consid-
erable addition to Smithson's original founda-
tion of $550,000 occurred during Langley's ad-
ministration. This was a bequest of $200,000
from Thomas Hodgkins of Brooklyn. Among
Langley's important administrative works were
the establishment of the National Zoological
Park and the Astrophysical Observatory.
At this Observatory, which was founded in
1890 by private funds, he carried forward his
studies of solar radiation. He introduced con-
tinuous photographic registration of the indica-
tions of his bolometer, and in this way he was
able to feel out the positions of Fraunhofer and
terrestrial absorption lines in the infra-red solar
spectrum. A map of this hitherto unknown dark
region of spectrum was prepared under his di-
rection, extending to a wave-length of 5.3 mi-
crons, or ten times the wave-length of green
light. The favorable total solar eclipse of May
1900 was observed by Langley and others of the
Astrophysical Observatory at Wadesboro, N. C.
On that occasion the bolometer was first used to
measure the heat of the solar corona. Soon after,
his attention was again turned to the solar con-
stant of radiation. Early results of 1903 indi-
cated solar variability, and Langley cautiously
announced these observations in the year 1904.
This subject has largely engrossed the Observa-
tory since Langley's death. Expeditions have
been sent to foreign lands, and much progress
has been made towards realizing his vision.
Shortly before leaving Allegheny Observa-
tory, Langley commenced the series of investi-
gations into the possibilities of flight in heavier-
than-air machines which he continued with con-
spicuous results at Washington. The greatness
of his contribution to aviation depends not only
on his pioneering laboratory investigations and
successful long-distance flights of large power-
driven models, but on the very fact that a man
of his reputation should have adventured it in
a field at that time so much ridiculed. He devised
and constructed novel instruments for measur-
ing lift and drift of the moving plane surfaces
595
Langley
which he carried at considerable speeds on long-
armed whirling tables. In 1891 he published re-
sults of these investigations under the title "Ex-
periments in Aerodynamics" (see Smithsonian
Contributions to Knowledge, vol. XXVII). In
"The Internal Work of the Wind" (Ibid.), pub-
lished in 1893, he suggested reasonable explana-
tions of the source of power used in the flight of
birds.
He then proceeded to incorporate his estab-
lished principles of flight in power-driven mod-
els of about fourteen feet span, built on the gen-
eral plan of the four-wing dragonfly. He used
curved supporting surfaces in all of his machines,
though the experiments which led him to this
improvement are unpublished. (Herring and
others have claimed that Langley did not em-
ploy curved wings prior to 1895. The original
note-books, still at the Institution, show that
Langley employed parabolic curvatures of 1 to
12 camber, alternately with planes, in his wing
models as early as the spring of 1894.) It was
necessary to devise light engines as well as
wing surfaces, and he constructed petrol-heated,
flash-boiler steam engines of about five pounds
weight per horsepower for this purpose. The
light gasoline engine did not then exist. On
May 6, 1896, Langley's model No. 5, thus
equipped, was catapulted from a houseboat at
Quantico, on the Potomac, and flew with excel-
lent stability for a distance of 3,000 feet, rest-
ing quite uninjured on the water when the pro-
pellant was entirely exhausted. In November of
the same year model No. 6 made the even longer
successful flight of 4,200 feet.
These were the first sustained free flights of
power-propelled heavier-than-air machines ever
made. They attracted world-wide fame and en-
thusiasm. Langley himself said : "I have brought
to a close the portion of the work which seemed
to be specially mine — the demonstration of the
practicability of mechanical flight — and for the
next stage, which is the commercial and prac-
tical development of the idea, it is probable that
the world may look to others" ("The 'Flying
Machine,' " McClure's Magazine, June 1897) •
Nevertheless, he was persuaded to undertake the
construction of a man-carrying airplane, for
which the War Department Bureau of Ordnance
appropriated $50,000.
Not only was the large machine built and
equipped with a five-cylinder radial water-
cooled gasoline engine developed by Langley's
assistant, Charles M. Manly [q.v.], but a quar-
ter-size model of about the same dimension as
Langley's steam-driven models was also pre-
pared with a gasoline engine of similar design.
Langley
This fourteen-foot model flew without pilot and
with good stability on Aug. 8, 1903, for approxi-
mately 1,000 feet. The large machine was twice
tried, on Oct. 8 and Dec. 8, 1903, catapulted
from a large houseboat on the Potomac. On both
occasions, according to the testimony of Manly
and others, defects in the operation of the launch-
ing device brought disaster. On the first trial
the front part of the machine apparently caught
on a projecting pin, the front wings were de-
flected downwards, and despite all that could be
done with the rudder, the machine plunged into
the water 150 feet from the houseboat. On the
second trial the rear wings collapsed, and the
machine soared upwards, turned a complete som-
ersault, and fell back near the houseboat. News-
paper ridicule and misunderstanding were added
to failing health, exhausted funds, and vexatious
administrative cares, and Langley failed to push
forward by new trials to a successful issue. Yet
he said after the December trial : "Failure in the
aerodrome itself or its engines there has been
none ; and it is believed that it is at the moment
of success, and when the engineering problems
have been solved, that a lack of means has pre-
vented a continuance of the work" (Annual Re-
port of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian
Institution, 1904, 1905, p. 125). This view has
the great weight of the considered judgments
expressed in written statements, public or private,
by Manly, Chanute, Curtiss, Zahm, Ames, Tay-
lor, and Durand. The large machine, restored,
is now on exhibition with the earlier models in
the United States National Museum. An ex-
haustive account of it is given by C. M. Manly
in the "Langley Memoir on Mechanical Flight"
(Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge , vol.
XXVII), published in 1911. In recognition of
Langley's contribution to aeronautics, the flying
field near Norfolk, and the laboratory of the
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics,
as well as certain naval vessels, have been named
after him.
Langley was the recipient of many scientific
honors. Among those deserving special mention
are the Henry Draper gold medal of the National
Academy of Sciences, the Rumford gold and
silver medals of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences, the Janssen medal of the Institute
of France, and the Rumford medal of the Royal
Society of London. He was a member of the
National Academy of Sciences, a correspondent
of the Institute of France, foreign member of the
Royal Society of London, of the Royal Society
of Edinburgh, and of the Academia dei Lincei of
Rome. Of his many valuable publications per-
haps the most important are : "Minute Structure
596
Langley
of the Solar Photosphere" (American Journal of
Science and Arts, February 1874) ! "The Bolom-
eter and Radiant Energy" (Proceedings of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol.
XVI, 1881) ; "The Selective Absorption of Solar
Energy" (American Journal of Science, March
1883) ; "Experimental Determination of Wave-
lengths in the Invisible Prismatic Spectrum"
(Ibid., March 1884) ; "Researches on Solar Heat
and its Absorption by the Earth's Atmosphere :
A Report of the Mount Whitney Expedition"
(Professional Papers of the Signal Service, no.
XV, 1884) ; "The New Astronomy" (Century
Magazine, 1884-85) ; "On the Temperature of
the Surface of the Moon" (Memoirs of the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences, vol. Ill, pt. 1, 1885) ;
"Observations on Invisible Heat Spectra and the
Recognition of Hitherto Unmeasured Wave-
lengths" (Proceedings of the American Associ-
ation for the Advancement of Science, 1885, and
American Journal of Science and Arts, January
1886) ; "On Hitherto Unrecognized Wave-
lengths" (London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philo-
sophical Magazine, and American Journal of
Science and Arts, both August 1886) ; "The
Temperature of the Moon" (Memoirs of the
National Academy of Sciences, vol. IV, pt. 2,
1889) ; "Energy and Vision" (American Jour-
nal of Science and Arts, November 1888) ; An-
nals of the Astro physical Observatory of flic
Smithsonian Institution, vol. I, 1900; "The Solar
Constant and Related Problems" (Astrophysical
Journal, March 1903).
In mature life Langley was a large man of
florid countenance, who concealed a deep-seated
shyness by a front of dignity. Irascible, often
giving offense, he yet revealed to his intimates
a great charm of character. He was witty, apt
of speech and quotation, "warm-hearted, a lover
of children, and impressed all who knew him as
a man of large pioneering mind, ornamented
with the graces of familiar intercourse. He had
unusual facility in free-hand and mechanical
drawing. His writing was like copper-plate, and
his signature was a thing of beauty. He spoke
fluent French, and was accustomed to make year-
ly trips abroad, where his reputation was justly
very high in scientific circles. He never mar-
ried. His death occurred at Aiken, S. C, in his
seventy-second year.
[G. Brown Goode, The Smithsonian Institution,
1846-1896 (1897) ; Who's Who in America, 1903-05;
Evening Star (Washington), Feb. 28, 1906; Cyrus
Adler, "Samuel Pierpont Langley," in Bull. Phil. Soc.
of Washington, Jan. 1907, repr. in Ann. Report . . .
Smithsonian Inst., 1006 (1907) ; C. G. Abbot, "Samuel
Pierpont Langley," in Astrophys. Jour., May 1906 ;
"Samuel Pierpont Langley Memorial Meeting," Smith-
sonian Misc. Colls., vol. XLIX, no. 4 (1907), accom-
Langston
panied by a partial bibliography of Langley's writings ;
C. D. Walcott, "Biog. Memoir of Samuel Pierpont
Langley," Nat. Acad. Sci. Biog. Memoirs, vol. VII
(1913) ; Henry Leffmann, "A Tribute, Samuel Pier-
pont Langley : A Pioneer in Practical Aviation," in
Jour, of the Franklin Inst., Jan. 1919; C. G. Abbot,
"The Relations between the Smithsonian Institution
and the Wright Brothers," Smithsonian Misc. Colls.,
vol. LXXXI, no. 5 (1928) ; letter files of the Smith-
sonian Institution.] C G A.
LANGSTON, JOHN MERCER (Dec. 14,
1829-Nov. 15, 1897), educator and diplomat, was
born in Louisa County, Va. His father, Ralph
Quarles, was the owner of the estate. His moth-
er, Lucy Langston, of African and Indian blood,
Quarles's favorite slave, was emancipated by him
in 1806 and subsequently bore him three sons,
who followed the condition of their mother and
took her name. Ralph Quarles was a kind mas-
ter, who believed that slavery should be abolished
by the voluntary act of the owner. In 1834 both
of Langston's parents died. By his father's will
the principal slaves were emancipated and liberal
provision was made for the three sons. Langs-
ton was sent by the executors to live with his
father's friend, William D. Gooch of Chillicothe,
Ohio, who became his guardian and who gave
him the care and education of a son. When the
boy was about ten, Gooch decided to move to
Missouri, a slave state. Langston started with
him, but the sheriff, at the instigation of his
half-brother, William Langston, followed with a
process requiring Gooch to answer to the charge
of attempting to carry the boy beyond the juris-
diction of the court that had made him guardian.
Allen G. Thurman, then a young lawyer, ap-
peared for William Langston, and the court ruled
that the boy could not leave Ohio. After spend-
ing two years in a Cincinnati private school, he
returned to Chillicothe and, in 1844, entered the
preparatory department of Oberlin College. In
1849 he graduated from the collegiate depart-
ment and in 1853 from the theological depart-
ment. However, he had studied theology only
in order to prepare himself for law, and. not be-
ing able to gain admission to a law school, he
read law under Philemon Bliss, of Elyria. In
September 1854, he was admitted to the bar and,
the next month, married Caroline M. Wall, who
was then a senior in the literary department of
Oberlin College.
He began practising law in Brownhelm but,
two years later, located in Oberlin. In March
1855 he was nominated by the Liberty Party for
clerk of Brownhelm township and was elected,
probably the first negro to be chosen to an elec-
tive office in the United States. During the
Civil War he served as an agent for recruiting
colored troops ; he helped raise the first colored
597
Langstroth
regiment, the 54th Massachusetts and, later, the
55th Massachusetts and the 5th Ohio regiments.
From 1865 to 1867 he was a member of the Coun-
cil of Oberlin and, in 1867 and 1868, of the city
Board of Education.
In 1868 he was called to Washington and ap-
pointed inspector-general of the Freedmen's Bu-
reau. In this capacity he visited many sections
of the South, where his tactful educational ad-
dresses were received with enthusiasm by both
the colored and white population. Upon the
termination of these activities' he accepted the
professorship of law in Howard University. As
dean (1869-1876) and vice-president and acting
president (1872) he organized and established
the law department of this institution. For seven
years he was a member of the Board of Health
for the District of Columbia and its attorney. In
1877 he became minister-resident to Haiti and
charge d'affaires to Santo Domingo and, until
1885, was in the diplomatic and consular service,
where his tact, easy manner, and diplomatic ad-
dress made a favorable impression. In 1883 he
published Freedom and Citizenship, a selection
from the many addresses that had made his
reputation as an orator of power and distinction.
Upon his return to the United States he was
elected president of the Virginia Normal and
Collegiate Institute at Petersburg, Va. In 1888
he was the Republican nominee for Congress
from his district, and, although his election was
contested, he was seated by the House in 1890.
He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection.
He retired to his home in Washington, where he
continued to interest himself in political affairs
and wrote From the Virginia Plantation to the
National. Capital (1894) in which he told with
real charm the story of his dramatic and useful
life.
[Autobiography mentioned above ; introductory sketch
by J. E. Rankin in Freedom and Citizenship (1883) ;
Souvenir Journal of the 35th National Celebration at
Culpeper, Va. . . . under Auspices of the Langston
National Monument Hist, and Emancipation Asso..
comp. by R. B. Robinson (1898) ; W. J. Simmons, Men
of Mark (1887) ; J. W. Cromwell, The Negro in Am.
Hist. (1914) ; B. T. Washington, The Story of the
Negro {2 vols., 1909) ; New York Tribune, Nov. 16,
l897-l R. C. M.
LANGSTROTH, LORENZO LORRAINE
(Dec. 25, 1810-Oct. 6, 1895), apiarist, was born
in Philadelphia, Pa., the son of John G. and
Rebekah (Dunn) Langstroth. He graduated from
Yale College in 1831 and from 1834 to 1836 he
was tutor in mathematics at the same institution.
During this time also he took a course in theology
and in May 1836 he became pastor of the South
Congregational Church at Andover, Mass. ; but
owing to ill health he was compelled to resign in
Langstroth
1838. He next became principal of the Abbot
Academy in Andover, resigning in 1839 when he
became principal of the Greenfield (Mass.) High
School for Young Ladies, a position he held for
five years. In 1844 he resumed his pastoral work,
taking the Second Congregational Church at
Greenfield. Four years later he resigned this
position to become principal of a school for young
ladies at Philadelphia. He remained in this work
until 1852 when he moved to Oxford, Ohio. It
was here that he took up the work in beekeeping
for which he is best known.
Langstroth's invention of the movable-frame
beehive revolutionized not only all hives but the
methods for keeping bees. There had been other
so-called movable-frame hives before his day,
but the frames after being in use for a short time
became almost immovable, making a hive little,
if any, better than the old box hives or log gums.
His invention consisted in the discovery of the
bee space (approximately five-sixteenths of an
inch) which bees keep open without filling with
comb or honey. Around his frame, hanging on
projections from the upper corners, he provided
a bee space on all four sides between the hive
and frame and between the frames themselves.
As the bees would not fill these spaces, the frames
were not fastened by combs or bee glue. Hence
they were always movable.
Besides inventing a hive and frame, Langs-
troth was a pioneer in many of the methods of
management that later came to be common prac-
tice in the production of carloads of honey. All
of these are well set forth in his book, Langstroth
on the Hive and the Honeybee, first published in
1853. After a revision by C. P. Dadant it was
republished in 1888 under the title : The Honey
Bee. Many of the practices and theories later
supposed to be new were first set forth by Langs-
troth. But as has been the case with many other
pioneers and inventors, he was ridiculed and then
robbed of the fruits of his invention. So great
was the persecution that he suffered severe men-
tal distress. For months at a time he would re-
fuse to see his friends, much less talk on the sub-
ject of bees. Fortunately, however, he recovered
and lived to see the day when his invention re-
ceived almost universal adoption. He was a man
of commanding presence and a charming con-
versationalist. He could have distinguished him-
self in many fields but he chose beekeeping be-
cause it brought him close to nature. Langstroth
was married, on Aug. 22, 1836, to Anne M.
Tucker of New Haven, Conn., by whom he had
three children. He died at Dayton at the home
of one of his daughters.
S98
Langworthy
Langworthy
[Sources include: "Langstroth Memorial," Gleanings
in Bee Culture, Dec. 15, 1895 ; E. R. Root, ABC and
XYZ of Bee Culture (ed. 1917) ; Obit. Record of Grads.
of Yale Univ., 1895-96 ; Vital Records of New Haven,
1649-1850, pt. 1 (1917) ; L. A. Brainard, The Gcncal.
of the Brainerd- Brainard Family in America (1908),
vol. I ; Langstroth's manuscript journal and other un-
published papers in the Langstroth Root Memorial Li-
brary at Cornell University.] E. R. R.
LANGWORTHY, EDWARD (r. 1738-
Nov. 1, 1802), member of the Continental Con-
gress, was born in or near Savannah, Ga. About
all that is known of his own early life is that, left
an orphan, he was placed in Whitefield's Bethesda
Orphan House, where he received his early edu-
cation, that he "kept a school" for a time in Sa-
vannah, that in January 1771 he was placed in
charge of a school "for Academical Learning"
just established in connection with the orphanage,
that he married the sister of Ambrose Wright,
and that she died (letter of James Habersham to
the Countess of Huntington, Jan. 9, 1771, in Col-
lections of the Georgia Historical Society, VI,
117; see also Ibid., p. 124).
Langworthy's first appearance upon the po-
litical stage was as one of the signers of the Loyal-
ist protest against the Savannah resolutions of
Aug. 10, 1774 (Georgia Gazette, Sept. 7, 1774).
A year later, however, he had so completely re-
versed his position that he was chosen secretary
to the council of safety and served the succeeding
Revolutionary bodies, provincial congress, coun-
cil of safety, and convention, in the same capacity.
In June 1777 he was chosen as a delegate to the
Continental Congress and took his seat Nov. 17,
following. He was reelected Feb. 26, 1778. As
a member of Congress he played, with one or
two exceptions, no conspicuous part. His party
affiliations were nevertheless early established.
He stood firmly with the friends of Washington,
and it was in defense of the commander-in-chief
that he obtained his most conspicuous record in
the Journals of Congress. When on the night of
Apr. 10, 1778, in order to prevent the adoption
of obnoxious passages in a proposed letter to
General Washington, Thomas Burke \_q.v.~\ of
North Carolina resolved to break the quorum by
leaving the floor, Langworthy followed him from
the hall. The obdurate Burke refused to obey the
order of Congress to return, but Langworthy did
obey and offered a limping explanation of his
course (see Journals, Apr. 10, 11, 24, 1778).
Langworthy has also the distinction, though the
act has no personal significance, of being one of
the three Georgia delegates who signed the
Articles of Confederation. He took his position
with the pro-Deane party in Congress, his close
association with that group continuing after his
retirement, and he stood with the majority of
the Southern delegates in opposing the inclusion
of the right to the Newfoundland fisheries as an
ultimatum in the peace negotiations. His votes
on this question in particular roused Henry Lau-
rens \_q.v.~], who was in the opposite camp, to
point out, in April 1779 that the term for which
Langworthy was elected had expired Feb. 26.
This event ended his service in Congress. While
he- waited in Philadelphia, hoping to receive a
new appointment, there appeared in the Penn-
sylvania Gazette articles signed "Americanus"
criticizing Congress, or a faction therein, par-
ticularly for its course in the matter of the fish-
eries and the peace ultimata, and Langworthy
was pointed to as the possible author of some of
them. He probably was, and he may have been
the author of other pseudonymous articles of the
time.
On Jan. 25, 1785, he joined William Goddard
in issuing the Maryland Journal and Baltimore
Advertiser, but severed his connections with th«
paper at the end of one year. It was at this time
that he came into possession of the papers of
Gen. Charles Lee, recently deceased, selections
of which, with a sketch of Lee's life, he published
under the title, Memoirs of the Life of the Late
Charles Lee (London, 1792). From 1787 to
1791 he was principal and teacher of classics in
the Baltimore Academy. From 1791 to 1794 he
resided at Elkton, Md., engaged in the prepara-
tion of a history of Georgia ; but the work was
never published, and the manuscript has been
lost. After the death of a second wife in 1794, he
obtained a clerkship in the customs office in Bal-
timore which he held until his death.
[George White, Hist. Colls, of Ga. (3rd ed., 1855) ;
C. C. Jones, Jr., The Hist, of Ga. (2 vols., 1883), Biog.
Sketches of the Delegates from Ga. to the Continental
Cong. (1891) ; A. D. Candler, The Revolutionary Rec-
ords of the State of Ga., vol. I (1909) ; Collections of
the Ga. Hist. Soc, vol. V, pt. I (1901), vol. VI (1904) ;
E. C. Burnett, Letters of Members of the Continental
Congress, vols. Ill (1926), IV (1928), "Edward Lang-
worthy in the Continental Congress," in Ga. Hist.
Quart., Sept. 1928; B. A. Konkle, "Edward Lang-
worthy," Ibid., June 1927 ; Federal Gazette and Balti-
more Daily Advertiser , Nov. 2, 1802, which gives the
date of Langworthy's death as "yesterday evening."]
E. C. B.
LANGWORTHY, JAMES LYON (Jan. 20,
1800-Mar. 14, 1865), Iowa pioneer, was born in
Windsor, Vt. His earliest American ancestor
was probably Andrew Langworthy, who, ac-
cording to tradition, emigrated from Essex, Eng-
land, in 1634, and settled in Rhode Island (L. B.
Langworthy, post). James was one of the eleven
children of Stephen Langworthy, a physician,
and Betsy (Massey) Langworthy. A few years
after his birth the family moved to St. Lawrence
County, N. Y., and about 1815 to Erie County,
599
Langworthy
Pa. Three years later, after a leisurely journey
toward the farther West, they settled at Ed-
wardsville, 111., in the St. Louis region. Here
the mother and one of the sons died. The family
then moved north to Diamond Grove, near Jack-
sonville, where the father remarried. Young
Langworthy appears to have picked up a fair
education. About 1819 he went to St. Louis,
where for three years he worked in a mill. In
1824 his adventurous spirit led him to ascend the
Mississippi to the lead mines in the Galena neigh-
borhood. With several other prospectors he
opened the mines at Hardscrabble, near Hazel-
green, Wis. In 1827 he served in the brief cam-
paign against the Winnebagos, and in the same
year was joined by his brothers, Lucius Hart
(1807-1865) and Edward (1808-1893), and later
by another brother, Solon Massey (1814-1886).
Becoming deeply interested in accounts of the
rich lead mines across the river, he visited them
in the spring of 1829 ; and though white men had
been excluded therefrom by the Foxes after the
death of Julien Dubuque in 1810, he seems to
have been permitted to make a brief exploration.
In the spring of 1830 the Foxes, frightened by
the Sioux, temporarily abandoned the location,
and James Langworthy, with his brother Lucius,
at once crossed the river and began active work.
Others followed, and on June 17 a committee of
which James was the head drew up a miners'
agreement which was the first civil regulation in
the history of Iowa.
The Indians soon returned, and under orders
of General Atkinson the miners were compelled
to leave. In 1832 came the Black Hawk War,
in which James and his three brothers saw serv-
ice, followed by the cession by the Indians of a
large strip of the eastern part of the present
Iowa. Though the date of June 1, 1833, had been
set for the opening of the lands, James and two
of his brothers, with a number of other miners,
at once reinvaded the region. A detachment of
soldiers was sent to the scene, and on the promise
of Lieut. Jefferson Davis that the location claims
of each prospector would be respected on the
formal opening of the territory, the miners peace-
fully withdrew. They returned on the first of
June, headed by James and two of his brothers,
Solon arriving a year later and the father some
time afterward. On Mar. 17, 1840, James was
married to Agnes Miln, a native of Edinburgh,
Scotland. In the early forties, with his brother
Lucius, he constructed the military road from
Dubuque to the new territorial capital, Iowa
City. Through all the early years of Dubuque
he was a leader, indefatigable in efforts making
for the development of the town, and perhaps its
60
Lanier
most prominent citizen. Though Lucius was the
first sheriff of Dubuque County, Edward a mem-
ber of the constitutional convention of 1844, an<3
both of them members of the territorial legis-
lature, James seems not to have cared for po-
litical distinction. He died at his home, sur-
vived by his wife and several children.
[Autobiographical articles by Langworthy's brothers
in J. C. Parish, "The Langworthys of Early Dubuque,"
Iowa Jour, of Hist, and Politics, July 1910 ; W. J. Peter-
son, "Some Beginnings in Iowa," Ibid., Jan. 1930;
Hist, of Dubuque County, Iowa (n.d.), ed. by F. T.
Oldt ; "Memoirs of Lyman Barker Langworthy of
Rochester, N. Y.," written 1869 (typescript, 1910, in
Lib. of Cong., with corrections by C. F. Langworthy) ;
The Hist, of Dubuque County, Iowa (1880).]
W.J.G.
LANIER, JAMES FRANKLIN DOUGHTY
(Nov. 22, 1800-Aug. 2J, 1881), financier, was
the son of Alexander Chalmers Lanier and Dru-
silla (Doughty) Lanier. On his father's side he
was of Huguenot ancestry, a distant relative of
the poet Sidney Lanier \_q.v.~\. His grandfather
fought in the Revolution as a captain in the regi-
ment of light cavalry commanded by the dashing
Col. William Washington and later served in
General Wayne's victorious campaign against
the Northwestern Indians. Lanier was born in
Washington, Beaufort County, N. C, but in 1807
his parents moved to Eaton, Preble County, Ohio.
There his father manumitted two valuable slaves,
whom he had taken with him, although they con-
stituted a considerable portion of his estate. A
few years later Alexander C. Lanier served as a
major under General Harrison in the War of
1812. In 1817 the family moved to Madison,
then one of the most important towns in the new
state of Indiana, and there opened a drygoods
store, but the father's health was poor and in
1820 he died insolvent, leaving debts that were
ultimately paid by his son.
While at Eaton young Lanier worked for a
time as a clerk in the store of Cornelius Van
Ausdall. For a year and a half he attended an
academy at Newport, Ky. Shortly before his
father's death he began to read law in the office
of Gen. Alexander Meek and in 1823 completed
a law course in Transylvania University. He
began practice immediately. In 1824 he was ap-
pointed assistant clerk of the state House of Rep-
resentatives, a post he continued to hold until
1827, when he became chief clerk. In this work
he made acquaintances that were later to be of
great service to him.
As a lawyer he was successful, but the profes-
sion proved too much for his strength. When
the State Bank of Indiana was chartered in 1833,
he took a larger share of the stock first sub-
scribed than did any other individual and became
Lanier
Lanier
the first president of the Madison branch, and a
member of the general board of control with
Hugh McCulloch [q.v.~\, later secretary of the
treasury. When the panic of 1837 came, the
Bank of Indiana was one of the few in the Mis-
sissippi Valley to weather the storm. As a result,
its officers won a great and well-deserved repu-
tation for honesty and financial ability. Since
the bank at that time was a depository of $1,-
500,000 of United States funds, Lanier, as a
representative of the board of control, set out for
Washington with $80,000 in gold to report the
condition of the institution to the secretary of
the treasury. He was cordially received by Levi
Woodbury, then secretary, who told him that his
bank "was the only one that had offered to pay
any part of its indebtedness in specie" (Lanier's
autobiography, p. 15). The bank was permitted
to retain the government deposits until they
were exhausted through regular disbursements,
and Woodbury insisted upon Lanier's accepting
the post of pension agent for a part of the west-
ern region. A decade later Lanier went to Eu-
rope in the interest of his state and succeeded in
making an arrangement that restored the finan-
cial credit of Indiana, which was badly in ar-
rears in interest on its bonds.
During this period he aided in the resuscita-
tion of the first railroad in Indiana, the Madison
& Indianapolis. Late in 1848 he moved to New
York City, where on Jan. 1, 1849, he helped to
found the firm of Winslow, Lanier & Company.
They were pioneers in the floating of railway
securities, and since the time was opportune for
such an enterprise their success was speedy and
remarkable. Soon, Lanier later wrote, they "not
unfrequently negotiated a million dollars of bonds
daily," and their total for a year was, for that
period, enormous. In the six years, 1849 to 1854
inclusive, in which they were engaged in this
kind of business, 10,724 miles of new railroad
were constructed, and Winslow, Lanier & Com-
pany were connected, in one way or another,
with all the important lines. With their nego-
tiation of bond issues they frequently coupled
contracts for the purchase of rails ; generally also
the firm was the agent for the payment of inter-
est in the bonds they had floated. After the panic
of 1857 Lanier played a large part in managing
the affairs of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne, & Chi-
cago Railroad, and from a state of impending
bankruptcy he was able to restore it to a con-
dition of great prosperity. It ultimately became
a part of the Pennsylvania system.
Lanier's most striking public service was ren-
dered during the Civil War. At the outbreak of
that struggle the State of Indiana had no money
60
in its treasury, but Lanier loaned Oliver P. Mor-
ton \_q.v.~], the Republican governor, over $400,-
000, with which he was able to equip Indiana's
troops much more rapidly than would otherwise
have been possible. In 1862 the Democrats won
in the state election, gaining control of the legis-
lature and most of the state offices ; the legislature
thereupon attempted to take the control of the
militia away from the governor. To prevent the
enactment of this and other dangerous measures,
the loyal members withdrew, leaving the legis-
lature without a quorum. This step enabled the
governor to retain command of the militia, but
left the treasury without the money to pay in-
terest on its debt. In this grave crisis Lanier
again came forward, advanced $640,000, and
saved the financial reputation of the state, al-
though he knew that the only hope of repayment
lay in the patriotism and honesty of some future
legislature. Repayment was, in fact, an issue in
the campaign of 1864, and when the Union party
under the leadership of Morton won the day, the
new legislature reimbursed Lanier, with interest.
Following the Civil War, while on trips to Eu-
rope, Lanier did much, as unofficial representa-
tive of the United States government, to con-
vince European financial circles of the stability
of the government and the desirability of its
bonds.
Lanier was twice married : to Elizabeth Gardi-
ner, in 1819; and after her death, to Mary Mc-
Clure in 1848. There were eight children by the
first marriage and at least one by the second. In
the early forties he built at Madison a large
mansion which now belongs to the State of In-
diana and is preserved partly as a museum and
example of the best architecture of the period
and partly as a memorial to Lanier's public serv-
ices. He died in New York and was buried in
Greenwood Cemetery.
[Consult Lanier's own Sketch of the Life of J. F. D.
Lanier (privately printed, 1870 ; 2nd ed., revised. 1877) ;
G. S. Cottman, "James F. D. Lanier," hid. Mag. of
Hist., June 1926; Blanche G. Garber, "The Lanier
Family and the Lanier Home," Ibid., Sept. 1926 ; G. L.
Payne, "Lanier of Indiana," in Hoosicr Banker, May,
June 1922 ; G. S. Cottman, The Lanier Memorial Home
(1927), issued by the Department of Conservation of
Indiana; N. Y. Tribune, Aug. 28, 1881.] P. L. H.
LANIER, SIDNEY (Feb. 3, 1842-Sept. 7,
1881), poet, musician, critic, was probably a de-
scendant of musicians who enjoyed the patronage
of Queen Elizabeth, James I, Charles I, and
Charles II. One of these, Jerome Lanier, had
fled from France on account of the persecution
of the Huguenots and availed himself of his ac-
complishments in music to secure a place in
Queen Elizabeth's household. His son, Nicho-
las Lanier, wrote music for the masques of Ben
I
Lanier
Lanier
Jonson and Campion and for the lyrics of Her-
rick, and was the first marshal of a society of
musicians organized by Charles I in 1626. After
the Restoration, five of the Laniers were members
of the Corporation of Music, the charter of which
was confirmed by Charles II on Apr. I, 1664.
Pepys refers to one of these Laniers as the "best
company for musique I ever was in in my life,
and [I] wish I could live and die in it" (Diary,
Dec. 6, 1665). The study of the records of the
family confirmed the poet in the opinion that "if
a man made himself an expert in any particular
branch of human activity ... a peculiar aptitude
towards the same branch would be found among
some of his descendants" (Mims, post, p. 12).
There is more substantial authority for his de-
scent from Thomas Lanier, who, along with a
large number of other Huguenots, settled in Vir-
ginia in the early years of the eighteenth cen-
tury at Manakin or Monacan-town, some twenty
miles from Richmond (J. F. D. Lanier, post, ap-
pendix). One branch of the family went through
Tennessee and Kentucky to Indiana ; among
their descendants were two of the leading bank-
ers of New York City, J. F. D. Lanier \_q.v.]
and his son Charles D. Lanier, who befriended
the poet. The other branch moved from Virginia
into Rockingham County, N. C, and thence into
Georgia and Alabama. Sterling Lanier, the
poet's grandfather, had by the beginning of the
Civil War amassed a moderate fortune as a hotel-
keeper in Macon, Ga., and Montgomery, Ala.
His son, Robert Sampson Lanier, became a
fairly successful lawyer in Macon, known for
his fine presence, his habit of methodical in-
dustry, his courtesy and refinement. He was
well read in the classics that were the staple of
a Southern gentleman's reading — Shakespeare,
Addison, and Walter Scott. In 1840 he married
Mary Jane Anderson, of Scotch-Irish descent,
the daughter of Hezekiah Anderson, a Virginia
planter, who had attained success in the political
life of that state.
The three children, Sidney, Clifford, and Ger-
trude, were taught the strictest tenets of the creed
of Calvin and were subjected to the Presbyterian
discipline of those days. The seriousness of this
life was broken by the kindly social relations of
the home and the community, and, in the case
of Sidney, by his rather precocious enjoyment
of music. He did not remember a time when he
could not play upon almost any musical instru-
ment. When he was seven years old he made his
first effort at music on an improvised reed cut
from the neighboring river bank, with which he
sought to emulate the trills and cadences of the
song birds. One of his earliest Christmas gifts
60
was a small, one-keyed flute ; he soon organized
an orchestra among his playmates. Among a
people not noted for reading, he found delight in
the romances of Froissart, the adventures of Gil
Bias, and the romances of Scott. In the absence
of public schools in the community he received
his early education in a private academy. On
Jan. 6, 1857, he entered the sophomore class of
Oglethorpe University, near Milledgeville, Ga.,
a small denominational institution of the Pres-
byterian Church. Although he later referred to
this as "a farcical college," he received a lasting
inspiration from one of the teachers there, Dr.
James Woodrow, a former pupil of Agassiz at
Harvard and just returned from two years'
study in German universities. Woodrow opened
Lanier's mind to the value of science in modern
thought and its relation to poetry and religion ;
he also revealed to him the meaning of real schol-
arship and awakened in him a desire to study
in Germany. What Lanier lacked in adequate
academic instruction he found in some of the
more intellectual students with whom he read
and talked and practised music. His reading of
The Anatomy of Melancholy, Jeremy Taylor,
Keats, Chatterton, and, among contemporary
writers, Carlyle and Tennyson, was quite re-
markable for that time and place. Graduating at
the head of his class in i860, he was appointed a
tutor. He was then "a spare-built boy, of average
height and underweight, mostly addicted to hard
study, long reveries, and exhausting smokes with
a German pipe" (Mims, p. 38). While he felt
that his natural bent was toward music, he hesi-
tated to follow a musician's career. The plan
that he formed was to study in a German univer-
sity, as preliminary to a professorship in a col-
lege, which might in turn give opportunity for
creative work.
From such visions he was awakened by the
guns of Fort Sumter. No one was more affected
by the war spirit that swept through the South
like a tidal wave. He dreamed with his people
of a nation that might be the embodiment of all
that was fine in government and society ; he be-
lieved that the Confederacy "was to enter upon
an era of prosperity such as no other nation . . .
had ever enjoyed, and that Macon . . . was to be-
come a great art center" (Mims, p. 47). In April
1861, he joined the Macon Volunteers, the first
company that went out of Georgia to Virginia.
With the exception of the seven days' fight at
Chickahominy and Malvern Hill a year later, he
did not participate in the more acute struggles
of the war. He and his brother Clifford, in 1863
and 1864, served as mounted scouts along the
James River, and, in August 1864, he was trans-
Lanier
Lanier
ferred to Wilmington, N. C, where he became
a signal officer on blockade-runners. On Nov. 2
he was captured in a particularly hazardous ad-
venture. He was taken to the prison at Point
Lookout, Md., where he spent four months of
dreary and distressing life under conditions af-
terwards described in his novel, Tiger-Lilies.
All through the war his interest in music and
poetry found expression. In the letters he wrote
home we read of serenades, moonlight dashes,
and parties in old Virginia homes ; of the cap-
ture of his books including an edition of Cole-
ridge, Shelley, and Keats; of the salvaging of
his flute, which he always carried up his sleeve
and which was a solace to his fellow prisoners.
At Fort Boykin in 1863, he began to think of
literary work as his probable vocation. While
reading English and German poetry he wrote to
his father : "Gradually I find that my whole soul
is merging itself into this business of writing,
and especially of writing poetry. I am going to
try it" (Jan. 18, 1864, Mims, p. 56). Even amid
the loathsome surroundings of prison he trans-
lated Heine's "The Palm and the Pine" and
Herder's "Spring Greeting." Thus closed the
war period. One scarcely knows which to ad-
mire most: the soldier, brave and knightly; the
poet, preparing his wings for a flight ; or the
musician, inspiriting his fellow soldiers in camp
and in prison.
Reaching Macon on Mar. 15, 1865, after along
and painful journey on foot through the Caro-
linas, he remained dangerously ill for two months,
his mother during the same time dying of con-
sumption. In the next eight years of his life he
passed through every sort of tragic experience,
well-summarized in his words to Bayard Taylor :
"Pretty much the whole of life has been merely
not dying" (Aug. 7, 1875, Letters, p. 121).
Broken by disease, now a clerk in a hotel, now
teaching under well nigh impossible conditions,
again practising law in his father's office, dis-
couraged by the suffering of the Southern people
in what he called the "dark raven days" of Re-
construction, and all the while with the unful-
filled desire to follow a musical or literary ca-
reer, he struggled hard to find some way out of
his difficulties. The problem was still further
complicated by his marriage to Mary Day on
Dec. 21, 1867, and the quick growth of their
family. Aside from the financial difficulties, it
proved to be "an idyllic marriage, which the poet
thought a rich compensation for all the other
perfect gifts which Providence denied him"
(Mims, p. 97).
A visit to New York in 1867 to arrange for
the publication of Tiger-Lilies (1867), subse-
quent visits from 1869 to 1871 when he heard
for the first time Theodore Thomas' orchestra
play Wagner's music, a visit for his health to
San Antonio, Tex., in 1873, that resulted in an
encouraging verdict on his musical powers by a
group of German musicians, had all kept alive
his deepest passion. Finally, realizing that his
time of life was short at best, he wrote on Nov.
29, 1873, to his father from Baltimore, whither
he had moved, a letter that expressed his deter-
mination to follow the artistic career, in words
so memorable that they deserve to live in Ameri-
can literary history : "Why should I, nay, how
can I, settle myself down to be a third-rate strug-
gling lawyer for the balance of my little life, as
long as there is a certainty almost absolute that
I can do some other thing so much better ? . . .
My dear father, think how, for twenty years,
through poverty, through pain, through weari-
ness, through sickness, through the uncongenial
atmosphere of a farcical college and of a bare
army and then of an exacting business life,
through all the discouragement of being wholly
unacquainted with literary people and literary
ways, — I say, think how, in spite of all these de-
pressing circumstances, and of a thousand more
which I could enumerate, these two figures of
music and of poetry have steadily kept in my
heart so that I could not banish them. Does it
not seem to you, as to me, that I begin to have
the right to enroll myself among the devotees of
these two sublime arts, after having followed
them so humbly, and through so much bitter-
ness?" (Poems of Sidney Lanier, pp. xx-xxi).
Fortunately, his father assented to the logic
of his entreaty, and, in so far as he could, sup-
ported him in his efforts. Even then the way
was not clear for concentrated work. The re-
maining eight years of his life were still to be
divided between music and poetry ; the continued
ill health necessitated trips to Florida, Pennsyl-
vania, Alleghany Spring, Va., and finally to
western North Carolina ; while the support of
his wife and four boys necessitated every sort of
hackwork in writing, teaching, and music. Dur-
ing the first winter in Baltimore he gave most of
his time to playing the flute in the newly or-
ganized Peabody Orchestra under the direction
of Asger Hamerik. Not satisfied with his nat-
ural genius, he studied the technique of music,
and soon won the applause, not only of the gen-
eral public but also of Thomas and Damrosch,
and of various musical organizations in the city.
While perfecting himself in the technique of the
flute and of the orchestra, he became interested
in the history of music, especially of Elizabethan
music. Of much significance was his growing
60 '
Lanier
conception of the place of music in modern cul-
ture. In his letters and in his posthumously pub-
lished Music and Poetry (1898) he maintained
that music has a natural place in the education
of every cultivated man ; he advocated the estab-
lishment of chairs of music in universities. Hold-
ing an exalted view of the cultural and religious
value of music, he believed that its future was
immense in America, especially in the field of
orchestral music. With real prophetic insight he
said, "It only needs direction, artistic atmosphere,
and technique in order to fill the land with such
orchestras as the world has never heard" (Mims,
p. 146).
All the while, however, he was eager to write
poetry. In 1874 he wrote to a friend: "My head
and my heart are so full of poems which the
dreadful struggle for bread does not give me
time to put on paper, that I am often driven to
headache and heartache purely for want of an
hour or two to hold a pen" (Baskervill, post, p.
211). His poem, "Corn," conceived on a visit
to his family in Georgia, and published in Lip-
pincott's Magazine, February 1875, and "The
Symphony," published in the same magazine in
June, represent the definite beginning of his po-
etic career. The praise of Gibson Peacock, Bay-
ard Taylor, Charlotte Cushman, and others now
strengthened his confidence in himself. Early in
1876 he was invited by Dudley Buck [q.v.] to
write the words for the cantata to be rendered at
the opening exercises of the Philadelphia Expo-
sition. When the words were printed without
the music, they were received with ridicule in
all parts of the country, the critics failing to see
that he had written, not a poem, but an interpre-
tation of the music, corresponding to the libretto
of an opera. The most significant fact about the
work was its strong national spirit. It was im-
mediately followed by the "Psalm of the West,"
which he called his Centennial Ode. These two,
with a few short poems, were published in a vol-
ume in the fall of 1876, though it bore the date of
1877.
Having thus established himself as a musician
worthy to be offered a place in Theodore Thomas'
orchestra and as a promising man of letters,
Lanier was again to be deflected from his course
by the necessity of making a living for his family
and by a new interest that developed through
his study in the Peabody Library of Old and
Middle English and of the literature of the Eliza-
bethan age. With something of the spirit of re-
search characteristic of the scholars of the newly
founded Johns Hopkins University, he entered
with zeal upon the investigation of certain
problems in English studies. In lectures before
Lanier
groups of ladies at private homes and at the Pea-
body Institute, in which he anticipated modern
efforts toward adult education — lectures pub-
lished posthumously as Shakspere and His Fore-
runners (2 vols., 1902) — he prepared the way
for the offer that came from President Gilman
on Feb. 3, 1879, that he should accept the po-
sition of lecturer in English literature at Johns
Hopkins. The results of his studies for univer-
sity classes were The Science of English Verse
(1880) and The English Novel (1883), the for-
mer being one of the permanent contributions of
American scholarship to the technical consid-
eration of the relations of poetry and music.
Lanier believed that "versification has a tech-
nical side quite as well capable of being reduced
to rules as that of painting or any other fine art"
(The Science of English Verse, p. xv, quoting
J. J. Sylvester). Though he perhaps over-stated
the idea that the laws of music and of verse are
identical, the book emphasizes a point of view
that should be considered by both poets and stu-
dents of poetry. His book is not only a scientific
monograph, but also a philosophical treatise on
a subject that has been discussed with increasing
interest in recent years.
If Lanier had had a long life to live, one would
not begrudge the time given by him to such stud-
ies, to his continued devotion to music, or to the
series of boys' books that he wrote as "pot-boil-
ers"— The Boy's Froissart (1879), The Boy's
King Arthur (1880), The Boy's Mabinogion
(1881), The Boy's Percy (1882). He would
doubtless have in time worked out a synthesis of
all his ideas and interests ; as it was, he impresses
one as blinded with excess of light and as rather
feverishly passing from one interest to another.
When to this variety of interests is added his
constant search for health after periods of utter
exhaustion, one wonders that he should have
written as many excellent poems as he did. In
the series on the marshes of his native Georgia,
beginning with "The Marshes of Glynn," writ-
ten in the full maturity of his powers, and ending
with "Sunrise," written in the last months of his
life with a temperature of 104 degrees, he re-
vealed not only depth of spiritual passion but a
melody and harmony of verse rare among mod-
ern poets. By the spring of 1880 he had won his
fight over every obstacle that had been in his
way — save one. He had a position which, sup-
plemented by literary work, could support him-
self and his family. The years 1878 and 1879
had been his most productive. Finally, however,
in the summer of 1880 he entered upon his last
battle with his old enemy, the disease which he
had inherited from both sides of his family and
604
Lanier
which had been accentuated by his prison life
and by his habit of excessive work. In his book
Florida (1876), written as a guidebook to the
then unknown state, he had advised that con-
sumptives "set out to get well, with the thorough
assurance that consumption is curable" (Florida,
p. 210). With characteristic optimism he had
tried to follow his own advice, but Fate was
against him in his heroic struggle. In June
1881, he went with his family to Asheville, N. C,
and later to Lyon, a sheltered valley among the
mountains of Polk County. He jotted down or
dictated to his wife during his last days outlines
or suggestions of poems which he hoped to write.
One of these was a fitting close to his life, which
came on Sept. 7, 1881 :
"I was the earliest bird awake,
It was a while before dawn, I believe,
But somehow I saw round the world,
And the eastern mountain top did not hinder me,
And I knew of the dawn by my heart, not by mine eyes."
(Baskervill, p. 226).
With the spiritual endowment of a poet and
an unusual sense of melody, Lanier never attained,
except in a few poems which will hold their
place in American anthologies, that union of
sound and sense which is characteristic of the
greatest poetry. Sickness, poverty, and hard
work in other lines did not give him a chance to
revise his poems and prevented him from that
repose which is the proper mood of the artist.
He had "the spontaneous overflow of powerful
emotions," but his emotions were not "recol-
lected in tranquillity." He suffered from a tend-
ency to indulge in fancies ; he was inoculated
with "the conceit virus" of the metaphysical poets
of the seventeenth century. He was hampered,
too, by his theory of verse; often the music is
present but not the inevitable word. But, not to
mention some dozen others of his poems, "An
Evening Song," "My Springs," "A Ballad of
Trees and the Master," "The Song of the Chat-
tahoochee," "The Revenge of Hamish," "The
Symphony," some of the sonnets of the "Psalm
of the West," "Sunrise," and, above all, "The
Marshes of Glynn," will keep his fame alive.
[Poems of Sidney Lanier (1884), ed. by his wife,
Mary Day Lanier, with a memorial by W. H. Ward ;
Letters of Sidney Lanier: Selections from His Cor-
respondence, 1866-188 1 (1899), ed. by Henry W.
Lanier, with a prefatory note by Qias. D. Lanier ; Ed-
win Mims, Sidney Lanier (1905) ; Aubrey H. Starke,
Sidney Lanier (1932) ; W. M. Baskervill, in Southern
Writers: Biog. and Critical Studies (1896-97) ; M. H.
Northrup, "Sidney Lanier: Recollections and Letters,"
in Lippincott's Mag., Mar. 1905 ; D. C. Gilman, "Sidney
Lanier : Reminiscences and Letters," in 5". Atlantic
Quar., Apr. 1905; H. C. Thorpe, "Sidney Lanier — A
Poet for Musicians," Musical Quart., July 1925 ; J. F.
D. Lanier, Sketch of the Life of J. F. D. Lanier (2nd
ed., 1877) ; Baltimore Sun, Sept. 9, 1881.] E. M.
Lanigan
LANIGAN, GEORGE THOMAS (Dec. 10,
1845-Feb. 5, 1886) , journalist, was born at St.
Charles, on the Richelieu River, Canada, and is
said to have been connected on his mother's side
with the Webster family of New England. Af-
ter attending high school in Montreal he learned
telegraphy and worked on the government tele-
graph lines as operator and later as superintend-
ent. His ambition to take up journalism, formed
when as a boy he had contributed to the New
York Albion, found opportunity during the Fe-
nian disturbances in 1866, when he sent special
correspondence to the New York Herald. With
a group of associates he then started in Montreal
a satirical and humorous paper, the Free Lance,
which later became the Evening Star. Selling
out his share in the Free Lance, he subsequently
went to Chicago and became a special writer for
the Chicago Times. About 1870 he moved to
St. Louis, where he was employed on the St.
Louis Daily Globe. His vivid articles on the
smallpox ravages there are said to have aroused
objections and lost him his position. He re-
turned to Chicago, where he wrote for the Chi-
cago Tribune and became western correspondent
of the New York World. In 1874 he was asked
to join the World editorial staff, on which he
served for the next eight years. His command
of French led to his specialization on foreign
news, but he also wrote editorials, political and
literary articles, and humorous sketches in verse
and prose, showing remarkable facility and
knowledge in the whole range of newspaper
work. "He was," writes a fellow journalist, F.
J. Shepard, "the best all-around newspaper man
I ever knew — could do anything on a newspaper
better than anybody else. He was a cherubic
person, nearly as broad as he was long, wrote a
hand that was copperplate, was an excellent
French scholar who reviewed Hugo's L 'Art
d'Etre Grandpere within twenty-four hours of
its reception with long extracts in English verse."
His Sunday "Crcme des Chroniques" column
was notably popular, as well as his satirical verse
fables, published in book form in 1878 as Fables
of G. Washington Aisop, Taken "Anywhere ,
Anywhere Out of the World" (1878). He also
published a collection called National Ballads
of Canada (Montreal, 1878). His celebrated
"Threnody for the Ahkoond of Swat" and "The
Amateur Orlando" are included in Rossiter John-
son's Play-Day Poems (1878) and other an-
thologies. In June 1883 he became editor of the
Rochester Post-Express but resigned the next
year, when he was not allowed to support Cleve-
land for President, and joined the staff of the
Philadelphia Record. Here he remained until
605
Lanman
his death. His frequent changes of position are
probably explained in part by his convivial hab-
its. His brilliant talents in the general field of
journalism were fully realized only by his more
intimate associates, his popular recognition com-
ing chiefly from his writings in lighter vein.
His wife was Frances E. Barrett, whom he mar-
ried in 1866, and by whom he had two sons and
two daughters.
[World (N. Y.), Buffalo Courier, and Philadelphia
Record, Feb. 6, 1886 ; information as to certain facts
from F. J. Shepard, Buffalo, N. Y.] A.W.
LANMAN, CHARLES (June 14, 1819-Mar.
4, 1895), writer, amateur explorer, and artist,
was a great-great-grandson of James Lanman
who came from England to Boston about 1724,
and a grandson of James Lanman of Norwich,
Conn., who was United States senator from 1819
to 1825. The latter's son, Charles James, was
one of the earliest emigrant lawyers from New
England to the Territory of Michigan, where he
married Marie Jeanne Guie, a French woman
with Indian blood in her veins. Charles, their
son, born in Monroe, Mich., was sent east in
1829 to his grandfather to be educated, and at-
tended the Plymouth Academy near Norwich
until 1835. At sixteen he entered an East India
mercantile house in New York City, where he
remained ten years. During this period he be-
gan exploring places in the eastern part of the
United States, then more difficult of access,
which have since become well-known vacation
resorts. He was one of the first to use the canoe
as a pleasure craft. Sketches which he published
in papers and magazines, both in England and
the United States, attracted the attention of
Washington Irving, who once called him "the
picturesque explorer of our country" (P. M. Irv-
ing, The Life and Letters of Washington Irving,
vol. IV, 1864, p. 226). He also began exhibiting
paintings and sketches from nature in oil, having
studied under Asher B. Durand [q.z>.~\, and al-
though only an amateur was elected an associate
of the National Academy of Design in 1846.
Two of his books, Essays for Summer Hours
(1842) and Letters from a Landscape Painter
(1845), appeared before he returned to Monroe,
Mich., in 1845, to take charge of the Monroe Ga-
zette. The next year he became associate editor
of the Cincinnati Chronicle, and in 1847 returned
to New York to take a place on the editorial
staff of the Express.
During these years he continued his fishing
trips and explorations on foot, on horseback, and
in canoes, which carried him through the Mis-
sissippi Valley, the region of the Great Lakes
and the St. Lawrence, and over the whole of the
Lanman
Appalachian system from the Bay of Fundy to
the Gulf states. From time to time he gathered
his magazine articles into volumes : A Summer
in the Wilderness (1847), A Tour to the River
Saguenay (1848), Letters from the Alleghany
Mountains (1849), and Haw-ho-noo, or Records
of a Tourist (1850). The popularity of these
volumes resulted in several reprints in England
and America. A selection from them, and from
his uncollected contributions to periodicals, was
published in London under the title Adventures
in the Wilds of America (1854) and reprinted
with additions in Philadelphia (two volumes) in
1856.
In 1849 he was appointed librarian of the War
Department at Washington and in the same year
married Adeline Dodge. He resigned his office
in 1850 to become private secretary to Daniel
Webster. The fruit of this intimacy was the val-
uable, anecdotal Private Life of Daniel Webster
(1852), first published the previous year as a
pamphlet, with the title, Personal Memorials of
Daniel Webster. Lanman reentered public life
in 1853, and from 18-55 to 1857 was librarian and
head of the returns office in the Interior Depart-
ment. In 1859 he first published his well-known
Dictionary of the United States Congress, re-
vised at frequent intervals and finally taken over
by the government and published by Congress as
a document. After the author had been paid a
regular royalty of one dollar a copy for a number
of years, Congress deprived him of his rights un-
der the copyright law ; and he was unable to
obtain any redress. He was librarian of the
House of Representatives in 1861, and edited the
Journal of Alfred Ely, A Prisoner of War in
Richmond (1862). He again became head of
the returns office in the Interior Department in
1865.
The next few years were spent in literary work
at his home in Georgetown, interspersed with
frequent fishing and exploring trips. He pub-
lished a Life of William Woodbridge (1867)
and Red Book of Michigan ( 1871 ). He was ap-
pointed American secretary of the Japanese le-
gation in 1871, and held that position eleven
years. As a result of this connection he edited
the volume, The Japanese in America (1872), to
which he contributed sections on "The Japanese
Embassy," "The Japanese Students," and "Jap-
anese Poetry." He was assistant assessor of the
District of Columbia in 1885, and librarian of the
Washington city library in 1888. The remain-
der of his life was spent in his Georgetown home,
writing and painting. In all, he was the author
of thirty-two distinct works. He was a hand-
some man of genial presence, popular in society,
606
Lanman
and an excellent raconteur. His wife survived
him nine years. There were no children.
_ [Lanman papers in the Lib. of Cong. ; recollections of
distant relatives living in Norwich and New London,
Conn.; Am. Ancestry, vol. Ill (1888); Evening Star
(Washington), Mar. 5, 1895 ; Washington Post, Mar.
5, 6, 1895 ; N. Y. Tribune, Mar. 6, 1895.]
H. H. B.M.
LANMAN, JOSEPH (July 11, 1811-Mar. 13,
1874), naval officer, was born at Norwich, Conn.,
of old New England stock, son of Peter Lanman,
a Norwich merchant and ship-owner, and Abi-
gail Trumbull Lanman, a grand-daughter of Gov.
Jonathan Trumbull. Recommended by his uncle,
Senator James Lanman, as "much superior to
lads of his age," and "of great zeal and ambition
for naval life," he secured an appointment as mid-
shipman, Jan. 1, 1825. His first cruise was the
next year in the Macedonian to Brazil. Up to
the Civil War his career followed the naval rou-
tine of sea and shore service. He was promoted
lieutenant on Mar. 3, 1835. During the Mexican
War he was on ordnance duty in the Navy De-
partment, and then in the Pacific Squadron, 1847-
48, from which he was detached in 1848 as bearer
of special dispatches to Washington. He was in
the San Jacinto of the Mediterranean Squadron,
1849-51 ; on special duty for three years; then,
after promotion to commander, Sept. 14, 1855, at
the Washington Navy Yard, 1855-56; and com-
mander of the steamer Michigan on the Great
Lakes, 1850-61. At the outbreak of the Civil War
he was sent to the Mare Island Navy Yard, San
Francisco, from which he was transferred in
January 1862 to command the steam sloop Sara-
nac of the Pacific Squadron. In August of that
year he was made commodore and in September
was shifted to the steam sloop Lancaster of the
same squadron. Returning to the East coast in
the summer of 1864, he was assigned to the
steam frigate Minnesota and joined the North
Atlantic Blockading Squadron under Porter, in
which, on Oct. 12, he was given command of the
second division. His ship led this division in
both attacks on Fort Fisher, Dec. 24-25, 1864,
and Jan. 13-15, 1865. Admiral Porter commend-
ed him in his report for "admirable judgment and
coolness" and in a letter of Jan. 17, 1865, assign-
ing him to command the vessels at Hampton
Roads, expressed "high appreciation" of his work
at Fort Fisher and "the gallant manner in which
you, with your ship, have on several occasions
led the fleet into action" ( War of the Rebellion :
Official Records (Navy), 1 ser. XI, p. 610). Lan-
man turned over his sea command two weeks
later. On Dec. 8, 1867, he was made rear ad-
miral, and after serving as head of the Ports-
mouth Navy Yard, 1867-69, he was during the
next two years in command of the South Atlantic
Lansing
Squadron operating chiefly in Brazilian waters.
Upon his retirement in July 1872, he returned to
his home in Norwich, where he died two years
later of pneumonia. A monument was erected by
his townspeople on his grave in Yantic Ceme-
tery, Norwich. Lanman was reputedly some-
what irascible, but an alert and able officer. He
was fond of social life and had a host of distin-
guished friends. In appearance he was short and
stout, with ruddy complexion and piercing grey
eyes. His upper lip was clean-shaven, but, be-
ing troubled with asthma, he grew a heavy beard
which in later years was braided and worn inside
his clothing. He was married in Washington,
Sept. 20, 1842, to Ann Cornelia, daughter of Capt.
Job G. Williams of the United States Marine
Corps, and had three daughters and a son.
[L. R. Hamersly, Records of Living Officers of the
U. S. Navy and Marine Corps (ed. 1870) ; M. McG.
Dana, The Norwich Memorial: The Annals of Nor-
wich, New London County, Conn., in the Great Rebel-
lion of 1861-65 (1873) ; a letter-book of Lanman's last
cruise, Sept. 1869-Aug. 1870, in the U. S. Naval Acad-
emy Museum; Norwich Weekly Courier, Mar. 19,
1874; Army and Navy Jour., Mar. 21, 1874; informa-
tion as to certain facts from members of Lanman's
family.] A w
LANSING, GULIAN (Feb. 1, 1825-Sept. 12,
1892), missionary in Egypt, was born at Lishas-
kill, Albany County, N. Y. His parents, John
and Eliza Lansing, by ancestry were Dutch and
of the Dutch Reformed Church. Lansing, how-
ever, having graduated from Union College in
1847, left the church of his fathers to study the-
ology in the seminary of the Associate Reformed
Church in Newburgh. In 1850 he was ordained
in this church for missionary service, was mar-
ried to Maria Oliver of Lishaskill, and went out
to his church's mission to Jews in Damascus.
Returning in 1856 from a visit to America he
stopped for reasons of health at Cairo, where two
Associate Reformed missionaries had recently
established themselves. He remained in Egypt
all the rest of his life. In the first year he began
preaching and teaching in Alexandria. The for-
mation of the United Presbyterian Church of
North America in 1858 by the consolidation of
the Associate Synod and the Associate Reformed
Church caused changes in missionary organiza-
tion in Egypt. With the coming of new mission-
aries, the important United Presbyterian mission
was established which devoted itself chiefly to
the people of the degenerate Coptic church,
though it reached out also to the less approach-
able Moslems. In i860 Lansing moved to the
mission's headquarters at Cairo, and bore a fore-
most part in the new developments. Active and
sociable, he did much of his best work by direct
contact with the people. He soon made a voy-
age up the Nile, in a boat which he procured for
607
Lansing
the mission, preaching and distributing Bibles.
In this and later journeys he was accompanied
by the fifth Lord Aberdeen, one of the many in-
fluential travelers whose interest he enlisted.
Some of his journeys were described, in order to
attract attention to the mission, in his Egypt's
Princes (1864). They resulted in the establish-
ment of several new missionary stations in the
Nile Valley. To his courage and practical wis-
dom the mission mainly owed its first building in
1862 and the much larger quarters completed in
1881. He was a good Arabic and Hebrew scholar
and taught in the mission's theological school.
He assumed as his special responsibility the de-
fense of converts against persecution, obtaining
the help of the American consul-general and the
United States government. In the systematic at-
tempt of the Coptic hierarchy to destroy Prot-
estantism, beginning in 1867, he undertook to
gain from the khedive protection and redress.
His sagacity, firmness and commanding bearing
gave him success, and finally secured for Prot-
estantism legal standing as a religion. For a
quarter of a century he was a leader in all the
concerns of the mission, always hopeful, far-
sighted and energetic.
In 1865 his wife died of cholera, and Lansing
barely escaped alive. The following year he mar-
ried Sarah B. Dales, also a leader in the mission.
From 1886 his strength declined, and he spent
much time in England and America, but his last
year was passed in Cairo.
[Andrew Watson, The Am. Mission in Egypt, 1854
to 1806 (1898) ; minutes of the Asso. Ref. Synod of
N. Y. ; reports of Board of Foreign Missions of United
Presbyt. Ch., and manuscript biography of Lansing by
J. B. Dales in archives of the Board ; Union Coll., A
Record of the Commemoration . . . 1805, of the One
Hundredth Anniversary (1897) ; United Presbyterian,
Sept. 22, 1892.]
R.H.N.
LANSING, JOHN (b. Jan. 30, 1754), jurist,
born in Albany, N. Y., was the son of Gerrit
Jacob and Jannetje (Waters) Lansing and was
descended from Gerrit Lansing who had emi-
grated from the Netherlands about 1640 and was
among the early settlers of the manor of Rens-
selaerwyck. Lansing studied law with Robert
Yates in Albany and James Duane in New York
and was admitted to practice in Albany in 1775.
During 1776 and 1777 he served as military sec-
retary to Gen. Philip Schuyler. Resuming his
law practice in Albany he served in the New
York Assembly six terms, 1780-84, 1786, and
1788. During the two latter years he was speaker.
He was a member of Congress under the Ar-
ticles of Confederation in 1784 and 1785. He
was appointed mayor of Albany in 1786 and
sewed four years. In 1786 he was one of the
New York commissioners delegated to settle the
Lansing
territorial dispute with Massachusetts; and in
1790 and 1791 he served in a similar capacity in
helping adjust the boundary dispute between
New York and Vermont and the claims arising
out of the settlement.
On Mar. 6, 1787, Lansing was chosen with
Robert Yates and Alexander Hamilton as a dele-
gate to the Philadelphia Convention. On July
10, believing that the convention was exceeding
its instructions in drafting a new constitution in-
stead of amending the Articles of Confederation,
Lansing and Yates withdrew, setting forth their
reasons for doing so in a joint letter to Gov.
George Clinton (Secret Proceedings and De-
bates of the Convention . . . at Philadelphia,
1 82 1, pp. 280-83. The Secret Proceedings were
copied by Lansing from Yates's longhand notes).
Lansing was a member of the New York ratify-
ing convention of 1788 where he stoutly opposed
the new federal constitution. His long judicial
career began in 1790 with his appointment as a
judge of the supreme court of New York where
he served for eleven years, being chosen chief
justice in 1798. In 1801 he became chancellor
of the state and held that post until 1814 when
he reached the constitutional age limit of sixty.
James Kent [g.7\] was his successor. No regu-
lar system of reporting prevailed in either of
these courts until after the period of Lansing's
service. Such of his opinions as are available
show him to have been learned, polished, and
concise. The most striking incident of his judi-
cial career occurred during his chancellorship
when he imposed imprisonment for contempt
upon John V. N. Yates, a distinguished member
of the Albany bar. This led to a clash between
Lansing and the supreme court of the state in
which he was finally defeated and later was sued
unsuccessfully by Yates for unlawful imprison-
ment. While chancellor he refused an injunction
to restrain the violation of the Fulton-Living-
ston steamboat monopoly, on the ground that the
monopoly violated the natural rights of citizens
to the free navigation of state waters, rather than
on the ground later used by Marshall of conflict
with federal commercial regulations. His deci-
sion was overruled (g Johnson's Supreme Court
Reports, 507).
Much of Lansing's earlier political preferment
had been due to the support of the powerful Clin-
ton family. But he did not take orders meekly.
In 1804, with Burr in the midst of his bitter
fight with Jefferson and with Clinton seeking
the vice-presidential nomination, the Jefferson-
ian-Republican legislative caucus at Albany nom-
inated Lansing for the governorship. In the in-
terest of party harmony he reluctantly accepted.
Hamilton, who was in Albany at the time ar-
608
Lansing
guing the case of Harry Croswell, urged New-
York Federalists to support Lansing rather than
Burr, if they had no candidate of their own (H.
C. Lodge, The Works of Alexander Hamilton,
VII, 1886, pp. 323-26). Burr was nominated and
Lansing shortly thereafter withdrew his name.
Two years later he made public his reasons for
doing so alleging that George Clinton had "sought
to pledge him to a particular course of conduct
in the administration of the government of the
state" (Alexander, post, I, p. 153). To Clinton's
denial Lansing specified that Clinton had asked
for the appointment of DeWitt Clinton as chan-
cellor.
After his retirement from the bench Lansing
resumed his law practice as one of the leaders
of the bar. He became a regent of the Univer-
sity of the State of New York in 1817, and he
also took an interest in the affairs of Columbia
College. He had married, on Apr. 8, 1781, Cor-
nelia Ray of New York City and had ten chil-
dren, five of whom died in infancy. He was a
large, handsome man, dignified and kindly in
manner, a good conversationalist and a favorite
in society. His death created a tremendous sen-
sation. In December 1829 he went to New York
on business connected with Columbia College
and remained about a week. On Dec. 12 he left
his hotel about nine in the evening to post some
letters on the Albany boat at the foot of Cortlandt
Street. He never returned and no trace of him
was ever found. That he was murdered is sup-
ported by the statement of Thurlow Weed's bi-
ographer that many years later Weed received,
under a pledge of secrecy, evidence as to the
facts of Lansing's death with an injunction to
publish them when those implicated were dead.
While this latter condition was met in 1870 there
remained alive those "sharing in the strong in-
ducement which prompted the crime." Weed ac-
cordingly never made public the facts in his
possession. (See T. W. Barnes, Memoir of
Thurlow Weed, 1884, pp. 34~35-) Lansing pub-
lished Reports of Select Cases in Chancery and
the Supreme Court of the State of New York in
1824 and 1826 (1826).
[A. B. Street, The Council of Revision of the State
of N. Y. (1859) ; L. B. Proctor, "Chancellors Living-
ston, Lansing and Kent," Albany Law Jour., Supp. to
vol. XLV (Jan.-July 1892) ; C. G. Munsell, The Lan-
sing Family (1916); Jonathan Pearson, Contributions
for the Geneals. of the First Settlers of the Ancient
County of Albany from 1630 to 1800 (1872) ; Daily
Albany Argus, Dec. 29, 1829 ; N. Y. Mercury, Dec. 30,
1829; D. S. Alexander, A Pol. Hist, of the State of
N. Y., vol. I (1906).] R.E. C.
LANSING, ROBERT (Oct. 17, 1864-Oct. 30,
1928), secretary of state, was born at Water-
town, N. Y., the son of John and Maria Lay
(Dodge) Lansing. His American ancestry
Lansing
reached far back into colonial times : on his fa-
ther's side in New York and New Amsterdam,
whither Gerrit Lansing had come about 1640
from Holland ; on his mother's, in Rhode Island
and Connecticut (C. G. Munsell, The Lansing
Family, 1916; T. R. Woodward, Dodge Geneal-
ogy, 1904). Robert attended Amherst College,
from which he was graduated in 1886, and read
law in his father's office. In 1889 he was admit-
ted to the bar and became the junior partner in
the firm of Lansing & Lansing at Watertown.
His life might have been spent in local practice
but for his marriage, Jan. 15, 1890, to Eleanor
Foster, daughter of John W. Foster [q.v."], dis-
tinguished diplomat and in 1892-93 secretary of
state under President Harrison. The association
with Foster opened to young Lansing the field in
which he was to win distinction. The new career
began in 1892 with his appointment as associate
counsel for the United States in the fur-seal ar-
bitration. From that date to 1914 he served fre-
quently as counsel or agent of the United States
before international arbitration tribunals. It was
said on good authority in 1914 that he had "ap-
peared more frequently before arbitral tribunals
than any living lawyer" (American Journal of
International Law, April 1914, p. 337). In addi-
tion, he represented private interests in several
international cases and acted for some years as
counsel for the Chinese and Mexican legations
in Washington. He was instrumental in found-
ing the American Society of International Law
(1906) and in establishing (1907) the American
Journal of International Law, of which he was
an editor up to the time of his death. On Apr. 1,
1914, he became counselor for the Department
of State, in which capacity he not only had to
deal with the legal aspects of the numberless
problems raised by the outbreak of the World
War in the following August, but also served as
acting secretary of state during the frequent ab-
sences of Secretary Bryan. It was an open se-
cret that a large proportion of the official notes
signed by Bryan were the work of Lansing
(World's Work, August 1915, pp. 398-402).
Upon Bryan's resignation during the Lusi-
tania crisis, Lansing was named secretary of
state ad interim and shortly thereafter (June 23,
1915) was regularly appointed to the office. The
selection for this post of an expert in interna-
tional law without political prominence or im-
portance, though very unusual, elicited some fa-
vorable comment (Nation, July 1, 1915). His
technical knowledge was without doubt of great
value, but he had little real opportunity to ex-
hibit his ability in an independent fashion. Im-
portant matters of policy President Wilson him-
self determined, and, in general, negotiations of
609
Lansing
great delicacy were conducted informally through
Col. Edward M. House. Ambassador Bern-
storff's remark, "Since Wilson decides every-
thing, any interview with Lansing is a mere mat-
ter of form" (Official German Documents Re-
lating to the World War, 1923, II, 1017), was
however, an exaggeration. Lansing had both
ideas and definite policies. He was in advance
of the President in visualizing the war as a
struggle between democracy and autocracy and
in foreseeing the eventual participation of the
United States. Peace with Mexico and the rec-
ognition of Carranza were also quite as much his
policies as Wilson's and in Lansing's mind were
designed to keep the hands of the United States
free for war with Germany. In the negotiations
with Germany over the sinking of the Lusitania,
Arabic, and Sussex, the President's hand was
uppermost, whereas the protests against British
blockade and contraband practices were almost
entirely the work of Lansing. The latter were
written in such strong language that they evoked
bitter remonstrance from the American ambas-
sador to Great Britain, Walter Hines Page, who
described one of Lansing's notes as "an un-
courteous monster of 35 heads and 3 appendices"
(Hendrick, post, II, 78). Lansing, who had no
thought whatever of a break with Great Britain,
felt that strong protests were necessitated by the
tremendous pressure of injured exporting inter-
ests, as well as by the fact that technically the
British practices were as clearly violations of
international law as were the German. On Nov.
2, 1917, Lansing signed with Viscount Ishii of
Japan the so-called Lansing-Ishii agreement, by
which, while both nations declared their adher-
ence to the "open door" in China, the United
States recognized "that Japan has special inter-
ests in China, particularly in the part to which
her possessions are contiguous" (United States
Treaty Series, no. 630, 1917). The negotiation
resulting in this agreement took place some
months after the United States had entered the
war and at a time when some such concession to
Japan seemed necessary to secure her continued
participation as a belligerent. Aside from its
apparent necessity, the best defense that can be
made of it is that it had no permanently in-
jurious effects upon China. At the time it did
much to destroy Chinese confidence in the friend-
ship of the United States.
Up to the close of hostilities Lansing and Wil-
son had apparently worked in complete harmony.
With the opening of the Peace Conference they
began to drift apart. Lansing's legalistic and
prosaic habits of mind were entirely out of ac-
cord with the President's idealistic and imagina-
tive conceptions, and this difference was glar-
6l
Lansing
ingly apparent in their attitudes to the proposed
League of Nations, which to Wilson was para-
mount, to Lansing unimportant. As a conse-
quence Lansing, though nominally (under Wil-
son) chief of the American delegation, did not
know the President's mind or possess his confi-
dence. He was therefore in no position to make
very important contributions to the work of the
Conference. As chairman of the commission on
responsibility for the war, however, he indorsed
the report which held the Central Powers re-
sponsible for deliberately provoking the war. To
substantiate their position he and his American
colleague (Dr. James Brown Scott) published a
portion of a report made in July 1914 by an
Austrian investigator, von Wiesner, which ap-
peared to be a complete exoneration of the Ser-
bian government from all complicity in the Sara-
jevo assassinations. Whether Lansing and Scott
were in possession of the entire report, which in
reality held Serbia culpable, has never been re-
vealed. While strongly disapproving some fea-
tures of the treaty as finally adopted, Lansing
signed it and later advocated the ratification of
it as far better than no treaty at all.
Revelation during the Senate hearings on the
treaty of Lansing's former opposition to certain
features of it deepened the breach between him
and Wilson, who at about this time was stricken
with paralysis. During Wilson's illness Lan-
sing took the responsibility of calling the cabinet
together for occasional meetings, and this action
on his part was seized upon by the President, in
February 1920, as cause for demanding his res-
ignation, which was accordingly submitted on
Feb. 12. It was rather generally agreed by spokes-
men of both political parties that the calling of
cabinet meetings was entirely proper, that Wil-
son's ill health alone could excuse his peevish
notes to the Secretary, and that the real cause
of the break was to be found in the disagreements
that had developed at the Peace Conference. Af-
ter his resignation Lansing pursued the private
practice of international law, with office in Wash-
ington, until his death on Oct. 30, 1928. A hand-
some man, of large build and rather impressive
presence, he was noted for his courtesy and tact.
Among other things, he found amusement in
sketching, his pencil drawings of his colleagues
in the cabinet being celebrated among their sub-
jects.
His own view of the Peace Conference is
given in his books, The Big Four and Others of
the Peace Conference (1921), and The Peace
Negotiations: A Personal Narrative (1921), the
latter a detailed account of his relations with
Wilson. He was also the author of Notes on
Sovereignty from the Standpoint of the State
Lanston
and of the World (1921) ; and, with Gary M.
Jones, of Government : Its Origin, Growth, and
Form in the United States (1902).
[A brief sketch of Lansing's career prior to his enter-
ing the Department of State was printed in Am. Jour,
of International Law, Apr. 19 14. His work as secre-
tary of state is described by J. W. Pratt in Am. Secre-
taries of State and Their Diplomacy, ed. by S. F.
Bemis, vol. X (1929). Much of his official correspond-
ence is printed in the official publications of the Depart-
ment of State : Dipl. Correspondence with Belligerent
Governments Relating to Neutral Rights and Duties
(4 vols., 1915-18) ; the annual volumes of Papers Re-
lating to the Foreign Relations of the U. S., 1915-20;
and the Supplements to those volumes for the same
years. The Intimate Papers of Col. House (4 vols.,
1926-28), ed. by Chas. Seymour; and Burton J. Hen-
drick, The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page (3 vols.,
1922-25), contain many references to Lansing.]
J. W. P— t.
LANSTON, TOLBERT (Feb. 3, 1844-Feb.
18, 1913), inventor, was born on a farm at Troy,
Ohio, the son of Nicholas Randall and Sarah
Jane (Wright) Lanston. During his boyhood
he moved with his parents to Iowa. He attended
the district schools and helped with the farm
work, in which he displayed a marked mechan-
ical skill and inventive ability, until the outbreak
of the Civil War, when he enlisted and served
throughout that struggle. At its close he went
to Washington, D. C, and obtained a clerical
position in the United States Pension Office.
For twenty-two years he continued in this serv-
ice, meantime studying law and being admitted
to the bar. He also found time to exercise his
mechanical ingenuity. In 1870 he patented a
padlock and in the following year a hydraulic
dumbwaiter, a brush and comb, and a railroad
car coupler. In 1874 he invented a locomotive
smokestack ; and in 1878 a sewing-machine chair.
Later he was granted patents for a sewing ma-
chine, a water faucet, and a window sash. About
1883 he became greatly interested in machines
for composing type, probably as a result of the
work along this line which Ottmar Mergenthaler
\_q.v.~\ was then doing in Washington. Presum-
ably Lanston devoted all of his available time be-
tween 1883 and 1887 to this subject, for he was
rewarded on June 7, 1887, with a series of three
patents for "producing justified lines of type,"
one for a "type forming and composing ma-
chine," and one for a new form of type. About
the same time he obtained British patent No.
8183 on the same mechanisms. Resigning from
the Pension Office, he organized the Lanston
Type Machine Company, in Washington, and to
it assigned all his patents. He then undertook
the difficult task of converting his patented ideas
into a practical machine for commercial work,
and at the same time a machine which could be
successfully manufactured. For ten years he la-
bored on the problem and finally introduced in
Laph
am
1897 his perfected "monotype." The monotype
consists really of two machines, one for compos-
ing type and one for casting it. On the com-
posing machine is a keyboard much like that of
a large typewriter : when each key is struck, two
perforations are made in a paper ribbon, this
ribbon then passes to the second or casting ma-
chine, and, as it runs through, air passing
through its perforations causes letters to be cast,
one by one, at the rate of 150 a minute. As each
letter is cast it is pushed into a line and each
line as finished is added to the last. Lanston at
first worked on the idea of stamping the types in
cold metal but about 1890 arranged his machine
to cast them from melted metal. A few years
prior to the introduction of his machine, he re-
organized his company and, under the new name
of Lanston Monotype Manufacturing Company,
established a plant in Philadelphia, Pa. During
the next thirteen years he not only assisted in
the successful conduct of the business but also
devoted much time to the further perfection of
the monotype. Over and above his basic patents
of 1887 he was granted further patents in 1896,
1897, 1899, 1900, 1902, and 1910. While the lino-
type composing machine antedated the monotype,
there was apparently room for both : fully nine-
tenths of all type setting in the United States is
done on these machines. For his invention Lan-
ston was awarded the Cresson gold medal by the
Franklin Institute of Philadelphia in 1896. In
1899 he also patented an adding machine. Short-
'ly after securing his last patent he was stricken
with paralysis and was invalided until his death
three years later. He was married in 1865 to
Betty G. Heidel of Washington and a number
of years after her death he married, in 1909,
Alice H. Hieston of that city. She, with one son
by his first wife, survived him. He died in Wash-
ington.
[House Ex. Doc. No. 80, 41 Cong., 3 Sess. ; House
Ex. Doc. No. 86, 42 Cong., 2 Sess. ; Specifications and
Drawings of Patents Issued by the U. S. Patent Office,
Nov. 1874, Mar. 1875, May 1878. Sept. 1881, Oct. 1882,
Dec. 1883, June 1887, Jan. 1888, Apr. 1896, Sept.
1897, Mar., Sept. 1899, July, Dec. 1900, May, June
1902, July 1903, and Mar. 1910; Illustrated Journal of
the Patent Office for the Year 1887 (London), Oct. 13,
1888; L. A. Legros and J. C. Grant, Typographical
Printing-Surfaces (London, 191 6) ; W. B. Kaempffert,
A Popular Hist, of Am. Invention ( 1924) ; Am. Printer
(N. Y.), Mar. 1913; Inland Printer (Chicago), May
1913 ; Washington Post, Feb. 19, 1913.] Q W. M.
LAPHAM, INCREASE ALLEN (Mar. 7,
1811-Sept. 14, 1875), the first Wisconsin scien-
tist, was a native of New York state, where he
was born at Palmyra, second son of Seneca and
Rachel Allen Lapham. He was descended from
John Lapham who emigrated from England in
the seventeenth century and settled finally at
Dartmouth, Mass. He was named for his moth-
6ll
Laph
am
Lapham
er's father, Increase Allen, and was reared in the
Quaker faith. His father was a canal contractor
and engineer. When Increase was thirteen years
old, he was employed on the Erie Canal near
Lockport, cutting stone and carrying a survey
rod ; he also drew plans at this early age for the
locks in the canal and his first lessons in min-
eralogy and geology were from his observations
of the fossils in the stone he cut. He had little
formal education, but he attended the grammar
school of Mann Butler, in Louisville, Ky., where
he obtained some elements of culture. At that
time he wrote his first scientific monograph, "A
Notice of the Louisville and Shippingsport
Canal and of the Geology of the Vicinity," which
was accepted by Silliman's American Journal of
Science and Arts (July 1828). From 1830 to
1833 he worked on a canal at Portsmouth, Ohio,
and made so good a report of canal conditions
and possibilities that he was appointed in the
latter year secretary of the Ohio State Board of
Canal Commissioners. About this time his fa-
ther and family bought a farm near Mount Ta-
bor, Ohio, and Increase published a paper on
"Agriculture in Ohio," in which he advocated
rotation of crops and other scientific ideas of
farming.
During the years 1833-35 at Columbus the
young man devoted all his spare time to scien-
tific study, making a herbarium of plants and a
good collection of minerals. He was offered a
position in 1836 on the Ohio Geological Survey,
but preferred to work as an assistant to Byron
Kilbourn, one of the founders of Milwaukee, in
his various enterprises of surveying, canal build-
ing, platting, and promoting. From this time
for almost forty years he made his home at Mil-
waukee, one of its most modest, quiet citizens,
but one of the most useful. The first Wisconsin
imprint came from his pen in 1836, A Catalogue
of Plants and Shells found in the Vicinity of
Milwaukee on the West Side of Lake Michigan.
In 1844 appeared Wisconsin : its Geography and
Topography, History, Geology, and Mineralogy,
in the preparation of which the author traveled
widely over the territory. During these early
years Lapham began a correspondence with
many eminent scientists of his time and in 1852
Gray dedicated a new genus of plants to him
under the term Laphamia.
Lapham was an expert map maker and his are
among the first and best maps of Wisconsin and
the vicinity of Milwaukee. During his surveys
he became interested in the emblematic Indian
mounds found on Wisconsin's surface and in
1855 his monograph, "The Antiquities of Wis-
consin," published in the Smithsonian Contribu-
tions to Knowledge (vol. VII), attracted much
6l
attention. One of his last services to the state
was the preparation of a number of models of
Indian mounds for exhibition at the Centennial
Exposition of 1876. He was interested in civic
affairs and in Milwaukee held many local offices.
As school commissioner he sought to promote
higher education, giving land for a high school
and traveling in the East to solicit a bond issue
for the building. He aided in the establishment
of a school for the normal training of girls,
which in 1850 under the fostering care of Cath-
erine Beecher became the Milwaukee Female
College, later the Milwaukee-Downer College.
Of this institution Lapham was president of the
board of trustees for many years. He was one
of a committee to draft the constitution of the
State Historical Society of which he served as
vice-president for twelve years and president
for ten years. He was also a charter member of
the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and
Letters, and contributed a number of papers to
its published Transactions.
At Lapham's urgent insistence the United
States government passed a law in 1869 estab-
lishing the weather bureau. Lapham was offered
its headship, but as the bureau was part of the
Department of War, he would not compromise
his Quaker principles by joining the army. In
187 1, however, he accepted a temporary posi-
tion at Chicago as observer and therein earned
the first salary he had received for scientific em-
ployment. In 1873 the state of Wisconsin ap-
pointed him geologist with an adequate salary
and assistants for a state survey. Two years
later he was displaced for a political follower of
the new governor. He retired to a farm at Oco-
nomowoc and there died from heart disease
while boating on the lake. His portrait hangs in
the state capitol, and a peak in southern Wiscon-
sin bears his name. He married in 1838 Ann M.
Alcott, who died before him, leaving five chil-
dren.
[S. S. Sherman, Increase Allen Lapham (1876), con-
tains a bibliography of fifty titles. Other spurces in
elude: M. M. Quaife, "Increase Allen Lapham, First
Scholar of Wisconsin," Wis. Mag. of Hist., Sept. 191 7 ;
"Early Days in Ohio from Letters and Diaries of Dr.
I. A. Lapham," Ohio Archerol. and Hist. Quart., Jan.
1909 ; W. B. Lapham, The Lapham Family Register
(1873) ; U. S. Biog. Diet., Wis. Vol. (1877). Lapham's
papers, in the Wisconsin Historical Library, include
an autobiography written in 1859]. L. P. K.
LAPHAM, WILLIAM BERRY (Aug. 21,
1828-Feb. 22, 1894), physician, journalist, and
genealogist, was born in Greenwood, Oxford
County, Me., the son of John and Louvisa
(Berry) Lapham and a descendant of Thomas
Lapham who settled in Massachusetts in 1634 or
1635. He entered Waterville (now Colby) Col-
lege in 185 1, but remained there only a year,
Laramie
Laramie
leaving to study medicine. After receiving the
degree of M.D. from the New York Medical
College in 1856, he began to practise in Bryant's
Pond, Me. At the outbreak of the Civil War he
was appointed assistant surgeon, and later first
lieutenant, in the 23rd Maine Volunteers. From
1863 to the close of the war he served with the
1st Maine Mounted Artillery, which he had
helped to recruit, and in 1865 he received the
brevet rank of major, although his rank in ac-
tual service had been that of senior first lieuten-
ant of the 7th Battery. In 1867 he was a repre-
sentative in the Maine legislature. He was ex-
amining surgeon for the pension board for a
number of years, and trustee of the state insane
hospital from 1867 to 1874. His literary inter-
ests led to his becoming, in 1872, editor of the
Maine Fanner, which he continued to conduct
till 1881. His chief distinction, however, was
gained as an antiquarian. From 1875 to 1878 he
edited the Maine Genealogist. He was a mem-
ber of the Maine Historical Society and of the
New-England Historic Genealogical Society,
serving as chairman of the publication commit-
tee of the former, and contributing many papers
to the proceedings of the latter. He was also a
corresponding member of the Royal Historical
Society of Great Britain. He wrote histories of
the towns of Woodstock, Paris, Rumford, Beth-
el, and Norway, in Maine ; and he compiled gen-
ealogies of the Lapham, Ricker, Chase, Chap-
man, Webster, Hill, and Knox families. He also
wrote and published himself My Recollections
of the War of the Rebellion (1892). He was rec-
ognized as an authority on genealogy and early
New England history, and his researches in both
these fields are respected by specialists.
Lapham received the honorary degree of A.M.
from Colby College in 1871. On Nov. 27, 1866,
he married Cynthia A. Perham of Woodstock,
Me., by whom he had one son and two daugh-
ters. He died at the National Soldiers Home in
Togus, Me.
[Autobiographical material in W. B. Lapham, The
Lapham Family Register (1873), and Hist, of Wood-
stock, Me. (1882) ; H. D. Kingsbury and S. L. Deyo,
Illus. Hist, of Kennebec County, Me. (1892); New-
Enq. Hist, and Gcncal. Reg., July 1894; Boston Tran-
script, Feb. 23, 1894.] S.G.
LARAMIE, JACQUES (d. 1821), pioneer
trapper, was born probably in Canada and was
of French descent. Though few, if any, of the
trapper-explorers have been so generously hon-
ored in the giving of place-names, of none among
these adventurers who have attained fame is so
little known. Even his real name is in doubt. It
is usually said to have been La Ramee. There
seems, however, a greater probability that it was
Lorimier, and the man a relative of the Louis
6l
Lorimier who was a trader among the Indians
in the Ohio Valley, and later, under the Spanish
and American regimes, the commandant at Cape
Girardeau, Mo. Among Americans at that time
"Laramie" was the usual pronunciation and
spelling of this name, and there is some signifi-
cance in the fact that in Albert Gallatin's map
of 1836 the mountain named for the trapper ap-
pears as Lorimier's Peak. Tradition makes Lara-
mie an employee of the North West Company.
In time he drifted to St. Louis and was probably
among the trappers who as early as 1816 were
ranging the Colorado foothills, and who gath-
ered from time to time in rendezvous near the
site of the present Denver. About 1819, perhaps
earlier, with several companions, he entered the
unknown country of southeastern Wyoming.
He is reputed to have been the first white man
to visit, along its upper course, the Laramie
River, the mouth of which had been discovered
by Robert Stuart's party of eastbound Astorians
in the winter of 1812-13. Resolved on a solitary
hunt, he separated from his companions in the
fall or early winter of 1820 and explored the
Laramie possibly as far as the mouth of the
Sibylee (Sabille), where he built a cabin. His
long absence prompted a search for him, and in
the following spring his dead body was found.
He had been killed, it is supposed, by a party of
Arapahos.
In the legendry of the West he became an im-
portant figure, and districts that he never saw
were soon associated with his name. The trad-
ing-post, Fort William, erected near the junction
of the Laramie and the North Platte in 1834, was
popularly known as Fort Laramie almost from
the beginning; its successor, Fort John, was
later formally renamed for the trapper in defer-
ence to popular usage, and the name was con-
tinued by the United States government when
it bought the post in 1849. A branch of the river
became the Little Laramie ; a broad area of semi-
desert, the Laramie Plains ; a nearby mountain
range (the "Black Hills" of Parkman and other
early chroniclers), the Laramie Mountains; and
the highest point of the range, Laramie Peak.
While yet a great part of the present Wyoming
belonged to Dakota Territory, Laramie County
was organized, and in April 1868 the Union Pa-
cific Railroad fixed a location for the present
city of Laramie. The fame of the trapper has
prompted considerable research as to his per-
sonal history, but little has been revealed, and
most that has been written about him is purely
speculative.
[Grace R. Hebard, "Jacques Laramie," Midwest
Review, Mar. 1926; C. G. Coutant, The Hist, of Wyo-
ming (1899), pp. 296-99.] W.J.G.
3
Larcom
Lard
LARCOM, LUCY (Mar. 5, 1824-Apr. 17,
1893), author and teacher, a descendant of Mor-
decai Larkham (or Larcom), who was first re-
corded in Beverly, Mass., in 1681, was the ninth
child in the family of Benjamin and Lois (Bar-
rett) Larcom, of Beverly. She was born, as she
said, "of people of integrity and profound faith
in God" and with "an inheritance of hard work
and the privilege of poverty." At the age of two
the- child's school education began and she
learned to read with avidity, delighting especial-
ly in hymns. In this taste were combined the two
deepest loves of her life, poetry and religion.
After the death of Benjamin Larcom in 1835,
Mrs. Larcom removed to Lowell, Mass., where
her daughters worked in the mills and found
companions who stimulated their already de-
termined desire for development. About 1840
Lucy Larcom began to contribute to the Opera-
tive's Magazine, which, merged in 1842 with the
Lowell Offering, became the Lowell Offering
and Magazine. In 1846 she made the then long
journey to Looking Glass Prairie, 111., and for
a few years experienced the pleasures and pains
of a district school teacher in pioneer communi-
ties. Her ambition eventually carried her to
Monticello Seminary near Alton, 111., where she
studied and taught (1849-52) and, in her own
words, "learned what education really is." Later
she taught (1854-62) in Norton, Mass., at
Wheaton Seminary (later Wheaton College).
Her love of literature and history and her genu-
ine interest in her pupils made her an inspiring
teacher and her personal influence went far out-
side her classrooms.
Her first book, Similitudes from Ocean and
Prairie, published in 1854, was a series of prose
poems which she justly characterized as "a very
immature affair." In her youth an ardent abo-
litionist and throughout her life an intense pa-
triot, she won her first poetic success with the
"Call to Kansas," which in 1855 took the prize
of the New England Emigrant Aid Company.
The first collection of her verses, entitled merely
Poems, appeared in 1869. Some of these, notably
"Hannah Binding Shoes," had already gained
for her a considerable reputation ; and by 1884
her verses had become so popular that a complete
collection was published in the "Household
Edition" of Houghton, Mifflin & Company.
Her poetry is simple and homely, with flexible
rhythms and easy rhymes. Moral applications
and spiritual analogues abound, and to her were
the very heart of her writing. Her observation,
especially of nature, was delighted but not dis-
criminating ; she felt with an enthusiasm which
she was seldom able to convey to her readers.
Seriously as she and her friends regarded her
6
high calling as a poet, her verses were of the
kind that pass with the generation to which
they belong. The same could not be said of her
reminiscent volume, A New England Girlhood
(1889). As the conditions there recorded fade
still farther into the background, this book
emerges as a surprisingly successful reconstruc-
tion of New England village life. The chap-
ters dealing with her years in Lowell make a
definite contribution to American social and in-
dustrial history and likewise deserve praise as
literature.
From 1865 to 1873 Miss Larcom was one
of the editors of Our Young Folks. Many of
her "Childhood Songs" (collected and published
in 1873) were contributed to this magazine. Her
sympathy with children and understanding of
their tastes fitted her to assist her close friend,
John Greenleaf Whittier, in the preparation of
his verse anthology, Child Life (1871). This
was followed by their collaboration in the more
ambitious Songs of Three Centuries (1883). In-
dependently she made many anthologies of writ-
ings on nature and religion. Her life after she
left Wheaton was spent mainly in Beverly and
Boston and was placidly busy. Her religious
experiences deepened with the years and her
writing took on a slightly mystical tone. The
Unseen Friend (1892) was the final expression
of her faith. The year after its publication she
died in Boston and was buried in Beverly. She
had outlived many of her generation and most
of her closest friends. She had taken a part, not
as a leader, but as an active participant, in the
liberal movements of the century ; perhaps it is
as a type that one regards her finally.
[In addition to A New England Girlhood, see: D. D.
Addison, Lucy Larcom : Life, Letters, and Diary
(1894); Mary Larcom Dow, Old Days at Beverly
Farms (1921) ; W. F. Abbott, "Geneal. of the Larcom
Family," Essex Inst. Hist. Colls., Jan., Apr. 1922 ;
Frances Hays, Women of the Day (1885) ; N. Y. Trib-
une, Apr. 19, 1893.] E. D. H.
LARD, MOSES E. (Oct. 29, 1818-June 17,
1880), minister of the Disciples of Christ, ed-
itor, was born in Bedford County, Tenn. When
he was about eleven years old his father, Leaven
Lard, of Scotch descent, moved with his wife
and six children to Ray County, Mo., where soon
afterwards he died of smallpox. From his father
Moses inherited a tall, vigorous frame, deter-
mination, and courage; and from his mother, a
pious Baptist, his religious tendencies. The fa-
ther's death soon caused the breaking up of the
family and the boy went to live in Liberty, Mo.
When seventeen years old he had not yet learned
to write, but in time he acquired that art by tear-
ing down and copying old advertisements which
had been posted in the town. Gen. Alexander W.
Lard
Doniphan [q.v.-] became interested in him and
with others made it possible for him in 1845 to
enter Bethany College in what is now West Vir-
ginia. He was then nearly twenty-seven and had
a wife, Mary, and two children ; but he com-
pleted his course with high honors.
Returning to Missouri, he resided there until
the Civil War, serving Disciples churches in
Independence, Liberty, Camden Point, and St.
Joseph, and also engaging extensively in evan-
gelistic work. At Camden Point he was for a
time president of the Female College established
by Professor H. B. Todd. He soon became one
of the leading Disciples and one of the most ef-
fective preachers in that section of the country.
In 1854 Rev. Jeremiah B. Jeter \_q.v.~\, a Baptist
minister of Richmond, Va., published Campbell-
ism Examined, a book that created much con-
troversy. Alexander Campbell asked Lard to
write a reply, and in 1857 he published Rcz'iew
of Rev. J. B. Jeter's Book Entitled "Campbellism
Examined." Exhaustive, able, and caustic, it
was widely regarded as a conclusive rebuttal of
Jeter's principal representations, and it added
much to Lard's prestige. After the outbreak of
the Civil War, unwilling to take the oath of alle-
giance to the federal government imposed in
1862 by the Missouri state convention, he went
to Canada. When he came back to the United
States he took up his residence in Kentucky,
living for a time in Georgetown and thereafter
in Lexington. In the latter place he was pastor
of the Main Street Church for a period ; he also
preached extensively throughout the state ; but
his influence was exerted most widely as an ed-
itor. He established Lard's Quarterly, which he
published until the Apostolic Times was started
in 1869. Of this periodical he became chief ed-
itor, with four associates. He was one of the
leaders of the conservative group among the
Disciples, whose attitude was set forth in the
prospectus to the Apostolic Times: "To the
primitive faith, and the primitive practice, with-
out enlargement or diminution, without innova-
tion or modification, the editors here and now
commit their paper" (Moore, Comprehensive
History, post, p. 556). He opposed anything
approaching a creedal statement, open commun-
ion, the use of an organ in public worship, and
the assumption of pastoral functions. He wrote
with conciseness, vigor, and a certain pictur-
esqueness that had its effect. Although conserva-
tive regarding ecclesiastical matters, he was in-
dependent, sincere, courageous, and, in some re-
spects, radical. Toward the close of his life he
issued a pamphlet in which he endeavored to
.show that the Greek word aionios does not in
every case mean everlasting, and that its use in
6l
Lardner
the Bible does not necessarily establish the fact
of eternal punishment. This pamphlet subjected
him to severe criticism on the ground that he
had Universalist leanings, and some of the Dis-
ciples advocated withdrawal from fellowship
with him. He also published a commentary on
the Epistle to the Romans, into which he put
much labor. He died of cancer at Lexington,
Ky., and was buried in Mount Mora Cemetery,
St. Joseph, Mo. Nine children survived him.
[J. T. Brown, Churches of Christ (1904); T. P.
Haley, Hist, and Biog. Sketches of the Early Churches
and Pioneer Preachers of the Christian Ch. in Mo.
(1888) ; W. T. Moore, The Living Pulpit of the Chris-
tian Ch. (1869), and A Comprehensive Hist, of the
Disciples of Christ (1909) ; Christian Standard (Cin-
cinnati), June 26, 1880; W. E. Garrison, Religion Fol-
lows the Frontier (1931).] HES
LARDNER, JAMES LAWRENCE (Nov.
20, 1802-Apr. 12, 1881), naval officer, was born
in Philadelphia, the grandson of Lynford Lard-
ner, a native of England who came to Pennsyl-
vania in 1740, and the son of John and Margaret
(Saltar) Lardner. After a cruise to India in the
merchant ship Bengal in anticipation of entry
into the naval service, he became a midshipman
May 10, 1820. He was in the Dolphin and the
Franklin in the Pacific, 1820-24; and in the
Brandywine which took Lafayette to France,
1825-26. After promotion to lieutenant, in 1828,
he was for three years navigating officer in the
Vincenncs, during which time she cruised around
the world. He was in the Delaware, Mediter-
ranean Squadron, 1833-34, in the Independence,
then the largest frigate in the world, on a cruise
to England, Russia, and South America, 1837-
38. During the Mexican War he was in the re-
ceiving ship at Philadelphia, and in 1850-53 he
commanded the Porpoise on the African coast.
In 185 1 he was promoted to commander and just
after the opening of the Civil War he was made
captain in May 1861. In September following
he was assigned to the steam frigate Susque-
hanna, which he commanded at Port Royal, S. C,
Nov. 7, 1861, and in subsequent operations on
the South Carolina and Georgia coast. The
Susquehanna was next to the flagship in the Port
Royal action, and after the battle Flag Officer
Samuel F. Du Pont [q.v.^ commended Lardner
in general orders, stating that "your noble ship
throughout the whole of the battle, was precise-
ly where I wanted her to be, and doing precisely
what I wanted her to do, and . . . your close sup-
port of this ship was a very gallant thing" (Of-
ficial Records, 1 ser. XX, 286-87). In June
1862, Lardner took command of the East Gulf
Blockading Squadron, receiving the rank of
commodore in July, but in November he was in-
valided home with yellow fever, from which
Lardner
forty died on his flagship alone. In June 1863,
he succeeded Charles Wilkes in command of the
West India Squadron, which consisted of about
ten ships, and was charged with the duties of pro-
tecting commerce and completing the blockade.
Secretary of the Navy Welles spoke of Lardner
at this time somewhat dubiously as "discreet,
prudent, perhaps overcautious" {Diary of Gid-
eon Welles, 1911, I, 319). Prudence was desir-
able in view of recent British complaints about
questionable ship seizures in this area, and the
Commodore's other qualities were not put to se-
vere test, for at the end of his cruise, Oct. 3,
1864, he reported "no rebel cruiser in the West
Indies for the last sixteen months" (Official Rec-
ords, 1 ser. Ill, 249). He retired in November
1864. In July 1866, he was made rear admiral,
and from 1869 to 1872 he was governor of the
Naval Asylum in Philadelphia.
Lardner was married first, Feb. 2, 1832, to
Margaret Wilmer, by whom he had five chil-
dren, two of whom survived him. After his first
wife's death in 1846, he married June 23, 1853,
Ellen Wilmer, by whom he had two sons. He
died in Philadelphia from a kidney ailment and
was buried in Oxford Episcopal Church near
Frankford, Pa. A destroyer launched in 1919
was named for him. Admiral Robley D. Evans
\_q.v.~\, who served under him in the Civil War,
describes him as "one of the finest specimens of
the old navy, ... a splendid seaman, a courteous,
kindly gentleman, brave to the point of reckless-
ness." He continues : "To a naturally fluent
tongue the admiral added a vocabulary of oaths
so fine that it was musical, and when aroused he
did not hesitate to speak his mind in the lan-
guage all seamen understood. At the same time
his black eyes shone like fireflies, and his white
mustache bristled" (A Sailor's Log, 1901, pp.
61-62). The Secretary's Order at his death de-
clared that "his whole career in the service was
marked by purity of character, intelligence, and
devotion to duty" (Army and Navy Journal,
Apr. 23, 1881, p. 737).
[War of the Rebellion: Official Records (Navy);
Navy registers ; L. R. Hamersly, The Records of Liv-
ing Officers of the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps, 3rd
ed. (1878) ; Army and Navy Jour., Apr. 16, 1881, and
Phila. Inquirer, Apr. 13, 16, 1881 ; J. W. Jordan, Colo-
nial Families of Phila. (1011), vol. II ; genealogical ar-
ticle by F. W. Leach, in the North American (Phila.),
Jan. 31, 1909.] A. W.
LARKIN, JOHN (Feb. 2, 1801-Dec. 11, 1858),
Catholic educator and preacher, was born of
Irish stock at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England.
He pursued his classical studies under the his-
torian, Dr. John Lingard, at Ushaw College near
Durham where Dr. Nicholas Wiseman, later
cardinal, was a friend and school-fellow. On
6l
Larkin
graduation, he traveled in the East with some
thought of entering business, but the call of re-
ligion brought him to the Seminary of St. Sul-
pice in Paris where he joined the Sulpicians.
As a deacon, he was assigned to St. Mary's
Seminary in Baltimore, Md., where he taught
mathematics, completed his theological studies,
and was ordained (1827). Thereupon he in-
structed in mathematics and allied subjects at
the Sulpician College in Montreal for twelve
years. Challenged by the need of priests in the
United States and the opportunity of broader
and more intense service in the Society of Jesus,
he left Canada for Kentucky where, at St.
Mary's College, he enlisted as a Jesuit (1840).
Even before he had completed his novitiate, he
preached at retreats throughout Kentucky and
Ohio. In 1841 he established St. Ignatius' Lit-
erary Institution at Louisville. As a preacher of
marked ability and broad intellectual range he
was in general demand at civic as well as at re-
ligious functions as far as Boston.
In 1846 Larkin was summoned to teach at St.
John's College, Fordham, N. Y., which Bishop
Hughes had just assigned to the Jesuits, and
was placed in charge of the Society's academies
and congregations in the New York region. The
following year he founded the College of St.
Francis Xavier in New York City and was its
first president, 1847-49. In 1850 he was appoint-
ed bishop of Toronto. Determined to avoid the
burdens of episcopal dignity and an enforced
severance from the Society of Jesus, he refused
the honor and journeyed to Rome, though he
took pains to make his tertianship at Laon in
France on the way. Through Jesuit influence,
he was relieved of the appointment by Pope
Pius IX and returned as president of Fordham
(1851). As rector he won the students despite
a considerable reform in the curriculum and an
insistence upon better standards of scholarship.
During the days of Know-Nothing agitation,
when active threats were made to destroy the in-
stitution, he procured a dozen muskets from the
civic authorities and the college suffered no
damage. In 1854 he was again in England
preaching through the north country, when he
was commissioned as agent of the father-general
to visit the Jesuit houses in Ireland. After his
return to New York, about 1856, he served as
missionary at the College of St. Francis Xavier
until his death.
[B. J. Webb, The Centenary of Catholicity in Ky.
(1884); The Coll. of St. Francis Xavier, 1847-97
(1897) ; T. G. Taaffe, A Hist, of St. John's Coll., Ford-
ham, N. Y. (1891); Woodstock Letters, vol. Ill
(1874), vol. XXVI (1897); N. Y. Freeman's Jour.,
Dec. 18, 1858, Mar. 3, 1887; N. Y. Tribune, Dec. 14,
18S8.] R.J.P.
Larkin
LARKIN, THOMAS OLIVER (Sept. i6,
1802-Oct. 27, 1858), merchant, diplomatic agent,
was United States consul at Monterey, early
capital of California, at the time that country
was acquired by the United States. He was born
in Charlestown, Mass., the son of Capt. Thomas
Oliver and Ann (Rogers) Cooper Larkin. Af-
ter living for some years in North and South
Carolina, he sailed from Boston for California
in 183 1, arriving at Monterey on Apr. 13, 1832.
On ship-board during his voyage he met Rachel
(Hobson) Holmes who, later widowed, became
his wife on June 10, 1833. He refers to their first
children as the first children born in California
whose parents were both from the United States.
Larkin built the first double-geared flour mill in
that region, making the models for it himself.
He soon became a successful merchant, oper-
ating a local store and trading with Mexico and
the Sandwich Islands in lumber, flour, potatoes,
beaver and sea-otter skins, and horses. He also
set an early precedent of prosperity for land
speculation in the far West.
Larkin's real claim to distinction lies in his
brief but engaging activities in the field of diplo-
macy. He played a not unimportant part in the
machinations that were preliminary to the ac-
quisition of California by the United States. He
served his government in several capacities ; as
consul, 1844-48; confidential agent, 1846-48;
naval store-keeper, 1847-48; and navy agent,
1847-49. As consul he aided American seamen
and immigrants in distress, protected them from
the irregularities of the unstable Mexican regime
in California, and promoted the interests of
American commerce. His work as navy agent
and naval store-keeper was largely routine and
perfunctory. From the beginning of his consu-
late in 1844 he looked forward to the ultimate
transfer of California from Mexico to the United
States. He was jealous and watchful of the Brit-
ish and French diplomatic agents in California,
fearing that their governments had designs upon
the country. He reported his aspirations and
suspicions insistently to the government at
Washington and was encouraged in return to
be diligent in his "watchful waiting."
President James K. Polk was eager to secure
California for the United States. To that end a
Larkin
secret dispatch, dated Oct. 17, 1845, and signed
by James Buchanan, secretary of state, was sent
to Larkin. By this dispatch he was appointed
"confidential agent in California." He was in-
structed to warn the Californians against any
attempt to transfer them to the jurisdiction of
England or France. Likewise he was to "arouse
in their bosoms that love of liberty and inde-
pendence so natural to the American Continent."
The most significant lines of the instructions
were as follows : "In the contest between Mexico
and California we can take no part, unless the
former should commence hostilities against the
United States ; but should California assert and
maintain her independence, we shall render her
all the kind offices in our power as a Sister Re-
public. . . . Whilst the President will make no
effort and use no influence to induce California
to become one of the free and independent States
of this Union, yet if the People should desire to
unite their destiny with ours, they would be re-
ceived as brethren, whenever this can be done,
without affording Mexico just cause of com-
plaint" (original dispatch in the Bancroft Li-
brary, University of California). Under au-
thority of this dispatch Larkin launched, in
April 1846, a well-conceived campaign of prop-
aganda looking toward the separation of Cali-
fornia from Mexico. He seemed to be making
good progress when the Mexican War opened
and California was secured to the United States
by conquest. His most important diplomatic
work was in his confidential agency, the signifi-
cance of which lies in the light it throws upon
Polk's policy of territorial expansion. After
serving as a member of the state constitutional
convention in 1849, Larkin withdrew from pub-
lic life and devoted himself to his business inter-
ests.
[The chief manuscript collection bearing upon Lar-
kin's life and work was brought together by H. H. Ban-
croft and is now in the Bancroft Library, University of
California. R. W. Kelsey, The U. S. Consulate in Cal.
(19 10), is based largely upon these manuscripts. See
also J. B. Moore, The Works of Jas. Buchanan (12
vols., 1908-11) ; M. M. Quaife, The Diary of Jas. K.
Polk (1910), vol. Ill; R. G. Cleland, A Hist, of
Cal. : The Am. Period ( 1922) ; J. S. Reeves, Am. Diplo-
macy under Tyler and Polk (1907) ; J. H. Smith, The
War with Mexico (2 vols., 1919) ; W. E. Lincoln. Some
Descendants of Stephen Lincoln . . . Edward Larkin
. . . Thomas Oliver (1930) ; Century Mag., Aug. 1891 ;
San Francisco Herald, Oct. 29, 1858.] R W K.
617
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